poultry disease level 2

2. HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
GROUP: JOEL MANNING, TEVON MORRISON ,CRISTAL CHAPLIN AND TYRESE CHRISTIE

3. INTRODUCTION
 Prevention is by far the best and most economical method of disease
control.
 Prevention is mainly achieved by the implementation of effective bio-
security and vaccination programs, proper husbandry practices, and an
in-depth knowledge of disease management.
 The health status of the bird is of utmost importance and can be greatly
affected by flock management and production.
 This includes growth rate, feed conversion efficiency, livability, and
condemnation. These are factors that determine the profitability of the
business.

4. OVERVEIW
 One has to be vigilant, keen and knowledgeable of diseases to effectively
detect illness early.
 Illness can be detected and treated in a timely manner by:
• Consistently monitoring flock health and production parameters.
• Seeking veterinary intervention.

5. PARASITE DISEASE

6. PARASITE DISEASE
 Parasitic diseases are infections or infestations
with parasitic organisms.
 A parasite cannot live independently.

7. COCCIDIOSIS
 Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of the internal intestinal tract of
which the causative agent is protozoa. A warm environment and
high humidity (wet litter) is perfect for the organism to multiply.

8. CONTINUE
 Coccidia oocyst (developing eggs) are ever present in used litter
contaminated by the droppings of previous flocks.
 Birds are infected by ingesting the sporulated oocyst in feed, water,
litter and soil.
 The organism can be transported on dust, shoes, baby chick boxes
and can survive for months in the litter.

9. SIGNS
 Bloody feaces
 Ruffled feathers
 Reduced head size and somnolence
 Droopiness and listlessness
 Loss of appetite
 Loss of yellow color in shanks Pale combs and wattles

10. CAUSE
 The disease is caused by (9) nine different species of
coccidia of which the most important are: Elmeria
(E)) acervulina, E. necatrix, E. tenella, E. maxima and
E. brunetti, each affecting a different part of the
intestine.

11. TREATMENT
 Amprolium, Celmanax, and some sulphonamides are the drugs of
choice

12. PREVENTION
• Use feed containing appropriate coccidiostats such as Hi-Pro Feeds
• Practice proper litter management to eliminate wet areas in the
house
• Maintain and use the footbath as a method of preventing house to
house contamination
• Keep your coop dry; coccidia proliferate in wet conditions.

13. POST MORTEM LESION
 Petechiae.
 Thickening, ecchymoses, of caecal mucosa.
 Accumulation of varying quantities of blood and caseous necrotic
material in the caecum.

14. DIAGNOSIS
 Signs, lesions, microscopic examination of scrapings. Differentiate
from ulcerative enteritis, histomonosis.

15. ASPERGILLOSIS
 A fungal infectious disease, caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, in
which the typical sign is gasping for breath, especially in young
chicks.
 Sometimes the same organism causes eye lesions or chronic
lesions in older birds.
 The fungus can infect plant material and many species of animals
including birds and man.
 Occasionally similar lesions are produced by other species of
Aspergillus or even other fungi such as Penicillium, Absidia.

16. SIGNS
• Lack of Appetite
• Weakness
• Silent gasping
• Rapid breathing
• Thirst • Drowsiness
• Nervous signs (rare

17. TREATMENT
 Usually none; Environmental spraying with effective antifungal
antiseptic may help reduce challenge.
 Copper Sulphate can be given in drinking water, however the
efficacy is low.

18. PREVENTION
• Store feed in a dry place to avoid growth of mould
• Dry, good quality litter and proper sanitation
 Chronic Form:
• Ocular discharge (ocular form only).
• Weight loss (Wasting).

19. BACTERIAL DISEASE
 Bacterial diseases include any type of illness caused by bacteria.
 Bacterial diseases occur when pathogenic bacteria get into the
body and begin to reproduce and crowd out healthy bacteria, or
to grow in tissues that are normally sterile.
 Harmful bacteria may also emit toxins that damage the body.

20. FOWL CHOLERA
 Fowl cholera is a contagious, bacterial disease that affects
domestic and wild birds worldwide, caused by Pasteurella
multocida type A.
 It usually occurs as a septicemia of sudden onset with high
morbidity and mortality, but chronic and asymptomatic infections
also occur.
 Older chickens are more susceptible than young ones.

21. SIGNS
 In acute fowl cholera
1. Sudden surges in mortality, without previous signs.
2. Fever.
3. Loss of appetite.
4. Ruffled feathers.
5. Mucous discharge from the mouth.
6. Green watery diarrhea.
7. Respiratory difficulty.
8. Blue or purple coloration of skin and swelling of comb and wattles.

