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Progressive Movement
 White, middle-class, urban, educated reformers
(lots of women)
 Roots were in the Populist Movement
 Four goals: social, moral, economic and political
reform.
Seneca Falls
Convention
1848
Protecting Social Welfare
 Social Gospel Movement,
settlement houses inspire
other reform groups
 YMCA and Salvation Army
are formed
 Pass law prohibiting child
labor, limiting women’s hours
Children working in NC
textile mill
Handwritten draft of
confederation of the
YMCA circa 1833
Promoting Moral Improvement
 Some feel poor should uplift themselves by
improving own behavior
 Prohibition - banning of alcoholic drinks
 Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
spearheads prohibition crusade
Newspaper Headline
Announcing US states had
approved Prohibition
Woman’s Temperance Crusade:
Mother Stewart and her Staff
Creating Economic Reform
 1893 panic prompts doubts about
capitalism; many become socialists
 Expose corruption in politics,
business
 Many use experts, science to make
workplace more efficient
 Scientific management - time &
motion studies applied to workplace
 Assembly lines speed up
production, make people work like
machines Turn of the Century
Assembly Lines
Goal 7   the progressive era
Political Reform
 Put power back in the hands of the people
 End corruption by political machines
 Reform at the local, state, and federal levels.
Goal 7   the progressive era
NY Times Political Cartoon attacking Politicians and Tammany Hall
Immigration and Urban Poor
 Most poor immigrants are forced to live in slums
because they can’t afford anything else.
 Tenements are multi-family dwellings found in
the slums and are usually deteriorating.
New York City Tenement Slums
Working Conditions
 Very bad: long hours, low pay, dangerous
conditions.
 Ex: Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. Fire breaks out on
upper floors of a ten story bldg. Workers can’t
escape because all the exterior doors had been
locked by owner.
 Over 200 women died.
 Owner rec’d small fine.
Police and remains of victims of Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
Unequal Distribution
of Wealth
 The most wealth is held by the smallest number
of people. A few very wealthy people, while
almost everyone else is poor.
American Most Wealthy
including JP Morgan, Andrew
Carnegie and Cornelius
Vanderbilt
Activists and Reformers
 Muckrakers – investigative journalists who write
to expose corruption and bad conditions in hopes
of change.
 Frank Norris
 Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities
 Ida Tarbell – Standard Oil
 Upton Sinclair – Meatpacking
 Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives
(immigrants)
Muckrakers
Lincoln Steffens
(above) and Frank
Norris (right)
Muckrakers Ida
Tarbell (left) and
Upton Sinclair
(below)
Jacob Riis photograph documenting crowded conditions inside NY slums
Social Gospel Movement
 Society must be reformed and improved.
 Settlement Houses – Jane Addams, Hull House
 Carrie Nation – Temperance Movement
Carrie Nation (left)
and Food Lines at
Hull House (right)
Goal 7   the progressive era
Theodore Roosevelt’s
Square Deal
 President McKinley shot; Roosevelt
becomes president at 42
 Roosevelt works to give citizens a
Square Deal through progressive
reforms.
 The three Cs (goals) of the Square
Deal:
 Control Corporations
 Consumer Protection
 Conservation Theodore
Roosevelt
Artist’s
depiction of the
Assassination
of William
McKinley
Controlling Corporations
 Trustbusting
 Roosevelt wants to curb trusts that hurt public
interest – not “good” trusts.
 breaks up some trusts under Sherman
Antitrust Act
 U.S. v E.C. Knight & Co.
Cartoon attacking
the US Senate
titled “The Bosses
of the Senate.” The
banner in back
reads “This is a
Senate of the
Monopolists, by the
Monopolists and for
the Monopolists”
Cartoon depicting
Trustbuster Theodore
Roosevelt
Anthracite Coal Mine Strike
 Coal reserves low – strike threatens public
 Teddy Roosevelt miners, operators to accept
arbitration
 First time Federal government sides with
workers.
Coal miners evicted from company owned housing, northeast Pennsylvania,
1902 Because mining companies owned their employees' housing, striking
workers risked their homes as well as their jobs.
Railroad Regulation
 Roosevelt pushes for federal regulation to control
abuses
 Northern Securities vs. U.S
 Elkins Act - stops rebates, sudden rate changes
 Hepburn Act - limits passes, ICC to set maximum
rates
Consumer Protection
 Regulating Foods and Drugs
 Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle -
unsanitary conditions in
meatpacking
 Roosevelt pushes for Meat
Inspection Act:
 dictates sanitary requirements
 creates federal meat inspection
program
Cartoon Depicting T Roosevelt leading the investigations of the Meat
Industry
Consumer Protection (cont.)
