Bs2 assignment

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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
BACHELOR IN QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS)
BUILDING SERVICES 2 (BLD 60503)
Lecturer: Dr. Kam Kenn Jhun
Case Study: One City Sky Park, USJ 25
Calvin Chin Wei Long: 0326086
Claire Celine Dorothee Lasne: 0325486
Haji Muhammad Syafiq Bin Haji Abdul Zariful: 0314702
Hazim Bin Abdul Aziz: 0315773
Yap Hong Wai: 0325228

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Table of Contents
Content Page
1.0 Introduction 3
2.0 Purpose of The Building as A Case
Study
4
3.0 Air Conditioning system 5-14
4.0 Vertical Transportation 15-36
5.0 Fire Protection System 37 -
48
6.0 Electrical Supply Systems 49-51
7.0 Conclusion 52
8.0 Reference 52-55

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1.0 Introduction
Figure 1: One City Logo
One city, also commonly known as One City Sky Park, is a multipurpose
building development, occupying approximately 311608 square meters of
freehold land. The development comprises of shop-offices, Grade A office suites,
retail lots, serviced apartments, corporate offices, shopping malls and hotels. It
was estimated that the gross development value (GDV) of the entire project is at
RM5 billion. This integrated mixed development by One City Properties Sdn.
Bhd., can be located at Jalan USJ 25/1, 47650, Subang Jaya, Selangor and it can
be easily accessed through highways such as, ELITE, LDP.
Photograph 1: One City Sky Park
One of the main attractions of this green building is the up-to-date
appearance, like the see-through elevators, column free Sky Walk etc. With just
12 floors, it consists of 222 office suites on the upper floors and 250 retail shop
lots on the lower floors, where most of the shop lots are restaurants and cafes.

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Photograph 2: Site Plan
2.0 Purpose of The Building as A Case Study
Our search for buildings and complexes ended up in this development as
we find that the buildings are very modern and beautiful as well as it seems to
have green building features. The moment we saw the building, we foresee that
it should be having good and up to date building services. Upon entering the
building, we were happy to note that the buildings were well equipped as
expected. Additionally, the location of the building is easily accessible by all of us
in the group as it is also quite near to our University.

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3.0 Air Condition System
3.1 Water Chiller System (Centralized System)
Figure 2: Water Chiller System
According to the mall that we had visited; Sky Park @One City, the air-
conditioning system which they had applied in the building is water chiller
system (Centralized system). Centralized system is also known as the heating,
ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system which only suitable for large
building, especially commercial buildings like Shopping malls (Sky park @One
City) and it consists of chiller room and cooling tower to operate.
Besides that, this system is excellently high technologized for indoor as
well as vehicular environment comfort. However, this system not just only
providing cool air to remove the thermal energy from a low temperature region
and transfers heat to a high temperature region through a medium to cool the
room, but at the same time, it also helps maintain and balance the air quality
and quantity same goes to remove the unpleasant smell, excessive moisture,
bacteria and heat as well. Other than that, this system usually has air
conditioner monitors to control the air temperature or maybe the automatic
system such as the thermostat. The benefits to use this water chiller system in
this building; it is because it can dehumidify the excessive moisture of the room,
even the edge of the corner but still it’s very efficient.
3.2Water Chiller System with cooling tower

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Figure 3: Refrigeration Cycle
3.3 Refrigeration Cycle and Components
The major components in an air-conditioner are the compressor,
condenser, expansion valve and evaporator. Those components are located
inside the chiller room to process the refrigeration cycle. The compressor is a
motorized equipment that circulates the coolants through the system. However,
for the condenser, it is a part of the system that pressurizes refrigerant to cool it
by changing it from a vapor to a liquid as well as expansion valve is to control
the pressure for the refrigerant. Last is the evaporator which is a system of coils
that, when it's filled with cold refrigerant then cools the air around it as well as
convert the low pressure liquid refrigerant into low pressure vapor refrigerant.

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3.4 AHU Room
The Air Handling Unit (AHU) room is a plant room which is an integrated
piece of equipment consisting of fans, heating and cooling coils, air-control
dampers, filters and silencers. But sadly we couldn’t have a photo of it due to
the management office for this mall is not allowing us to visit it, but still we do
manage to ask some information about the AHU room as well as HVAC system of
this building.
Based on the info that was shared by the management office as well as
our researches, the purpose of this AHU room or equipment is to circulate and
condition the air by collecting and mixing the outdoor air with that returning
from the building space. And then the air mixture will be cooled or heated, after
which it is discharged into the building space through a duct system.
By the way, the chilled water from the cooling coil are taken from the
cooling tower, which is supplied and returned with the specific pipes in the
building. However, the air handler is normally associated with the
heating/cooling (HVAC) systems in commercial buildings. The AHU room, usually
will be mounted on the top of the roof or in large mechanical rooms located in
the building. Not only that, it often has an economic or inlet damper inside the
AHU room which can allow for a small amount of outside air or make-up air to be
pulled in through the air handler. Lastly, the fresh air will be conducted to each
single floor level as well as balancing the quantity and quality of the air inside it.

