ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...
BS2 report
1. 1
BUILDING SERVICES BLD60503
GROUP ASSIGNMENT:
CASE STUDY ON SUBANG PARADE, SUBANG JAYA
WORD COUNTS: 8820 WORDS
PROGRAMME: BACHELOR (HONS) IN QUANTITY SURVEYING
TUTOR: DR KAM
NAME:
THAM KAI LOON 0323593
TEOH ZI WEI 0323372
GOH JIA JUN 0323302
NG SHENG ZHE 0323830
TAN VIN NIE 0323706
LEE XIN YING 0322432
NG CHUAN KAI 0323738
TEY CHENG FERN 0323912
YEOH SIN YUEN 0323737
VIVIAN TAY HUEY SHUEN 0323869
LOH WEN JUN 0323551
TAN JIT KIM 0323854
STUDENT ID:
2. 2
TABLE OF CONTENT
NO
.
TITLE PAGE
1. 1.0 Introduction to Subang Parade
1.1 Background
1.2 Strategic Position
1.3 Value of Subang Parade
1.4 Floor Plan of Subang Parade
1.5 Acknowledgment
1.6 Abstract
2. ANALYSE THE EXISTING BUILDING SYSTEMS
2.0 Introduction to HVAC system
2.1 Mechanical Ventilation of Subang Parade
➢ 2.1.1 Centralized System
➢ 2.1.2 Cooling Tower
➢ 2.1.3 AHU Room
➢ 2.1.4 Chiller Room
➢ 2.1.5 Air-Conditioning SystemCycle of Subang Parade
➢ 2.1.6 Unitary System- Split Unit
➢ 2.1.7 Ceiling Diffuser
3. 3.0 Introduction to Vertical Transportation
3.1 Elevator of Subang Parade
➢ 3.1.1 Motor Room
➢ 3.1.2 Safety Features in Elevator
3.2 Escalator of Subang Parade
➢ 3.2.1 Safety Features in Escalator
● 3.2.1.1 Skirt Brush
● 3.2.1.2 Emergency Stop Button
● 3.2.1.3 Handrail Guard Safety Device(HGS)
4. 4.0 Introduction to Fire Protection System
4.1 Active Fire Protection System
➢ 4.1.1 Alarm and Detector System
● 4.1.1.1 Smoke Detector
● 4.1.1.2 Fire Alarm Bell
● 4.1.1.3 Manual Fire AlarmActivation
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➢ 4.1.2 Fire Control Room
➢ 4.1.3 Fireman IntercomSystem
➢ 4.1.4 Fireman Switch
➢ 4.1.5 Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
● 4.1.5.1Fire Sprinkler System
o 4.1.5.1.1 Sprinkler Head
o 4.1.5.1.2 Butterfly Valve
o 4.1.5.1.3 Fire Pumping System
▪ 4.1.5.1.3.1 Pump Room
▪ 4.1.5.1.3.2 Jockey Pump
▪ 4.1.5.1.3.3 Duty Pump
▪ 4.1.5.1.3.4 Standby Pump
▪ 4.1.5.1.3.5 Water Storage Tank
● 4.1.5.2 Hose Reel System
o 4.1.5.2.1 Hose Reel Drum
o 4.1.5.2.2 Hose Reel Pump
● 4.1.5.3 External Fire Hydrant System
➢ 4.1.6 Non-water based Fire Protection Systems
● 4.1.6.1 Fire Extinguisher
● 4.1.6.2 Carbon Dioxide Suppression System
4.2 Passive Fire Protection
➢ 4.2.1 Fire Rated Door
➢ 4.2.2 Fire Escape Staircase
➢ 4.2.3 Smoke Extraction Systems
➢ 4.2.4 Smoke Curtain
5. 5.0 Introduction to Electrical Supply System
5.1 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
5.2 Transformer
5.3 Main Switchboards
5.4 Distribution Board
5.5 Electrical Backup System
➢ 5.5.1 Generator
6. IDENTIFY THE PROBLEMS IN THE EXISTING BUILDING SYSTEMS
6.0 Problems of HVAC System
6.1 Produces Loud Noises
➢ 6.1.1 Compressor, Condenser and Evaporator
➢ 6.1.2 Cooling Tower
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6.2 Dirty or clogged air Diffusers
➢ 6.2.1 Linear and side wall inlet diffusers
6.3 Improper Air Balance
6.4 Lack of Maintenance
➢ 6.4.1 Diffusers
➢ 6.4.2 Compressors, Condenser and Evaporator
7. 7.0 Problemof Fire Protection
7.1 Age of Fire Protection System
7.2 Fire Alarm System
7.3 Sprinkler System
8. 8.0 Compare and Contrast with Recommendation and Solution
8.1 HVAC System
➢ 8.1.1 Schedule of Maintenance for HVAC System
➢ 8.1.2 Lots of Noises
➢ 8.1.3 Cleaning with Chemical Solution
8.2 Fire Protection System
➢ 8.2.1 Fire Extinguisher
➢ 8.2.2 Fire Alarm System
➢ 8.2.3 Fire System Technology
9. 9.0 Final Recommendation for the System
9.1 HVAC
➢ 9.1.1 Ice Storage Cooling System
9.2 Fire Protection System
➢ 9.2.1 Water Mist System
➢ 9.2.2 Ionization Smoke Detector
➢ 9.2.3 Gas Detector
10. 10.0 Appendix
11. 11.0 References
5. 5
1.0 Introduction of Subang Parade Mall
Subang Parade Mall is allocate at Subang Jaya,Selangor,Malaysia , It is about 1169038
Sq.Ft (108607m2)distributed in three floors, and contents about 200+ shops lots and MBO
cinema. It is the longest mall in South East Asia and owned by the Hektar REIT group.
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1.1 Background
Subang Parade was the first “regional” shopping centre in Selangor and was opened
on 13 August 1988 by the late 8th Sultan of Selangor, Almarhum Sultan Salahuddin
Abdul Aziz Shah. It positioned in the central of Subang Jaya commercial district and
surrounded by residential area which made it a neighborhood-focused mall.
1.2 Strategic Position
The mall can be easily accessed from Malaysian Federal Highway, and there are both
KTM and newly completed LRT station (Subang Jaya station) right behind of its which
made it very convenient to access. It is within walking distance from Aeon Big and
Empire Shopping Gallery and only 10 minutes of driving distances from SS15, Taylor’s
College and Inti College which is why it always has high traffic and population flow
around this area.
1.3 Value of Subang Parade
Subang Parade has its high profile location, which basically serve residents from SS15,
SS18, SS17, SS16 and else. It also within a walking distance from Subang Jaya LRT and
KTM station. So, people are provided transportation and convenienceto reach Subang
Parade that near the LRT & KTM station, which is why it is the most popular resting spot
for the train’s passengers to shop and have their meals!
