Aspects Of Stress Essays

Aspects of Stress Essays
Aspects of Stress
a) Selye (1936/50) studied the behaviour of rats under stress through electric shock, and on hospital patients and realised that they all reacted to stress in
the same patterns. He called this pattern the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). He stated that it involved three stages:
Alarm Reaction Stage: This involved the sympathetic branch of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) activating the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
system, creating a fight or flight situation within the body.
Resistance Stage: This kicks in when the alarm reaction stage is at a full. The parasympathetic nervous system looks for ways to use resources more
cautiously. The body attempts to recharge... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
c) One physiological method of stress management is the use of Anti Anxiety Drugs. These are drugs taken to try and contradict the body's natural
hormones, which produce anxiety, and bring the body back to homeostasis. Drugs such as Beta–Blockers reduce activity in the sympathetic nervous
system and trigger the cardiovascular muscles to relax and lowers blood pressure. Bergodiazepines such as Valium reduce arousal by increasing activity
of the neurotransmitter GABA that decreases seratonin. There are many benefits to using these drugs, as beta–blockers are not addictive and can be
affective in reducing the effects of stress in the short term. However there are also many costs of using Anti Anxiety Drugs, such as possible headaches
and depression (Goa & Ward 1986), memory lose, tiredness, addictiveness (Ashton 1997), problems with coordination and concentration, slurred
speech, delirium, sweating, irritability, does not cure affects of stress and is not a long term solution.
Another form of physiological stress management is the use of biofeedback. This is a technique that aims to control autonomic muscles through the use
of feedback about current physiological functioning, with relaxation being a key component of this. There are 3 stages of biofeedback; awareness of
body
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Review Sheet Exercise 6 Cardiovascular Physiology Essay
REVIEW SHEET
EXERCISE 6
Cardiovascular Physiology
NAME:
LAB TIME/DATE:
1. Define each of the following terms:
autorhymicity– The heart is autorhythmic. This means it generates its own rhythmic action potential independent of the nervous system.
sinoatrial node– is the impulse–generating (pacemaker) tissue located in the right atrium of the heart, and thus the generator of normal sinus rhythm.
pacemaker cells– are specialized cells that cause involuntary muscles and tissues to contract or dilate.
vagus nerves– carry a wide assortment of signals to and from the brain, and they are responsible for a number of instinctive responses in the body.
2. The sympathetic nervous system releases the neurotransmitter– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This allows your cardiovascular centres in your brain a little bit more latitude as far as controlling your heart rate. If you were to remove a beating
heart from someone's body you would find that the heart is no longer being suppressed by the parasympathetic nervous system and it will accelerate to
the same pace as the sinoatrial node. The SA node generates action potentials approximately 100 times per minute due to the physiology of the heart,
its own permeability to sodium and calcium via its channels, and a host of other things. Anywhere between 80 to 100 beats per minute is normal for
the SA node.
7. What are two key differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?
cardiac is involuntary, skeletal is voluntary cardiac is unstriated, skeletal is striated
8. What is the difference between the effective refractory period and the relative refractory period?
The effective refractory period is the time in which the cell is incapable of responding to a second stimulus between the phases of 0–3.5, while the
relative refractory period is the time in which the cell is making preparations to receive stimulus between phase 3.5–4.

9. When the heart is externally stimulated just after the start of the contraction cycle, why does this have no affect on heart rate?
This is because once a contraction has started, the action potential has already fired, stimularing the muscle fibers. Once they

Assignment Brief to Break Down Unit 5 Health and Social...
BTEC Extended Diploma Level 3 Assignment Brief
Course Title: Extended Diploma Level 3 in Health and Social Care
Unit : 5 Assignment Title: Anatomy & Physiology
Scenario/Vocational Context:
This unit introduces core knowledge of cellular structure and function, and the organisation of the body as a whole, and then builds on this to develop
a more detailed knowledge of the fine anatomy and physiology of the systems involved in energy metabolism.
Functional Skills Development: This assignment will give you the opportunity to develop skills in Level 2 English, Math's and ICT. The functional
skills being improved will be identified at the end of each task.
Learning outcomes
On completion of this unit a learner should:
1 Know the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Task 3 (P5, M2, D2)
P5: In the form of a

The Prevalence Of Autonomic Dysfunction And Fac Tors...
DISCUSSION
This study was performed to assess the prevalence of autonomic dysfunction, and fac–tors affecting CAN. The study included 56 eligible participants
with T2DM. Our study reveals that a significant proportion of patients with T2DM have CAN. Study found that overall 85% of persons with T2DM
have CAN (combined early and definite CAN). Mean fasting blood glucose and BMI were significantly associated with CAN in type 2 DM.
Parasympathetic involvement was more than sympathetic involvement. Out of all tests performed, heart rate response to standing (EI ratio) and deep
breathing (30:15 ratio) were the most common test affected in our study population.
S. Aggarwal et al [41] in their study on 50 patients with non cardiac Diabetes Mellitus had demonstrated 70% of patients were tested positive for
autonomic dysfunction, however our study reports 85% patient to have autonomic dysfunction.In our study , 8(14%)had no CAN, 24 (42%) had
early CAN, and 24 (42%) had definite CAN. A study by Angadi sumaswi et al [42], 32% (16) patients had no CAN. Early CAN was seen in 14% (7),
severe CAN in 14% (7), definite CAN in 8% (4) patients. Atypical CAN with other combination of abnormalities was seen in 32% (16) patients.
Various studies shows different prevalence of CAN ranging from 58% to 70 % [43–45].
The most common abnormality observed was heart rate response to standing(68%), followed by deep breathing( 64%). Heart rate response to valsalva
was the least affected (30%)

Essay on ANS Nervous System
The Structure & function of the
Autonomic Nervous System
Introduction:
The organs of our body are controlled by many systems in order to function correctly and efficiently in order to survive within the environment we live
in. These include the heart, stomach and intestines and other vital organs and body systems. All of the systems in our body are regulated by a part of
the nervous system called the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system and it controls many organs and
muscles within the body. Rather bizarrely we are unable to determine or feel its presence in our bodies as it is working involuntary, as a reflexive
manner. A common example of this involuntary action is best understood when... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Take notice of figure.1 in the illustrated diagram that the sympathetic nervous system originates in the spinal cord. Specifically, the cell bodies of the
first neuron are located in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. Axons from these neurons project to a chain of ganglia located near the spinal cord. In
most cases, this neuron makes a synapse with another postganglionic neuron in the ganglion. A few preganglionic neurons go to other ganglia outside
of the sympathetic chain and synapse there. The postganglionic neuron then projects to the "target" – either a muscle or a gland.
Two more facts about the sympathetic nervous system are the synapse in the sympathetic ganglion, uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. The
synapse of the postganglionic neuron with the target organ uses the neurotransmitter called norepinephrine. There is one exception to this, the
sympathetic postganglionic neuron that terminates on the sweat glands uses acetylcholine.
The Parasympathetic nervous system is an antagonist to the sympathetic nervous system. Its primary function is to give you the ability to rest and
relax, in times when you are tired or stressed. The parasympathetic nervous system works to save energy and allow your blood pressure to also
decrease. Your heartbeat reduces becoming much slower, and digestion can start. Notice again in figure