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3.5 Diffuser
Inside this building (Sky park @ One City), there are 2 types of diffusers which
is:
 Multi-direction
(The blade is individually adjustable which is provided for the positive
directional control of air discharge, so that it can ensure the air
distribution is effective.)
 Linear diffuser
(It is made up from air control blades which is inserted within the slot of
diffuser to control the direction of the air discharge which can be adapted
to the room conditions, however, it is suitable with high cooling load/ air
velocity to the rooms.)
Photograph 3: Multi-direction diffuser Photograph 4: Linear diffuser
Photograph 4: Multi-direction diffuser (Centralized system)

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3.6 Problems and Solutions
3.6.1Problems of Existing Air-Conditioning System
According to this Sky park @ One City Mall, we do discover some of the
problems within it. However, there are two main designs which we had to be
consider about it like the active design and passive design of the building. Active
design strategies are usually used to obtain energy to keep the building in the
comfortable condition and the strategies which include forced-air HVAC systems,
heat pumps, radiant panels or chilled beams, and electric lights. Other than that,
the passive design strategies are used for ambient energy sources electricity or
natural gas, which is included the strategies of day lighting, natural ventilation,
and solar energy.
Active Design Issues
Heat Loss
The air inside the building is usually providing the cooler air and then it will have
mixed with room air in a proportion, then it will be balancing to arrive at the
desired temperature. But because there is any leakage occurs in the ductwork
which is based on the diagrams below, therefore it will cause 20 - 45% of cold
air losing which is supposing transfer to the room then the room will become
warmer or hot.
Photograph 5,6,7: Air leakage of ductwork & unfixed ductwork

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Static Pressure loss or “Head Loss”
The static pressure loss, or also known as “Head Loss” usually will occur when
the fluid is dragged against the walls of the pipe itself. The major head loss
usually will have caused by the fluid going around the corners. However, if it is
through the valves and joints of ductwork and it is called as the minor head loss.
Zones & Air Distribution Equipment
The floor layout of the mechanical air distribution in the Sky park @ One City
Mall is not constructed well. Because the location of the mechanical air
distribution which is installed are mostly neglected the human comfort. The
places which, had I mentioned are in the concourse area, lift waiting area as well
as the corridor. However, the mainly concerns of the concourse area are the
heat gaining from roof glazing.
Cleanliness of Equipment
The mechanical air distribution in the Sky park @ One City Mall is obviously dirty
which I can see, for example the photo stated at below. Due to the dirtiness of
the diffuser and it will also influence the unhealthy air quality which can easy
causes the occupants get ill.
Photograph 8: Dirty Diffuser

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Passive Design Issues
Glazing
The roof glazing of the Sky park @ One City Mall is constructed at the ceiling in
the concourse area which allows transmission of solar radiation into the building.
Because of this, it will cause an increase to the indoor air temperature as well as
when the sunlight and heat are penetrating into the building.
Photograph 9: The roof glazing (At the top floor of building)

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3.6.2 Solutions and Recommendations for Existing Air-
Conditioning System: Active Design Issues
Heat Loss
 The supply ducts must be insulated and well-sealed.
 The leakage of ductwork can be easily detected by using the duct leakage
tester.
 The economizer can apply to preventing the heat loss. (It is a unit that
switch between using outside air, and recycled inside air to improve
indoor air quality by providing more fresh air, however it only requires
less electric energy.)
Photograph 10: Duct Leakage Tester
Figure 4: Economizer

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Static Pressure Loss or “Head Loss”
To reduce the major head loss by: -
 Making the ducts smoother so that it can reduce surface friction of it.
 Reducing the length of the ductwork.
 Increasing the sizes of the ductwork.
 Reducing the air velocity in the ductwork.
To reduce the minor head loss by: -
 To create a layout which is fewer bends, fewer valves, larger radii of
bends, and fittings or other interruptions to air flow in the air ductwork.
Zones & Air Distribution Equipment
To improve the air distribution to achieve the desired and comfort of
temperature, then the layout of mechanical air distribution must be
reconstructed or planned wisely because it is known as the important
components for the building. For keeping the occupants to feel comfortable, we
need to understand where and when that we need to cool and setting up an
appropriate zoning strategy same goes into the HVAC system.
The zoning will occur by providing different cooling rate needs in different area
of the building. For example, at the concourse area which has a lot of occupants
and roof glazing top need to be considered and design with a better distribution
system so that the building can maintain the desired temperature which can let
others feels comfortable in this building.
Figure 5: Good strategy of zoning and air distribution system
Cleanliness of Equipment
 Hire and request the cleaner to clean up the equipment, for example
diffuser and others every twice a month, so that the air quality in the
building is concerned.
 Regular maintaining or checking equipment with the specific technical, so
that the equipment will remain in better condition and function.

