2. Cotton is a natural fiber harvested from the cotton plant. Thousands of acres globally are devoted to the production of cotton Cotton demand a large amount of both sunshine and water,which makes its production more effecttive in tropical and sub tropical areas As a rule, the high demands of cotton in water, soil and sun mean that the planting of this cash crop frequently replaces the cultivation of sustenance crops Cotton also carries environmental controversy, particularly in the developing world, where dangerous pesticides are heavily employed.
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4. Cotton has a historical legacy attached to colonialism and slavery, specifically American, British, Turkish exploitation of North Africa, South Asia, and the Americas Britain sought areas where cotton could be cultivated economically. Portions of India and the Sudan proved to be suitable for this. The Nile river basin in particular was modeled to be a major supplier for the British Empire Cotton is typically grown using heavy levels of pesticides Endosulfan is the primary pesticide used to control the bollworm. It is toxic to human beings if touched or ingested and particularly lethal to children Pesticides compromise as much as 50% of the costs of cultivation for many farmers and the increasing use of pesticides has led to high levels of debt and bankruptcy among poorer farmers
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20. The cells organise themselves into very tiny embryos, just like the embryos found in cotton seeds, each with a root end and a cotyledon end. These small embryos can be proliferated on a different solid tissue culture medium and them germinated like a seed to produce a small plant that can be potted in soil and eventually transferred to the glasshouse to produce a normal flowering plant The whole process takes about 9 months.
27. Table 2 shows that the area under Bt cotton has increased from 0.8 million hectare during 1996 to almost 6 million hectares by the year 2003.
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41. Agencies Involved in Rules,1989 of EPAct 1986 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Dept. of Biotechnology Dept. of Environment RCGM GEAC IBSC PI/ Applicant SBCC Large Scale Imports, Production and Release DLC Applicant Monitoring -cum- Evaluation Committee R&D, Limited experimental field trials and imports for R&D.
42. Bt Cotton Controversy Strongest opposition to GM in India came from farmers’ organizations and Non-Governmental Organizations One farmers’ organization – Karnataka Rajya Ryotha Sangha (KRRS) - based in Karnataka has been especially active in criticizing GM Vandana Shiva also been a vocal critic. Shiva and KRRS: ‘Cremate Monsanto 1998: Anti-GM protest KRRS and Shiva linked the farmers’ suicides to what they called the ‘Terminator technology’ being developed by Monsanto Said that Monsanto were trialling terminator technology in India so that farmers could no longer use farmer-saved seed
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45. Bollgard Performance – ICAR Trial Summary Bollgard Hybrids mature 15 days earlier The increase in yield over non-Bt counterparts by 31%. Bollgard recorded 20q/ha highest yield Insecticide spray reduction to the tune of 65%. Under unprotected conditions also performance of Bollgard cotton was better. The Bollgard cotton hybrids fit well in IPM module. Bollgard yielded additional economic benefit of Rs.10000/ha.
46. Recommended Bt cotton hybrids for commercial cultivation in India 2005 North Zone Central Zone South Zone (6) (12) (10) MRC-6301 MECH-12 MECH-12 MRC-6304 MECH-162 MECH-162 RCH-134 MECH-184 MECH-184 RCH-317 MRC-6301 RCH-2(2004) Ankur-651 RCH-2 (2004) RCH-20 Ankur-2534 RCH-118 RCH-368 RCH-138 MRC-6322 RCH-144 MRC-6918(HB) Ankur-651 Bunny Ankur-09 Mallika Bunny Mallika