Essay about Vasovagal Syncope
Vasovagal Syncope
My best friend "Dirk" can easily be picked out of a crowd. His 6'7 stature, impressive muscle mass, very blond hair, big blue eyes, and booming voice
cause many people to stare at him–once, in Europe, a Japanese couple asked if they could take a picture of him. Addicted to weight lifting and athletics,
my friend does not always enjoy admitting that he is a computer engineer–yes, my 22–year–old buddy is still afraid of the geek label. There is
something else to which Dirk will not readily admit–he faints at the sight of blood. In fact, many things can trigger his fainting spells: blood, vomit,
overheating, etc.
Dirk lives next door to my parents; we grew up together. Recently, he and my sister ran over... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But his mother knows from 22 years of experience that whether it is a particularly hot and humid day, or it is receiving a vaccination, Dirk will pass
out unless he takes the proper precautions–resting, breathing deeply, and staying hydrated.
Vasovagal Syncope, also known as fainting, neurocardiogenic syncope, and neurally mediated syncope, is a very common condition, occurring in
roughly half of all people at least once within their life; three percent of the population develops it repeatedly. It is not a serious condition.(2) A
vasovagal response involves a decrease in the volume of blood that is returned to the heart, which enervates the baroreceptors(2) in the sympathetic
nervous system to increase the force of each contraction of the heart. Consequently, the opposing parasympathetic nervous system is alerted to slow the
heart rate and dilate the surrounding veins and arteries. These responses of the nervous system cause the blood pressure to drop very low, causing
syncope (loss of consciousness).(1) Most patients are young and healthy, although vasovagal syncope can occur in the elderly population that has
preexisting cardiac problems. Extremely hot weather and blood–alcohol levels are typical triggers. Some patients suffer from several, often attacks,
while others may only experience them sporadically.(3)
While standing, the blood tends to settle in the legs.

Parasympathetic Nervous System
We have two systems within the Autonomic Nervous System. The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
As discussed in one of the previous discussion posts about the flight or fight response – the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for this reaction
within the body. When the body turns on its fight or flight mechanisms, our heart rate is elevated, bronchial tubes and pupils dilate, saliva production
is decreased, and digestion may even come to a complete stop. It is very important that our body does not stay in this state for long periods of time
because excess buildup of the stress hormones produced during this state are shown to cause issues with the entire autonomic nervous system. It can
even lead to digestion

Negative Effects Of Stress
According to a poll, about one in every four Americans (about sixty million people) have claimed to have encountered some stress this past month
(Whyte n.p.). Sometimes, the intensity of stress causes anxiety or frustration. Which is why for the most part, stress is taken as a negative impact on
an individual. Whether that stress comes from school, money, environment, work or all of them, everyone walks the same path of stress sometimes
without even realizing it. Although many people perceive stress in a negative way, there's some surprising benefits of stress that we are not aware of.
It all comes down to the basic element of what stress is. Stress is an anticipated feeling someone gets when they get into any trouble or difficulty. The
human body reacts physically to any stressor that comes across. For example, our body has two important systems that play a role – sympathetic
nervous system and parasympathetic system. The parasympathetic system is known as a "rest and digest" response in which hormones send adrenaline
and other transmitters to your body. On the other hand, the sympathetic nervous system is known as a "fight or flight" response in which it uses that
adrenaline in order to react quickly. Therefore, both these symptoms react to any stressor that can prepare the human body for anything that might
come across, physically and mentally. (Grant n.p.) Stress can benefit us in many ways. For one, it can help humans increase their cognitive learning and

The ANS: The Parasympathetic Nervous System
Not all processes in the body are voluntarily controlled and it is quite important to display automatic involuntarily controlled movements. The
autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls the smooth muscles of internal organs allowing them to execute vital functions such as breathing and
regulating the heartbeat in an organized and automatic fashion (Pastorino and Doyle–Portillo, 2017, pg. 59). The ANS and its complex neural network
maintain homeostasis, and it can be further divided into two categories: the parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system. The
parasympathetic system ("rest and digest") produces a state of equilibrium in the body. This nervous system is much slower and it moves along longer
pathways (Hansen, 2015). When the body is in a homeostatic state where everything is balanced out, the parasympathetic system claims responsibility
over our body. Heart rate drops, pupils constrict, and saliva production are all products of the sympathetic nervous system. In order to activate it, a
person must figure out what makes them reach a peaceful state. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the SNS is activated, heart rate increase, blood pressure increases, breathing accelerates, and pupils dilate. All these mechanisms assist the body
when dealing with stressful situations and assessing danger. The sympathetic nervous system is also known as the "fight or flight" response since it
diminishes the oxygenated blood flow to the organs and allocates this resource to the muscles of the legs and arms. By increasing the blood flow to the
legs and arms the individual can either attack with full strength or rapidly retreat. Once the threat has been neutralized the parasympathetic system
helps the body return to its normal

