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Safety and protective technical textiles
1. INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY MUMBAI
SAFETY AND PROTECTIVE TEXTILES
BY-KANHAYA LAL KUMAWAT
2. INTRODUCTION
SAFETY TECHNICAL TEXTILE
Keeps you safe
Protects from various hazards
Protection against
Extreme heat and fire
Extreme cold weather
Hazardous chemicals and gases
Bacterial, viral environment
High voltage electric current
Electromagnetic induction (EMI)
Radiations
Mechanical injury
Vacuum, pressure
Modern nuclear and bio weapons
Safety and protective textiles are not restricted
only to human beings
3. PROTECTION FROM EXTREME HEAT AND FIRE
Fibres
Asbestos- evolves toxic gases, carcinogenic
FR viscose
Glass
Nomex
PPS
PBI
Carbon
Ceramic
Properties
1. LOI (limiting oxygen index)
2. Strength retention
PBI and PPS show high strength retention even at high temperatures
3. Mass reduction
Depends upon temperature, exposure time
FIBRE PBI PTFE NOMEX KEVLAR PVC PHENOL
IC
LOI (%) 61 58 36 29 29 18
FIBRE PBI PTFE NOME
X
KEVLA
R
PANO
X
PPS
LOI
(%)
41 95 30 29 55 34
4. Continued…
DESIGNING FR CLOTHING
Mostly 10-80 oz/sq yd
Nature of application- insulation, welding, gaskets etc.
Environmental conditions- chemicals, abrasions etc.
Exposure time
Temperature range
Primary FR fabrics
Secondary FR fabrics
Design of fire fighter suit
1. Outer layer
Heat and flame resistant, abrasion resistant, 60/40 Kevlar/PBI or Polyimide
2. Moisture layer
Keeps fire fighter dry, PTFE coated or laminated
3. Thermal layer
Inner thermal barrier can be needle punched into batting and face may be
quilted
GSM of fabric- 1150
5. Continued…
FR finishes
1. Boric Acid/ Borax
Non-durable, for cellulosic fibres
2. Diammonium Phosphate and Phosphoric Acid
Semi-durable
3. THPC
Durable, applied with urea
4. THPOH
Durable, reduces stiffness
5. Proban (Albright and Wilson)
Cure in ammonia gas, reduces fabric tendering due to heat and acids
6. PROTECTION FROM HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS, GASES
SCOPES
Chemical industries
farmers handling insecticides
Forensic
fire brigades
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has defined four
levels of protection
1. Level ‘A’-
Highest protection, gas and vapour tight
2. Level ‘B’-
Protects from liquids but may not prevent the penetration of gases and
vapors
3. Level ‘C’-
Same as level ‘B’, but provides limited protection
4. Level ‘D’-
Dirt free clothing
7. Levels of Chemical Protection
A
Vapour
Protective Suit
Liquid Splash
Protective Suit
Support Function
Protective Garment
Coveralls,
Safety boots/shoes,
etc.
B
C
D
8. Continued…
Table 1. Chemical protective equipments
Encapsulating Non encapsulating
MATERIAL TYPE APPLICATION
Butyl/ Nylon Supported
elastomers
Splash encapsulated
suits
Butyl rubber elastomers gloves
Teflon coating on
fibre glass
Plastic lamination Encapsulating suits
PVC Plastic film gloves
Saranex Multilayer film Coating, laminating
Tyvek Spunbond HDPE Encapsulating suits
9. MECHANICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
Protection from cut, tear, puncture, abrasion, impact etc.
High tensile strength fibres used like p-aramides (Kevlar), HDPE (Dyneema)
Composites -
1. Wrapping of cut resistant fibres around steel/ fibre glass
2. High strength textile fibres with metal fibres
3. Kevlar and HDPE
Equipments are gloves, aprons, sleeves, pads etc., should not hinder the performance of the wearer
Applications in flood protection, forestry works, tree cutting, construction sites, metal works,
automobiles etc., reduces injuries during accidents
Chain saw clothing
Very high speed saw, 3300 m/sec, cutting tool for trees
Gloves, aprons made from filament yarns
Alternate layers of woven and needle felt made from p-aramides
Fabric arrests sprocket of the chain saw within 0.15 sec
CHAIN SAW PROTECTIVE APPAREL PUNCTURE RESISTANT GLOVES CUT RESISTANT
GLOVES
10. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Includes odour management, protecting environment from contaminants,
foreign matter etc.
THE CONCEPT OF CLEAN ROOM GARMENT
Protects environment from being contaminated by humans
Clean rooms are necessary for food processing, pharmaceuticals,
aerospace micro chips manufacturing, optics of many automobiles etc.