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1.4 Floor plans of Subang Parade (abstracted from Subang Parade Centre Directory)
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1.5 Acknowledgment
We would like to express our special thanks to everyone who send us a helping hand
throughout the completion of assignment especially to Dr.Kam Kenn Jhun for his patient
guidance and encouragement.
We would like to thanks Subang Parade Mall to allow us to have a site visit, and they
even send their technician to show us the available services inside building. Without his
relentlessly explanation, we will not able to locate the services and understand how the
services system function.
Last but not least, we would like to extend our gratitude to every each of our group
members for them to participate in the site visit and working hand-in-hand to complete
the assignment.
1.6 Abstract
Building services system is very important for the daily operation of the building. It help
to create a safety, healthy and comfortable environment. Through the site visit, we
have done our investigation and study on how the HVAC and fire protection system
function in Subang Parade Mall as well as come out with a better preference and
recommendation system for the mall. We also able to understand the functional
principle, detail structure, equipment location and the method of working of the system
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2.0 Introduction of HVAC System
HVAC system is one of the system that we are analyzing at Subang Parade, which is our
case study building. The definition of HVAC is Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning
system, which is a system that very common in a basic building. The purpose of the
HVAC system is to achieve the thermal comfort indoor and provide acceptable indoor
air quality. Malaysia’s climate is considered equatorial and being hot and humid
throughout the whole year so the heating systemis not a necessary in our country since
our country’s climate is interspersed with tropical rain shower.
Then we will move to the next area, which is ventilation. Ventilation means a
process of replacing air constantly in a space to control the temperature and the
quality of the air. Ventilation systemare required for a space which is enclosed and the
air flow is slow thus the air quality will be slight bad due to the lack of ventilation, and
every of the buildings must at least have ventilation system. Ventilation can be
categorize into natural and mechanical ventilation and the difference between these
two methods of ventilation is natural ventilation doesn’t require any force to replace
the air because the air will replace by the natural factors such as: pressure,
temperature and etc. On the other hand, mechanical ventilation requires outer force
such as fan and air-conditioning systemto keep the air changing in an enclosed space.
2.1 Mechanical Ventilation
Mechanical ventilation is required for a building when the natural forces of air pressure
or gravity are not strong enough to continuously exchange the air in an enclosed
space by powered fans or other power resources blowers. Mechanical ventilation is
used to maintain the freshness of an enclosed space, and also included controlling the
humidity, containment of bacteria, temperature and others.
2.1.1 Centralized System
Subang Parade is using centralized system as their air-conditioning system because
Subang Parade is a 3-storey mall that has over 200 stores with a total space of
108607.20 (m2
), so it needs to generate and provide more chilling air to the users in the
mall. Centralized system is not suitable for the building which is existing thus it need to
be considered in the construction plan beforethe building started the construction job.
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In addition, centralized system needed a plant room where all the large compressors,
evaporators, condensers and thermostatic expansion valve located.
Figure 2.1.1(a) Illustration of a centralized system in a building.
2.1.2 Cooling Tower
Subang Parade is using centralized system as their air-conditioning system thus they
need a cooling tower to function the wholecooling system. The purpose of the cooling
tower is to reduce the heat of the circulation water in the whole air-conditioning system
by exchanging the heat with air and water and a small amount of water will be
evaporate while undergoing the heat exchanging process.
The cooling tower is located at the rooftop of Subang Parade and they have a total of
3 units of cooling tower which generate for the whole building’s centralized system.
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Figure 2.1.2(a) Cooling tower located at the rooftop of Subang Parade.
2.1.3 AHU Room
AHU is Air Handling Unit which is a huge air cooling machine which generates and
supplies cooled air to an enclosed space. Subang Parade has a total of 70 units of AHU
which is functioning every day and the AHUs require weekly checkup to prevent any
system or components failure. An AHU unit consists of fans, heating or cooling coils, air-
controlling dampers, filters and silencers (optional). The purpose of AHU is to collect the
air from the outdoor and mix it with the returning air of the enclosed space and the air
that is mixed can be either heated up or cooled down. After the mixing process, the
suitable temperature air will be discharge into the building space by ducting system
and it will be returning by another ducting system too. The figures below shows the
realistic photo of AHU which using by the Subang Parade. Figure 2.1.3(b) shows the
cooling coil which contained inside the AHU and the handyman open it up for us to
observe the inner structure. The inner structure as we seen contain a cooling coil, and it
was freezing cold and even the breeze can be seen.
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Figure 2.1.3(a) AHU unit of Subang Parade
The air-conditioning system of Subang Parade has a very special feature of
controlling the air flow of the ducting systemand save up the cost of and cooling down
the air supplied to the building. There is a sensor in the free flow return ducting system
and the function of the sensor is to measure the temperature of the returning air, and so
if the temperature didn’t go too low the sensor will send a signal to the valve and he
valve to cut off the cold water supply thus the usage of the cold water will be decrease
and as a result it can save up a lot of cost because the chiller don’t have to generate
extra cold water to supply through the AHU.
Subang Parade have plenty of AHU rooms and one of the AHU rooms will be in
charge to supply to multiple specific zone. Most of the AHU rooms are located at the
end of the shop lots or near the staircase, so the handyman can be reaching to the
AHU room easily.
2.1.4 Chiller room
Figure 2.1.3(b) Cooling coil locatedin the AHU Unit
Figure 2.1.3(c) Valve for the supply of chilledwater
from chiller to AHU
Figure 2.1.3(d) shows the sensor of the returning
ducting system
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In Subang Parade, chiller is required for their air-conditioning system to employ the
vapor pressure cycle to chill water and dismiss the warmth gathered from the return
chilled water to a second water circle by cooling towers. In Subang Parade, there is
two units of chiller systems which one system contain one units of condenser and one
unit of evaporator.
2.1.5 Air-conditioning system cycle of Subang Parade
We will be explaining the cycle of how Subang Parade generate their cold air by
Figure 2.1.4(a) shows the compressor locatedin
the chiller room
Figure 2.1.4 (b) shows the condenser and
evaporator locatedinthe chiller room
Figure 2.1.5(a) illustratedthe example cycle of an
air-conditioning systeminSubang Parade
from
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using their AHU and cooling towers by using the diagram above.
First of all, the chiller system is located at ground floor which at the most left of the
whole building. The chiller contain a compressor and an evaporator which will
generate cold water and supply to the whole building. The cool water will first supply to
the pump, and it will be pump up to each AHU units, and the cold water pass through
the cooling coil of AHU and cold down the air which are going to supply to the
building. After transmit of the temperature between the cold water and warm air, the
temperature of the water will be slightly higher thus it will be pump up to a total of 7
units of cooling tower which located at the rooftop of Subang Parade and the water
will be cold down by the cooling water. After that, the chilling water will supply to chiller
system again and repeat the whole procedure to ensure the building is in a
comfortable thermal environment.
2.1.6 Unitary System- Split Unit
On the same hand, Subang Parade not only using AHU systemto generate cold air, but
also unitary system which is very common in housing area. Unitary system contains a
unit of compressor, evaporator, condenser, expansion valve and cooling fan.
