2. Period 4
• 1800-1848
• Key Concept 4.1 — The United States began to develop a modern
democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought
to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and
institutions to match them.
• Key Concept 4.2 — Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce
powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound
changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.
• Key Concept 4.3 — The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and
expanding its national borders shaped the nation’s foreign policy and
spurred government and private initiatives.
3. Jeffersonian Revolution of 1800
• The United States expands its borders during Thomas Jefferson’s
administration.
• Election of 1800:
• Jefferson beats Adams, but ties running mate Aaron Burr
• House of Representatives chooses president:
• Hamilton intervenes with Federalists to give Jefferson victory
• Reveals flaw in electoral process;
• Twelfth Amendment passed
• Electors cast separate ballots for president, vice president
4. The Jefferson Presidency
• The Election of 1800 is sometimes called the Revolution of 1800
because it is a peaceful transition of power from one party to an
opposition party.
• Convention of 1800: ends naval war with France and restores trade.
Also ends U.S. alliance with France.
• The Jefferson administration set out to do things differently. Many
saw his election as a “revolution”. Jefferson encouraged Congress to
abandon the Alien and Sedition Acts and the hated federal taxes. He
cut the national debt, reduced the size of the bureaucracy and made
major cuts in the military.
5. John Marshall and the Supreme Court
• Federalist John Marshall is chief justice for more than 30 years
• Adams pushes Judiciary Act of 1801, adding 16 federal judges
• Appoints Federalist midnight judges on his last day as president
• Jefferson argues undelivered appointment papers are invalid
• Marbury v. Madison
• William Marbury sues to have papers delivered
• Judiciary Act of 1789 requires Supreme Court order
• Marshall rules requirement unconstitutional
• Judicial review Supreme Court able to declare laws unconstitutional
• McCulloch v. Maryland – upheld constitutionality of 2nd BUS, federal government given more
power of states
• Gibbons v. Ogden – Congress, NOT states can control interstate commerce
6. The Louisiana Purchase
• Louisiana returned to France; Jefferson fears strong French presence
• Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory from Napoleon
• Jefferson doubts he has constitutional authority
• Louisiana Purchase doubles size of U.S. and gives U.S. total control of the Mississippi
River and New Orleans.
• Lewis and Clark
• Jefferson appoints Lewis and Clark to lead Corps of Discovery:
• Explore new territory, find route to Pacific
• Gather information about people, plants, animals
• Native American woman, Sacajawea, serves as interpreter, guide
7. The Road To The War of 1812
• Grievances Against Britain
• Impressment
• Seizing Americans, drafting them into British navy
• Chesapeake incident further angers Americans
• Jefferson convinces Congress to declare embargo, or ban on exports
• Embargo, meant to hurt Europe, also hurts U.S.
• Congress lifts it, except with Britain and France
8. • Tecumseh’s Confederacy
• William Henry Harrison makes land deal with Native American chiefs
• Shawnee chief Tecumseh tries to form Native American confederacy:
• The War Hawks: Western and Southern Congressmen
• War Hawks Henry Clay &John C Calhoun/ Hartford Convention ends Federalist party
• President Madison chooses war, thinks Britain is crippling U.S. trade/economy,British raid/burn towns along Atlantic coast
• British burn Washington D.C.
• Americans win battle for Fort McHenry (Baltimore) and Star Spangled Banner is written by Francis Scott Key.
• The Battle of New Orleans:
• General Andrew Jackson gains national fame and defeats superior British force at Battle of New Orleans after treaty to end
war has been signed.
• Treaty of Ghent, peace agreement signed in 1814
• Declares armistice or end to fighting;
• Does not resolve all issues.
• No land is exchanged.
• 1815, commercial treaty reopens trade between Britain and U.S.
• 1817, Rush-Bagot agreement limits war ships on Great Lakes
9. Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy
• Nationalism—intense pride and loyalty to the nation. National
interests come before region or foreign concerns
• Make treaties with Britain on Great Lakes, borders, territories – Rush-
Bagot Treaty
• Spain cedes Florida to U.S. in Adams-Onís Treaty and gives up claim
to Oregon Territory
• Era of Good Feeling- Monroe’s Presidency
10. Industrial Revolution
• New England becomes the industrial of the nation.
• Samuel Slater steals the plans for building textile machines and brings
them to the U.S.
• Slater becomes known as the Father of the Factory System.
• Textiles becomes the number one industry
• Inventor Eli Whitney pioneers use of interchangeable parts
• Interchangeable parts are identical pieces used to assemble products
• Factory system: power-driven machinery, workers with different tasks
• Mass production is production of goods in large quantities, can make goods
cheaper and faster
11. Internal Improvements
• Robert Fulton’s steamboat can go upstream or downstream,
regardless of current or wind
• Erie Canal links Hudson River to Lake Erie: Atlantic to Great Lakes.
Makes NYC a gateway to west.
• Railroads not yet in common use; first steam engine built 1825
• National Road extends from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia,
Illinois
• By 1850s, railroads expand, cost drops, safety increased
• Market revolution - people buy and sell goods rather than make
them
• The North and the South develop different economic systems that
lead to political differences between the regions.
12. 2 Economic Systems Develop
• Agriculture in the North
• Cash crops do not grow well in Northern soil and climate
• Farms in North smaller than South; do not need much labor or yield great profit: need no slaves
• Most Northern states abolish slavery by 1804
• Cotton Is King in the South
• Eli Whitney’s cotton gin allows farmers to grow cotton for profit
• Great demand for cotton in Britain, growing demand in North
• Plantation system established in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, South lacks capital for factories;
money tied up in land, slaves
• Cotton hugely profitable
• Slavery Becomes Entrenched
• Increase in cotton production parallels increase in slave population