 Food, drug advertisements make false claims;
medicines often unsafe
 Pure Food and Drug Act halts sale of contaminated
food, medicine
 requires truth in labeling
Goal 7   the progressive era
Goal 7   the progressive era
Conservation and Natural
Resources
 U.S. Forest Bureau established
 Roosevelt sets aside forest reserves,
sanctuaries, national parks
 Believes conservation part preservation, part
development for public
 Pres. most noted for conservation
Teddy
Roosevelt and
Naturalist John
Muir
Taft Becomes President
 Taft wins with Roosevelt’s
support
 Cautiously progressive
agenda; gets little credit
for successes (actually
busts more trusts than
Theodore Roosevelt)
William H Taft
American Tobacco v. U.S.
 Taft signs Payne-
Aldrich Tariff -
compromise bill,
moderate tariffs
 Progressives angry,
think he abandoned
low tariffs,
progressivism
Cartoon depicting Progressives feelings
over the Payne Aldrich Tariff
The Republican Party Splits
 Theodore Roosevelt wants to be president again
 Taft’s people outmaneuver TR’s for Republican
nomination
 Progressives form Bull Moose Party; nominate
Roosevelt
 Run against Democrat Woodrow Wilson, reform
governor of New Jersey
Goal 7   the progressive era
Democrats Win in 1912
 Wilson endorses progressive platform called the
New Freedom
 Wants to attack Triple Wall of Privilege: tariffs,
banks, trusts.
 calls all monopolies evil
Democrats Win in 1912 cont.
 Roosevelt wants oversight of big business; not
all monopolies bad
 Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs wants
to end capitalism
 Wilson wins great electoral victory
Woodrow Wilson on campaign in Ohio
Lower
Tariffs
 Underwood
Tariff Act --
substantially
reduces tariffs
for the first time
since Civil War
Wilson Wins Financial Reforms
 Sixteenth Amendment legalizes graduated
federal income tax
 Federal Reserve System - landmark banking
reform
 Decentralizes banking
 Nation divided into 12 districts; fed. reserve
bank in each district
 This is a bank for banks. Your bank deposits
money here.
Newspaper headlines
declaring the approval of the
Federal Reserve Act
Stronger Anti-Trust Laws
 Clayton Antitrust Act stops companies
buying stock to form monopoly
 Stronger than Sherman Anti-trust and
can’t be used against labor
 Federal Trade Commission (FTC) - new
“watchdog” agency
 investigates regulatory violations
 ends unfair business practices
Reforming Local Government
 Try to make government efficient, responsive to
voters
 Some cities adopt government by commission of
experts
 Many use council-manager: people elect council
that appoints manager
Reform at the State Level
 Governors push states to pass laws to regulate
large businesses
 Robert M. La Follette is 3-term governor, then
senator of Wisconsin
 attacks big business
Goal 7   the progressive era
Reforming Elections
 Direct Primaries allow voters, not party
machines, to choose candidates
 Initiative - bill proposed by people, not
lawmakers, put on ballots
 Referendum - voters, not legislature, decide if
initiative becomes law
 Recall - voters remove elected official through
off-cycle election
Election Reforms (cont.)
 Direct Election of Senators
 Seventeenth Amendment permits popular
election of senators
 Secret Ballot (Australian Ballot) – no one is
allowed to know how a person votes.
Cartoon portraying the time needed to pass the 17th Amendment allowing the
direct election of U.S. senators
By Spencer, for the Omaha World Herald, 1912
Women Win Suffrage
 Carrie Chapman Catt, head of
NAWSA, stresses organization,
lobbying
 National Woman’s Party
aggressively pressures for
suffrage amendment
 Nineteenth Amendment grants
women right to vote
Goal 7   the progressive era
The End of Progressivism
 Outbreak of World
War I distracts
Americans;
 Reform efforts stall
Civil Rights at the Turn of the
20th Century
 Roosevelt does not support civil rights for African
Americans
 invites Booker T. Washington to White House
 NAACP - National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
 goal is full equality among races
 Founded 1909 by W. E. B. DuBois and black,
white reformers
W.E.B. DuBois
Booker T Washington
NAACP flag in New York City
African Americans Fight Legal
Discrimination
 Voting Restrictions
 All Southern states restrict voting, deny equality
 Some limit vote to those who can read; officials
give literacy tests
 Some have poll tax that must be paid annually to
vote
 Some add grandfather clause to constitution to
let poor whites vote
 can vote if self, father, grandfather voted
before 1867
Political Cartoon by Theodore Geisel attacking the Poll Tax
Cartoon depicting Intimidation of Black voters titled "Of course he wants to vote
the Democratic ticket!”