Compressor will be located at the outdoor so the heat which generated while
condensing the refrigerant will be release through the outdoor directly and evaporator
will be located at the indoor to discharge the cool air into an enclosed space.
The reason of Subang Parade using split unitary system is because centralized system is
a system that requires a lot of energy and power to generate and supply a large
amount of cold air, which is very economical for a mall which is big as Subang Parade.
But, if some stores still require air-conditioning system to supply after the operation hour
of Subang Parade, it will be an extra expenses for the mall if they have to turn on the
centralized system just for a couple stores and also the cost will be way much higher
because centralized system can’t be operate for a specific unit only. Thus, some stores
which require extra cold air supply after or before the operation hour have to install
their own compressor and evaporator.
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2.1.7 Ceiling Diffuser
Diffuser is a device that reduce the velocity and increasing the static pressure of
the air passes through a system. Subang Parade is using linear diffuser as their general
diffuser because this type of diffuser won’t affect and interfere with the interior design
of the mall and it is also suit for high cold velocity load. On the same hand, the following
diagram is the diffuser which located in the staircase which is different from the usual
diffuser which located in the mall. The diffuser will absorb the warm air and
contaminants in the building and discharge it to the outdoor through exhaust fans and
ducting system, however the diffuser inlet will discharge the chilled air into the building
from the chiller room.
Figure 2.1.6(a) shows the compressor which
locatedat the rooftop of Subang Parade
Figure 2.1.7(a) shows the linear diffuser locatedin
the interior space of Subang Parade
Figure 2.1.7(b) shows the diffuser locatedat the
shops of Subang Parade
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3.0 Introduction to Vertical Transportation
Subang Parade is a 3-storey building thus it requires vertical transportation to
deliver the user to next or higher floor efficiently and effectively. The most common
examples of vertical transportation are escalator and evaluator, which both of them
are operating in Subang Parade. Elevator is a moving platform or small room in a shaft
that transport passengers between floors of the building by carrying by motor. On the
same hand, escalator is a moving staircase that driven by a motor by belt which can
conveniently transport people between floors of a building.
3.1 Elevator
Then we move to the next vertical transportation which is elevator, as known as
lift. The whole building in build of 7 units of lifts which can be seen from figure 3.0 (a)
and one of them is fire lift for the use for firefighter while during a fire in the building.
Subang Parade has a total of 3 floors height, so they provide lift services to bring
conveniencefor the customer thus the satisfaction toward the mall will be increase. The
maximum passengers that can be carry for one ride in the lift cars is 17 people which is
around 1200kg and when the limit has been reached the alarmwhich built in the lift car
will blow off and the lift won’t be moving the next floor until the weight of the
Figure 3.0(a) is a location map of Subang Parade which shows on the brochure
from
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passengers or good decreased. The lifts are functioning by a motor which located
in the motor room at the highest floor above the lifts and there’s always a
handyman who provided by the supplier of the lifts standby at the mall so they
can repair the lifts on the spot if there’s any problem occurs.
3.1.1 Motor Room
The diagrams above show the motor of the elevator and control and power panel
which located in the motor room above each of the elevator.
In the motor room, there is two unit of motors which is functioning at the moment and
the traction sheave is turning whiletransport the lift up or down. On the same hand, the
motor room is usually locked up at least the mechanic requested to check on the
Figure 3.1.1(a) shows the
motor of the elevator
Figure 3.1.1(b) shows the
control and power panel of
the motor room
Figure 3.1.1(c) shows the
upper structure of the
elevator
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components or routine checkup. The control panel receive the signal of the from the
user through the car operating panel which located inside the lift and initiate up or
down command and will starting or stopping the car.
Subang Parade’s elevator consider as a moderate speed elevator as the travelling
speed is 0.9m/sec2 which is slightly slower than a common acceleration rate.
In the figure 3.1 (c), we can clearly see the counterweight and also the travelling cable
which help the life to travel smoother and safer.
3.1.2 Safety feature in Elevator
There’s couple of safety feature built in the elevator to prevent any accident occurs in
the middle of the transportation of the users. First of all is the elevator sensor which
located in the middle of the landing door. The purpose of the sensor is to prevent any
accident of users being closed by the landing door before fully entering the lift. Next is
the over speed governor which located near the governor rope. The function of it is to
stop and hold the governor rope with a predetermined force when the lift’s speed
exceeded 40% of the rated speed.
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3.2 Escalator
There’s a total of 14 units of escalator located in Subang Parade and the type of the
escalator is the common step type escalator which is not wheelchair-friendly for those
disabled users. Every floor at least has two units of two-ways parallel escalator which
located at the both end of the building, which give convenience to the user and
reduce the travel distance to reach the escalator. We were able to analyze the inner
part of the escalator which is usually won’t be seen by the norm.
A common escalator will contain components such as steps, main truss, drive, handrail,
balustrade, step chains and etc. Every components has to be functioning well to
provide a safety travel experience for the users to transport froma level to another level
thus Subang Parade put an eyes on the maintenance of the escalator very carefully.
Figure 3.1.2(a) shows the lift
sensor in the elevator
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They introduced us about the basic components of the escalator and also the inner
structure of the escalator which he open it up for us to analyze it. We can see the drive
clearly after he removed the cover of the escalator and also he introduce how the
escalator will stop functioning while there’s any object stuck in it.
3.2.1 Safety Features of Escalator
3.2.1.1 Skirt Brush
The purpose of the skirt brush which located at the both ends of the steps of the
escalator is to remind the users safety by gently guide the user to stay away from the
skirt panels to prevent accidents from happening.
Figure 3.2(a) shows the inner
structure of the escalator
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3.2.1.2 Emergency Stop Button
Every escalators have to install an emergency stop button to make sure when there is
an accident occurs the escalator can be stop functioning as soon as possible by
anyone who can activate the button so the chance of getting injured will be decrease.
3.2.1.3 Handrail Guard Safety Device (HGS)
Inlet guard switch is one of the handrail guard safety device which located at the end
of the handrail. The inlet guard switch will be activate when any object physically
contact with the inlet, and the guard will immediately stop the drive from moving to
prevent any injured.
Figure 3.2.1.1(a) shows the skirt brushwhich locatedat the both
ends of the steps.
Figure 3.2.1.2(a) shows the emergency stop buttonwhich
locatedat the bottomof the escalator.
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Detection Smoke Detector
Notification
Fire bell system
Firemanintercomsystem
Fire control room
Manual call point
Action
Water-based system
Fire Outbreak
Fire pumping system
Fire sprinkler system
Fire hose reel system
External fire hydrant
system
4.0 Fire Protection System
Fire protection play a significant role in saving occupants’ life, prevent the spread of fire
breakout in the buildings and loss of properties and financial. There are two type of fire
protection system:
1. Active fire protection system
2. Passive fire protection system
4.1 Active fire protection system
Active fire protection system is designed to require some action or motion to work
efficiently in the event of fire. It can be manually or automatically detecting and
suppress the fire. Element of active fire protection system includes fire detection and
alarm system, sprinkler system and breeching inlet, carbon dioxide system, smoke
control system, water tank and pump, standpipe and hose system, and portable fire
extinguisher.