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Passive Design Issues
The double glazed glass (Low- E glass) can be substituted by the current
glass which is used as the roof of the concourse area. The Low- E glass
can offer an environment friendly and it can also block away at least 80%
of heat from sunlight to penetrate it but only light can enter into the
building. Therefore, it can provide the building sufficient light and the
desired temperature of the building. Besides that, it also can maintain the
aesthetic value too.
Figure 6: Low E Glass

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4.0 Vertical Transportation System
Photograph 11: Vertical Transportation
One City Sky Park Mall consists of 15 floors (including basement floors)
comprising 222 office suites on the upper floors and 250 retail shop lots
on the lower floors, where most of the shop lots are restaurants and
cafes, the majority of the areas in the building is for commercial purposes
and is considered a commercial type of building. In a building where a big
number of people generally come over daily, it is a must to have efficient
transportation system for them for convenience.
Vertical transportation systems in a building refer to a system that can
carry passengers or freight from one level to another. In this module we
learnt two main types of vertical transportation, which are escalators and
elevators. Both of these two systems serve the same purpose but in a
different way on how they transport the passengers or freight and in each
of them comes a variety different types and designs nowadays as they
seek further improvements aesthetic-wise and efficient-wise since the two
systems were invented. For example, as mentioned before in the
introduction, one of the main attractions of this building is the see-
through elevator.
Figure 8

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4.1 ESCALATORS
When you go to a mall, department store, or airport, people generally use
escalators to get from one floor to another.
Escalator, one of the main types of vertical transportation and can be
described as a continuously moving stairway on an endless loop for
carrying passengers up or down at high volumes through a limited
number of floors.
There're three different types of step width purposes where the limit of
the size can either provide: -
1) One passenger only
2) One passenger and 1 child, side by side
3) Two passengers, side by side
It will provide shorter travel time than elevators because elevator cars are
limited in size and passengers have to wait longer for the service.
These are commonly used in high density areas or where sudden traffic
surges are expected at times; most notably, for shopping malls.
The mall consists of 3 different types of escalators with 16 numbers in
total: -
Type 1:
(Assumed to be) One - way traffic, Single unit arrangement
It is used to link two levels. This arrangement is suitable for buildings with
Figure 9: 1 way traffic
passenger traffic flowing mainly in one direction. It requires more space
than the interrupted arrangement.
The assumption is to be explained later on.

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Type 2:
Two-way-traffic Crisscross, continuous arrangement
The arrangement allows customers to travel quickly to upper floors
Figure 10: 2 way criss cross
without any waiting time and is used mainly in major department stores,
public buildings and public transport buildings where transport times
between several levels should be kept to a minimum. Travels in two
directions to limit the traveling time between floors. This type is widely
used in shopping malls and now being used more and more in
government institutes and public places.
Type 3:
Two-way-traffic, Continuous arrangement
Figure 11: 2 way continuous
It is used mainly in smaller department stores to link three sales leves. It
requires more space than the interrupted arrangement.

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4.1.1 Research and Specifications
Type 1:
One-way traffic, Single unit arrangement
• 0.6m step width (measured by measuring tape) shows that it achieves
the minimum requirements for the length of the step width which is
about 0.6m - 1.2m. It also tells you that, with the step width being
lesser than 1m, it allows only for one person to stand in each steps.
• Located at one side of the middle of the building with 2 numbers at 1st
floor and 3rd floor, nearby Type 2
Photograph 12: site plan
• Interestingly, the 2nd floor doesn’t have an escalator and instead, a
staircase. In its place of it being called continuous arrangement, we
assumed it to be single unit arrangement which is more reasonable
if we look at the layout between 1st and 2nd floor so in this case we
can refer to it as 'two-way traffic, single unit arrangement in two
different floors (1st & 3rd floor)
Photograph 13 Photograph 14

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Type 2:
Two-way-traffic Crisscross, continuous arrangement
• 1m step width (measured by measuring tape) shows that, as mentioned
in Type 1, it meets the requirements of the step width which ranges
from 0.6m - 1.2m. For the step width to be 1m long makes it
available for two persons to stand side by side.
• Located at the center of the building with 6 numbers starting from
ground floor to 3rd floor. Photograph 16 shows that 2 escalators
are located in each floor.
Photograph 15: Site plan
• This type of escalator allows customers to travel quickly which is the
reason why it’s placed in the middle of the building and only until
3rd floor. From the ground floor to 3rd floor, it is where most of the
shop lots are located and from that point the floor levels above are
for other purposes such as offices which does not really require this
type of escalator for them to travel quickly to floors without any
waiting time where the elevators provides sufficient transportation.
Photograph 16: 2 way Criss Cross elevators
• With the assumption of this type of escalator with low inclination
(assumed to be 30 degrees) the fact that lower inclination provides
highest traveling comfort and maximum safety for the user makes
it reasonable for Type 2(Criss-cross) to be located where there is
high traffic flow.
Photograph 17: 2 way criss cross elevators