Neurotransmitter and Maximal Contractile Response Essay
Department of Physiology
PHY2021
Body Systems Physiology
Activity of Gastrointestinal
Smooth Muscle Worksheet
Due by:
Noon (12 pm) Friday April 12
Pre–prac Reading: Vander, 12th Edition:
Section 6D.4 (pp 175–180), Section 15.2 (pp 521–522), Section 15.4 (pp 528–529, 536–538 & 542–543).
INTRODUCTION
Give a brief description in your own words of the objectives and aims of this practical.
The aim of this practical was to discover the effects that numerous hormones and drugs have on the sample ileum's nerves and relate this to the human
autonomic nervous system.
The objectives include observing the change in contractions during different levels of stimulation and inhibition, such as that from different ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A decrease in stimulus frequency results in a greater number of contractions within the ileum. An increase in the stimulus frequency results in a
decrease in the release of neurotransmitters, further inhibiting the contractions of the ileum.
B. MIMICKING THE ACTION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM USING DRUGS
пЂґ Attach copies of your experimental recordings showing the response of the ileum to the direct addition of noradrenaline and of acetylcholine to the

tissue bath.
1)What was the final bath concentration of noradrenaline you used? Briefly describe the response of the ileum to the direct addition of noradrenaline.
2)What was the final bath concentration of acetylcholine you used? Briefly describe the response of the ileum to the direct addition of acetylcholine.
3)Since an inhibitory response to nerve stimulation was observed in all (or most) of the tissues studied in the practical, how is differential control (i.e.,
both inhibition and excitation) of gut contraction achieved in the body? Is it always inhibitory in vivo? What happens in the intact animal?
C. BLOCKING AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM TRANSMITTER TARGETS
Effect of phentolamine on the responses to nerve stimulation and added transmitter substances
пЂґ Attach copies of your experimental recordings showing the response of the ileum to nerve stimulation and to the direct addition of

Parasympathetic And Strengths
1) Describe the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems on the smooth muscles of the eye
The smooth muscles of the eye are mainly controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system. The activation of the parasympathetic system will cause
the release of acetylcholine (Ach), which will act on the m2 muscarinic receptors in the iris smooth muscle fibres. This will cause the pupil to constrict,
reducing the amount of light able to enter the eye. The release of Ach will also act on the m2 muscarinic receptors in the ciliary muscle, causing them
to contract, relaxing the shape of the lens in the eye (Rang and Dale, 2012). Therefore, the overall effect of the release of Ach will constrict the pupil,
reducing the amount of light entering the eye, this is known as miosis (University of Sydney, 2017). This differs from the activation of thesympathetic
nervous system which will cause the release of noradrenaline, which acts on the вЌє1–receptors in the radial smooth muscle fibres of the iris (dilator
pupillae), causing it to contract. The release or noradrenaline will also act on the ОІ2–receptors of the ciliary muscle causing them to relax, causing the
lens to lengthen, however this is only a faint response(Rang and Dale, 2012). Hence, the contraction of the iris sphincter and slight relaxation of the
ciliary muscles will cause the pupil of the eye to be dilated, increasing the amount of the light able to enter the eye, this is known as mydriasis
(University

Bell's Palsy Condition
Bell's Palsy is a condition that results in paralysis of one side of the face. The 7th cranial nerve, also known as the facial nerve is what controls most
of the muscles of the face. This facial nerve stems from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, and controls the muscles of facial expression.
The function of the 7th cranial nerve is to express taste sensations from the tongue and oral cavity. It also supplies preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
to several head and neck ganglia (citation). In the Bell's Palsy condition, there is damage to the facial nerve that controls muscles on one side of the
face which causes that side of the face to droop. Furthermore, this nerve damage may also affect the sense of taste and the production of tears and
saliva. Bell's Palsy is a condition that comes on suddenly, and it may also get better spontaneously.
One of the most distinct features of Bell's Palsy is its unknown etiology. Previously,Bell's palsy was speculated to be the cause of other diseases, but it
is not the result of a stroke or a transient ischemic attack, which are conditions that both can cause facial paralysis. The actual cause of Bell's palsy
has not yet been completely determined, but according to some studies, scientists believe that Bell's palsy is caused by a viral infection such as viral
meningitis or the common cold sore virus which is caused by herpes simplex. Scientists believe that the facial nerve swells and becomes inflamed as a
reaction to the

Autonomic Nervous System Analysis
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a branch of the central nervous system (CNS) that divides into two divisions. The sympathetic (SNS), fight or
flight division, and the parasympathetic (PNS), rest and digest division both seek to regulate involuntary visceral motor control by transmitting their
signals from the CNS to cardiac muscles, the heart and blood vessels; smooth muscles, the stomach and intestines; and glands, sweat and salivary. The
SNS increases heart rate by transmitting its impulses onto short, myelinated preganglionic neurons that trigger the release of acetylcholine (ACh) onto
nicotinic cholinergic receptors found on the postganglionic cell. The impulse then travels along long, unmyelinated adrenergic postganglionic neurons,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Baroreflex failure syndrome is a rear cardiovascular disease that prevents afferent baroreceptor nerve cells from monitoring and regulation blood
pressure. Baroreceptors respond to high blood pressure by increasing their firing rate, decreasing sympathetic outflow, heart rate, and contractility. This
causes an increase in parasympathetic outflow from the vagus nerve, which causes vasodilation, a decrease in mean arterial pressure, and lowers blood
pressure. Baroreceptors that are found within the carotid sinus and aortic arch, and travel along the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. They send their
sensory input about blood pressure to the cardio–regulatory center of the medulla oblongata, and a sympathetic response leads norepinephrine (NE) to
bind to beta–adrenergic receptors on autorhythmic cells to increase Na+ permeability through funny channels, and Ca2+ permeability through T–type
channels. This triggers a faster drift, a less negative membrane potential, and increases the rate of sinoatrial (SA) node firing, and signal conductance.
The exact mechanism for initiation of the disease is still unknown, but recent studies have hypothesized that the syndrome degrades neurons on both
sides of the solitary tract located in the medulla, and triggers cell necrosis of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. This cranial nerve damage
impairs the

Polyvagal Theory
The Polyvagal theory developed by Stephen Porges and introduced in 1994 provides new insight into the functioning of the autonomic nervous system.
The theory provides a clear understanding of the nervous system which plays a huge role for dancers as it can influence mental and physical
performance, as well as keeping pain–free.
The trial program
The research undertaken in the trial was conducted in order to test and discover the level to which applying the Polyvagal theory can improve a
dancers physical performance.
The aims of the research conducted were to:
Identify the level that the Polyvagal theory takes effect on physical performance.
Identify the ways in which the theory can be applied and when it is best to
By conducting a trial utilising the application of the theory it had the ability to further determine the effectiveness through the effect the exercises had
on the participants.
The Trial ran over a course of 20 days and involved pre trial questions followed by sets of exercises to finish with follow up questions that recorded
progress and improvement.
The theory background to the trial
Porges theory recognises his important discoveries on the vagus nerve which changed previous understanding and functioning of the autonomic
nervous system. Prior to this discovery, it was understood that the system operated in a balanced sympathetic/parasympathetic way. Porges research
changed the outlook and understanding on the system, firstly with the vagus nerve in mammals having two branches, and secondly that the newest
branch is able to prevent other nervous system activity.
When the vagus nerve is activated it allows the parasympathetic nervous system to enjoy a state of health, growth, and restoration in which is the
preferred state for optimal function.The sympathetic system is capable of movement and decides whether to flee or fight in the presence of danger.
The last line of defence is the parasympathetic nervous system 2 which immobilises and shuts down the body. The vague nerve is activated during
exhalation so when the exhale is not completed properly and the breath is held longer, it is in theory preventing the opportunity to obtain a healthy state.
If trouble is found with the vagal