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Non-water-based system
Carbondioxide suppression system
Portable fire extinguisher
4.1.1 Alarm & detection systems
4.1.1.1 Smoke detector
Smoke detector is used to detect and sense smoke. The smoke detector used by
Subang Parade is optical smoke detector. Optical smoke detector operates using
ultraviolet light, a light beam collimating system and a lens or a sensor. When smoke
particles enter the optical chamber, and block the light beam which causes some light
is scattered and direct it at the sensor. Thus, the smoke detector will activate the alarm.
Figure 4.1.1.1 (a) smoke detector
4.1.1.2 Fire Alarm Bell
Alarm bell uses sound to alert the occupants in a space when the smoke detector was
triggered. Most of the alarm bell will produce minimum sound pressure level of 65dB or
+5dB which is last for more than 30 seconds. The alarm must be reset at the main
control panel.
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Figure 4.1.1.3 (b) Manual pull station
locatedoutside Subang Parade
Figure 4.1.1.2 (a) Fire AlarmBell
4.1.1.3 Manual fire alarm activation
Manual fire alarm activation is a call point for raising an alarm manually if there’s a fire
or emergency conditions exists. When the manual fire alarm activation is activated, the
alarm bell will start operating by produce sound for occupants to evacuate. It should
be installed at 1.4m above floor level. Type of manual alarm call points used in Subang
Parade is break glass fire alarm call point and manual pull station.
4.1.2 Fire control room
Fire control room is required for all commercial buildings and apartment buildings that
are over 30m in height or total floor area exceeds 9290 spm. It is a room for control
panel to monitor the building’s fire protection systems, fire pump, air-handling systems,
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Figure 4.1.2 (a) shows the exhaust system
control panel
Figure 4.1.2 (b) shows mimic panel of
Subang Parade (basement)
communications and elevator controls. When the alarm or detector is
broken or triggered, the LED on the mimic panel which indicate the
specific area will glow.
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Figure 4.1.2 (c) shows mimic panel of
Subang Parade (roof floor and 1st floor)
Figure 4.1.2 (d) shows mimic panel of Subang
Parade (ground floor and lower ground floor)
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Figure 4.1.2 (e) shows addressable fire alarm control panel
Figure 4.1.3 (b) shows remote handset stationFigure 4.1.3 (a) shows master control console at fire
control room
4.1.3 Fireman intercom system
Fireman intercom system provides direct communication between the remote
telephone handset which located in the buildings and the master telephone handset
which located at the fire control room.
4.1.4 Fireman’s switch
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Figure 4.1.4 (a) shows fireman’s switch
Figure 4.1.4 (b) shows diagram of the fireman using a hook to put down the operating handle
Source:http://www.flgroup.com.my/catalogue/ABB-Fireman_Switch.pdf
Fireman’s switch is a specialized switch disconnector which allows firefighters to quickly
disconnect high voltage electricity in case of fire or to prevent overheated equipment
fromexploding. Firefighters use fireman-hook or axe to switch off the operating handle
on the side of fireman’s switch. The fireman’s switch in located in the emergency
staircase area in Subang Parade.
4.1.5 Water-based fire protection systems
4.1.5.1 Fire sprinkler system
Sprinkler system is one of the active fire protection system which can automatically
activated during an event of fire. There are four type of sprinkler system and the system
used in Subang Parade is wet pipe system which is the most common system used in
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Figure 4.1.5.1.1(a) shows pendent sprinkler head Figure 4.1.5.1.1(b) shows fire sprinklers hanging pipes
Malaysia.
4.1.5.1.1 Sprinkler head
When the temperature of the room increases and cause the glycerine-based liquid in a
temperature-sensitive glass bulb in sprinkler head expanded until break the glass bulb.
The glycerine-based liquid has varied colours which represent different maximum
temperatures the glass bulbs can withstand. Once the glass bulb was broke, the flow of
water will flow out towards the deflector and disperses onto the fire. Sprinkler heads
used in Subang Jaya mostly are pendent sprinklers except partial sprinkler heads are
upright sprinkler
heads which are
used in staircase.
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Figure 4.1.5.1.1(c) shows upright sprinkler head
4.1.5.1.2 Butterfly Valve
Butterfly valve is one of component of fire sprinkler valve system. It’s an outside
indicating valve used to regulate the flow in the fire sprinkler system. Butterfly valves are
a quarter-turn valves which also known as “wafer-type” valves.
4.1.5.1.3 Fire pumping system
4.1.5.1.3.1 Pump room
Fire pumps are usually located in pump room which is close to the fire tanks. The pump
is where duty pump, jockey pump, standby pump and water tank for sprinkler system.
Every building must have a fire pump room. The pumps can be powered by electricity
or diesel. If there is electricity fails, each pump still able to function
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Figure 4.1.5.1.3.1 (a) shows jockey pump, duty pump, standby pump and water tank in pump
room
4.1.5.1.3.2 Jockey pump
Jockey pump runs on electricity. It must be switched on continuously to maintain the
correct pressure in the distribution systems. When the pressure of the sprinkler pipes
decreases, jockey pump will start working to ensure the pressure in the pipes is reached
the stated pressure.
4.1.5.1.3.3 Duty pump
Duty pump is designed to supply pressure of water. Duty pump starts functioning when
the pressure drops to 70 psi. It runs with an electrical motor and can be deactivated
from the control panel manually.
1.1.5.1.3.4 Standby pump
Standby pump runs on diesel. If the duty pump unable to operate at the pressure of
50psi or malfunction, standby pump will start activated automatically
4.1.5.1.3.5 Water storage tank
This water storagetank is not same as other normal water tank. The water storage tank
made of pressed steel. It is located in the fire pump room and used for sprinkler system,
hose reel system, and wet riser system. The source of water is supplied from SYABAS. A
water level indicator is installed to measure the water level and ensure sufficient water
in case of an emergency.
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Figure 4.1.5.2.1 (a) shows hose reel drum
4.1.5.2 Hose Reel System
Hose reel systemalso known as wet riser systemis operating in manual way and can be
used by occupants during the early stages of fire. Hose reel systemconsists of hose reel,
pumps, valves, pipes and hose reel tanks. If the pressure drops and will start activating
the pump. There are two types of pumps which are duty pumps and standby pump.
4.1.5.2.1 Hose Reel Drum
There is a hose reel surrounded and held by the drum. The hose reel is normally 18 to
30m long. The normal pressure of bursting pressure is around 160 psi and maximum can
up to 600 psi.