22. CONTINUE
 Mucoid discharge

23. CONTINUE
 Chronic fowl cholera
1. Signs and lesions are generally related to localized infections of
wattles, joints, tendon sheaths, and footpads, which often are
swollen because of accumulated fibrinosuppurative exudate.
2. There may be exudative conjunctivitis and pharyngitis.
3. Torticollis (abnormal, asymmetrical head or neck position) may
result when the meninges, middle ear, or cranial bones are infected.

24. POST MORTEM
 In per acute and acute forms;
1. The disease shows primarily vascular disturbances.
2. General passive hyperemia and congestion throughout the
carcass.
3. Petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages are common,
particularly in subepicardial and subserosal locations.
4. Enlargement of the liver and spleen.
5. Increased amounts of peritoneal and pericardial fluids are
frequently seen

26. DIAGNOSIS
 This is usually based on the signs and lesions and microscopic
examination for the fungus, preferably after digestion in 10%
potassium hydroxide. It may be confirmed by isolation of the
fungus, typically by putting small pieces of affected tissue on
Sabouraud agar. Growth occurs in 24-48 hours and colonies are
powdery green/blue in appearance. Differentiate from excessive
exposure to formalin or vaccinal reactions in day old and from heat
stress in older birds.

27. TREATMENT
 A number of drugs will lower mortality from fowl cholera; however,
deaths may resume when treatment is discontinued, showing that
treatment does not eliminate P multocida from a flock.

28. PREVENTION
 Eradication of infection requires:
1. Depopulation, cleaning and disinfection of buildings and
equipment.
2. The premise should then be kept free of poultry for few weeks.
3. High level of biosecurity.
4. Rodents, wild birds, pets, and other animals that may be carriers of
P multocida and must be excluded from poultry houses

29. POST-MORTEM LESIONS
 Yellow to grey nodules or plaques in lungs, air sacs, trachea,
plaques in peritoneal cavity, may have greenish surface.
 Conjunctivitis/keratitis.
 Brain lesions may be seen in some birds with nervous signs.

30. BACTERIAL disease

31. FOWL POX (YAWS)
 Fowlpox is contagious viral disease.
 Bird of all age is affected by this disease.
 Chicken and turkeys are mainly affected by this disease.
 Some viral type may also affect pigeon, geese and poultry birds.
 1-2% mortality rate.
 Incubation period 2-3 weeks.
 Fowl pox is seen worldwide.

32. SIGN
 Cutaneous form (Dry form)
 Diphtheritic form (wet form)
 Oculonasal form

33. POST MORTEM
 The diphtheritic form is recognized by the presence of nodular
hyperplasia of the mucosa of the pharynx and trachea.
 Chickens which die of diphtheritic pox may show a plug of
desquamated epithelium which lodge in the glottis resulting in
asphyxiation.

34. DIAGNOSIS
 Diagnosis Cutaneous lesions are characteristic.
 Histological examination of affected tissue will confirm the
presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions (Bollinger bodies) in the
respiratory mucosa and skin.

35. PREVENTION & CONTROLS
 Using a mild-attenuated avipox, chickenstrain virus vaccine administered at
approximately 8 weeks of age.
 In some areas, broilers are routinely vaccinated against avian pox by
subcutaneous injection at day-old.
 All in all out program.
 Control mosquito. (anti mosquito spray)
 Biosecurity

36. TREATMENT
 Oxytetracyclin 300mg per gallon water for three days.
 Treat scabs with dilute iodine solution.
 Apply ointment to soften the scab. Mix 2 tablespoon of sulfur
powder with ½ cup Vaseline. Apply daily until lesion heal.
 Mix diluted iodine solute on in flock drinking water. 1teaspoon of
1% iodine solution per gallon of drinking water.
 Sanitize drinking water.

37. TUBERCULOSIS
 Morbidity and mortality are high. Transmission is via faecal
excretion, ingestion, inhalation, offal and fomites. The disease has
a slow course through a flock. The bacterium resists heat, cold,
water, dryness, pH changes

38. SIGNS
 Severe loss of weight with no loss of appetite.
 Pale comb.
 Diarrhoea.
 Lameness.
 Sporadic deaths.

39. POST-MORTEM LESIONS
 Emaciation.
 Grey to yellow nodules attached to intestine.
 Granulomas in liver, spleen and many other tissues, even bone
marrow.