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Type 3:
Two-way-traffic Parallel, Continuous arrangement
• 1m step width (measured by measuring tape) which allow two persons
to stand side by side.
• Located at the basement of the building until the ground floor,
specifically from B3 Floor to Ground Floor with 8 numbers (two in
each floor).
Photograph 18: Site plan
• Compared to Type 2, this type of escalator is shorter with proven tests
that we conducted during site visit where it took 17.20s - 17.70s to
travel from one floor to another whereas Type 2 took 30.00s to
30.70s. The difference in time it took between them is about 12.80s
gap which had us assume that the floor level where Type 3 located
is shorter compared to where Type 2 is located.
• This also tells us that the escalators (Type 2 and Type 3) inclination is
different between them where Type 3 has a higher angle than Type
2, a higher inclination (assumed to be 35 degrees) means that it
provides most efficient solution as it requires less space and can be
implemented more cost-effectively.
Photograph 19: 2-way traffic
Photograph 20: 2 way traffic

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4.1.2 Major components in an Escalator
Infrared motion sensor which
indicates which direction that the
passenger should go to, and if the
passenger goes to the wrong side of
the escalator, an alarm will trigger
to warn the person from entering,
the motion sensor's purpose in this
case is only for that and not where
you generally see where the other
purpose is to put the escalator in
motion when the sensor is
triggered which is energy efficient.
The escalator in this building will
be in constant motion.
Photograph 23: BalustradePhotograph 22: Handrail
Photograph 24: Comb plates Photograph 25: Floor plates
Photograph 21: Motion Sensors

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4.2 ELEVATORS
Photograph 26: Elevators
Every day, hundreds of people go to shopping malls, many using the two
main types of vertical transportation, Elevators and Escalators.
Elevators are, like Escalators, a type of transportation that gets you to
point A from point B. Can be described as a moving platform or cage for
carrying passengers or freight from one level to another. Most modern
elevators are propelled by electric motors, with the aid of a
counterweight, through a system of cables and sheaves (pulleys).
Photograph 27: site plan
One City Sky Park mall consists of 20 lifts in total which includes 4 fire-
fighter lifts.

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Lift arrangement - 3.67m width in-between. (measured roughly by
measuring tape)
6 traction lifts (Lift Lobby 1),
2 fire-fighter lifts
6 traction lifts (Lift Lobby2),
4 traction lifts (Office Lift Lobby)
1 fire-fighter lifts
3 traction lifts, 1 fire-fighter lift
Photograph 28: zoomed site plan
Photograph 29: zoomed site plan 2
Photograph 30: zoomed site plan 3

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There’re different types of elevators and the two that are mostly
well known are:
1.Traction Lifts - Traction lifts consist of a lift car and a counterweight
attached to separate ends of a cable which travels over a large
pulley wheel called a Sheave at the top of the lift shaft. The
counterweight and the lift are intended to balance each other out
which means that only a small amount of power is needed to move
the lift car up and down. The major components of an electric lift
are, machine room, hoist way and pit, lift car and landing. When
the lift car goes up, the counterweight goes down and vice versa.
The lift car and counterweight are usually mounted on guides which
are like rails that run vertically inside the shaft to ensure they do
not stray from their path. It is important that traction elevator
ropes and sheaves are checked for wear on a regular basis.
2.Hydraulic Lifts - Hydraulic lifts are powered using a hydraulic ram rather
than being suspended. They are generally suitable for low-rise
buildings of 2-8 stories. Have a low initial cost and their ongoing
maintenance costs are lower compared to the other elevator types.
However, hydraulic elevators use more energy than other types of
elevators. The environmental risk and high-energy use are two
main reasons that hydraulic elevators are not being installed as
Figure 12: traction lift
section
Figure 13: hydraulic lift cross
section

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In this building we've found two types of elevators which are:
Type 1:
Machine Room-Less elevator
Commonly used around this time. Machine room less elevators
(usually shortened to as M.R.L. or MRL) are a type of traction elevator
which do not require a machine room at the top of the hoist way, instead
the traction hoisting machine is installed either on the top side wall of the
hoist way or on the bottom of the hoist way. In this case the machine is
located at the top side wall of the hoist way. Like normal traction
elevators, machine room less elevators use the conventional steel cord
ropes used as the hoisting cables. Usually serves up to 20 floors.
Figure 14: traction lift section

