1. Project 1: Case Study and Documentation of Building
Services Systems on SS2 Mall
Building Services (ARC 2423)
Group Report (Mr. Siva’s Group)
Prepared By: Daniel Yap Chung Kiat 0309100
Teo Kean Hui 0310165
Ye Ming Aung 1006A79600
Christiody 0304191
Ho Leon 0310402
Loo Giap Sheng 0310390
2. Content
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction
1. Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning System
1.1. Literature review
1.1.1.Mechanical Ventilation in SS2 Mall
1.1.1.1. Pressurization fan
1.2. Centralized Air Conditioning System in SS2 Mall
1.3. Piping
1.4. Cooling Tower
1.5. Chilled Water Plant
1.5.1.Refrigerant Pump
1.6. Air Handling Unit
2. Electrical Supply
2.1. Literature Review
2.2. Case Study
2.2.1. TNB High Tension (HT) Room
2.2.1.1 TNB Check Meter
2.2.2. Consumer High Tension (HT) Room
2.2.3. Transformer Room (Dry transformer)
2.2.3.1. Safety (Carbon Dioxide tank)
2.2.4 Low Voltage Room (Main Switchboard Room)
2.2.4.1 Circuit Breaker
2.2.4.1.1 Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)
2.2.4.2 Rubber Mats
2.2.4.3 Capacitor Bank
2.2.5 Bus Ducts/ Bus System
2.2.6 Generator (Genset) Room
2.2.6.1 Lithium Cadmium Battery
2.2.6.2 Diesel Fuel Tank
2.2.6.3 Smoke Chamber
2.2.6.4 Safety
2.2.6.4.1 Carbon Dioxide Tank (CO2 tank)
2.2.6.4.2 Cooling Air Ventilation
2.2.6.5 Automatic Main Failure Board (AMFB)
2.2.6.6 Maintenance of Generator
2.2.7 Electrical Riser Room
2.2.7.1 Sub Switch Board (SSB)
2.2.7.2 Distribution Board (DB)
2.2.7.3 Meter
2.2.7.4 Earth Leakage Relay
2.2.8 Indicator Light
3. 3. Mechanical Transportation System
3.1. Literature review
3.2. Schematic
3.3. Vertical Transportation
3.3.1. Elevator
3.3.2. Machine room
3.4. Inclined Transportation
3.4.1. Escalator
3.4.2. Inclined Moving walking (Travelator)
3.5. Control room
4. Fire Protection System
4.1. Literature review
4.1.1. Fire Control Room
4.1.2. Fire Alarm System
4.1.3. Fireman Intercom System
4.1.4. Heat Detector
4.1.5. Fire Shutter Door
4.1.6. Fire Curtain
4.1.7. Water Based System
4.1.7.1. External Fire Hydrant
4.1.7.2. Fire Pump Room
4.1.7.3. Sprinkler System
4.1.7.4. Fire Hose Reel System
4.1.7.5. Wet Riser
4.1.7.6. Water Tank
4.1.8. Non-water Based System
4.1.8.1. Fire Suppression System
4.2. Passive Fire Protection
4.2.1. Introduction
4.2.2. Literature Review
4.2.3. Fire Escape Routes
4.2.4. Fire Rated Door
4.2.4.1. Door Closer for Fire Door
4.2.4.2. Emergency Exit Language
4.2.5. Fire Escape Staircase
5. Conclusion
6. Reference
4. Abstract
Source: http://www.tourismselangor.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/SStwo_mall.jpg
In this assignment, we were divided into a group of six from a total of hundred
twenty. We were assigned to perform a thorough study and analysis of the services
system associated to the selected building. The services system within our study are
mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning system, electrical supply system,
mechanical transportation system and also fire protection system. The building studies
are aimed to enhance our knowledge as an architectural student in the field. These
services systems are very important as they contribute in functioning a building.
Through this assignment, we got a chance to pay a visit to SS2 Mall detailed
space such as security room, chiller plant, AHU room and etc. After visit, we have knew
more about how the system function and also the space needed for the housing the
serviced system.
5. Acknowledgement
Source: http://static.asiawebdirect.com/m/kl/portals/kuala-lumpur-ws /homepage/klshopping/ss2mall/
allParagraphs /00/image/ss2-heaven.jpg
We would like to thank you Mr. Nazul for guiding us throughout the whole site
visit at SS2Mall. Besides that, we are also grateful that Mr. Nazul’s team have help us
so much by providing some detailed information when we visit to each department.
During the on-site explanation by Mr. Nazul and his team, we have gain more
experiences and knowledge about those components that function in the specific
systems and this cannot be achieve by current study in university.
6. Introduction
Source: http://archives.thestar.com.my/archives/2013/5/17/metrobiz/Shopping-centre-SS2-m49.jpg
SS2 Mall is a community mall which located at the heart of SS 2 in Petaling
Jaya of Selangor state. It was opened in November of the year 2010. Its address is No.40,
Jalan SS2/72, 47300 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan. The mall is accessible
through LDP highway and Jalan Harapan via its two main entrances. The developing
was done by Asian Retail mall Fund II and managed by Asia Malls in Malaysia.
SSTwo Mall is square in design. It has approximated 700,000 square feet gross
floor area. The measurement of the gross floor area has included an estimated 200 retail
units which making up a 470,000 square feet of lettable area. The mall has 1176
dedicated car park bays (including valet parking) at both entrances.
7. Figure 1: Pressurization fan exhaust unit on the roof top of SS2 Mall.
1. Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning System
1.1. Literature review
HVAC system which stands for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is a method
that maintain the indoor air quality through sufficient ventilation to achieve thermal
comfort. The appropriate and well-designed HVAC system can also affect other high
performance goal such as the water consumption (water cooled air conditioning
equipment) (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2012).
In a large scale designed building like SS2 Mall, HVAC system is introduced by the
designer to control and regulate the indoor quality by using the fresh air from the
outdoor.
1.1.1. Mechanical Ventilation in SS2 Mall
In the ACMV system stands for Air conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation.
Mechanical Ventilation is the process of changing air in an enclosed space by
withdrawing the indoor air and replace it by fresh air continuously. Fresh air is
supplied by clean external source.
It uses mechanical devices like fans. In SS2 Mall, we actually discovered an exhaust
system for fire protect, which is the pressurization fan system.
1.1.1.1. Pressurization fan
According to Colt (2014), pressurization fan system is to protect escape routes and
fire-fighting shafts against the ingress of smoke.
The pressure within the escape route being higher than that in the adjacent spaces
controlled and maintained smoke and fire ventilation.
8. Figure 2: Pressurization fan (Axial fan)display in the CCTV
security room.
Figure 3: Another type of pressurization fan (Centrifugal fan)
display in the CCTV security room.
Figure 4: The location of pressurization fans in the lower ground.
Besides, Colt (2014) also stated
that the system consists of
three main components
which will create a positive
pressure difference which
prevents lobbies and staircases
contained with smoke.
1. Air Supply (where air
is injected into the area
that is to be protected),
2. Pressure Relief (to
avoid overpressure
when doors are closed)
3. Air Release (air and
smoke is released from
the adjoining fire area).
9. Figure 5: The location of pressurization fan in level 3.
Figure 6: The location of the pressurization fans on the roof.
Figure 7: Operating system displayed in the CCTV room.
10. Figure 8: Schimetic diagram on how the pressurization fan work in a building for fire protection. Source:
http://www.kmccontrols.com/products/smoke_control.aspx
11. 1.2. Centralized Air Conditioning System in SS2 Mall
Air conditioning is important to maintain the thermal comfort in the room. It control
the temperature, humidity, air cleanliness and air movement and heat radiation with
mechanical means.
Besides to achieve thermal comfort, air conditioning system also served to maintain
the performance of the running machinery to prevent it from overheat.