Annotated Bibliography On Dna Replication
Question 1 a) DNA replication is the process, where a cell passes this DNA sequence onto other cells when it divides. It is known as mitosis as it
must duplicate its genome so each new cell has a copy. This occurs during interphase. For the duration of DNA replication the enzyme DNA helicase
are significant as they distinct double–stranded DNA into single strands letting each strand to be copied. DNA polymerase is another important
enzyme that starts attaching new corresponding nucleotides to these patterns. It is done according to the base pairing rules, A=T, C=G, G=C and
T=A. Once the new nucleotides are attached, two new sister DNA strands are formed same as the original strand. The result is two identical
strands, each of which is half new. b) mRNA is a translation of DNA into a convertible protein substituting T with U. The template strand shown is
the 1st step of transcription and it is transcribed to: GTA GAT TGG GGT CTC CTC. Each of the codons codes for a particular amino acid. For
example, each codon is a triplet and codes for one amino acid. In the strand shown it separates it into triplets that will reveal codon and amino acid
number. For example, CAT CTA ACC CCA GAG GAG = 6 amino acids. c) Sickle cell anaemia– GTA GAT TGG GGT CAC CTC Normal
haemoglobin – GTA GAT TGG GGT CTC CTC While comparing the difference between the normal and sickle cell strands, it was identified that in
the sickle cell there is a coding error. As the transcription error causes the

The Nervous System and Sexual Function Essay
The nervous system is divided into three components: the central nervous system, which encompasses the brain, brain stem, and the spinal cord, the
peripheral nervous system, which includes the sensory receptors and effector muscles and organs in the body, and the autonomic nervous system which
is part of both the peripheral and central nervous system and controls visceral and largely unconscious functions (Barker & Barasi, 2005). The sexual
response activates all these systems.
(a) The central nervous system, (b) The peripheral nervous system
(a) The autonomic nervous system controls the smooth muscles and secretions in all the male reproductive organs (Dail, 1993). This includes the
parasympathetic and sympathetic systems discussed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Several hypothalamic areas have been shown to modulate erections in rats, including medial preoptic (MPOA) regions (MacLean, 1996), while Barker
and Barasi (2005)'s findings suggest the ventromedial area is the main control centre for the sympathetic nervous system and the lateral hypothalamic
area being the main centre for parasympathetic activation. Steer (2000) reviews lesion, electrostimulation, and tracing data and identifies two pathways
from the hypothalamus to sacral autonomic centres. The first goes from the dorsomedial hypothalamus through dorsal and central grey matter, travels
to the locus coeruleus, and then projects to the mesencephalic reticular formation, where descending efferent input is sent through the dorsal columns
of the spine down to the thoracolumbar and sacral autonomic nuclei. The other pathway arises from the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamus,
travels through the ventral and central tegmental regions, the pontine reticular formation, and the substantia nigra, and finally through the ventrolateral
area of the pons and medula and into the dorsolateral funiculus in the spinal cord. The hypothalamus also has direct projections from the paraventricular
nucleus to the autonomic areas in the spine involved in erection (Saper et al., 1976) as well the sacral ventral horn, a penile somatic motor nucleus.
Ascending genital sensory input also plays an important role in central

The Treatment Of Trauma And How Yoga May Be An Integral...
The Adverse Childhood Experiences study, also known as ACE's, was a huge breakthrough for preventative health care research. The partnership of
Kaiser Permanente and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) produced one of the largest studies ever conducted to explore
associations between childhood maltreatment (chronic and toxic stress from early adversity) and health and well–being throughout the lifespan. The
study involves the data from over 17,000 participants collected from 1995 to 1997 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Although the study's
main findings were aimed at influencing the health care system, there remains a multitude of important implications for the treatment of trauma and
how yoga may be an integral part of that care. Adverse Childhood Experiences are described as traumatic or stressful events that occur under the age
of 18 years. Multiple categories of childhood emotional and physical abuse were considered including Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction,
each with respective subsets of criteria. A questionnaire is used to determine a person's "ACE Score." Depending on how many questions they answer
indicating that childhood trauma was present, a numerical figure is used as an index for their score (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). This
score is useful for ranking them and their susceptibility to later problems in life due to childhood adversity . The findings of this

Heart Rate: The Parasympathetic Nervous System
According to UC Davis Health Sports Medicine," Heart rate refers to the number of times the heart beats per minute, and is directly related to the
workload being placed on the heart." (UC Davis Health,2017) Heart rate can be managed by two different branches of the autonomic nervous system
that supply nerve impulses to the heart. The sympathetic nervous system is the fight or flight mechanism and releases hormones like epinephrine and
norepinephrine to increase heart rate. The parasympathetic nervous system is the rest and digest mechanism and releases achetylcholine, which is a
hormone that will decrease the heart rate. The vagus nerve is part of the autonomic nervous system, specifically the parasympathetic system. The
autonomic nervous system

Parasympathetic And Sympathetic Nervous System Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Within vertebrates, heart rate is established by the sinoatrial (SA) node of the heart. This is achieved through a series of action potentials which drives
excitation of cardiac muscles and establishes a rhythmic pace (Fritz et al., 2011). However, there are numerous factors that can affect the SA nodes
impact on heart rate, which are primarily related to the autonomic nervous system.
The autonomic nervous system is responsible for the regulation of involuntary functions, and is broken up into the parasympathetic (PSNS) and
sympathetic nervous systems (SNS). The SNS is most commonly referred to as an organism's 'fight or flight' response, in which its activation is
generally in response to stress, and results in a preparation

Parasympathetic Nervous System
1.The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is composed of two parts called the parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system. The
parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is involved with sleeping, digesting meals, and making new blood cells and antibodies. The sympathetic
nervous system (SNS) is involved with the "fight or flight" response and is associated with stress.
2.The cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped by the heart into circulatory system in the time frame of a minute. Cardiac output is equal to
heart rate times stroke volume. Therefore, when stroke volume and heart rate increases the cardiac output increases too. On the other hand, when
stroke volume and heart rate decreases so does the cardiac output.