African-American Responses to
Jim Crow
 Booker T. Washington - racism will end if blacks
get labor skills
 Heads Tuskegee Normal and Industrial
Institute, now a university
 W. E. B. Du Bois, first African American to get
Harvard doctorate
 disagrees with Washington
 Founds Niagara Movement to encourage
liberal arts study
Goal 7   the progressive era
African-American Responses
(cont.)
 Opposing Discrimination
 Racial etiquette -
informal rules for black-
white relations
 enforce second-class
status for blacks
 Moderate reformers, like
Booker T. Washington, get
white support
African-American Responses
(cont.)
 W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B.
Wells think problems too
urgent to postpone
 Born a slave, Ida B. Wells
becomes teacher,
newspaper editor
 campaigns for racial
justice and anti-lynching
laws
Violence
 African Americans who do not follow etiquette
are punished, lynched
 more than 1,400 killed 1882–1892
Lynching and Burning of
Black victim in Omaha on
Sept 29, 1919
Discrimination in the North
 Usually de facto segregation
 Many blacks migrate North for better paying jobs,
social equality
 Are forced into segregated neighborhoods
 Rejected by labor unions; hired last, fired first by
employers
 Competition between blacks, working-class
whites sometimes violent
Racist whites lynching 3 African American circus workers in Duluth, MN, in 1920
Black family preparing to move north during the Great Migration
New Technologies
 Electricity – sewing machines
 Skyscrapers
 Airplanes:
 Orville & Wilbur Wright use engines to fly
“heavier-than-air” craft
 first successful flight December 1903 – Kitty
Hawk, NC
 Airplanes first used for mail and cargo
New York
Skyscraper
called the Flat
Iron Building
Wright Brothers Airplane 1902
Production Processes
 Ford’s innovations:
 Pays $5/day – more than any other job
 First to see workers as consumers
 Uses the assembly line to be more efficient
 Model T is under $300, most Americans can
afford one.
Henry Ford
and his
Model T
Advertising and Consumerism
 Anything that makes us more alike contributes to
mass culture: movies, books, radio, music,
fashion, etc.
 Montgomery Ward, Sears Roebuck catalogs
bring goods to small towns
 Rural free delivery (RFD) - post office delivers
direct to every home
Rural Free Delivery Wagon
Movies and Photography
 Movie camera – first movie was The Great Train
Robbery – silent films.
Photography Explosion
 Pre-1880s, photography requires heavy
equipment, time
 George Eastman develops light-weight
equipment, studio processing
 1888, introduces Kodak camera, easy to operate
 millions use Kodak camera
 helps create field of photojournalism
1923 Advertisement for
Kodak Camera

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Goal 7 the progressive era

  • 1. Progressive Movement  White, middle-class, urban, educated reformers (lots of women)  Roots were in the Populist Movement  Four goals: social, moral, economic and political reform. Seneca Falls Convention 1848
  • 2. Protecting Social Welfare  Social Gospel Movement, settlement houses inspire other reform groups  YMCA and Salvation Army are formed  Pass law prohibiting child labor, limiting women’s hours Children working in NC textile mill
  • 3. Handwritten draft of confederation of the YMCA circa 1833
  • 4. Promoting Moral Improvement  Some feel poor should uplift themselves by improving own behavior  Prohibition - banning of alcoholic drinks  Woman’s Christian Temperance Union spearheads prohibition crusade
  • 5. Newspaper Headline Announcing US states had approved Prohibition
  • 6. Woman’s Temperance Crusade: Mother Stewart and her Staff
  • 7. Creating Economic Reform  1893 panic prompts doubts about capitalism; many become socialists  Expose corruption in politics, business  Many use experts, science to make workplace more efficient  Scientific management - time & motion studies applied to workplace  Assembly lines speed up production, make people work like machines Turn of the Century Assembly Lines
  • 9. Political Reform  Put power back in the hands of the people  End corruption by political machines  Reform at the local, state, and federal levels.
  • 11. NY Times Political Cartoon attacking Politicians and Tammany Hall
  • 12. Immigration and Urban Poor  Most poor immigrants are forced to live in slums because they can’t afford anything else.  Tenements are multi-family dwellings found in the slums and are usually deteriorating.
  • 13. New York City Tenement Slums
  • 14. Working Conditions  Very bad: long hours, low pay, dangerous conditions.  Ex: Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. Fire breaks out on upper floors of a ten story bldg. Workers can’t escape because all the exterior doors had been locked by owner.  Over 200 women died.  Owner rec’d small fine.