According to MS 1525: 2007 code 8.9:
For this purpose, ‘ACMV System’ are considered into three basic types:
a) Central air distribution systems
In this type, either ACMV System equipment or an engineered and field-
assembled combination of ACMV system Components, receives recirculated
room air (plus air outside air required) from a central duct system, performs
the required ventilating or air-conditioning functions, and delivers the
conditioned air to the central duct system, for final delivery to the conditioned
space(s) of the building.
b) Central circulating water systems
In this type, a centrifugal, rotary, screw, scroll or reciprocating, compression
refrigeration or absorption refrigeration type water-chilling package provides
chilled water to a central piping system; and the piping system supplies cooled
water, as required, to water-air heat exchangers (terminal units serving the
conditioned space(s) of the building.
The water chilling package, including its heat-rejecting element, and the
terminal unites are considered to be ACMV System Components.
c) Multiple units systems
In this type, a number of units of ACMV Equipment, each receiving a supply of
electrical energy, perform the function of cooling air for distribution to a space
or zone of the building.
12. 1.3. Piping
According to Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL), Law of Malaysia which all
amendments to May, 2006, Act 133,
Section 123. Pipes and service ducts:
1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes,
cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be-
a) Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for
crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and
b) Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes. Stop cocks and other
controls there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to
each or all of the services accommodated.
2) The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably
placed to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.
Hot water
Cold water
CHWRCHWS
Condenser water system
Chilledwatersystem
Cooling
tower
Chiller
plant
AHU/
FCU
Tennant
(every
unit in the
mall)
Compressor
Figure 10: A simple schematic diagram of how the centralized air conditioning system work in SS2
Mall.
CWS
CWR
13. Analysis
According to MS1525: 2007, code 8.5:
All pipe installed to serve buildings and within buildings should be adequately
insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapor barriers
may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.
There are sufficient path for us to cross
and excess on the roof top where the
cooling tower and the chiller plant are
located.
Cooling Tower
Figure 11: SS2 Mall level 3.
(Dark Green) CWS: Condensed water
supply. To lose the heat on the mechanical
equipment.
(Light Green) CWR: Condensed water
return. To maintain the heat gained of the
mechanical equipment.
CWS CWR
Figure 12: CWS and CWR which connect the cooling
tower and chiller plant.
(Dark blue) CHWS: Chilled Water
Supply: In the SS2 Mall, the water supply
is 25 degree Celsius to cool the refrigerant.
(Light blue) CHWR: Chilled Water
Return: In the SS2 Mall, the hot water
return is 36 degree Celsius to the cooling
tower.
CHWR
CHWS
Figure 13: CHWS and CHWR which connect the
chiller plant and the AHU/ FCU.
14. Figure 14: Cooling Tower in the level 3 of SS2 Mall
Figure 15: Component inside the cooling tower. Source: http://www.midwesttowers.com/crossflow-cooling-
towers/
1.4. Cooling Tower
The cooling tower creates cold water streams that runs through a heat exchanger, to
cool down the hot condenser coils (Brain, Bryant and Elliot, 2013). According to Brain,
Bryant and Elliot (2013), the tower also blows air through a stream of water causing
some of it to evaporate, and the evaporation cools the water stream. The actual amount
of cooling that an air conditioning system gets from a cooling tower depends on the
relative humidity of the air and the barometric pressure.
15. Figure 16: Chiller Plant of SS2 Mall.
1.5. Chilled water plant
According to Brain, Bryant and Elliot (2013), the chiller water plant cools water
between 40 and 45 degrees Fahrenheit (4.4 and 7.2 degrees Celsius). The chilled water
is piped throughout the building and connected to air handlers. This can be a versatile
system where the water pipes work like the evaporator coils in a standard air conditioner.
If it's well-insulated, there's no practical distance limitation to the length of a chilled-
water pipe.
According to Thanigal (2010), the return water from the building goes to the evaporator
side of the chillers & they cool it back down, transferring the heat to the condenser side
of the chillers, which is a separate water loop.
Thanigal (2010) also stated that the condenser pumps pump the condenser water out to
the cooling towers. The water is pumped to the top of the tower & then rains down
inside it. There are big fans on the top of the tower that pulls air through the tower, thus
across the raining water & blows it outside. This water pools up at the bottom of the
tower & is sucked back into the building to run through the condenser side of the chillers
again, thru removing the heat from the building.
In SS2 Mall, there are 16 cooling towers, 6 sets of chiller water pump (which each set
included: 1 (big) chiller water pump and 1 (small) condenser water pump). And
there two sets of condenser pump are back up. These chiller water pumps are serving
the refrigerant pumps.
Condenser
watersystem
Coolingtower
16. 1.5.1. Refrigerant pump
In the SS2 Mall chiller plant room, there are 2 small refrigerant pumps and 3 big
refrigerant pumps.
The model used for these refrigerant pump in the SS2 Mall is R134a, which is a
refrigerant for medium sized or large heat pump systems. According to De Kleijn
Energy Consultants & Engineers (n.y.), when this type of model is compared to
refrigerants R407c and R410a, the efficiency is much higher. However, as compared to
refrigerant NH3, its efficiency is lower. De Kleijn Energy Consultants & Engineers
(n.y.) also stated that the pressure in R134a is fairly low. Due to this the volume that
needs to be swept by the compressor is rather high and therefore higher investments are
needed for installation.
Refrigerant
pumps
Chiller water pump
Figure 17: Chiller Plant room.
Figure 18: Model of the small refrigerant pump.
17. Analysis
In SS2 Mall, the Nitrogen charged Refrigerants are monthly checked for
maintenance to prevent the Nitrogen from leaking.
According to MS1525: 2007, code 8.7.1:
High- pressure and medium- pressure ducts should be leak tested in accordance with
HVAC Air Duct Leakage Test Manual published by SMACNA or any other equivalent
standards, with the rate of leakage not to exceed the maximum rate specified.
2 small refrigerant pumps are
powered by 244 kW which are
Nitrogen Charged. The pumps
pump the refrigerant to the AHU
room to cool the air of the Air
Handling Unit.
Figure 19: The small refrigerant pump.
3 big refrigerant pumps are
powered by 479 kW which are
Nitrogen Charged.
Figure 20: The big frigerant pump
6 sets of chiller water pump (which
each set included: 1 (big) chiller water
pump and 1 (small) condenser water
pump). And there two sets of condenser
pump are back up.
These chiller water pumps are serving
the refrigerant pumps.
Figure 21: The chiller water pump.
18. Figure 24: A schematic diagram about how air flows between the AHU and the supplied destination. Source:
https://www.eclimatenotebook.com/fundamentals_nl.php
1.6.Air Handling Unit (AHU)
Supply duct
According to Gopinath (2008), the Air Handling
Unit (AHU), is a device used to condition and
circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating,
and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. The AHU
contains a blower, heating and/or cooling
elements, filter racks or chambers, sound
attenuators, and dampers. It connects to ductwork
that distributes the conditioned air through the
building, and returns it to the AHU. Sometimes
AHUs discharge (supply) and admit (return) air
directly to and from the space served, without
ductwork.
Figure 22: The AHU.
In AHU, the humidifiers add moisture to warm,
circulated air in order to protect furnishings and
reduce static electricity. They use deionized,
demineralized, softened, or untreated water.
(Anonymous, n.y.). Direct or live steam
humidifiers inject steam directly into an air
handling system. By contrast, liquid-to-steam
systems transfer energy from a hot liquid, usually
water, through a heat exchanger inside a water-
filled chamber. Steam-to-steam systems that use a
heat exchanger inside a water-filled chamber are
also available. In some systems, specialized
nozzles are used to discharge a mist of atomized
water and compressed air.
Figure 23: The humidifier.
19. Figure 26: The air filter that filters the unwanted
impurities and dirt to ensure the air quality.