Why Is Food Coma A Myth Or Reality
Food Coma: Myth or reality????
Almost everyone is acquainted with the experience of finishing a big meal and the accompanying state of drowsiness or lassitude. How many times
we have taken resolutions to not over indulge in our favorite food in the family occasions, celebratory meals or just regular heavy meals. Those are
the times when a couch seems more appealing and dozing off is the best possible idea. Sounds like a familiar experience?
This phenomenon is called as food coma. No, one does not literally goes into a coma but it will certainly seem like an individual is about to enter into
one.
Is Food coma real?
Food coma, or in medical terms "Postprandial somnolence" is a real scientific phenomenon. There are physiological explanations ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a psychological effect involved which makes a person feel lazy and tired all at once.
Myths
Drop in blood flow from brain and oxygen delivery
Mostly people believe there is a drop in oxygen and blood flow after a meal which leads to after–meal drowsiness and sleepiness. But this is wrong
because even though there is an increase in blood flow due to passage of food in the gastrointestinal tracts, it is generally from the skeletal muscle
tissue and also by increasing the rate of blood pumped per minute by the heart.
Tryptophan present in the Turkey
Popular myth among everyone is that turkey is very rich in tryptophan which when consumed during a Thanksgiving Day result in more than usual
sleepiness and food coma. This is because tryptophan produces serotonin which is associated with relaxation and sleepiness. However, the amount of
tryptophan present in turkey is similar to chicken, beef, and other meats. The quantity required to raise brain serotonin level cannot be achieved by
eating servings of turkey.
After effects of food coma
Swearing, especially if one goes through stomach cramps due to over

Glial Cell Research
Glial cells play an important role in the function of the neurons. Approximately ninety percent of the human brain is made up of glial cells (Moyes
182). For many years, scientists believed that these glial cells played a passive role in the nervous system of vertebrates. This is why they were named
glial cells because the Greek word glia means glue (Moyes 182). One type of glial cells that is part of the peripheral nervous system is Schwann cells
(Moyes 182). Collectively, these cells make up the myelin sheath and help repair any damage that might happen to the motor or sensory neurons
(Moyes 182). Oligodendrocytes is another type of glial cells located in the central nervous system (Moyes 182). They differ from Schwann cells
because they are able to wrap around ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sympathetic nervous system is most active during times of stress, physical activity, or a response to a startling stimulus (Moyes 331). The
sympathetic nervous system is also called the "fight–or–flight" system (Moyes 331). This is because when this nervous system is stimulated the heart
rate of vertebrates increase and they experience deeper breathing, and blood vessels being dilated (Moyes 331). The sympathetic nervous system is also
able to stimulate the adrenal medulla in order to release a hormone named epinephrine. Epinephrine is able to increase the heart and respiratory rates
(Moyes 332). The sympathetic nervous system also diverts blood from the digestive system to the muscles in order to make sure that the muscles have
enough nutrients and oxygen (Moyes 331). The parasympathetic nervous system on the other hand is known as the "resting and digesting" system
(Moyes 331). Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system are referred to as involuntary nervous systems, but the parasympathetic
nervous system undergoes quite activities such as digesting (Moyes

Ans Nervous System Essay
The Structure & function of the
Autonomic Nervous System
Introduction:
The organs of our body are controlled by many systems in order to function correctly and efficiently in order to survive within the environment we live
in. These include the heart, stomach and intestines and other vital organs and body systems. All of the systems in our body are regulated by a part of the
nervous system called the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system and it controls many organs and
muscles within the body. Rather bizarrely we are unable to determine or feel its presence in our bodies as it is working involuntary, as a reflexive
manner. A common example of this involuntary action is best understood when... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The preganglionic fibre from the medulla or spinal cord projects to ganglia very close to the target organ and makes a synapse. This synapse uses the
neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. From this ganglion, the postganglionic neuron projects to the target organ and uses acetylcholine again at its
terminal.
Figure. 1: Autonomic nervous system
Para–sympathetic and sympathetic differences:
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system generally have opposing effects on organs they supply, and this enables the body to make rapid
and precise adjustments of involuntary activities in order to maintain a steady state. An example is an increase in heart rate due to the release of
noradrenalin by sympathetic neurones, this is then compensated for by, the release of acetylcholine by parasympathetic neurones. This prevents heart
rate from increasing beyond its working capabilities and allows it to reduce and settle back to its resting state.
The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation are tabulated below in figure. 2. Notice that the effects are generally in opposition to each
other, in relation to each organ affected by a particular reflex.
FeatureSympatheticParasympathetic

Origin of NeuronesEmerge from cranial, thoracic and lumbar regions of CNSEmerge from cranial and sacral regions of CNS
Position of GanglionClose to spinal cordClose to effector
Length of FibresShort

The Effect Of Lying Had On Nervous System By Monitoring...
Introduction:
During this study we assessed the effect lying had on the autonomic nervous system by monitoring galvanic skin response (GSR). We used GSR, a
measure of the skin conductivity, as a very basic form of polygraph test. The electronic conductivity of skin in not held constant. Instead, it changes
based on the current state of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS is comprised of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
(Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2015). The sympathetic branch causes increases in arousal. It controls responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart
rate, and decreased digestive activity that are normally associated with the fight or flight response (Gazzaniga and Heatherton, 2015). The
parasympathetic branch acts in opposition to the sympathetic nervous system. It lowers arousal and returns the body to normal resting conditions. We
believe that the act of lying will cause the sympathetic nervous system to increase arousal resulting in higher skin conductivity and therefore larger
changes in GSR. As a result, we hypothesize that lying will cause a larger mean change in GSR height then telling the truth.
Methods:
Participants Two undergraduates (1 male, 1 female) from Grinnell College took part in this experiment. Students were asked to participate as part of
their Introduction to Psychology course. Participants were randomly assigned to three similar assessments. Participant A took part in two assessments,
the blue and the