  • 15. Police and remains of victims of Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
  • 16. Unequal Distribution of Wealth  The most wealth is held by the smallest number of people. A few very wealthy people, while almost everyone else is poor. American Most Wealthy including JP Morgan, Andrew Carnegie and Cornelius Vanderbilt
  • 17. Activists and Reformers  Muckrakers – investigative journalists who write to expose corruption and bad conditions in hopes of change.  Frank Norris  Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities  Ida Tarbell – Standard Oil  Upton Sinclair – Meatpacking  Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (immigrants)
  • 18. Muckrakers Lincoln Steffens (above) and Frank Norris (right) Muckrakers Ida Tarbell (left) and Upton Sinclair (below)
  • 19. Jacob Riis photograph documenting crowded conditions inside NY slums
  • 20. Social Gospel Movement  Society must be reformed and improved.  Settlement Houses – Jane Addams, Hull House  Carrie Nation – Temperance Movement Carrie Nation (left) and Food Lines at Hull House (right)
  • 22. Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal  President McKinley shot; Roosevelt becomes president at 42  Roosevelt works to give citizens a Square Deal through progressive reforms.  The three Cs (goals) of the Square Deal:  Control Corporations  Consumer Protection  Conservation Theodore Roosevelt
  • 24. Controlling Corporations  Trustbusting  Roosevelt wants to curb trusts that hurt public interest – not “good” trusts.  breaks up some trusts under Sherman Antitrust Act  U.S. v E.C. Knight & Co.
  • 25. Cartoon attacking the US Senate titled “The Bosses of the Senate.” The banner in back reads “This is a Senate of the Monopolists, by the Monopolists and for the Monopolists”
  • 27. Anthracite Coal Mine Strike  Coal reserves low – strike threatens public  Teddy Roosevelt miners, operators to accept arbitration  First time Federal government sides with workers.
  • 28. Coal miners evicted from company owned housing, northeast Pennsylvania, 1902 Because mining companies owned their employees' housing, striking workers risked their homes as well as their jobs.
  • 29. Railroad Regulation  Roosevelt pushes for federal regulation to control abuses  Northern Securities vs. U.S  Elkins Act - stops rebates, sudden rate changes  Hepburn Act - limits passes, ICC to set maximum rates
  • 30. Consumer Protection  Regulating Foods and Drugs  Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle - unsanitary conditions in meatpacking  Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection Act:  dictates sanitary requirements  creates federal meat inspection program
  • 31. Cartoon Depicting T Roosevelt leading the investigations of the Meat Industry
  • 32. Consumer Protection (cont.)  Food, drug advertisements make false claims; medicines often unsafe  Pure Food and Drug Act halts sale of contaminated food, medicine  requires truth in labeling
  • 35. Conservation and Natural Resources  U.S. Forest Bureau established  Roosevelt sets aside forest reserves, sanctuaries, national parks  Believes conservation part preservation, part development for public  Pres. most noted for conservation
  • 37. Taft Becomes President  Taft wins with Roosevelt’s support  Cautiously progressive agenda; gets little credit for successes (actually busts more trusts than Theodore Roosevelt) William H Taft
  • 38. American Tobacco v. U.S.  Taft signs Payne- Aldrich Tariff - compromise bill, moderate tariffs  Progressives angry, think he abandoned low tariffs, progressivism Cartoon depicting Progressives feelings over the Payne Aldrich Tariff
  • 39. The Republican Party Splits  Theodore Roosevelt wants to be president again  Taft’s people outmaneuver TR’s for Republican nomination  Progressives form Bull Moose Party; nominate Roosevelt  Run against Democrat Woodrow Wilson, reform governor of New Jersey
  • 41. Democrats Win in 1912  Wilson endorses progressive platform called the New Freedom  Wants to attack Triple Wall of Privilege: tariffs, banks, trusts.  calls all monopolies evil
  • 42. Democrats Win in 1912 cont.  Roosevelt wants oversight of big business; not all monopolies bad  Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs wants to end capitalism  Wilson wins great electoral victory
  • 43. Woodrow Wilson on campaign in Ohio
  • 44. Lower Tariffs  Underwood Tariff Act -- substantially reduces tariffs for the first time since Civil War
  • 45. Wilson Wins Financial Reforms  Sixteenth Amendment legalizes graduated federal income tax  Federal Reserve System - landmark banking reform  Decentralizes banking  Nation divided into 12 districts; fed. reserve bank in each district  This is a bank for banks. Your bank deposits money here.