Figure 12: The fins under the filter
Figure 25: The supply duct and the air return duct in the AHU
room
Figure 27: Piping system that connect the AHU and
the chiller plant.
Figure 28: 500 fins that have the minimum temperature
of 19 degree Celsius.
Analysis
According to MS1525: 2007, code 8.6:
All ducts, plenums and enclosures should be insulated to prevent excessive energy
losses. Exceptions:
a) Where the design temperature differential between the air in the duct and the
surrounding air is < 8 degree Celsius and the duct is within ac space
b) When the heat gain or loss of the ducts, without insulation, will not increase the
energy requirements of the building.
c) Within ACMV equipment.
d) Exhaust air ducts.
Return duct
Supply duct
To prevent the room from
containing excessive of Carbon
Dioxide (CO2), there is a
component named VAV inside
the return duct to filter the CO2
before it enters the AHU room.
Water
supply
Water
return The water supply from the chiller
plant is more than the water return
to the chiller. The temperature of
the water supply and return is 8
degree Celsius.
20. 2. Electrical Supply
2.1. Literature Review
Electricity is one of the discoveries that have changed the daily life of everybody on
the planet by providing power for mechanical ventilation and artificial lighting in the
buildings.
In Malaysia there are three electric utility companies which are responsible for the
electricity demanded by the public among them are Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)
for peninsular Malaysia, Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd. (SESB) for Sabah and Sarawak
Energy (SE) for Sarawak.
The electrical distribution system starts from a power plant, which produces high
voltage current to consumer. During the process, called power distribution Grid,
voltage rises and drops depending on function and locations.
The mechanism of how electrical supplier (TNB) distributed the electricity to the
building .from power plant the pylons, because of the incoming voltage is too high for
uses, the voltage must be brought down from the substation to High tension room and
the split step down transformer in order to lower the voltage for different usage in
buildings. After being brought down by transformer to the low voltage room. From
Low voltage room, the switch board straight connect to the electrical risers which
located in every floor of the building which help of bus ducts, which usually known as
the electrical spine of the building. The distribution system is also count as an
important part in electrical system it must be done through a lot of process for
example through analysis and calculation through amperage load in order to achieve a
good or efficient electric distribution system.
Figure 29: TNB Electrical power plant Kuala Lumpur
Source : http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_nrSRZ6eyEpQ/TI9iB9r-jEI/AAAAAAAABDg/hwZuDS-
QZaQ/s1600/Manjung+Coal+Fired+1000MW+Power+Plant.jpg
22. Figure 32: distribution system from power plant to commercial building and houses ( residential )
Source: http://vecipl.com/images/service_diagram.gif
2.2. Case Study
SS Two Mall which is located on SS 2.jalan 19/16 seksyen 19 Petaling
Jaya ,Selangor receives electricity from Tenaga Berhad Nasional ( TNB ) that come
from two station which is ss13 and also PJ. Electricity is the first generated from
power plant.
Figure 33: SS two mall
Source : http://www.tourismselangor.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/SStwo_mall.jpg
23. Figure 34: LG Plan of SS two mall (TNB>HT>TX>LV Room)
2.2.1. TNB High Tension (HT) Room
Figure 35: Section Diagram of Electricity distribution in SS two mall
24. Figure 36: LG plan showing location of TNB HT Room
High voltage direct link from the transmission cables to receive electricity. So the high
voltage need to brought down to a lower voltage with transformer to the power that needed by
the building before distributing it to the whole building.
2.2.1.1. TNB Check Meter
Figure 37: TNB Check Meter (Usage Of building)
Check Meter
(Building Usage)
25. Figure38: Check meter which located in Low voltage room (tenant usage)
There are two types of meter for TNB check meter.one is located right beside
the TNB Room (Figure 37 )and one is located in Low voltage room (Figure 38) The
function is to show the usage of electricity that the building use and also to check the
electrical usage from the tenant. The one which is located beside the TNB room is to
check the usage of the building and the one located inside the low voltage room is to
the electrical usage from tenant.
2.2.2. Consumer High Tension (HT) Room
Figure 39: Consumer High Tension Room
The Consumer room is located directly next to TNB room. It’s to reduce the
voltage drop because the voltage drop because has to travel and the reduction is
happen due to the quality and resistance of the cable. Transformer will step down the
Check Meter
(Tenant Usage)
26. electricity from 11KVA to 433V which are suitable for domestic uses. A step down
transformer usually have more coils in primary coil and less coils in secondary coil as
to step down the electricity. The primary and secondary coil here is to let the
electricity pass through a coil of wire. This room consists of Vacuum circuit breaker
(VCB), OCER, Battery Charger. The function of this component also can be said
same with the component in TNB HT room.
2.2.3. Transformer (Dry transformer)
Figure 40: Location Of transformer Room (LG Plan)
Figure 41: Dry Transformer room
Transformer is a static device which transforms electrical energy from one
circuit to another without any direct electrical connection and with the help of mutual
induction between two windings. Income cables are made of aluminium because of
high voltage supply from TNB. Outcome cables are made of cooper cables which can
increase AMP and voltage. Dry transformer steps down the power supply of TNB
from 11kV to 433V in SS2 Mall.
Dry Transformer
(With protective metal
cage)
27. 2.2.3.1. Safety(Carbon Dioxside Tank )
Figure 42: CO2 pilot Figure 43 : 19 stanbdby tank of C02 for safety
Each transformer is surrounded by a protective metal cage. There are 19 CO2 tanks
inside the generator. If there is a fire breakout, CO2 pilot will pull the trigger to
conduct those tanks to work.
2.2.4. Low Voltage Room (Main Switch Board Room)
Figure 44: Schematic drawing for low voltage room
CO2 Pilot
Motor to
give
instruction
to CO2
pilot
28. Figure 45: Location of Low Voltage room (LG plan)
Figure 46: Low voltage room (MSB landlord, tenant, chiller and, capacitor bank)
A device that distribute the electricity from one to another one or more sources
of supply to small region of usage. The board contains switches to allow electricity to
be directed. In SS two mall there are main switch board for landlord, tenant and also
chiller. These panels are the switches for the whole building. Cooper cable is the cable
which is suitable for low voltage room just only different in size.
Capacitor Bank
Main Switch Board for
tenant
29. 2.2.4.1. Circuit Breaker
Figure 47: Circuit Breaker
According to UBBL, Electricity Supply Act 1997 [Act 447] P. U. (A) 38/94
Electricity Regulations 1997, it is listed that:-
Regulation 15, Apparatus, conductor, accessory, etc.
Any conductor or apparatus that is exposed to the weather, water, corrosion, under
heating or use in inflammable surroundings or in an explosive atmosphere shall be
constructed or protected in such a manner as to prevent danger.
Regulation 16, Switch, switch fuse, fuse switch, circuit breaker, contractor, fuse, etc.
(3) Any fuse or circuit breaker shall be
(a) Constructed and arranged in such a manner so as to break the current when it
exceeds a given value for such a sufficient time to prevent danger; and
(b) Constructed guarded or placed in a manner as to prevent danger or overheating,
arcing or from the scattering of hot metal or other substances or enclosure.
Circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical damage cause by overload or electric shock. The main function of
this circuit breaker is to detect the condition of the electric flow. Circuit breaker can
be reset automatically or manually to resume normal operation. All the circuit breaker
is placed inside the box with cover to prevent danger.
30. 2.2.4.1.1. Air Circuit Breaker
Figure 48: Air circuit breaker
There is an Air Circuit Breaker panel attached to each panel in Low Voltage Room.
This panel contains the breakers of the circuit in the room. There are many types of
breakers and the usage of breakers in different circuit must be refer to the load of
electric current, such as Molded Case Circuit breaker (MCCB) in TNB HT Room and
Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB) in Consumer HT Room.
