1. Progressive Movement
White, middle-class, urban, educated reformers
(lots of women)
Roots were in the Populist Movement
Four goals: social, moral, economic and political
reform.
Seneca Falls
Convention
1848
2. Protecting Social Welfare
Social Gospel Movement,
settlement houses inspire
other reform groups
YMCA and Salvation Army
are formed
Pass law prohibiting child
labor, limiting women’s hours
Children working in NC
textile mill
4. Promoting Moral Improvement
Some feel poor should uplift themselves by
improving own behavior
Prohibition - banning of alcoholic drinks
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
spearheads prohibition crusade
7. Creating Economic Reform
1893 panic prompts doubts about
capitalism; many become socialists
Expose corruption in politics,
business
Many use experts, science to make
workplace more efficient
Scientific management - time &
motion studies applied to workplace
Assembly lines speed up
production, make people work like
machines Turn of the Century
Assembly Lines
9. Political Reform
Put power back in the hands of the people
End corruption by political machines
Reform at the local, state, and federal levels.
12. Immigration and Urban Poor
Most poor immigrants are forced to live in slums
because they can’t afford anything else.
Tenements are multi-family dwellings found in
the slums and are usually deteriorating.
14. Working Conditions
Very bad: long hours, low pay, dangerous
conditions.
Ex: Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. Fire breaks out on
upper floors of a ten story bldg. Workers can’t
escape because all the exterior doors had been
locked by owner.
Over 200 women died.
Owner rec’d small fine.
16. Unequal Distribution
of Wealth
The most wealth is held by the smallest number
of people. A few very wealthy people, while
almost everyone else is poor.
American Most Wealthy
including JP Morgan, Andrew
Carnegie and Cornelius
Vanderbilt
17. Activists and Reformers
Muckrakers – investigative journalists who write
to expose corruption and bad conditions in hopes
of change.
Frank Norris
Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities
Ida Tarbell – Standard Oil
Upton Sinclair – Meatpacking
Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives
(immigrants)
20. Social Gospel Movement
Society must be reformed and improved.
Settlement Houses – Jane Addams, Hull House
Carrie Nation – Temperance Movement
Carrie Nation (left)
and Food Lines at
Hull House (right)
22. Theodore Roosevelt’s
Square Deal
President McKinley shot; Roosevelt
becomes president at 42
Roosevelt works to give citizens a
Square Deal through progressive
reforms.
The three Cs (goals) of the Square
Deal:
Control Corporations
Consumer Protection
Conservation Theodore
Roosevelt
24. Controlling Corporations
Trustbusting
Roosevelt wants to curb trusts that hurt public
interest – not “good” trusts.
breaks up some trusts under Sherman
Antitrust Act
U.S. v E.C. Knight & Co.
25. Cartoon attacking
the US Senate
titled “The Bosses
of the Senate.” The
banner in back
reads “This is a
Senate of the
Monopolists, by the
Monopolists and for
the Monopolists”
27. Anthracite Coal Mine Strike
Coal reserves low – strike threatens public
Teddy Roosevelt miners, operators to accept
arbitration
First time Federal government sides with
workers.
28. Coal miners evicted from company owned housing, northeast Pennsylvania,
1902 Because mining companies owned their employees' housing, striking
workers risked their homes as well as their jobs.
29. Railroad Regulation
Roosevelt pushes for federal regulation to control
abuses
Northern Securities vs. U.S
Elkins Act - stops rebates, sudden rate changes
Hepburn Act - limits passes, ICC to set maximum
rates
30. Consumer Protection
Regulating Foods and Drugs
Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle -
unsanitary conditions in
meatpacking
Roosevelt pushes for Meat
Inspection Act:
dictates sanitary requirements
creates federal meat inspection
program
31. Cartoon Depicting T Roosevelt leading the investigations of the Meat
Industry
32. Consumer Protection (cont.)
Food, drug advertisements make false claims;
medicines often unsafe
Pure Food and Drug Act halts sale of contaminated
food, medicine
requires truth in labeling
35. Conservation and Natural
Resources
U.S. Forest Bureau established
Roosevelt sets aside forest reserves,
sanctuaries, national parks
Believes conservation part preservation, part
development for public
Pres. most noted for conservation
37. Taft Becomes President
Taft wins with Roosevelt’s
support
Cautiously progressive
agenda; gets little credit
for successes (actually
busts more trusts than
Theodore Roosevelt)
William H Taft
38. American Tobacco v. U.S.
Taft signs Payne-
Aldrich Tariff -
compromise bill,
moderate tariffs
Progressives angry,
think he abandoned
low tariffs,
progressivism
Cartoon depicting Progressives feelings
over the Payne Aldrich Tariff
39. The Republican Party Splits
Theodore Roosevelt wants to be president again
Taft’s people outmaneuver TR’s for Republican
nomination
Progressives form Bull Moose Party; nominate
Roosevelt
Run against Democrat Woodrow Wilson, reform
governor of New Jersey
41. Democrats Win in 1912
Wilson endorses progressive platform called the
New Freedom
Wants to attack Triple Wall of Privilege: tariffs,
banks, trusts.
calls all monopolies evil
42. Democrats Win in 1912 cont.
Roosevelt wants oversight of big business; not
all monopolies bad
Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs wants
to end capitalism
Wilson wins great electoral victory
45. Wilson Wins Financial Reforms
Sixteenth Amendment legalizes graduated
federal income tax
Federal Reserve System - landmark banking
reform
Decentralizes banking
Nation divided into 12 districts; fed. reserve
bank in each district
This is a bank for banks. Your bank deposits
money here.