  • 46. Newspaper headlines declaring the approval of the Federal Reserve Act
  • 47. Stronger Anti-Trust Laws  Clayton Antitrust Act stops companies buying stock to form monopoly  Stronger than Sherman Anti-trust and can’t be used against labor  Federal Trade Commission (FTC) - new “watchdog” agency  investigates regulatory violations  ends unfair business practices
  • 48. Reforming Local Government  Try to make government efficient, responsive to voters  Some cities adopt government by commission of experts  Many use council-manager: people elect council that appoints manager
  • 49. Reform at the State Level  Governors push states to pass laws to regulate large businesses  Robert M. La Follette is 3-term governor, then senator of Wisconsin  attacks big business
  • 51. Reforming Elections  Direct Primaries allow voters, not party machines, to choose candidates  Initiative - bill proposed by people, not lawmakers, put on ballots  Referendum - voters, not legislature, decide if initiative becomes law  Recall - voters remove elected official through off-cycle election
  • 52. Election Reforms (cont.)  Direct Election of Senators  Seventeenth Amendment permits popular election of senators  Secret Ballot (Australian Ballot) – no one is allowed to know how a person votes.
  • 53. Cartoon portraying the time needed to pass the 17th Amendment allowing the direct election of U.S. senators By Spencer, for the Omaha World Herald, 1912
  • 54. Women Win Suffrage  Carrie Chapman Catt, head of NAWSA, stresses organization, lobbying  National Woman’s Party aggressively pressures for suffrage amendment  Nineteenth Amendment grants women right to vote
  • 56. The End of Progressivism  Outbreak of World War I distracts Americans;  Reform efforts stall
  • 57. Civil Rights at the Turn of the 20th Century  Roosevelt does not support civil rights for African Americans  invites Booker T. Washington to White House  NAACP - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People  goal is full equality among races  Founded 1909 by W. E. B. DuBois and black, white reformers
  • 59. NAACP flag in New York City
  • 60. African Americans Fight Legal Discrimination  Voting Restrictions  All Southern states restrict voting, deny equality  Some limit vote to those who can read; officials give literacy tests  Some have poll tax that must be paid annually to vote  Some add grandfather clause to constitution to let poor whites vote  can vote if self, father, grandfather voted before 1867
  • 61. Political Cartoon by Theodore Geisel attacking the Poll Tax
  • 62. Cartoon depicting Intimidation of Black voters titled "Of course he wants to vote the Democratic ticket!”
  • 63. African-American Responses to Jim Crow  Booker T. Washington - racism will end if blacks get labor skills  Heads Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, now a university  W. E. B. Du Bois, first African American to get Harvard doctorate  disagrees with Washington  Founds Niagara Movement to encourage liberal arts study
  • 65. African-American Responses (cont.)  Opposing Discrimination  Racial etiquette - informal rules for black- white relations  enforce second-class status for blacks  Moderate reformers, like Booker T. Washington, get white support
  • 66. African-American Responses (cont.)  W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells think problems too urgent to postpone  Born a slave, Ida B. Wells becomes teacher, newspaper editor  campaigns for racial justice and anti-lynching laws
  • 67. Violence  African Americans who do not follow etiquette are punished, lynched  more than 1,400 killed 1882–1892 Lynching and Burning of Black victim in Omaha on Sept 29, 1919
  • 68. Discrimination in the North  Usually de facto segregation  Many blacks migrate North for better paying jobs, social equality  Are forced into segregated neighborhoods  Rejected by labor unions; hired last, fired first by employers  Competition between blacks, working-class whites sometimes violent
  • 69. Racist whites lynching 3 African American circus workers in Duluth, MN, in 1920
  • 70. Black family preparing to move north during the Great Migration
  • 71. New Technologies  Electricity – sewing machines  Skyscrapers  Airplanes:  Orville & Wilbur Wright use engines to fly “heavier-than-air” craft  first successful flight December 1903 – Kitty Hawk, NC  Airplanes first used for mail and cargo
  • 72. New York Skyscraper called the Flat Iron Building
  • 74. Production Processes  Ford’s innovations:  Pays $5/day – more than any other job  First to see workers as consumers  Uses the assembly line to be more efficient  Model T is under $300, most Americans can afford one.
  • 76. Advertising and Consumerism  Anything that makes us more alike contributes to mass culture: movies, books, radio, music, fashion, etc.  Montgomery Ward, Sears Roebuck catalogs bring goods to small towns  Rural free delivery (RFD) - post office delivers direct to every home
  • 78. Movies and Photography  Movie camera – first movie was The Great Train Robbery – silent films.
  • 79. Photography Explosion  Pre-1880s, photography requires heavy equipment, time  George Eastman develops light-weight equipment, studio processing  1888, introduces Kodak camera, easy to operate  millions use Kodak camera  helps create field of photojournalism