Molded case circuit breakers are used to provide circuit protection in alternative
energy, where they protect against overloads and short circuits in conductors. There
are six MCCBs which carry 1200amp each and they are used for tenants.
2.2.4.2 Rubber Mats
Figure 49: Rubber mats in Low voltage room
Rubber Mats
Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)
31. Rubber mats is placed right in front of the switchboard as component of
safety. The function of rubber mats is to prevent human body as conductor for earth
during a high voltage leak or electric shock during maintenance.
2.2.4.3. Capacitor Bank
Figure 50: Capacitor Bank in Low Voltage Room
Capacitor bank (CB) is a grouping of several identical capacitors
interconnected in parallel or in series with one another. The function is to correct the
power factor in Alternating current (AC) power supply. There are few readings to
note down. The best reading is 1.00 and it is considered good as well if above 0.85.
However, if the reading is below 0.84, there will be penalization from TNB.
Capacitor Bank
32. 2.2.5. Bus Ducts / Bus system
Figure 51: Application of BUS system
Figure 52(a): BusBar Figure 52(b) : Bus ducts/ Bus system
Conductor bars are assemble with insulator in grounded enclosures. The function of
this component is for bring the main power into a building. Bus ducts is used to
distribute the power down the length of a building. it can save more space and also
less space than normal cable. The main function of this bus system is to allow users to
control and monitor the main switch board from computer or from the system which
located in control room. There is a selected switch at MSB, which has Auto, off and
manual. When it is set to Auto, the system will automatically shut down during the
leakage of high voltage current. When it is set to manual, the authorized personnel
will be able to monitor the system from the control room, and in the event of leakage
of high voltage current, he will need to go to the room to shut down.
34. According to UBBL, Section 253:
(1) Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power
automatically in the event of failure of the normal supply or in the event of accident to
elements of the system supplying power and illumination essential for safety to life
and property.
(2) Emergency power systems shall provide power for smoke control systems,
illumination, fire alarm systems, fire pumps, public address systems, fire lifts and
other emergency systems.
(3) Emergency systems shall have adequate capacity and rating for the emergency
operation of all equipment connected to the system including the simultaneous
operation of all fire lifts and one other lift.
(4) All wiring for emergency systems shall be in metal conduit or of fire resisting
mineral insulated cables, laid along areas of least fire risk.
(5) Current supply shall be such that in the event of failure of the normal supply to or
within the building or group of buildings concerned, the emergency lighting or
emergency power, or both emergency lighting and power will be available within 10
seconds of the interruption of the normal supply. The supply system for emergency
purposes shall comprise one or more of the following approved types:
(a) Storage Battery
Storage battery of suitable rating and capacity to supply and maintain at not less than
87.5 percent of the system voltage the total load of the circuits supplying emergency
lighting and emergency power for a period of at least 1.5 hours;
(b) Generator Set
A generator set driven by some form of prime mover and of sufficient capacity and
proper rating to supply circuit carrying emergency lighting or lighting and power
with suitable means for automatically starting the prime mover on failure of the
normal service.
Function of Genset is to generate electricity if there are any power
failure .This Generator (Genset ) can run or supply 800kVA and it consume diesel.
This generator room contain, diesel tank with 2000L. When a diesel tank mark hits
1500, it will automatically contact oil supplier to refill the tank. There is also
Automatic Main Failure Board (AMFB) in Genset room. The function of AMFB is to
automatically start the generator when the orange sign appear on AMFB, which
means that TNB power is down. Genset room in SS two mall has an air ventilation
like an air filter to keep bring in the cool air to the room to keep the room in normal
room temperature condition. (Figure 2.2.6.3.1)
2.2.6.1. Lithium Cadmium Battery (Figure 56)
The Generator need power or battery to start the engine like what the car
engine did. It is used to give a spark of electricity to run the system in Genset room.
35. Those batteries are placed near to the machine and play an essential role to operate the
generator at first stage.
Figure 56: Lithium Cadmium battery
2.2.6.2. Diesel Fuel Tank
Figure 57: Diesel fuel tank Figure 58: Diesel fuel meter
Diesel tank is one of the requirement that generator room must have. Because genset
consume oil which is diesel. This diesel tanks can contain 2000L of diesel with meter
or indication that show the volume of diesel left inside the tank. Diesel tank is where
the generator room will also connect to because after engine start to workout of the
generator. In SS two mall the location of the diesel tank is place around like 5 meter
distance with the generator. they use pipe to supply the diesel to the generator where
the pipe was planted under the floor. After engine start, the diesel fuel will passes
Cable to generator (Positive)
Cable to generator (Negative)
Meter to check the
volume of the diesel
fuel
36. through the motor and allow combustion to occur and also the dynamo will generate
electric field and transfer the electricity to MSBs in low voltage room and from low
voltage room the power or electricity will transfer to the building.
2.2.6.3. Smoke Chamber
The carbon dioxide produced by the generator is channeled out from the
exhaust to the outside via a smoke chamber.
Figure 59: Exhaust (Smoke chamber) from generator
2.2.6.4. Safety
2.2.6.4.1. Carbon Dioxide tank (CO2 tank)
Figure 60: CO2 pilot Figure 61: 19 stanbdby tank of C02 for safety
Smoke will transfer
to outside of the
room through
smoke chamber
37. In generator room, they also provide CO2 tank for safety. Just in case the
generator burn or fire break out, the CO2 pilot will automatically pull the 19 standby
tank of CO2 to work.
2.2.6.4.2. Cooling Air Ventilation
Figure 62: Cooling air ventilation
The heat come from generator increase the temperature of the rom and it will
affect the work of the generator. To solve this cooling air ventilation is built inside the
generator room to keep the motor in normal condition with maintaining the room
temperature through the cool air ventilation. The mechanism is the ventilation manage
to absorb the hot air and release the cool air to the room.
2.2.6.5 Automatic main failure board
Figure 63: Schematic drawing of AMB
38. Figure 64: AMFB Facade Figure 65: Component of AMFB
Automatic main failure board is located in Generator room or genset room.
The function of Automatic main failure board is an automatic board that give sign and
automatically pull the trigger to start the generator when there are no power supply or
power failure from TNB.
2.2.6.6 Maintenance of Generator
Generator is a like a normal motor or engine you need to use it to keep the
engine in better condition. So the person in charge will run the genset once a week
without electric load, and also management do load test once a month. The purpose is
to keep the generator in better condition and also to check the condition of the
generator.
2.2.7. Electrical Riser Room
Figure 66: Electrical riser room ( Tenant meter, tenant switch and distribution board )
39. UBBL:
Section 240. (1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929
square metres shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a
staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the
relevant floor or zone served.
(2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman's switch specified in
the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.
Section 241. In places where there are deaf persons and in places where by nature of
the occupancy audible alarm system is undesirable, visible indicator alarm signals
shall be incorporated in addition to the normal alarm system.
There are 5 – 6 electrical risers per floor at SS2 mall. The number of the electrical riser
room per floor is depends on the tenant office or shop size as well. Electrical riser room for
command area is placed at the center of the building. From Distribution Board, the electricity
is further delivered to two Miniature Circuit Boards (MCB). If one of them is broken down,
another one will be active.
2.2.7.1. Sub Switch Board (SSB)
Sub switch board are located on every level. The function of sub switch board
is to regulate the electricity which is being distributed from main switch board. The
other function of sub switch board is actually to prevent any power surge that can trip
and also cut off the electric supply only on that level. Sub switch board also will only
supply the high voltages appliances. For example, lift and elevators.
Figure 67: SSBN and Component
Figure 70: Tenant
meter
Figure 71: Earth
Leaked Relay
40. 2.2.7.2. Distribution Boards
Figure 68: Distribution Board
Distribution boards is component of an electricity supply system that divides
electrical power. Size of distribution board is smaller than panel board. But the
function of the distribution board is almost similar with a switchboard. Distribution
board is like a sub board that only supply for a specific level. The advantages of
distribution is if anything happen with the distribution board in one level, it doesn’t
affect another level. Distribution board have two circuit breaker if one is broken, it
will change to another one.