Human body sheds 1 billion cells everyday, except, carries considerable
amounts of lints, foreign matters, perfumes along with the dress
materials
Disturbs the clean room environment particularly in hi-tech areas
C-R textiles should be lint free, antistatic and resistant to human
contaminants like dead skin, hairs etc.
Requirements
Pore size should be < 0.2 micron, continuous filament yarns used,
Sterilization
12. EMI SHIELDING
Electromagnetic pollution
Serious problem due to use of electrical and electronic devices in military, industries etc.
Unwanted signals affect badly the sensitive equipments used in-
1. Traffic control
2. Marine radar
3. Space exploration
4. Medical (brain scanning, endoscopic surgeries etc.)
EMI requires-
A source of conductive EM waves, a propagating medium, a receptor which suffers
adverse effects from the received signals
EMI SHIELDING
Barrier of conductive material attenuates energy of EM waves through
reflection and absorption
Metals can provide adequate shielding but will increase weight of garment
Conductive polymers are light weight, low cost, flexible, versatile, shielding
effectiveness depends upon concentration and the conductivity of the filler
particles
Carbon acts as filling material for the polymers
Short carbon fibre, rubber composites
Polypyrrole impregnated conductive polymer composites, inclusion of
polypyrrole in a porous cross linked polystyrene host polymer
13. EMF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
Utility workers working very close to high voltage may affect from
induced current of high amperage
Very harmful, body may catch fire, electric arc occurs as a result of
extreme discharges of voltage, generates a very high level of energy for a
very short period of time (<1 sec), intense heat energy of an electric arc
can generate temperatures of as high as 19,000°C and it also produces
electric shock
Surface resistivity fibres
Core conductive fibres
It is strongly recommended that clothing to protect
against static charges should also be fire resisting
Equipments-
Rubber hat, shoes, Rubber blanket, Live insulating jacket
Faraday’s cloth consists of 25% metal fibre and 75%
wool or with Kevlar, it is also a fire resistant
14. BALLISTIC PROTECTION
Due to the development of new biological, nuclear and small superfast
weapons, ballistic protection clothing needs to be more sophisticated
Requirements-
1. Resistant to prolonged exposure to rough weather and abrasion
2. Water repellant, wind proof
3. Light weight
4. Water vapor transmission
5. Ballistic protection
6. Flame resistant
7. Resistant to chemicals, gases
8. Good aesthetic properties for uniforms etc.
Principle and mechanics of ballistic protection
Transverse deflections after high speed projectile collision due to strain waves
developed
Similarly longitudinal waves produced with velocity equal to square root of
specific modulus of yarn
Shock and energy transferred to the fabric
Shock is absorbed and energy is dissipated through stretching and breaking
of yarns
Dissipation to different fabric layers ,through cross over points (according to
weave)
15. Continued…
Bullet proof vest
Made from Kevlar-29, Kevlar-49
10 to 40 layers of aramid fabric
Previously high tenacity Nylon was used which created impermeable cover and
lost ballistic performance on wetting
V5O, ballistic performance
The velocity at which 50 percent of the shots go through and 50 percent are stopped
by the armor, tested with 0.22 caliber type 1.1 g fragment simulating projectile
Table 2. Details of bullet proof fabric from Kevlar-29
Bullet proof vest
DETAILS TYPE 1 TYPE 2
denier 1000 1500
EPI*PPI 25*25 31*31
weave plain basket
oz/sq. yd 11 14
Thickness
(mil)
15 25
V50 (feet/s) 1650 1650
16. Continued…
PASGT helmet
In 1970, made from steel, now from aramid
19 layers of aramid fabric sandwiched with PU and Phenyl formaldehyde resin
Weight is one third of steel helmet
V50 is 2000 ft/s
US soldier with PASGT helmet
Composites used in military and ballistic protection
1. Glass fibre composites in missile body
2. Aramid and carbon composites in F-14 fighter planes
3. Tank’s body made by aramid/ carbon composites
4. Boron/ epoxy resin fibres are stronger than metals
17. Market TrendsThe technical textile consumption under protech is estimated at
around Rs 1,387 crore which is expected to increase to around
Rs 2,386 crore by 2013-14.
The key Protech products are high altitude clothing, bullet-
proof jackets and fire retardant fabrics.
In the medium term (next 5 years), the protective textiles
industry is expected to achieve growth at the rate of 11-12%.
The demand for the protech products is dependent on the
improvements in worker safety practices, fire protective
standards for construction and the defense sector.
18. Conclusion
Continuous innovations & better understanding of the consumer
requirements is the need of the hour.
The technological trends and challenges ahead will be
determined by market pull demands, increasing environmental
awareness, personal safety and comfort, and performance
requirements.
Due to the increasing health and safety issues at work, protective
textiles are the most essential and attractive segment of textile
market and will continue to do so.