4.1.5.2.2 Hose reel pump
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Figure 4.1.5.2.2 (a) shows hose real pressure
gauge
Hose reel systemconsists of pumps is to ensure the pressure at the required pressure. The
hose reel pumps are located in the pump roomwhich is the same location for wet riser
pumps. All pumps can be able to start or stop manually. A small plate of readings on
the pressure switches for the pumps to cut-in and cut-out
Cut in (psi) Cut out (psi)
Duty pump 70 90
Standby pump 60 90
Table of the reading on the pressure switchesfor the pumps to cut-in and cut-out
4.1.5.3 External Fire hydrant system
External fire hydrant system consists of a system of pipework connected directly to the
water supply mains and an external connection point by which firefighters can tap into
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Figure 4.1.5.3 (a) shows long pillar three-way fire hydrant
locatedoutside Subang Parade gauge
it and provide water supply during an emergency. The systems consist of hydrant
outlets, hydrant pumps, hydrant tanks and pipes.
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Figure 4.1.6.1 (a) shows portable fire extinguisher outside and inside Subang Parade
gauge
4.1.6 Non-water-based fire protection systems
4.1.6.1 Fire extinguisher
Fire extinguisher used to put out small fires during emergency situations. It’s portable
and minimal in gross weight that allow to carry easily by the user. There are few different
types of fire extinguishers which can control different type of fire (Class A, B, C, D, and
K). In Subang Parade, most of them are dry powder portable fire extinguishers. Dry
powder fire extinguishers are one of the most common fire extinguishers used in
Malaysia. It’s effective on Class A, B and C fires.
4.1.6.2 Carbon dioxide suppression system
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Figure 4.1.6.2(b) shows pilot cylinder outside and
inside Subang Parade gauge
Figure 4.1.6.2(a) shows carbon dioxide cylinder
outside and inside Subang Parade gauge
Figure 4.1.6.2(c) shows the nozzle of CO2 discharge
Carbon dioxide suppression system is used for protecting
the electrical equipment space, an area of
storages or specific hazards because of water based
systems are not suggested. It extinguishes fire primarily
by loweringthe level of oxygen that supports combustion
in a protected area without leaving behind any residues
after discharge.
4.2 Passive fire protection
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Figure 4.2.1(a) shows one & half leaf fire rated
door
It is a group of systems that compartmentalize a building through the use of fire-
resistance walls, floors, and doors. It's also slow down the speed of spread of fire and
provide time for the people in the building to escape.
4.2.1 Fire Rated Door
Fire rated door are door that has approved and rated from third-party and
able to withstand fire for a specific period. Fire rated door in Subang Parade
made of wood.
4.2.2 Fire Escape Staircase
Fire escape staircases should be located on every floor and stacked above one
another to form a continuous vertical stairwell in order to provide a direct access to
safe zone. Type of staircases used are half landing staircases and their material of the
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Figure 4.2.2(a) shows half landing fire escape staircase
Figure 4.2.3(a) shows smoke Air Inlet in Staircase
staircase is reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete can resist fire and
collapse is minimize. The dimension of treads and risers should be consistency.
4.2.3 Smoke Extraction system
Smoke extraction system in fire escape staircase used to increase the visuality of the
user and providelonger period to escape. Smoke exhaust fans are installed on the roof
floor in Subang Parade. In an event of fire, smoke exhaust fans will extract smoke away
from the serviced places.
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Figure 4.2.4(a) shows smoke curtainin the mall
4.2.4 Smoke curtain
Smoke curtains activatein the event of a fire, providing a means of
diverting smoke away from a desired location or protecting an area
from direct smoke infiltration.
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5.0 Electrical supply system
Electrical supply system is the conveyance of electricity from the power station to
customer's premises. In Malaysia, Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) is the electric utility that
provide electricity to Subang Parade. The continuous flow of electricity without
breakdown is important to commercial building during working hours. Electricity used in
Subang Parade mostly for air-conditioning system, vertical transportation system, and
other appliances.
In the process of electric power transmission, voltage has increased to reduce power
loss during transmission and voltage is then decreased for different usage for specific
building. The transmission voltage in Malaysia are 500kV, 275kV, 132kV and distribution
voltages are 33kV, 11kV, while residential buildings usage are 400/230V. Subang Parade
received 11kV fromthe local substation and using its own transformer to step down the
voltage to 400/230V.
44. 44
Figure 5.0(a) shows Diagram of explanation on electricity generation, transmission and distribution
Source: http://www.bravoprojects.co.in/transmission.php
Figure 5.0(b) shows Location of high voltage room (red), transformer room (green), and low voltage room (blue)
HIGH
VOLTAGE
ROOM
TRANSFORMER
ROOM
LOW
VOLTAGE
ROOM FUEL
TANK
DIESEL
GENERATOR
CO2 CYLINDER
TANK
45. 45
Figure 5.1(a) shows vacuum circuit breaker
Figure 5.1(b) shows internal view of vacuum
circuit breaker
5.1 Vacuum circuit breaker
Vacuum circuit breaker is one of the circuit breaker and vacuum is used as
the arc quenching medium. It designed to protect an electrical circuit
from damage caused by excess current. This technology
suitable for medium and higher voltage application
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5.2 Transformer
The transformer is a static machine used to transformelectrical energy between two or
more circuits through electromagnetic induction. Transformer operates on
AC supply only because DC current can’t generate and transformed into
much higher or lower voltages easily.
Subang Parade has its own step-down transformers in the transformer room.
It steps down the voltage from 11kV to 415V and then transferred to main
switchboard for distribution.
5.3 Main switchboards
Main switchboards (MSB) is a device that transmits electricity from
one or more suppliers and divide the main current into smaller
currents for further distribution control of current. It controls the
electrical supply of the entire building network. The main switchboards
are located in low voltage area in Subang Parade
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Figure 5.3(a) shows main Switchboard
Figure 5.4(a) shows Distributionboard in
telecommunication room
Figure 5.4(b) shows Electricity Meter
5.4 Distribution board
It’s also known as panel distribution panel, electric panel or panel board. Its
function is similar with the main switchboard. Usually located in a small
space or a room.
5.5 Electrical backup system
5.5.1 Generator
Diesel generators are used in Subang Parade. Diesel generators are combination of a
diesel engine and electric generator to generate electrical energy. Generator is
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Figure 5.5.1(a) shows diesel generator Figure 5.5.1(b) shows Fuel tank
needed as backup system in order to prevent any sort of
monetary loss, especially for commercial building. They
are located in low voltage room
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6.0 Problems in Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning (HVAC)
As we all know, Subang Parade is a fairly old building that has been operating here for
almost three decades, twenty-nine years to be exact. From the outside, the shopping
mall still appeared to be a solid building. However, after visiting and investigating the
place, we came across a few detectable and clear problems that should be taken
consideration of in its HVAC system. Namely, issues such as lack of maintenance,
produces loud noises, dirty or clogged air diffuser and improper air balance.