2.2.7.3. Meter
From the meter, the electricity will reach DB, which is located outside electric room.
This DB functions as an extension and power control for areas far away from the risers. The
building uses a 2 phase power supplies to accommodate for common area and tenant areas.
Besides, the main reason behind this is for easier distribution of power supply.
Figure 69: Meter for tenant
Mini Circuit
Breaker (MCB)
41. Figure 70: digital meter (usage- tenant)
2.2.7.4. Earth Leakage Relay
Earth Leakage Relay Meter function as protection relay which requires
energy. If the reading of ELR is 0.01, there is only a bit of leakage. However, if it
exceeds 0.5, the relay light will blink as warning. If 0.6 and above, it will trip the
trigger to shut down the system. The maintenance is set to be once every two years.
Figure 71: Earth leakage relay meter (digital)
42. 2.2.8. Indicator light (Red – Blue – Yellow)
Figure 72: Indicator light
Almost all of electrical component has 3 different colors of indicator lights – red, blue
and yellow. If one of them is off, there are two possibilities:
1. Light bulb is broken
2. All electric load at particular color line has no electricity at all.
Check meter box shows all tenant meter readings
43. 3. Mechanical Transportation System
3.2. Literature Review
There are total of 6 floors including roof top in SS2 Mall. As it is a commercial type of building,
it must have efficient mechanical transportation system to serve people and bring convention
to them. With good mechanical transportation system, the circulation will also become efficient
and this can bring pleasure to those who shop there.
Mechanical transportation system in a building refer to a system or a machine that can carry
passenger and goods from one floor to another. In a building, mechanical transportation are
divided into 2 which are the horizontal and vertical transportation.
Vertical transportation are most commonly found is elevator, they’ve been used in every high-
rises building to help people travel to their destination vertically. Why do people prefer elevator?
By using elevator it is really convenient and really help to save lots of time and energy. Due to
the market requirement now a days, lift even came out with variety of type and even design
that concern about user’s experience and the spatial poetic experience they want to bring to the
users. The type of lift motor system that usually found are the traction lift with the geared or
gearless motor and hydraulic elevator. Although they serve the same purpose, by using
different motor system can affect the speed and aesthetic of a lift.
Besides the vertical once, we also have the horizontal and inclined once as well. The example
of horizontal once will be the travelator, travelator can be in horizontal flat or inclined. Well
for the inclined once will be the inclined travelator and escalator. They also function as
transport people or goods but they have limited floors to travel, they’re commonly used to
travel to one floor above or below.
44. Figure 74: Schematic of escalator showing the component of
escalator.Source:http://www.electricalknowhow.com/2012_0
4_01_archive.htm
Figure 75: Schematic of travelator Source: Source:
http://www.electricalknowhow.com/2012_04_01_archive.html
3.3. Schematic
Figure 73: Schematic of elevator that showing every component of a lift. Source:
http://www.saarelevo.com/basic_training_elevator_persons.html
45. 3.3 Vertical Transportation
3.3.1 Elevator
Elevator as also known as lift is a vertical transportation system that help to move goods and
people vertically in a building. UBBL lift shall be provided for non-residential building which
exceed 4 storeys or above (by Law 124 of UBBL 1984). There are many lift found in SS2 Mall
and there are 3 major types of lift in the building which are the passenger lift, service lift and
fireman’s lift (Bomba lift).
).
.
passenger lift to the right.
Figure 76: Ground floor plan of SS2 Mall that showing the location of passenger
lift (blue coloured) and service / fireman’s lift (orange coloured).
Figure 77: Elevator control system diagram that show how the lift actually work.
46. Figure 78: Signboard in SS2 Mall.
It shows the direction of service lift to
the left and passenger lift to the right.
Passenger Lift in SS2 Mall that function to
transport people as main purpose and transport
some hand carry light goods from one level to
another. The material used for interior of lift is
aluminium with smooth surface texture. The size
of passenger lift 220cm x 280cm that can carry up
to 27 people at one time.
Figure 79: Interior of passenger lift.
Figure 80: Service lift
also knows as freight lift
found in SS2 Mall.
Figure 82: Passenger
Lift in SS2 Mall.
Figure 81: Fireman’s
lift
Figure 83 Fireman’s lift
switch panel beside every
fireman’s lift. Figure 84 Interior of service lift and fireman’s lift.
The service lift also knows as freight lift found in SS2 Mall that function mainly for load carrying and service
purpose, it doesn’t have decoration outside of it as it is not place at an non-noticeable spot in the mall unlike
the passenger lift. The fireman’s lift are always located next to service lift in SS2 Mall and they’re almost
similar to service lift that no decoration outside of it as it is not place at a non-noticeable spot in the mall
except they have separated electrical supply which make it still functional during fire. At usual, it function
as service lift. During the emergency fireman will break the glass on the fireman’s lift switch panel and on
the switch so that they are able to use the lift. The interior of service lift and fireman’s lift is similar, the
material used is steel and has rough texture surface due to its tough purpose that require strong material. The
size is 310cm x 230cm that can carry load up to 4000kg.
47. 3.3.2. Machine room
It is located in the roof top of SS2 Mall, the room is ventilated with exhaust fan above the
entrance. The machine room are distributed to several parts to serve different parts of
building. The room is further reinforced by adding extra beam on top and bottom of the
motor so that the structure can support the load and prevent collapse when the motor pull
up the elevator car.
Figure 85: Smoke detector
Smoke detector found at the lift lobby in SS2
Mall.
According to (UBBL clause 153), smoke
detector to be provided at lift lobby.
Figure 86: Machine room on the rooftop of SS2 Mall. Figure 87: Main power supply of Machine room.
Figure 88: Secondary power supply
The secondary power supply supplies the electricity to
engine and control cabinet that distributed from main power
supply of machine room.
48. Heating machine on top of the control
cabinet to reduce the moisture content
inside of control cabinet.
Fire intercom in machine room that act
as communication equipment during fire.
The lift service intercom that act as the
communication equipment between
control room and machine room.
The motor is placed on top of beam that
further reinforced with ‘I’ Beam as it
will act to distribute load when the motor
is in use.
The device act to stop the lift if the lift
run beyond the rated speed. The wire
mash casing act to prevent people from
touching it.
Figure 89:Heating machine
Figure 90: Fire intercom
Figure 91: Machine that operate the elevator, it’s a
geared traction motor.
Figure 92: Lift governor
49. 3.4. Inclined Transportation
3.4.1. Escalator
Escalator is a moving staircase that transport passengers between floors in building,
escalator with Infrared motion sensors which stop operating when there are no people using
it.
Figure 93: Cables
Figure 94: Exhaust fan
Cables that provide power supply and
send / receive control signal.
Exhaust fan that help to remove moisture
and heat in machine room then keep the
machine room ventilated.
Figure 95: Ground floor plan of SS2 Mall showing the location of escalator.
50. Figure 96: Escalator in SS2 Mall. Figure 97 and 98: Direction
indicator of escalator.
Figure 99: Brushes beside the trail. Figure 100: The arrangement of
escalator in SS2 Mall.
51. The escalator in SS2 Mall are all sensory activated escalator. The escalators are arranged
in standard arrangement (Single bank / interrupted). This can enable the shoppers to go
around when they want to proceed to another floor therefor they can pass by some shops
that might interest them. The green light showing you can use the escalator and red light
means no entry. For safety, every escalator have brushes beside the trail of escalator is
the safety component that prevent passenger’s foot to get stuck into the trail.