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Type 2:
Fire-Fighting elevator
It is a lift that the Fire Service can utilize. It will be solely under their
control, that can access all floors and opens into the protected
lobby/corridor, it will have a duplicate power supply.
Figure 15
Fire, heat, and water can cause lifts to malfunction. This can, and has
occurred regardless of fire service control. Fire fighters should expect that
if a lift has been subjected to any of these conditions, a possibility exists
of malfunction.
Photograph 31: Fire Fighting Lift

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4.2.1 Research and Specifications
Type 1:
Machine Room-Less Elevator (MRL)
• The lift can support up to 1365kg which can take up about 20 number of
passengers one time.
Photograph 32: glass elevator
Photograph 33: weightage limit

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• During our site visit we can determine that the type of elevators
that the building uses is a traction elevator (electric) because the
elevator is in a high-rise/mid-rise building, contains sheaves and
cables to move it up and down, to sum it up, it contains a
counterweight which is what a traction elevator should have 99% of
the time.
Through research we have found that there exists a traction elevator
without a counterweight which comprises of at least a control unit and
other components as the support
• The counterweight is attached to opposite ends of hoist ropes. The
hoist ropes pass over the motor that raises and lowers the car. As
we went to the top floor we found out that there is no motor room
and instead the motor is located on the topside wall of the hoist
way and thus the elevator is to be considered as 'Machine Room-
Less Elevator' in which we soon figured it out after we met an
elevator mechanic.
Photograph 34: counter weight

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• During the research on-site we happen to meet an elevator
mechanic (also known as Elevator Installer/Repairer) in which he
was on the process of checking or updating the system.
Fortunately, we were able to informally request the elevator
mechanic to show and talk to us about the elevator system in this
building in which he agreed.
One of the first few things that they showed us is the lift controller
from the outside of the car that can determine whether the lift
functions properly or not. From that they were able to open the landing
door without the lift arriving, the lift happens to be below the floor that
we were in where we were able to have a close-up look of how the top
of the car looks like, interestingly it contains, on what we thought was
a scaffolding and later on we've clarified that it is not what we thought
it was. What the elevator mechanic mentioned is that the component is
called ‘transom’ (upper), other than that we were able to see the
motor since we’re at the top floor and with that we can determine that
the building doesn’t have a motor room. In some cases, the motor
room is located below the lift shaft rather than above it, in this case,
during our research we found out that the lift without a motor room is
called MRL(Machine Room-Less) elevator.
Motor located at the
topside instead of having a
motor room
Photograph 35: top of
elevator
Photograph 36: elevator motor

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He later on mentioned that the possibility of the lift cables from
snapping is extremely unlikely as the suspension cables are made of
high tensile steel and designed to be ten times stronger than they
actually need to be. As long as lifts are inspected regularly, any
damage to cables can be identified and remedied. Even if the cable
was to snap, there is an over speed governor and buffer at the bottom
of the lift shaft which would stop the lift from plummeting
It is also complete with lights and ventilation fans which kept the lift in
bright condition and good ventilation. On a side note, it doesn’t have
elevator railings, which is questionable because railings are generally
required in a lift for the disabled people and for other purposes such as
where handrails in elevators were required for people to hold onto
incase of elevator slippage or falling. Though it is not a must to install
them as it is not under the U.B.B.L requirements.
Photograph 37: Suspension Ropes &Guide Rails
Photograph 38: Lights &
Ventilation fans

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• In case of emergency, this lift provided an intercom button which
allows the communication between the people inside the lift and the
people outside. A bell button is provided that can alert people from
the outside that there are people stuck in the lift.
• Other components:
Lift car Buffer located at
the bottom of the hoist
way.
(The counterweight also
has a buffer)
Landing doors
single speed centre opening.
- opening time is faster than
closing time in which we
assumed where closing time
needs to be slower for safety
purposes
Photograph 39: Keypads
Photograph 40:
Photograph 41

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The lifts that are under the office lift lobby are inaccessible but it is
ensured that (based on the elevator mechanic's explanation) it is the
same type as the ones in the lift lobby 1 & 2 above ground floor which
is a Machine Room-Less Elevator. The only difference is that the lifts in
this lobby operates slightly faster than the others in terms of travel
time.
• U.B.B.L Clauses:
• According to U.B.B.L, Clause 124; for all non-residential buildings
exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least
one lift shall be provided.
• According to U.B.B.L, Clause 152(1), states that 'Every opening in a
lift shafts or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless
other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction
of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not
apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be
approved by the D.G.F.S.
Photograph 42