6.1 Produces Loud noises
When we visited Subang Parade, we found that its HVAC system produces a very loud
noise. For instance, parts of the HVAC system such as the compressor, condenser,
evaporator and cooling tower of the building produces very loud noises. After doing
some research, we found that these odd, loud noises could indicate potential or
existing equipment damage. It may also arise from a broken fan or a piece of loose
ductwork. Being able to distinguish the intensity of noise could be a strong advantage
to predict the imposed damage. Repairing the equipment when the noise is still at its
minimum reduces the possibility of system failure.
6.1.1 Compressor, Condenser and Evaporator
Most air-conditioning systems undergo refrigeration cycle which revolves around four
distinct components which are compressor, condenser, expansion valve and
evaporator. These components are very important and essential to complete the
process in a HVAC system. Though our observations, we realised that the loud noises are
initiated by these components. When the compressor produces loud, clanking noises, it
indicates that they might be loose or is caused by broken or out of balance blades.
These blades hit on other components causing damage to the system. This wears out
the whole systemand causes bigger issues if not properly maintained. It is the same for
both condensers and evaporator as they are all connected.
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Figure 6.2(b) shows Cooling Tower
Figure 6.2(a) show s condenser
6.1.2 Cooling Tower
A cooling tower is a specialized heat exchanger where air and water contact
with each other in order to reduce the water's temperature. As this occurs, a small
volume of water is evaporated, reducing the temperature of the water being
circulated through the tower. Sources of noise from cooling tower is The loud noise of
the cooling tower is caused by water splashing continuously from induced draft
counterflow. The solutions could be having two speed motors or variable speed drives.
6.2 Dirty or clogged air diffuser
Subang Parade utilizes large amount of diffusers in order to create high rate of air
flowing and supply sufficient cooling air to the people. A diffuser normally has profiled
blades to direct the air at an angle as it enters and leaves the unit into the space.
When air is pushed out of these diffusers, it creates turbulence, which picks up and
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deposits dust particles onto the ceiling as well as onto its own metal surface. The swirling
air picks up dust particles already in the room and projects them into the ceiling and
diffuser. The force of impact allows the particles to stick or embed on the surface. After
a long period of time, the opening of the diffuser starts to accumulate tiny dust particles
which may affect the air flow rate.
6.2.1 Linear and side wall inlet diffusers
When we visited Subang Parade Mall, we found that there is fine, black dust found on
or around the metal blades on an HVAC diffuser. These dust particles blocks the way of
the air from entering and escaping to the diffusers. Dirty and worn diffusers can force
the air conditioning unit to work harder, which increases energy costs and reduces the
life of the system. Other than that, dirty diffusers may create poor indoor air quality as
the dust particles may pollute the surrounding air and irritate our breathing system.
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Figure 6.3 (b) shows dust accumulated
at linear diffuser
Figure 6.3 (a) shows dirty side wall inlet
diffuser
6.3 Improper air balance
The cool air that comes out the vent travels through a series of ducts before it reaches
each room. Dampers help control this by reducing airflow in one line and allowing more
conditioned air to flow to other areas. However, we found that certain areas in Subang
Parade Mall are cooler, while some other areas are warmer. This may cause sick
building syndrome symptoms when there are inadequate ventilation. People will feel
sick and uncomfortable when the temperatures of different areas are inconsistent.
The factor that causes this problem is the failure of the dampers to regulate the flow of
air in the ducting system. When the dampers fail to perform, the distribution of cooled
air will be inconsistent and tend to create improper air balance in different areas or
rooms.
6.4 Lack of maintenance
Like many other mechanical objects and systems, HVAC systems require regular
maintenance in order for its systemto function effectively and efficiently. During our visit
to Subang Parade, we were able to examine its HVAC system from a close distance.
We were aware that the system lack maintenance.
6.4.1 diffusers
Subang Parade uses linear diffusers consisting of the combination of both supply and
return diffusers. We noticed that the return diffusers are very dirty. Plenty of dust particles
can be spotted on its surface. It is clear that the dust has been deposited and
accumulated for quite some time already and no maintenance effort or cleaning has
been made. This creates a large impact on its airflow capacities and causes Air-
handling Unit (AHU) to work twiceas hard to attract and supply air through the diffuser.
6.4.2 Compressors, Condenser and evaporators
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The compressors, condensers and evaporatorsin the building produce very loud noises.
In the compressor room, we could barely hear anything other than the loud buzzing of
the compressors. This made it difficult for us to speak or listen to each other and have
the possibility of equipment damage. They also ignite and operate slower than normal
HVAC system. It will be more costly when minor problems turn into major issues like
system failure. Therefore, to avoid situations like this from happening, routine
maintenance and inspection can be made.
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7.0 Problems in Fire Protection System
7.1 Age of Fire Protection System
The basic principle of fire alarm system are that it warns occupants and plant
operations of abnormal condition, alerts the appropriate first responders and initiates
fire protection systems and facility operations to enhance the protection of people,
plant and production. However, fire protection system of Subang Parade is over 30
years, the functionality of an aged fire alarm or detection systemcan be compromised,
from environmental factors to problems dating back to initial installation or imperfect
design practices.
A deficient inspection, testing and maintenance programwill take its toll on equipment,
accelerating its deterioration. Factors such as high temperatures, corrosive elements,
vibration and dusty atmospheres can all be detrimental to effectiveness of an alarm
and detection system that is not properly maintained. Even in applications where
systems are not regularly exposed to harsh conditions, the typical life span of control
equipment and smoke detectors is only approximately ten years, due to natural
deterioration. The longer the aging systems are in service, the more problematic they
generally become. If a facility opts to try to extend the lifespan of their system, one of
the most primary issues they will face is correctly identifying the existing problems that
may not be overtlyevident. However, once systemissues are identified, it can be even
more challenging to find resources for replacement parts and system manuals. The
process of locating antiquated parts for deficient systems, or finding supplementary
parts that will mesh with old systems to bring them up to standard, can be extremely
time consuming and can distract plant staff from their principal duties.
Managing old fire alarm systems is a substantial undertaking that requires careful
planning and deliberation. As a facility comes to a crossroad about whether to repair
or update aging systems or replace them, a number of factors must be taken into
consideration. Consideration of the time, effort and cost of locating and procuring
parts and reference materials for an old system should be evaluated before investing
additional funds and time in a system that is nearing or has surpassed its expected life
cycle. Creating an accurate analysis and projecting costs can be a difficult exercise for
someone who does not have a great deal of experience with antiquated replacement
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Figure 7.2 (a) shows fire alarm system at
the car park Figure 7.2 (b) shows fire alarm system
inside the mall
parts and may require the assistance of someone working with such systems on a
regular basis who has access to parts lists and estimating methods. To manage the old
systems, it needs to tap into resources that have the knowledge and experience to
inspect and test the systems, can conduct a comprehensive analysis about the
condition of the system and can provideall of the relevant details in a succinct manner
so that plant staff can make informed decisions about the future of their systems.