Figure 101 Perspective drawing of escalator that showing the component of
escalator. Source:
http://smarttransmission.indonetwork.co.id/2489676/rantai-escalator.html
52. 3.4.2. Inclined Moving walking (Travelator)
Moving walking are commonly called travelator, it is a slowly moving transport
mechanism that move people across horizontal or inclined plane in short to medium
distance. Normally travelator are not use to transport for more than 2 floors as the space
occupied are bigger and time taken to travel are slower compared to elevator and escalator.
It has been place at the lower ground floors of the mall. The main purpose of for passenger
to carry stuff on shopping trolley to lower ground where they park their cars. The surface
plain of travelator are gripped for the trolley to stop moving on it.
Figure 102 Lower ground floor plan of SS2 Mall showing the location of travelator.
53. 1 Truss 6 Handrail
drive
wheels
11 Lower
reversing
station
16 Access
cover
2 Tracks 7 Pallet
chain
sprockets
12 Balustrade
panels
17 Comb
plates
3 Driver
motor
8 Pallets 13 Decks 18 Front
plates
4 Gear box 9 Pallets
chain
14 Newel
ends
19 Controller
5 Service
track
10 Handrail 15 Skirts 20
Figure 103: Travelator found in SS2 Mall.
Figure 105: Details of a declined travelator. Source:
http://www.electricalknowhow.com/2012_04_01_archive.html
Figure 104: Brushes beside the trail of escalator is the
safety component that prevent passenger’s foot to get
stuck into the trail. The red coloured button is the
emergency stop button.
Figure 106: The controller of escalator and
travelator. Source: http://www.electrical-
knowhow.com/2012_04_01_archive.html
Figure 107: The sticker that attached to the glass panel of
every travelator and escalator showing the to-do and not to-do
action when riding travelator or escalator.
54. 3.5. Control room
Figure 108: Screen that show all the system that control the movement
of elevator, escalator
and travelator in control room.
Figure 109: Lift intercom in the control
room.
Through this the maintenance
people can know the status of
the mechanical transportation
system.
This intercom connect the control room, lift and
machine room together and will put into use if there is
any emergency or maintenance.
55. 4. Fire Protection System
4.1. Literature Review
Active fire protection is a process of slowing down and protecting a building structure from
fire with mechanical mechanism such as fire sprinkler system, fire extinguisher, fire alarm
system, fire shutter door and etc. During fire emergency, all electrics will be cut off except for
the power to active fire protection system as it is a very essential system during the emergency.
4.1.1. Fire Control Room
Fire Control Room usually located in ground level of a building. It is the nerve centre of the
building because it controls the building’s fire protection system, secondary water supply, air-
handling systems, internal communications, elevator controls and etc. One of the essential
purpose of fire control room is to assist fire fighters to identify the exact location of the fire
cause. Building with height more than 25 metres or area more than 18,000 metre square shall
have fire control room.
Requirements for fire control room to follow:
1. Have a minimum of 10 metre square area, can be larger depending on equipment
required.
2. Place near the main entrance to the building’s main lobby
3. Preferably be adjacent to fire lift lobby as designated by the relevant Authority.
4. Be accessible via 2 paths of travel. One from the front entrance and the other from a
public place or fire-isolated passageway which leads to a public place and has a two
hour fire rated door.
5. Have an independent air handing system if mechanical ventilation is provided
throughout the building.
6. Be adequately illuminated to not less than 400 lux.
7. Provide the ability to communicate with all parts of the building, and with fire and
other emergency services.
8. Be provided with insulation from ambient building noise.
9. Be under the control of the Chief Fire Warden (or similar appointed person).
For safety and efficiency, these facilities must include in fire control room:
1. Automatic fire alarm and sprinkler indicator boards with facilities for sounding and
switching off alarms and visual status indication for all relevant fire pumps, smoke
control fans air-handling systems, generators and other required fire safety
equipment installed in the building depending on the circumstances and the system
present in each building.
2. A telephone connected directly to the eternal exchange
3. The control console of the Emergency Warning and Intercommunication System
(EWIS)
4. A blackboard or whiteboard not less than 1200mm wide x 1000mm high
56. 5. A pin board not less than 1200mm wide x 1000mm high
6. A raked plan layout table of a size suitable for laying out the building plans
7. A repeater panel of the lifts position indicator board
8. A switch to isolate background music when required
9. Remote switching controls for gas or electrical supplies
10. Building security, surveillance and management systems if they are completely
segregated from all other systems
4.1.2 Fire Alarm System
Fire alarm is a mechanism to alert people when fire or smoke is present. These alarms can be
activated automatically by smoke detectors, heat detectors, water flow sensors or manually by
breaking the fire emergency glass.
According to UBBL 1984 Section 155: Fire Mode of Operation
1. The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel
which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or
manually.
2. It mains power is available and all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the
designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing
calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other
emergency or safety devices, and park with doors open.
3. The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the
fireman’s switch.
4. Under this mode of operation, the fire lift shall only operate in response to car calls
but not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154.
5. In the event of main power failure, all lift shall return in sequence directly to the
designated floor and operate under emergency power.
Figure 110: The wiring diagram of the control panel from the receiver and deliver of the overall alarm system.
57. Source: http://omelectricalautomation.com/category/fire-alarm-system/
Figure 111: The wiring diagram of the control panel in 3D
Source: http://omelectricalautomation.com/category/fire-alarm-system/
Under UBBL 1984 Section 237: Fire Alarms
1. Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these by-
laws.
2. All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area
exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided
with a two-stage alarm with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately
in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in
adjoining section.
3. Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a
master control.
Emergency lighting
Emergency lighting is to alert people through visual. Emergency lighting is effective for people
whom is poor in hearing or deaf. The lighting will flash during fire emergency to attract people
attention so that everyone is informed.
Figure 112: The emergency light found outside the electrical room to alert people when it is dangerous to enter
58. Manual Call Point
Manual call point is an alarm activation system for people to raise the alarm manually. By operating
the alarm, one have to break the glass to push the button inside the glass to raise the alarm. Manual call
point should be mounted 1.4 metres high from the floor so that is it visible for most people. Upon
activation of alarm through manual call point, the fire control room will be able to detect the exact
location of the operated manual call point and reconfirm the fire emergency condition to the people in
the building.
Figure 113: manual call point
Alarm bell
Alarm bell functioned to alert people by ringing continuously when there is fire emergency. Alarm
bell can be activated manually by breaking the manual call point glass or the fire control room. Alarm
bell can be also activated automatically by smoke and heat detector.
Figure 114: alarm bell found at the corridor
4.1.3 Fireman Intercom System
The fire intercom system provides a reliable communication between the Master Console (Fire Control
Room) and remote handset station. All remote handset have continuous supervision for faults with clear
and fast indication. Remote handset station usually located at the staircase of every level. The handset
is locked and have to be break to use it. The handset required only one button push to operate so that
everyone know how to use them.
59. Figure 115: fire handset found in a stairway of SS two mall
Figure 116: shows the wiring connections of a fire intercom system.
Source: http://qualityelectric-inc.com/blog/structured-wiring/intercom/
Fireman’s switch
Fireman’s switch is a specialized switch disconnector. These switches are used by firemen to
turn off all electrical equipment in case of fire heating any electrical equipment to explosion.
The switch will only turn off the electrical equipment of the level where level of the switch is
located. These switches are usually located in every corridor and stairway.
60. Figure 117: fireman switch found at the stairway together with fire handset
4.1.4 Heat Detector
A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond and signal to fire alarm system to
operate when heat sensitivity is detected. Heat detectors are classified into two; rate of rise
detector and fixed temperature detector. Rate of rise detector activates when rapid rise of
temperature is sensed (around 6.5°C is increase within a minute). Fixed temperature detector
activates when a certain surrounding temperature (58°C) is achieved.