Hirschsprung Disease : A Congenital Digestive Condition
Hirschsprung Disease Research Paper
Emma Jamieson
Introduction
Hirschsprung disease is a congenital digestive condition primarily found in newborns, although older children can be diagnosed with mild cases.
Damage to the nerve cells found in between the muscle layers of the walls of the large intestine inhibits the ability to effectively pass stool. The loss of
functioning nerve cells prevents peristalsis from moving the stool towards the rectum creating blockages of stool in the large intestine. This results in
constipation, bloating, diarrhea, and vomiting, these symptoms if left unchecked can be lethal in infants, and lead to many long term problems in older
children. Recorded evidence of Hirschsprung disease dates back to 1691 with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This action potential signals vesicles containing neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft, or space between two neurons containing
extracellular fluid. Neurotransmitters bind to sites found on ion channels of the adjacent neuron, due to the impermeability of neuron membranes to
ions, neurotransmitters are necessary for the movement of action potentials between neurons. The chemical synapse or the transfer of ions between the
axon of one neuron to the dendrite of another allows for the chemical signal to be conveyed through a neural network to achieve an end result, such as
skeletal movement, sight, and touch. Electrical synapses are also used alongside chemical synapses to transfer the chemical message to the appropriate
recipient. These synapses are found between two dendrites, they communicate the changes in charge through gap junctions which allow for the passive
diffusion of ions through the neurons connected, this results in a response from all neurons that receive the action potential (Stufflebeam, 2008). The
nervous system affected by Hirschsprung's disease is specifically the enteric nervous system it communicates to the central nervous system through both
the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, which is a denomination of the peripheral system. The peripheral

Essay On Autonomic Dysreflexia
Introduction
Autonomic dysreflexia is a clinical syndrome that develops in a patient who has neurological damage especially the ones with spinal cord injury
(SCI) and develops hypertension. This is brought about by developing a confusing impulse from the bowel or bladder resulting in uncontrolled
hypertension in a SCI patient. The SCI must be at the level of the sixth thoracic spine vertebrae (T6) and above for a patient to be at risk of
developing dysreflexia. This syndrome develops when there is an imbalance of the autonomic nervous system. The imbalance leads the body in to
systemic hypertension that may be life threatening (Robertson & Biaggioni, 2012). Hypertension may be uncontrolled and may result in targeted organ
failure hence causing serious complications such as cerebral hemorrhage, myocardial infarction, pulmonary edema, retinal hemorrhage, renal
insufficiency, seizures and even death.
Anatomy and physiology
The autonomic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patient was admitted for physiotherapy and other management. Unfortunately, he was unable to pass urine, and the suprapubic catheter was
inserted. Such patients may easily develop autonomic dysreflexia. Therefore, the symptoms to watch out are anxiety, skin flushing, headaches– severe
and pounding, sweating a lot dilated pupils and hypertension (Gillenwater, 2001). The condition has to be triggered by several things. This patient
developed skin flushing and was dizzy. This prompted for the vital observations. The blood pressure was very high. Hence, the management was to
commence immediately. In this case, of the blockage in the suprapubic catheter was the trigger for the condition. The peripheral nerves will take the
stimulus from the blocked catheter then to the spinal cord (Gillenwater, 2001). In the spinal cord, it is increased and travels through the intact pathways
and after that produces a massive response that eventually leads to

Executive Functions In Older Adults Essay
Introduction The present paper reviews the benefits of exercise on executive functions in older adults and discusses a potential mechanism through
which exercise may change the way the brain processes information for better cognitive outcomes. Specifically, older adults who are more physically
active demonstrate a shift toward local neural processing that is associated with better executive functions. We discuss the use of neural complexity as a
sensitive measure of the neural network plasticity that is enhanced through exercise. We conclude by highlighting the future work needed to improve
exercise prescriptions that help older adults maintain their cognitive and physical functions for longer into their lifespan.
Anatomy & Physiology The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Age–related neuromuscular junction (NMJ) plays a key role in musculoskeletal impairment that occurs with aging. Changes in the NMJ precede or
follow the decline of muscle mass and strength remains unresolved. When a motor neuron is lost, fibers previously innervated by that neuron, defined
as a motor unit, are no longer controlled by the nervous system and fail to contribute to the force generated during a volitional muscle contraction. In
the attempt to counteract the functional consequence of this process, denervated orphan fibers express proteins and produce chemotactic signals that
stimulate the sprouting of new dendrites from residual motor neurons. This process leads re–innervation by the expansion of pre–existing motor units
and is aimed at returning to function previously denervated muscle fibers. There is evidence that this compensatory mechanism starts failing with
aging. The reason for a progressive impairment of the re–innervation process with aging is unknown, but some lines of evidence point to changes that
occur with aging in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), which is the synaptic interface between a branch of a motor neuron and muscle cells. The NMJ
is composed of three elements: pre–synaptic, intrasynaptic, and post–synaptic part. The function of the NMJ is to transmit signals from the motor
neuron to the skeletal muscle fibre quickly and

Гўв‚¬Вў How Does The Sympathetic Nervous System Prepare Your...
Your Body's Response to Emergency
How does the body prepare for emergencies? The answer lies in the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS). It is the branch of the Autonomic Nervous
System (ANS) that controls the body's reaction to physical and emotional stressors. The sympathetic branch activates the glands and organs that defend
the body against attack. It is called the fight–or–flight response.
This is a primitive response designed to protect from danger. When danger is perceived, the sympathetic nervous system responds immediately to
prepare a person to stay and fight or take flight. Blood rushes away from nonessential systems such as the digestive and excretory systems and is
redirected to the extremities. The heart beats faster to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The glucose obtained from the liver cells produces a surge in energy better known as an "adrenaline rush". The hormones also bind to receptor cells on
smooth muscle and inhibit the muscles of the stomach and intestines, slowing down the digestive process and allowing more energy for emergency
functions. When these hormones bind to the smooth muscle cells of the bronchioles, they cause the muscles to relax allowing more oxygen into the
blood. At the sinoatrial node of the heart, epinephrine stimulates the pace maker cells to beat faster. Epinephrine also contracts certain types of muscles
below the skin, causing beads of sweat and raised hairs. Once fight or flight has taken place, another branch of the ANS, the Parasympathetic Nervous
System (PNS) can take over again, calming everything down and returning body processes to normal.
The fight or flight response is useful in the short term because it assists the body in responding quickly and effectively in emergencies. However in the
long term, the sympathetic response can become harmful. This is because the functions of sympathetic activation can put additional stress on the
nervous system. If the sympathetic system remains highly active, the parasympathetic response will not activate and return the body to homeostasis.
This means the body does not get the chance to recover from stress causing a number of physical and psychological disorders.
In conclusion, the brain is a complex organ with the ability to cause