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Type 2:
Fire-Fighting Elevator
Unfortunately, this type of elevator is inaccessible as the lift is located
where only the staff can enter.
In general specs:
 At least 680kg (9 persons) capacity. (assumption)
 800mm width for doors
 Enables firefighters to use in order to rescue people who may be
trapped on upper floors during an event of fire in a building.
 The elevators are, like typical normal elevators, used for
passengers/freight but comprise of the fireman's service mode.
 In every fire-fighting elevator, Two-power supply is needed, normal
and emergency power generator.
Photograph 43
Photograph 44

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Problem 1
What we have noticed about One City Sky Park Mall throughout the whole
site visit process is that there were no hand railings located in the elevator
lifts. Despite being a shopping mall with attractive appearances, not
having handrails in all the elevators could be a disadvantage for a fair
number of people, like the disabled ones, the elderly, the ones on
crutches, etc. One of the main reasons to have the elevator hand railing is
to avoid one’s self from falling to the floor, which is highly unsafe.
It is also aesthetic in value as well as practical. Having said that, handrails
in elevators are not a requirement under UBBL.
Photograph 45: Lift with no hand railings inside
Solution 1
As a solution to this problem, we recommend the One City Sky Park
shopping mall manager to install hand railings to each escalators to
prevent any unnecessary inconvenience from happening and also to make
it a more disabled-friendly multipurpose building/shopping mall.

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Problem 2
Another problem noted during our site visit, was that escalator type 1 was
not functioning. This situation is very dangerous as the nosing of each
step on the escalators are almost very sharp and solid that it is risky to
use when it is not functioning. In case of impact, there could be major
injuries, most probably fractures on the shin of the victim using the
escalator.
Photograph 46: Shopper using broken escalator as stairs
Solution 2
In order to solve this problem and to avoid any potential physical damage
to shoppers, the escalator should be closed when not working or
functioning. There should also be placed a signage to warn shoppers that
the escalator is not functioning or under repair etc.

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Problem 3
Another problem we noticed during the site visit was that the motion
sensors on the basement escalators was not functioning the way it is
supposed to function. In most other green buildings, motion sensors are
used on escalators to preserve energy by switching them off automatically
when it is not in use. Instead, the motion sensors on basement escalators
were used to only warn users that it is operating on an opposite direction
by making alert sounds.
Photograph 47: The motion sensors concerned
Solution 3
To solve this problem and to avoid any unnecessary wastage of electricity,
we would like to recommend to the property manager to change the
motion sensors to the ones with the same functions as other escalators.
This in turn will enhance the features of this so-called green building.

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5.0 Fire Protection System
Fire protection system is a ways that prevent fire to harm the occupants
and property. It prevents the fire spread around the whole building,
prevent the fire to become a massive fire and minimize or prevent the
death of occupants and the destructive of property. There are 3 factors to
start the fire. The 3 factors are oxygen, fuel and heat. Without one the
factor, the fire will not start. Fire protection system categories into two
methods: Active fire protection and passive fire protection method.
5.1 Active Fire Protection Method
Active fire protection method is a method of protecting the building or
structure from fire. It can be either automatic or operate manual
(Densing, 2015). The examples of active fire protection method are fire
alarm, sprinkler, hose reel, fire extinguisher and so on.
5.1.1 Fire Extinguisher
 Fire extinguisher is very important in the fire protection system. It
is used to put off fires to prevent the fire from growing to a full
scale fire. It is made of steel and treated to avoid corrosion. The
weight of the fire extinguisher is design to be light to enable
personnel to hold and use it when fire occurs.
 It should be place at a conspicuous location, such as: near the
corridor, beside the exit door, stairways and so on. The fire
extinguisher should be place within the recessed closets to prevent
the obstruction.
Photograph 48: dry powder fire extinguisher use in One City Sky
park.

38
5.1.2 Fire Alarm System
 Fire alarm system is design to warn the occupants that there is fire
somewhere within the building or a structure. The fire alarm will
initiate when there’s a fire. It allows the firefighting action before
the fire is out of control.
Photograph 49: Fire alarm system that locate in the basement
parking in the One City Skypark.

39
5.1.3 Fire Alarm System – Manual Call Point
 Manual call point is often the most recognizable component of a fire
alarm system. (Centre, 2011)
 It is usually the most visible part of the system and the look of the
call point is iconic and synonymous with fire safety. (Centre, 2011)
 It should be installed at a height 1.2m above the floor access level
for the personnel to easy access. It should be installed at a
conspicuous place, entry of floor landings of staircases and at all
exit at the open air. The distance of the installation for every
manual call point should be 30m maximum.
Photograph 50: manual call point beside the fire door.
Photograph 51: fragile element that cover the alarm.
Photograph 52: Fire alarm bell.

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5.1.4External Fire Hydrant
 External fire hydrant should be served at least for every 91.5m
from the nearest point for firefighting engine to access. It consists
of a system of pipe-work connected directly to the water supply
mains to provide water to each and every hydrant outlets and allow
the fire fighter to fight the fire.
 The external hydrant locate at One City Sky park is 2-ways external
hydrants.
Photograph 53: external fire hydrant located outside the One City
Sky park.
Photograph 54: show the fire hose that locate beside the external
fire hydrant.