47. Stronger Anti-Trust Laws
Clayton Antitrust Act stops companies
buying stock to form monopoly
Stronger than Sherman Anti-trust and
can’t be used against labor
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) - new
“watchdog” agency
investigates regulatory violations
ends unfair business practices
48. Reforming Local Government
Try to make government efficient, responsive to
voters
Some cities adopt government by commission of
experts
Many use council-manager: people elect council
that appoints manager
49. Reform at the State Level
Governors push states to pass laws to regulate
large businesses
Robert M. La Follette is 3-term governor, then
senator of Wisconsin
attacks big business
51. Reforming Elections
Direct Primaries allow voters, not party
machines, to choose candidates
Initiative - bill proposed by people, not
lawmakers, put on ballots
Referendum - voters, not legislature, decide if
initiative becomes law
Recall - voters remove elected official through
off-cycle election
52. Election Reforms (cont.)
Direct Election of Senators
Seventeenth Amendment permits popular
election of senators
Secret Ballot (Australian Ballot) – no one is
allowed to know how a person votes.
53. Cartoon portraying the time needed to pass the 17th Amendment allowing the
direct election of U.S. senators
By Spencer, for the Omaha World Herald, 1912
54. Women Win Suffrage
Carrie Chapman Catt, head of
NAWSA, stresses organization,
lobbying
National Woman’s Party
aggressively pressures for
suffrage amendment
Nineteenth Amendment grants
women right to vote
56. The End of Progressivism
Outbreak of World
War I distracts
Americans;
Reform efforts stall
57. Civil Rights at the Turn of the
20th Century
Roosevelt does not support civil rights for African
Americans
invites Booker T. Washington to White House
NAACP - National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
goal is full equality among races
Founded 1909 by W. E. B. DuBois and black,
white reformers
60. African Americans Fight Legal
Discrimination
Voting Restrictions
All Southern states restrict voting, deny equality
Some limit vote to those who can read; officials
give literacy tests
Some have poll tax that must be paid annually to
vote
Some add grandfather clause to constitution to
let poor whites vote
can vote if self, father, grandfather voted
before 1867
63. African-American Responses to
Jim Crow
Booker T. Washington - racism will end if blacks
get labor skills
Heads Tuskegee Normal and Industrial
Institute, now a university
W. E. B. Du Bois, first African American to get
Harvard doctorate
disagrees with Washington
Founds Niagara Movement to encourage
liberal arts study
65. African-American Responses
(cont.)
Opposing Discrimination
Racial etiquette -
informal rules for black-
white relations
enforce second-class
status for blacks
Moderate reformers, like
Booker T. Washington, get
white support
66. African-American Responses
(cont.)
W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B.
Wells think problems too
urgent to postpone
Born a slave, Ida B. Wells
becomes teacher,
newspaper editor
campaigns for racial
justice and anti-lynching
laws
67. Violence
African Americans who do not follow etiquette
are punished, lynched
more than 1,400 killed 1882–1892
Lynching and Burning of
Black victim in Omaha on
Sept 29, 1919
68. Discrimination in the North
Usually de facto segregation
Many blacks migrate North for better paying jobs,
social equality
Are forced into segregated neighborhoods
Rejected by labor unions; hired last, fired first by
employers
Competition between blacks, working-class
whites sometimes violent
71. New Technologies
Electricity – sewing machines
Skyscrapers
Airplanes:
Orville & Wilbur Wright use engines to fly
“heavier-than-air” craft
first successful flight December 1903 – Kitty
Hawk, NC
Airplanes first used for mail and cargo
74. Production Processes
Ford’s innovations:
Pays $5/day – more than any other job
First to see workers as consumers
Uses the assembly line to be more efficient
Model T is under $300, most Americans can
afford one.
76. Advertising and Consumerism
Anything that makes us more alike contributes to
mass culture: movies, books, radio, music,
fashion, etc.
Montgomery Ward, Sears Roebuck catalogs
bring goods to small towns
Rural free delivery (RFD) - post office delivers
direct to every home
79. Photography Explosion
Pre-1880s, photography requires heavy
equipment, time
George Eastman develops light-weight
equipment, studio processing
1888, introduces Kodak camera, easy to operate
millions use Kodak camera
helps create field of photojournalism