7.2 Fire Alarm System
Although the fire alarmsystem can be seen all over the building, but most of the
fire alarm bell in Subang Parade seem to be old and worn out which put many in doubt
whether it can work or not, but we found that the repairment is not carry out. In this
situation, operation of fire alarm may occur in an abnormal condition. It will be the
problemin providing warning of the outbreak of fire such as insufficient delivering high
sound pressure output for fire signalling needs. Smoke detectorshave a lifespan whichis
around ten years. It needs to replace to prevent the insufficient operation.
7.3 Sprinkler System
The sprinkler system of Subang Parade is poorly maintained. Some sprinklers are
covered by a layer of dust. This might result in a fake alarm to occur or disturb the
operation within the building.
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Figure 7.3 (a) shows sprinkler covered with dust
There are also some sprinklers are corroded. The corrosion of fire system pipe
may cause a sprinkler system to fail and also result in leakage.
57. 57
Figure 7.3 (b),(c) shows sprinklers which are corroded.
Figure 7.4(a) shows fire extinguisher with a label and the expiry
date stated on 5th July 2016.
7.4 Expiry of fire extinguisher
Some of the fire extinguishers have been expired by still haven’t replaced by
management. A fire extinguisher is able to last 10 to 12 years and over the time, gas w ill
leak out. Once it has been expired, it won’t show
expected performance.
8.0 Compare & Contrast with recommendation and solution
8.1 HVAC System
8.1.1 Schedule of Maintenances for HVAC System
58. 58
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) is a technology to provide ventilation
and indoor air quality for the building to satisfy and achieve thermal comfort. To
maintain proper functioning of the HVAC system. Regular maintenance is required by
scheduling maintenance annually. By having maintenance will ensure sufficient air flow
fromthe system and prevent dust particles fromblocking the air flow. This will also save
energy usage by reducing energy consumption to supply air flow through the system.
Arrange a proper schedule suitable for the maintenance of the HVAC system. The
schedule should not be placed during the working hour’s period where activities are
progressing such as painting, renovations and etc. Besides, maintaining HVAC system
will increase the life expectancy of HVAC equipment and improve indoor air quality of
the building. Regular check-ups and service can prevent most of HVAC performance
problems because service technicians could identify and correct issues that prevent
HVAC equipment from performing as designed.
HVAC Maintenance Preventive Scheduled Maintenance
59. 59
8.1.2 A Lot of Noise
HVAC system have become more technologically advanced thus our demand toward
HVAC system also will increase. Although the efficiency of air conditioning system is still
the main concern but the level of noise emitted by air conditioning is also increasingly
important. An efficient air conditioning system will produce noise level of around 55
decibels.
In the HVAC industry, sound is not generated without some form of vibration from
components. Furthermore, they need to figure out the factors that may cause noise in
HVAC system so that they can come out with a solution. There are a few solutions such
as replacement job which required to replace some of the worn-out component in the
system or replace the whole system. However, there are some preventive that can be
taken to avoid such problemwhich is to have a periodically check-up, make update as
required and having a regular maintenance schedule.
Splitters in ducts for noise control Acoustic rectangular and cylinder ducts
60. 60
8.1.3 Cleaning with Chemical Solution
Diffusers are room air outlets, diffuser are very common in HVAC system. Diffuser are
used on both all air and air water HVAC system, as a part of room air distribution
subsystem. It serves several purposes such as to deliver both conditioning and
ventilating air, distributing the flow of air in desired directions. Diffuser should not place
near to dampers, extractors and other flow control devices even not in use or placed
far upstream.
Dirty diffuser is not good for health as it may indicate air quality issue in the building. Dirt
particles can be composed of both natural and man-made materials such as dust,
smoke, greasy fumes, lint and pollen. Areas with heavy foot traffic will stir up those fine
particles and dusty or polluted area are contributing to the dirt that accumulated on
the diffuser. The way to prevent diffuser dirty is getting employees to have regular
cleaning by using chemical substance once a week and find out the level of pollution.
If the space is polluted, regular cleaning on the goods item in the space are required.
61. 61
Chemical solution for condenser coil Cleaning the condenser of HVAC
8.2 Fire Protection System
8.2.1 Fire extinguisher
A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device with minimal gross that can carried
by a person, it often used for initial outbreak of fire. Thus, it should not use for large fire,
the main purpose is to prevent escalation into full scale of fire. When fire break out, we
should select the fire extinguisher according to the type of fire anticipated. Fire
extinguisher should be located near to the fire hazard area.
The way to improve the fire extinguisher is that it should be serviced and inspected by a
fire protection company at least annually to ensure the fire extinguisher is function able
at emergency time. Furthermore, all the employees should have proper training on how
to use the fire extinguisher correctly in case of emergency to prevent spread of fire, so
that they can tackle the fire without delay of time and the employees must know the
exact location of each of the fire extinguisher. All of the fire extinguisher in the market
have their own expiry dates, so that they have to take attention about the expiry dates
to update the fire extinguisher regularly. It is recommended to have regular check to
ensure that there is no leakage caused by breakage or rusting. Lastly, the model of fire
extinguisher should be keep updated time to time in order to have a maximum
functionality. Fire can be control at the initial stage if the fire extinguisher is well
maintained and use correctly.
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Maintenance record for fire extinguisher Training use of fire extinguisher
8.2.2 Manual Call Point
Manual alarm call points are designed to manually raising an alarm once verification of
a fire or emergency condition exists. They are usually connected to a central fire alarm
panel which in turn connected to an alarm system in the building, and often to a local
fire brigade dispatcher as well. They are designed for the purpose of raising an alarm
manually once verification of a fire or emergency condition exists, by operating the
push button or break glass the alarm signal can be raised.
In order to provide easy access, the call points to be mounted on the wall should be
positioned at the height of between 1.2m to 1.6m high from the floor and it should be
clearly easier to locate. The maximum distance that an occupant should have to
travel in order to activate a manual call point is 45 metres, unless the building is
occupied by people with limited access and movement, which in case the maximum
63. 63
travel distance should be reduced to 20 metres. Manual call point requires regular
maintenance by testing once a week by the user. Test a manual call point during
working hours to ensure that the control panel and alarm sounders operate smoothly.
As for each week, test a different manual call point at different location to ensure it
work effectively.
Resetting call point Distance and location of call points
8.2.2 Fire Alarm System
Fire alarm system are a link of equipment that are working together to detect and warn
occupants in the building by means of visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, or
other emergencies occurs. These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke
detectors, and heat detectors or may also be activated from manual fire alarm
activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations. A fire alarm system is
designed to detect a fire at early stage to secure a person at risk by escaping from the
fire. Maintenance of fire alarm system is compulsory to ensure the fire alarm system
64. 64Figure 8.2.3(a) shows CAF System
operate effectively at all times. Regular testing and inspection is required to ensure that
the fire alarm works well.
-Daily Checks -Checks to ensure system is operating normally. -Rectify and record any
faults found
-Weekly Tests -Checks to ensure that the signal of monitoring station are functioning,
battery and voltage conditions, rectify and record any faults
-Monthly Tests -Restore all the zones fault conditions, check and ensure that power
supply, indicator, and alarm outputs are regulating correctly, rectify and record any
indication of fault.