In SS two mall, fixed temperature detector is used because the difference of temperature
between interior and exterior of the building is high. This is to prevent the detector near the
door to operate when the door is opened receiving heat from the outside.
Figure 118: heat detector used in SS two mall
61. Figure 119: schematic diagram of a heat detector. Source: http://www.safelincs.co.uk/apollo-xp95-heat-detector/
4.1.5 Fire Shutter Door
Fire Shutter Door is to prevent fire and smoke from spreading to another place so that occupants
can safely exit the building. Fire shutter door will be activated automatically after the fire alarm
rings at most of 45 seconds.
4.1.6 Fire Curtain
Fire Curtain is similar to fire shutter door but is it much lighter. It has fire rated properties and
hidden away in the metal top box and will be automatically roll downwards when needed. Fire
curtains are composed from aluminium fibre glass fire rated fabric, able to resist in high
temperatures, smokes and gases. Fire curtains will be activated upon activation of fire alarm.
They are usually fitted in exact measurement so that when it rolled down it secure the opening
and able to withstand up to 1 – 4 hours.
Figure 120: fire curtain installed above the entry of electrical room.
62. 4.1.7 Water Based System
4.1.7.1 External Fire Hydrant
External fire hydrant is usually placed outside of a building. An external fire hydrant is a system
and source of water provided to enable firefighters to extinguish a fire. The water supply will
be pressurised if the water piping is connected to the main pipe from JBA (Jabatan Bekalan
Air), if it is unpressurised, it will be connected to the nearby cisterns or water supply tank from
firefighting room. Every fire hydrant has one or more outlets so that firefighters can connect
more than a fire hose at a time. In order to provide sufficient water during firefighting, every
hydrant must provide a minimum flow rate of about 945 litres per minute.
Figure 121: external hydrant found at the road side near the fire control room
When the firefighters open the hydrant valve, the system sensed a drop in water pressure. The
drop of pressure is detected by the pressure switch causing the pumping system to operate. The
water pressure in the system is then increased to draw water from the water supplier to the
hydrant. The water has a pressure around 50 to 70 PSI.
63. Figure 122: schematic diagram indicating the name of each component in a external hydrant
Source: https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/004/nfpa.25.2002.html
4.1.7.2 Fire Pump Room
Figure 123: fire pump room located in the ground floor of SS two mall (next to water tank room)
Jockey Pump
A jockey pump is a small apparatus that connects with the sprinkler system. Its function is to
maintain the system pressure in certain level when the system is not in use so that the sprinkler
does not goes off randomly. Besides, jockey pump also prevents the sprinkler from being
damaged from the sudden change of pressure when the fire pump begins to draw water to the
sprinkler.
64. Figure 124: jockey pump in fire pump room
Duty Pump
Duty pump is to provide sufficient pressure to the pump so that the water can flow continuously.
However, if duty pump fails to operate, standby pump will be activated as they functioned the
same.
Figure 125: shows duty pump in fire pump room
Standby Pump
The standby pump has the same function as the duty pump. It substitute the duty pump when
duty pump is not available (under maintenance).
Figure 126: standby pump in fire pump room
Under UBBL 1984 Section 247(2) Water Storage
1. Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be
located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet
connections accessible to fire appliances.
65. 4.1.7.3 Sprinkler System
A fire sprinkler system is a fire protection measure, where it releases water automatically to
extinguish fire when heat is detected. This system is pressurized where it channels water from
the water tank through the pipe with a certain amount of pressure.
Figure 127: standard sprinkler head
Under UBBL 1984 Section 228: Sprinkler Valves
The distance between 2 spinklers should be at a maximum distance of 4.6 metres. Distance
between 2 spinklers is about 3 metres.
Under UBBL 1984 Section 228: Sprinkler Valves
1. The distance between 2 sprinklers should be at a maximum distance of 4.6 meters.
Distance between 2 sprinklers is about 3 metres.
4.1.7.4 Fire Hose Reel System
Fire hose reel is a specialized hose made up of reinforced rubber to withstand high water
pressure and to be attached to fire hydrant during operation. When the fire hose reel is in use,
the hose experience about 116 to 290 PSI units whereas the maximum pressure the hose can
experience is around 1200 PSI units. The length of the fire hose is 45 metres which allows the
hose to cover more than 800m²area. Fire hose reels are usually located at the corridor of every
level.
66. Figure 128: hose reel found in a storage room with other fire protection equipment.
4.1.7.5 Wet Riser
Wet riser is an internal fire hydrant used for firemen to collect water to extinguish fire. Wet
riser is only applicable in a building when the building fire appliances access level to the
upmost level exceeds 30.5 metres.
Under UBBL 1984 Section 231: Installation and Testing of Wet Rising System
1. A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.
2. Wet risers shall be of minimum 152.4 mm diameter and shall be hydrostatically tested
at a pressure of 50% above the working pressure required and not less than 14 bars
for at least 24 hours.
3. A wet riser outlet shall be provided in every staircase, which extends from the ground
floor level to the roof and shall be equipped with a 3 way 63.5 mm outlet above the
roof line.
Under UBBL 1984 Section 248: Marketing on Wet Riser
1. Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkle and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be
painted red.
2. All cabinet and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and
extinguisher shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of Fire Authority or
otherwise clearly identified.
67. 4.1.7.6 Water Tank
The water stored in the fire water tank is reserved for fire protection during emergency.
Sprinkler system and wet riser use the water from the tank. In SS two mall, the fire water tank
is located on the ground level next to the fire pump room.
Figure 129: access to the hose reel tank and the measurement of the water level of the tank
Under UBBL 1984 Section 247: Water Storage
1. Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting system and installation
shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to
these By-laws.
2. Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for the hose reel system,
shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping
inlet connection accessible to fire appliances.
3. Storage tanks for automatic sprinkle installation where full capacity is provided
without the need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their
location.
4.1.8 Non-water Based System
4.1.8.1 Fire Suppression System
Fire suppression system functioned similarly to what sprinkler system does. The difference is
the output agent of carbon dioxide (CO2) in fire suppression system. Fire suppression system
is used in rooms and places which are harmful and cause damaged when contacted with water.
In SS two mall, fire suppression system is used in mechanical and electrical room because the
room consists of many electrical equipment which may cause them to malfunction when
contact with water.
68. Figure 130: carbon dioxide (CO2) suppression system found in the genset room in SS two mall
The fire suppression system has a fast-acting system and has a quick sense of fire before fire
can damage any property. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas has a high rate of expansion which allows
it to work fast when it is activated. Carbon dioxide (CO2) does not conduct electricity and will
not damage any electrical component.
Figure 131: component labelling of a fire suppression system
Source: http://www.janusfiresystems.com/products/carbon-dioxide-co2
69. 4.1.8.2 Fire Extinguisher
Fire extinguisher is a portable device use to extinguish fire. Fire extinguisher is only effective
when the fire is still small and not when the fire is out of control; reaching ceiling level. A
standard fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an
agent which is discharged to extinguish fire. Fire extinguisher usually can be found at the
corridor.
Figure 132: each component of a fire extinguisher
Source: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/evacuation/portable_about.html
Figure 133: ABC dry powder extinguisher found in the corridor of SS two mall
70. Under UBBL 1984, Section 227: Portable Extinguisher
1. Portable fire extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant codes of
practice and shall be sited in prominent position on exit routes to be visible from all
direction and similar extinguisher in a building shall be of the same method of
operation.
Fire extinguisher are divided into 5 categories based on different types of fire.
All images source are from: http://www.fireextinguishermalaysia.com/Fire-Extinguisher-Types.html
In SS two mall, there are two types of extinguisher available which are:
ABC Dry Powder Extinguisher
Suitable for mixed fire environment and especially for flammable liquid and fire involving
natural gases such as methane, hydrogen, etc. It is suitable for class A, B, C fire.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Extinguisher
Suitable for flammable liquids and electrical hazards. CO2 are harmless for electrical
equipment but not safe for wood, paper and cloth. It is suitable for class B, C, E fire.