Essay On Polyvagal Theory
Polyvagal Theory – Counselling today – http://ct.counseling.org/2016/06/polyvagal–theory–practice/
Reference– Posted on Counselling today, on the 27th of June 2016, written by By Dee Wagner. (Accessed on the 21/3/17)
Summary– This article is about the Polyvagal theory and it goes into depth about it and what it involves. The author explains the three parts of the
nervous system and vagal nerve functioning which gives understanding and knowledge on what the theory entails. It explores what was thought before
the theory was introduced and how it has changed our understanding of the nervous system. The purpose of this article is to explore the scientific
background of the theory and how the systems function in our bodies.
Usefulness– This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It states information that can be found in various websites but it makes more comparisons between the systems and changes that have been made. The
information presented in this article is factual and is all referenced meaning it comes from a reliable source.
Validity– This article in comparison to other sources is harder to understand and contains minimal information about the theory compared to previous
sources. There is factual information stated throughout the article but gaining a clear understanding comes with greater difficulty than it did with the
other articles. It makes poorer points on the systems as it does not explore them in as much depth as other sources did.
Capabilities– I have now utilised and started developing both the literacy and critical and creative thinking capability. I have applied skills from the
literacy capability as I have been reading, viewing and writing on this source in which I also had to apply accessing, analysing and selecting skills in
order to chose the article.I have developed critical and creative thinking as I have to learn and apply new knowledge to the answering of my

Analysis Of Truman State University 's Campus
Introduction Throughout the course of everyday life, variability of heart rate is present for each individual. As the college students on the campus of
Truman State University go about their day–to–day lives, they too experience the phenomenon of heart rate variability. While resting and using little
movement, many students spend a great number of hours each day studying – a period of time when the body requires a smaller cardiac output in
relation to times of movement. However, during the course of an academic day, Truman students, like the majority of human beings, are faced with
instances under which time is limited, and they must increase work output to get from one destination to another. Additionally, there are instances in
which physical activity is required with variation of difficulty within a workload/resistance. Through this understanding, one can see that the heart rate
changes throughout the course of each day, and is thus dependent on the intensity of each daily activity. Although every student on Truman State
University's campus has his/her own unique physiological makeup and personal physical fitness level – every individual is impacted by the variability
of his or her own heart rate in response to activities of daily life. HRV is a simple and effective measurement and practical for clinical use. Many
clinical uses involve patients with cardiovascular disease and athletes. Other disease states that use HRV as a marker are diabetic neuropathy, coronary

Daphnia Lab Essay
Daphnia and Additives Lab
Purpose
The purpose of this lab is to test what effect of Nicotine, Acetylcholine, Epinephrine, Caffeine, and Ethanol on an organism's heart rate.
Materials
* Microscope * Eye dropper * Pipet * Cotton balls * Depression slide * Beakers * Daphnia * Water * Five additives: Nicotine,Acetylcholine,
Epinephrine, Caffeine, Ethanol
Procedure
1. Put on safety goggles. 2. Catch a living Daphnia. 3. Transfer to a depression slide and add water. 4. Add cotton ball fibers to restrict movement of the
Daphnia. 5. Establish the resting heart rate of the Daphnia. Count the amount of beats for ten seconds then multiply that number by six to convert it to
beats/min. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A slowed heart rate and the associated fall in the rate of expulsion of blood from the heart is sufficient to maintain body function during rest, and
conserves energy in the heart under conditions where its supply (and the supply of oxygen in the blood) are diminished. A drug that slows heart rate is
called a negative chronotrope.
Epinephrine/adrenaline: Heart rate is increased by the sympathetic nervous system and the hormone adrenaline circulating in the blood via activation of
cell surface receptors in

Dna Rna And : Dna Replication
1. The process where a cell passed its DNA sequence onto another cell is known as DNA replication. This process usually took place in the S phase
cell cycle through mitosis where the copy of DNA molecule are segregated and cytoplasm open up leading to cell division. In order for the process to
happen, an enzyme helicase must hack the hydrogen bond where the DNA "unzip" and "unwind" to establish two open template. DNA polymerase
then replace the RNA primer by adding new complementary nucleotides to the templates by following the base pairing rules––A=T, C=G, G=C, and
T=A. Once the process is complete, two new sisters DNA strand are produce identical to the original strand. 2. This template is an 6 amino acid
(CAT CTA ACC CCA GAG GAG ), where each codon is a triplet code for one amino acid. This template has to be transcript into (GTA GAT TGG
GGT CTC CTC) where it then can be translate into mRNA. The translation of mRNA shows each codon for a particular amino acid (GUA GAU
UGG GGU CUC CUC). The new amino acid that has been translated can now be used to create haemoglobin protein (Val Asp Trp Gly Leu Leu). 3.
GTA GAT TGG GGT CAC CTC [Sickle Cell Anemia] GTA GAT TGG GGT CTC CTC [Normal hemoglobin] CAT CTA ACC CCA GAG GAG
[Template Strand] In comparison of the template strand and normal cell with the sickle cell stand, there is a coding error on the second last triplet.
The template strand has a GAG and normal response of CTC, however the sickle cell

The Parasympathetic Nervous System
The aim of the current study was to assess the ANS changes associated with RA from the clinical and electrophysiological point of view.
In the present study, both components of the ANS were assessed including the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic
nervous system was assessed by using the BP changes in response to postural changes and SSR. The parasympathetic nervous system was assessed by
HR changes in response to postural changes [18].
Orthostatic stress test assesses the BP and HR changes associated postural changes in the body position from supine to standing. These changes are
mediated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers. During standing from supine position (actively or passively), there

Heart Rate Variability ( Hrv )
Heart rate variability (HRV) is quickly becoming a "buzz word" in fitness, but in reality this is a very old technology. Dating back to at least 1948
(15) HRV has been a commonly used method in research and is an accepted diagnostic tool in several diseases/conditions, such as post–traumatic stress
disorder and type 2 diabetes (9, 23).
HRV was, until recently, a tool that was confined to clinical and research settings, largely due to the prohibitively high cost of equipment. Recent
advances in technology, particularly among heart rate monitors and smartphone–based apps, have now made this technology available to fitness
professionals and health/fitness consumers.
HRV is derived from mathematical properties of cardiac inter–beat intervals or what is referred to as a R–R interval. This inter–beat interval represents
tiny changes in the timing (i.e. fractions of a second) from one heart beat to the next. Intuitively it would seem that a heart rate of 60 bpm would
have exactly 1 second between each "beat." It even seems reasonable that a very metronomic or steady heart rate would be indicative of health and
/or fitness. In fact, just the opposite is true. A healthy cardiovascular control system will have a high level of complexity, or variability, while an aged,
unfit or diseased system will show a loss of complexity or variability (21).
HRV testing is an exquisitely sensitive tool that is capable of providing us with important health and fitness–based information across