41
5.1.5 Breeching Inlet
 Breeching inlet is a valve that allows the firefighting engine to
pump the water into the pipe and supply the water to landing valve
to fight the fire within the building. It should be enclosed into the
metal box and marked with the word “Dry/Wet riser inlet”.
 It shall be located not more than 18m from the fire appliance
access road and not more than 30m from the nearest external fire
hydrant. The breeching inlet use in One City Sky park is wet riser
breeching inlet.
Photograph 55: shows the breeching inlet for wet riser and
sprinkler system.
5.1.6 Hose Reel
 Hose reel is a fire fighting first aid for occupant to fight the fire
during the early stages of fire. It consist of hose reel pumps, fire
storage (hose reel) tank, hose reels, pipe works and valves. It must
be located to the place that stays away from the fire, such as:
staircase. The coverage of hose is 30m and should be install one
hose every 800m2 of floor space.
Photograph 56, 57: hose reels located at the ground floor and
basement parking in the One City Skypark.

42
Figure 16: the installation of the hose reel system.
The figure taken from (qecpak)
5.1.7 Voice Communication System
 Voice communication system is a device for large building and high
rise building. The device is for emergency purpose. It is used as a
communication device for fire brigades.
Photograph 58: shows the voice communication installed near the
staircase.
5.1.8 Fireman Switch
 The fireman switch is design to turn off neon-lighting or other
hazardous electrical equipment in case of fire. (Oy, 2012) These
fireman switch will mostly place outside the wall and it should be
easily spotted by people.
Photograph 59: fireman switch that is placed on the wall of One
City Sky park mall.

43
5.1.9 Wet Riser System
 Wet riser system is constantly filled with water, which is different
from the dry riser system. The water supply pressure for pumping
the water is 410 kPa at the highest landing valve and gives a flow
rate of 2.3 l/s. One City Sky park is using the wet riser system
because the height of the building is exceed 30.5m but less than
70.5m.
Photograph 60: show the One City Skypark use the wet riser
system.
Photograph 61: landing valve for wet riser system.

44
5.1.10 Smoke Detector
 Smoke detectors initiates when the smoke is run inside the detector
and initiates the alarm to warn the occupant who nearby the area.
It should be install every 100m2 and sited not less than 25mm or
more than 600mm below ceiling or roof.
Photograph 62: smoke detector that fit in the lift lobby.

45
5.1.11 Sprinkler System
 A system that is used to control, detect and extinguish fires in case
of an emergency. It also warns the occupants that there are nearby
fire. It is an automatic fire suppression system which uses a range
of designed pipe work fixed inside a building and water as the
firefighting agent.
 It consists of fire pumps, water storage tanks, control valve sets,
sprinkler heads, flow switches, pipework and valves. The sprinkler
head is act as a fire detector and the discharge point of water.
Photograph 63: sprinkler system install in One City Skypark.
Photograph 64: sprinkler system inside the basement parking.

46
Photograph 65: sprinkler system is install at the bottom of
escalator.
5.2 Passive Fire Protection Method
Passive fire protection method is an integral component of structural fire
protection in a building. It is design to contain the fire or slow their
spread. The purpose of passive fire protection method is to contain the
spread of fire by using the resistant wall, fire door and floors to get
enough time for the occupants escape the building, and give the fire
brigade got sufficient time to fight with fire. (Sutton, 2011)
5.2.1 Fire Escape Route
 Fire escape route is a type of emergency exit for the occupants to
escape from the building. The travel distance to escape out of the
building must be as short as possible. It should be counted from
the farthest point of the room to the door to a protected stairway or
the building exit.
Photograph 66: escape plan for Level 1 and Level Roof Top.

47
5.2.2 Firefighter Lift
 For the building where the topmost occupied floor level is over
18.5m above the fire appliances access level, the emergency lift
should be installed in the building. The purpose of emergency lift is
to enable the fire fighter to go any floor level in the case of a fire.

Photograph 67: the fireman lift in the building.
5.2.3 Compartmentation
 Compartmentation is to subdivide the building by using the fire
resistant wall, compartment wall or compartment floors in the high
rise building. For Terrence or semi-detached houses, it acts as a
separating wall to separate the building.
 It helps the building to contain the fire and slow the spread of fire
within the building to prevent fire spread to another building and
enable the occupant to escape from the building.
Photograph 68: fire door that install in One City Sky park.