Class A: Fire that result from in ordinary combustible
such as wood, paper, fabric and other ordinary mateials.
Class B: For fire involving flammable liquids such as
petrol, oil, diesel, paint and etc.
Class C: Suitable for use on fire caused by flammable
gases such as butane, Methane and etc
Class D: Designed for use on flammable metals and
are often specific for the type of metal in question. E.g.
sodium, titanium, magnesium & potassium
Class E: Suitable for use on electrically energized
fires. Combustion of circuit breaker, wires, outlets, and
other electrical equipment.
71. 4.2. Passive Fire Protection
4.2.1. Introduction
Passive fire protection (PFP) is a fire protection system which integrated the
constructional fabric to the design of the building to prevent fire and smoke from
moving from one compartment to another. This is to make sure that fire will not be able
to spread to other place in a short time so that the escape routes are clear for the victims
to escape.
In order to perform fire protection, fire rated partitions and doors were designed at each
of the escape route to the fire staircases. Besides the prevention of fire and smoke escape,
PFP is also designed to delay the collapse of the building structure by the coating or the
materials used.
Passive fire protection design and the incorporated fire protection materials contributed
in protect life, secure the building structure, protect assets and etc.
4.2.2. Literature Review
Passive fire protection (PFP) is very important to a building as it is a system that can
primarily protect the building from fire excessive fire hazard. PFP functions to protect
life and assets as well as the building structures to prevent collapse.
Thus, study of passive fire protection system in a building is important for the students
who ever have contact in thus field. There are few components contain in this field of
the study that should follow the Uniform Building by Law (UBBL) such as fire rated
door, fire escape staircase, emergency escape route and etc.
72. 4.2.3. Fire Escape Routes
(Retrieved from: http://sstwomall.com.my/directory-floor.php?floor=lvl1 )
Directory plan of level 1 in SSTwo Mall ( Emergency Escape Route)
Figure 133: emergency escape sign located at level 1 of SSTwo Mall
Shows the escape route/ corridor
73. In the directory plan above, the red coloured arrow have shown the emergency escape
routes to the fire escape staircases. The escape routes have been welly planned during
architectural design which also follow the laws state in UBBL. From the second
diagram above, it shows one of the escape route at that area. Besides, it also provide
other fire protection components’ location to counter the emergency.
Analysis:
Under UBBL 1984 Section 189: Enclosing means of escape in certain building.
1) Every staircase provided under these By-Laws in a building where the highest
floor is more than 1200 millimetres above the ground level, or in any place of
assembly, or in any school when such staircase is used as an alternative
means of escape shall be enclosed throughout its length with fire resisting
materials.
2) Any necessary openings, except openings in external walls which shall not for
this By-Laws include wall to air-wells, in the length of such staircase shall be
provided with self-closing door constructed of fire resisting materials.
Under UBBL 1984 Section 242: Fire Fighting Access Lobbies
1) Each lobby shall have a floor area of not less than 5.57 square meters and
2) the openable area of windows or area of permanent ventilation shall not be
less than 25% of the floor area of the lobby and, if ventilation is by means of
openable windows, additional permanent ventilation having a free opening of
464 square centimetres shall be provided except that mechanical
pressurization may be provided as an alternative.
Emergency escape routes are very important especially when a fire occurred. It helps
the victims from getting further injury when they are inside the fire protected path due
to the fire resistivity materials used on the wall. The fire escape signboards are useful
to guide the victims to the safer place and exit towards the assembly area.
4.2.4. Fire Rated Door
Figure 134: label of fire rated
door which contain the information of
the door.
Figure 135: fire rated door in SSTwo Mall.
74. Fire rated door should be used in every building to enhance the chance of protecting
life and asset. There are few types of fire rated door such as half an hour, one hour and
two hour. It means that different types of door can withstand different time limit of fire
without collapsing. The labels which contain door’s information should attached to the
door in order to ease the recognition.
Analysis:
Under UBBL 1984 Section 162: Fire Doors in Compartment Walls and Separating
Walls.
1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.
2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire
door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the
Ninth Schedule to these By-laws.
3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of
not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth
Schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour.
4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected
by fire doors having FRP of half hour.
5) Fire doors including frames sill be constructed to be specification which can be
shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with
section 3 of BS 476: 1951.
Fire rated door function as a barrier to block the smoke and the fire from spreading
within a time limit. Therefore, the time withstand should not be less than half an hour
to ensure secure most of the life and assets. Door testing were done before it was
installed to ensure its function.
4.2.4.1. Door Closer for Fire Door
Figure 136: door closer for fire rated door
75. Door closer is an important component as it function as an automatic guard to provide
safety towards victims. It used to shut the door immediately after the door was open to
ensure that the fire and smoke cannot spread towards the corridor.
Analysis:
Under UBBL 1984 Section 164: Door Closers for Fire Doors.
1) All the fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically
spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in
the case of sliding doors.
2) Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with coordinating
device to ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence.
3) Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat
actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not be permitted on
fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or protected staircases.
Door closer is an important component of fire rated door to prevent spreading of the
fire and smoke. Therefore, the materials used to construct door closer should be fire
resistant materials so it won’t lose its function during fire.
4.2.4.2. Emergency Exit Language
Emergency exit sign is playing an important role in guiding victims to escape in dark
when the electric cut off. It could help victims to reduce panic and confusion by
providing a clear directional system. The words written are normally capital letter with
words “EXIT” while in Malaysia, the words are written in Malay language “KELUAR”.
Figure 137: lighted emergency exit sign installed at
the ceiling in SSTwo Mall.
Figure 138: lighted emergency exit sign installed
at the wall above the fire rated door.
76. Analysis:
Under UBBL 1984 Section 172: Emergency Exit Signs
1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and
shall not obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.
2) A sign reading “KELAUR” with and arrow indicating the direction shall be placed
in every location where the direction of the travel to reach the nearest exit is not
immediately apparent.
3) Every exit sign shall have word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letter not less than
150 meter high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimetre
wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background.
4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.
5) Illuminated signs be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts
each.
4.2.5. Fire Escape Staircase
Figure 139: the location of fire escape staircase in SSTwo Mall
Fire escape staircase provides victims a path to escape out of the building to the
assembly point when emergency or fire happen through a safer way. According to the
Fire escape staircase in SSTwo Mall
77. building law, a building should have at least two means of exists consists of separate
exits or doors that leads to a corridor or other space.
Analysis:
Under UBBL 1984 Section 168: Staircases.
1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of
egress via at least two separate staircases.
2) Staircase shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not
being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall
accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it
calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-
Laws.
3) The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but
handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75
millimetres.
4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length
including at landings.
5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall
at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.
78. 5. Conclusion
SS Two mall is the building that we had chosen for our study building for all
the system or service which include Mechanical ventilation system, Electrical supply
system, Mechanical transportation system and also Fire protection system. This
Project required us to learn, research and explore the building services in a
functioning commercial building of 21st
century. It also required that the building
must at least 4 stories. The system at SS two mall all run at the same time which
supporting and linking each other in the building.
This project let us learn a lot for example identifying and also study about the
process or the equipment of all the system and also the function of each equipment.
This project also let us know that actually to build and create all the system, it takes a
lot of space. Besides that, the positioning, placing and the way it build must follow the
procedure, UBBL and must be based on standard/ rules that has been set up by
government. Now we all know that to design a building with applying all the services
or system is not as easy as we design a building with a good shape or good design.
Lastly, through this project we got learn a lot of thing, we all are very thankful
that we all now can understand well about the building services. In a group of 6
people, we work very closely to gather all the best information of the building
services in SS two mall. Honestly, we are very thankful that we can learn and
experiencing this project.
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