Pathology Of The Autonomic Nervous System
Introduction
In this report, the symptoms of this patient will be diagnosed, and the causes of them discussed with reference to the physiology and pharmacology of
the autonomic nervous system.
The Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the part of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that controls involuntary processes in the
body (Wieczorek, 2014). Such functions include control of heart rate, gland activity, smooth muscle contraction and constriction of blood vessels
(Biology–online.org, 2014). The ANS is divided into two branches, thesympathetic nervous system (SN) and the parasympathetic nervous system
(PN). The SN is responsible for the "fight–or–flight" response, which results in increased preparedness for vigorous activity in response to exercise or
emergency. The PN acts antagonistically to the SN, in that it produces the opposite effects to those of the SN. Under normal circumstances, the PN is
dominant, and allows processes such as digestion and defecation to occur, while also conserving energy (Elmhurst.edu, 2014). Most of the visceral
organs of the body are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurones, with the exceptions being sweat glands and the smooth muscle of
blood vessels– they are only innervated by sympathetic nerve fibres (Wieczorek, 2014).
In the ANS, a number of different neurotransmitters and receptors are present. In both the PN and SN, the neurotransmitter at the ganglia is

Dn Dna And Dna
Question 1 a) DNA replication is the process in which a cell passes this DNA sequence onto other cells when it divides which is known as mitosis as
it must duplicate its genome so each new cell has a copy. This occurs during interphase. During DNA replication the enzyme DNA helicase are
important as they separate double–stranded DNA into single strands allowing each strand to be copied. DNA polymerase are another important
enzyme that starts attaching new complementary nucleotides to these templates. It is done according to the base pairing rules, A=T, C=G, G=C
and T=A. Once the new nucleotides are attached, two new sister DNA strands are formed same as the original strand. The result is two identical
strands, each of which is half new. b) mRNA is a translation of DNA into a convertible protein substituting T with U. The template strand shown is
the 1st step of transcription and it is transcribed to: GTA GAT TGG GGT CTC CTC. Each of the codons codes for a particular amino acid. For
example, each codon is a triplet and codes for one amino acid. In the strand shown it separates it into triplets that will reveal codon and amino acid
number. For example, CAT CTA ACC CCA GAG GAG = 6 amino acids. c) Sickle cell anaemia– GTA GAT TGG GGT CAC CTC Normal
haemoglobin – GTA GAT TGG GGT CTC CTC While comparing the difference between the normal and sickle cell strands, it was identified that in
the sickle cell there is a coding error. As the transcription error causes the person

Physiology Lab 3 Activity 2 Essay
1) Make a graph of resting heart rates from Activity 1. Provide a physiological explanation for fluctuations in resting heart rate over time. Discuss a
couple of extrinsic factors that influence the autonomic nervous regulation of resting heart rate.
The resting heart rate fluctuates over time because it is under control of the autonomic nervous system and the fluctuations are a result of the
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems trying to balance each other out.
There are many reasons on why the resting heart rate can fluctuate over time. Factors can include things like the temperature of the room we were in,
or what we ate/ drank for breakfast. Also volume of liquid or chemicals in the cell can impact the heart rate.
2) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Homeostatic is all about balance so when you begin to exercise, you need more oxygen. The harder you breathe the more energy it takes to replace it.
Your body temperature while exercising also increases; typically it creates too much heat so your body has to figure out a way to release the heat so it
doesn't become dangerous. This is done by sweating
4) Compare and contrast oscillations in heart rate observed at rest (Activity 1), during exercise and recovery exercise (Activity 2). Is the relative
magnitude of the oscillations the same? Provide a physiological explanation in your answer.
In the first experiment I was subject 2. For the most part my heart rate did not oscillate too much. My heart rate was a little slower than the other
subjects as well. Compared to Activity 2, his oscillations while exercising were a little more dramatic. The reason for this could be that your heart is
trying to adjust to the new physically taxing activity that you are enduring. Your body is trying to balance, but if it is thrown into a demanding activity
it will take a little bit more adjusting than if you are just resting.
5) Describe how the normal range for any given measurement is obtained. Explain why published values for normal ranges may differ and why these
values must be continually checked and updated.
There really is no "ideal" reading for any measurement, it really just varies depending on your diet

Why Do People Get With Stress?
Stress
Why do people get stressed? The word 'stress' which means bending a piece of metal until it breaks is actually used in the physics. However, in
1920's one of the fathers in stress research, Hans Selye started using the word 'stress'. He realized that no matter what his patients were suffering
from, they all looked sick. In his view, they were under stress. After using the word 'stress', stress is always considered as a bad thing for humans'
health. Moreover, a lot of studies discovered that stress could be a factor to cause lots of diseases. People get stress in a variety way such as work,
study, family, economic problem, and relationship with others. They are always trying to avoid getting stress. In fact, it is impossible to escape from
stress. People should change their mind instead of eluding. What most people believe about consequences of stress need to be changed because
recent study found 3 realities : positive body reaction, oxytocin, and makes you be more social. First of all, stress can make your body respond a
situation. This reaction is also known as 'fight–or–flight' response. When someone gets stressed, the amygdala which is a part of the brain controls the
emotion of the person, and sends a distress signal to the hypothalamus. The amygdala works as a controlling system in the brain in order to make the
person to react the situation or control him/herself. The hypothalamus is communicating with the body through the autonomic nervous system which

Polyvagal Theory And The Nervous System Theory
who do not have BPD. It has been found that individuals with BPD reach "arousal levels" much faster than others and take longer to get back to
"normal levels" of arousal. Individuals with BPD appear to constantly have some type of crisis and they tend to view things in very close minded
ways which can lead to intense feelings of their emotions. DBT teaches ways to cope with this. (Grohol, 2017). There are 4 modules used in DBT to
teach the skills to reduce symptoms of BPD. The first is "mindfulness" (answering the question to themselves "what do I do to be mindful"), the
second is "interpersonal effectiveness" (how you interact with the people around you and in your personal life), the third is "distress tolerance" (most
therapies focus on changing distressing events whereas DBT focuses on learning to cope with pain using coping skills) and the fourth is "emotion
regulation" (properly identifying emotions and changing them). The Polyvagal Theory has to do with how we understand the nervous system, our
senses, our emotions and behaviors. This theory states that the nervous system has its own set of strategies to regulate itself and to keep us safe in the
events of danger. The theory actually "boils down" to the idea of safety overall. The Polyvagal Theory also references the mechanism "social
engagement" which is the highest strategy in this theory. This has to do with connecting the social muscles of the face (eyes, mouth and middle ear)
with the heart. This system is

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