Coccidiosis is a protozoan disease of chickens caused by various Eimeria species including E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. acervulina and E. maxima. It is characterized by enteritis, diarrhea that can be mucoid or bloody, and haemorrhagic intestinal and caecal lesions. Chickens are susceptible between 3-6 weeks of age. The disease spreads horizontally via contaminated equipment, insects or recovered carrier birds. Clinical signs include anorexia, weight loss, bloody diarrhea and death from blood loss. Postmortem lesions include swollen and haemorrhagic caeca or reddened intestines with pinpoint haemorrhages.
TIME FOR ACTION: MAY 2024 Securing A Strong Nursing Workforce for North Carolina
Important poultry disease
1. COCCIDIOSIS
Acute or chronic protozoan disease
Characterized by
High morbidity
Enteritis, Mucoid to bloody diarrhea
Haemorrhagic intestinal & caecal lesions
2. ETIOLOGY
Caused by Coccidia of genus Eimeria
Characteristics:
Host specific
Site specific with some overlapping
No cross- immunity between species
Short, direct life cycle
Immunity quickly develops after exposure
and gives protection against later out
breaks of oocysts.
3. SPECIES AFFECTING
CAECA
E. tenella
SMALL INTESTINE
E. acervulina
E. brunette
E. praecox
E. maxima
E. mitis
E. mivati
E. necatrix
E. hagani
4. Coccidiosis causes considerable economic loss in
the poultry industry. Chickens are susceptible to
at least 11 species of coccidia.
The most common species are Eimeria tenella,
which causes the caecal or bloody type of
coccidiosis, E. necatrix, which causes bloody
intestinal coccidiosis, and E. acervulina and E.
maxima, which cause chronic intestinal
coccidiosis
5. SUSCEPTIBLE HOSTS
Chicken is the only natural host
All ages and breeds are susceptible
Outbreaks are common at 3 – 6
weeks of age and are rarely seen
before 3 weeks of age
6. TRANSMISSION
HORIZONTAL
Mechanical transmission by insects, wild
birds
By feet, hands, clothing, dust and
contaminated equipments
Mixing of infected birds, recovered birds
are carrier for several months.
VERTICAL:
Not reported
7. CLINICAL SIGNS
High morbidity
Anorexia with dull birds
Mal-digestion and mal-absorption
Weak birds, loss of weight and increase
culling rate
Bloody diarrhea
Death due to loss of blood
8. E. acervulina
mild disease: upper small intestine
older chickens
laying hens = drop in egg production
E. necatrix
severe disease: mid-small intestine
bloody diarrhea
death
E. tenella
severe disease: caeca
only involves the caecum
severe disease in chickens less than 6 week old
9. E. Brunetti; highly pathogenic
E. acervulina; moderately pathogenic
E. moxima; moderately pathogenic
E. mitis; moderately pathogenic
E. praecox; minor pathogen
10. POSTMORTEM LESIONS:
CAECAL:
Swollen (3 – 4 times enlargement)
Haemorrhages on mucosal surface
Lumen filled with blood
INTESTINAL:
Bright red congestion or haemorrhagic
appearance
Pin point haemorrhages
Whitish yellow plague
Contents are brown, orange, pink or red
brown
11. PATHOGENESIS:
Ingestion of Sporulated oocysts
Wall of oocyst is broken down in gizzard (by
mechanical action and enzymatic activity) and
release of sporozoite
Enter cell of intestinal mucosa and cause tissue
damage
At least 2 generations of asexual development
(schizogony) and then sexual phase
Oocyst is released from mucosa and is shed in the
faeces
12. DIAGNOSIS:
History
Clinical signs
Postmortem lesions
Microscopic examination of wet smear of
mucosal surface scrapping
Lesion scoring & dropping score
13. CONTROL
Preventive medication (coccidiostats in feed)
Immunization
Disinfection and sanitation
Litter should be kept dry (good ventilation)
Avoid feeders & drinkers from fecal contamination
IN CASE OF OUTBREAK
Chemotherapy (Sulphaquinoxaline, monensin
Amprolium etc)
Supportive medication(Vit. A,D,E,K)
Antibiotics