-Yearly Tests -All monthly tests, test 20 percent of all detectors over as many zones as
possible such that all detectors will be check over a 5-year period, examine the
interlocking circuits to ancillary device, observe and clean dirty detectors, rectify and
record any indication of fault.
9.0 Final Recommend for the System
9.1 HVAC
9.1.1 Ice storage cooling system
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Figure 9.1.1(a), (b) shows ice storage cooling system
Ice storage cooling system is using a medium which is ice to cool down the air by
thermal energy storage. It could be integrated with chilled water cooling systemso that
allows the chiller to operate at times other than when cooling in the rooms is needs. To
store energy at the temperature of ice requires refrigeration equipment that provides
charging fluids at temperature below the normal operation range of conventional air
conditioning equipment. The systems differ in how the cold from the ice is distributed to
the building.
There are several technology for discharging and charging for ice storage units which is
ice harvesting systems, external melt ice on coil, internal ice melt on coil, encapsulated
ice system and ice slurry system. Ice harvesting system feature an evaporator surface
on which ice is formed and periodically released into a storage tank that is partially
filled with water. External melt
ice on coil system use
submerged pipes through which a refrigerant is circulated. Internal melt ice on coil
system also submerged pipes on which ice is formed. Encapsulated ice systems use
water inside submerged plastic containers that freezes and melt as cold or warm
coolant is circulated through the storage tank holding containers. Last is ice slurry
system which water in a slurry state is pumped directly to the load or to a heat
exchanger cooling a secondary fluid that circulates through the chilled system. Most
common type for commercial used is internal melt ice on coil.
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Figure 9.1.1(c) shows illustration of how ice storage cooling system works through pipes
Process of ice storage cooling systemworks
During night time, off-peak hours, water that contains 25% ethylene or propylene glycol
is cooled by a chiller. That solution circulates inside the heat exchanger within the ice
bank tank, freezing 95% of the water that surroundsthe heat exchanger inside the tank.
The water surrounding the heat exchanger never leaves the tank.
Ice is created uniformly inside the ice bank tank via counter-flow-heat exchanger
tubes. As ice forms, water still moves freely, which prevents damage to the tank. To fully
charge an ice bank tank takes from six to 12 hours.
During the daytime on peak hours, the glycol solution circulates through the ice storage
tanks to deliver the stored energy to the building to augment or offset electric chiller
cooling. The cold glycol is delivered at the proper temperature to the cooling coil in an
air handler.
A fan blows air over the coils to deliver cooling to the occupant spaces. People feel
cool and comfortable and never know ice storage is being used to save money on
cooling costs.
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Figure 9.1.1(d) shows illustration of the process of ice storage of
Benefits of ice storage system
There are several benefitsfor this type of cooling system. One of the advantages of this
system is the compact size which amounts to 10% to 20 % of comparable chilled tank
and to 30% to 50% of a comparable tank using an eutectic salt or water as storage
medium. With cold air production, the distribution system can be down sized. Other
major benefits are when using cold air or rooftop distribution system, it provide
additional dehumidification effects and fan energy saving. The system also could
reduce the chilled water flow requirement by half.
In addition, it also reduced electrical distribution which is due to smaller chillers, heat
rejection equipment, and pumps require less horsepower than a traditional system,
which results in smaller transformers, switchgear, wire sizes, and starter panels. Reducing
energy consumption and using electricity at night helps reduce global warming.
Electricity generated at night generally has a lower heat rate, and therefore lower
carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions resulting in less global warming. With this
is can be classified as an environmental friendly technology.
Furthermore, the ice thermal storage coils have no moving parts so very little
maintenance is required. This is because the chillers, pumps, and heat rejection
equipment are smaller, ice storage systems will have less maintenance than a
traditional system. The ice thermal storage system also allows a chiller to undergo
69. 69
9.2 Fire Protection System
9.2.1 Water mist system
Traditional sprinkler system discharges an enormous amount of water in the form of
large droplets, this will often cause water damage to personal belongings that is not
waterproof. By replacing the traditional sprinkler system with water mist system, the
amount of water used will be significantly less, which results in far less water damage.
Water mist is a fire protection system that uses ultra-fine water droplets generated at
high pressure through the special nozzles, which absorb and expel harmful products of
combustion and cools the surrounding air. By using water mist system, life cycle costs
can be reduced due to its unique and intelligent design, which incorporates carefully-
selected and durable materials. Besides, it has a low operating cost and easy
maintenance. It has a fast start up system to provide immediate functions. It also has no
toxic problems so it
will not cause any
health hazard to the
people.
9.2.2 Ionization smoke detector
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Optical smoke detector should be replaced by ionization smoke detector. Ionization
smoke detector uses an ionization chamber and a source of ionizing radiation to detect
smoke. The small amount of radioactive element inside the detector is named as
americium-241. When smoke enters the chamber, the flow of ions will be disrupted and
thus reduce the flow of current and activate the alarm. Compared to optical smoke
detector, it is more responsiveand effective to detect flaming fires which is typically 30
to 60 seconds. It is also twice as cheap to
manufacture which could save a lot of cost as
the mall has to install a lot of smoke detectors.
9.2.3 Gas detector
Instead of just installing smoke detector, a gas detector should be used to detect
flammable gases earlier because prevention is better than cure. A gas detector is a
device that detects the presence of gases in an area, often as part of a safety system.
It is used to detect a gas leak or other emissions and can interface with a control system
so a process can be automatically shut down. There are 2 main form factors which are
the portable devices and fixed gas detectors. Fixed gas detector is installed with the
aim of providing continuous, area and personnel protection. Portable detector is used
to monitor the atmosphere around personnel and are either hand-held or worn on
clothing. A gas hazard can be found in three forms which are oxygen depletion,
toxicity, and explosive gases. The benefit of using fixed gas detector is protection. A
fixed gas detection system protects you and your assets, poisoning and fire. Besides, it
provides continuous monitoring. It operates 24 hour and thus it will reduce safety risks
onsite creating a safer environment, often satisfying insurance policy criteria. The
benefit of using portable gas detector is easy to maintain. Its low sensor drift, extended
battery life and long life sensors enable low maintenance. It is also compact and
71. 71
lightweight monitors for clip-on or belt with audible, visual and vibrating alarms.
10.0 Appendix
No Task Group members
1 Purpose of the building Teoh Zi Wei, Yeoh Sin Yuen
72. 72
2 Analyse the existing building system Tham Kai Loon, Goh Jia Jun
3 Identify the problems
A) 1st System HVAC System
B) 2nd System Fire Protection
Tey Cheng Fern, Lee Xin Ying
Tan Vin Nie, Vivian Tay Huey
Shuen
4 Compare and contrast with recommendation and
solution
Tan Jit Kim, Loh Wen Jun
5 Recommend the best system for the building Ng Chuan Kai, Ng Sheng Zhe
11.0 References
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_detector)