40. DIAGNOSIS
 Isolation, acid-fast stain in tissues, TB test. Differentiate from
Lymphoid leukosis.

41. TREATMENT
 None recommended.

42. PREVENTION
 Market after one season, hygiene, cages, elimination of faeces etc.

43. VIRAL DISEASE

44. VIRAL DISEASE
 A viral disease occurs when an organism's body is invaded by
pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles attach to and
enter susceptible cells.

45. FOWL POX
 Fowl pox is a slow-spreading viral infection of chickens and turkeys
characterized by proliferative lesions in the skin that progress to
thick scabs and by lesions in the upper GI and respiratory tracts.
Virulent strains may cause lesions in the internal organs.

46. SIGNS
 Warty, spreading eruptions and scabs on comb and wattles.
 Caseous deposits in mouth, throat and sometimes trachea.
 Depression.
 Inappetence.
 Poor growth.
 Poor egg production.

47. POST-MORTEM LESIONS
 Papules progressing to vesicles then pustules and scabs with
distribution described above.
 Less commonly there may, in the diphtheritic form, be caseous
plaques in mouth, pharynx, trachea and/or nasal cavities.
 Microscopically - intra-cytoplasmic inclusions with elementary
bodies .

48. DIAGNOSIS OF FOWL POX
 Cutaneous infections usually produce characteristic gross and
microscopic lesions. When only small cutaneous lesions are
present, it is often difficult to distinguish them from abrasions
caused by fighting. Microscopic examination of affected tissues
stained with H&E reveals eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion
bodies.

49. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF FOWL POX
 Where fowl pox is prevalent, chickens should be vaccinated with
a live-embryo or cell-culture-propagated virus vaccine. The most
widely used vaccines are attenuated fowl pox virus and pigeon
pox virus isolates of high immunogenicity and low pathogenicity.
In high-risk areas, vaccination with an attenuated vaccine of cell-
culture origin in the first few weeks of life and revaccination at 12–
16 weeks is often sufficient. Health of birds, extent of exposure,
and type of operation determine the timing of vaccinations.

50. SIGNS
 Warty, spreading eruptions and scabs on comb and wattles
 Caseous deposits in mouth, throat and sometimes trachea
 Depression
 Inappetence
 Poor growth
 Poor egg production

51. CAUSE
 Fowl pox is caused by an avian DNA pox virus. There are five or six
closely related viruses that primarily affect different species of birds
but there is some cross-infection. Infection occurs through skin
abrasions or bites, through the respiratory route and possibly
through ingestion of infective scabs

52. FOWL CHOLERA
 Fowl Cholera is a serious, highly contagious disease caused by the
bacterium Pasteurella multocida in a range of avian species
including chickens, turkeys, and water fowl, (increasing order of
susceptibility). It is seen worldwide and was one of the first
infectious diseases to be recognized, by Louis Pasteur in 1880.

53. SIGNS
 Dejection.
 Ruffled feathers.
 Loss of appetite.
 Coughing.
 Nasal, ocular and oral discharge.
 Swollen and cyanotic wattles and face.
 Swollen joints
 Lameness

54. POST-MORTEM LESIONS
 Sometimes none, or limited to haemorrhages at few sites.
 Enteritis
 Yolk peritonitis
 Focal hepatitis
 Purulent pneumonia
 Cellulitis of face and wattles
 Purulent arthritis
 Lungs with a consolidated pink 'cooked' appearance in broilers.

55. DIAGONSIS
 Impression smears, isolation (aerobic culture on trypticase soy or
blood agar yields colonies up to 3mm in 24 hours - no growth on
MacConkey), confirmed with biochemical tests.

56. TREATMENT
 Sulphonamides, tetracyclines, erythromycin, streptomycin, penicillin. The disease often recurs
after medication is stopped, necessitating long-term or periodic medication.

57. PREVENTION
Biosecurity, good rodent control, hygiene, bacterins at 8 and 12
weeks, live oral vaccine at 6 weeks.

58. REFERENCES
 JM Luginbuhl; Kevin Anderson (September 29, 2015). Coccidiosis, the Most
Common Cause of Diarrhoea . content.ces.ncsu.edu. NC State Extension
Publications. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
 Intestinal Parasites - Coccidia. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
Retrieved 20 January 2014.
 Jump up to Ettinger, S. J.; Feldman, E. C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary
Internal Medicine(4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 978-0-7216-6795-9.
 Protozoal enteritis poultry disease. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
 White, G.; et al. Sulfachinoxalin 4-amino-N-quinoxalin-2-yl-
benzenesulfonamide. WikiGenes. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
 Sulfaquinoxaline. www.lookfordiagnosis.com. Retrieved 19 July 2013.