48
5.3 Problem of Fire Protection System
 This is one of the problem in the One City Sky Park. The door for
the wet riser system room are broken. The landing valve are
thrown on to the floor and the room is very dirty.
Photograph 69: Wet riser (broken)
Solution of Fire Protection System
 The solution for this wet riser system room is that the door
should be fix it properly, and the landing valve should fix on the
wall so that the occupant or fire fighter can use the landing
valve when occur in fire.
Photograph 70

49
6.0 Electrical Systems
Electricals systems mean all the installation of cabling underground or
over ground in a building. The objective is to transmit all the energy from
an electrical distribution or any other electricity supply to every electrical
apparatus
An electric power distribution system is the final step in the processes.
The electricity comes from the transmission systems to the individual
consumers. The voltage is more important at the station than the
customer delivery.
Figure 17: design for electrical distribution
Figure 16 on top explains the design for electrical distribution for a city or
a town. Electricity is generated from the generating station or power
plant. We can find different kind of generating stations. Some are with
thermal power plant, hydropower plant and nuclear power plant. The
power goes through a distribution grid that works by dividing the electrical
power into networks that supply electrical power to every building.
The electricity supply to city sky park mall comes from Tenaga Nasional.
This is the largest Electric company in Malaysia and also the largest power
company in Southeast Asia. Tenaga Nasional activities are the generation,
transmission and distribution of electricity.
Photograph 71: Substation
The first system we found in the mall was the sub-station. It’s a high
voltage electric system which is used to convert, transform and control
electrical power. It also can be used to transform alternating current to
direct current or to the other way.
Figure 18: TNB

50
Then, after the sub-station, the current is going to the tranformer. Below,
the picture of the transformer room.
Inside the transformer room we can find a step-up or step-down
transformer. This one is a step-down transformer. It’s used to convert a
system’s voltage from one level to another.
In the transformater the current is alternating. It varies in both magnitude
and direction ans consists of three overlapping currents.
Photograph 72: Transformer Room
When the current has been transformed by the transformer, it’s going to
travel into the Main Switch Board. The role of a switchboard is to allow the
division of the current delivered to the switchboard into smaller currents.
There is also a sub-switchboard but it’s mainly for smaller buildings.
Photograph 73: Main Switch Board
We found several distribution panels. One was found in the basement and
the other one at the ground floor.
A panel distributes power to the consuming loads. It’s an assembly of
switches and circuit protection devices that serves final distribution point.
The distribution panels are enclosed and are sheet steel fabricated
Photograph 74 : distribution
panel

51
Problem
We found in the mall several insecurities problems. There are some cables
which should be protected by a protection. Everybody can touch it and
that’s a danger for the customers.
Photograph 75
Solution
The solution to this problem is that we recommend them to for example
use this kind of equipment shown below to hide all the exposed cables,
which could be dangerous to others.
Figure 19

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7.0 Conclusion
Throughout this whole case study process, we have learned numerous
types of building services in our chosen site, One City Sky Park, in USJ 25.
All of the building services include ventilation systems, vertical
transportation systems, fire protection systems, and lastly, the electrical
supply systems. We managed to gain knowledge briefly on each chapters
of the course module.
The One City Sky Park mall was a good choice we made, considering it is
a green building with modern appearances. Having said that, all of the
building services are up-to-date, which in turn leads us to many new
systems to discover and do research on.
Despite it being a good choice, there are still some characteristics of the
building that does not fulfill the requirements of a good building. For
instance, the motion sensors of some escalators are not functioning as to
how other green buildings do, which could lead to high electrical
wastages. we really do hope that the property management of One City
Sky Park mall to make some improvements to enhance the buildings
energy efficient characteristics.
Throughout this whole assignment process, we have also learned some
teamwork related skills, which includes, brainstorming, decision making
on which site to choose, task dividing between each members,
cooperating with group members, and etc.

53
8.0 References
 Centre, S. (2011, August 22). Siting of Manual Call
Points. Retrieved from thesafetycentre.co.uk:
http://www.thesafetycentre.co.uk/blog/siting_of_ma
nual_call_points.php
 Densing, J. (2015, October 26). What is Active Fire
Protection? Retrieved from
http://www.wisegeek.com/:
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-active-fire-
protection.htm
 Oy, A. (2012). Fireman switch. Retrieved from
library.e.abb.com:
https://library.e.abb.com/public/d201a5400aa23001
c1257a52004a72d9/2CMC341001L0201.pdf
 qecpak. (n.d.). Fire Fighting Systems | Fire
Protection Systems - Pakistan. Retrieved from
qecpak.com:
http://qecpak.com/firefightingsystems.html
 Sutton, T. (2011, January). Passive Fire Protection.
Retrieved from www.firesafe.org.uk:
https://www.firesafe.org.uk/about/

54
 Beck, J. (2013, November 27). Why Broken
Escalators Throw Off Our Balance. Retrieved
November 24, 2015, from
http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/11/
why-broken-escalators-throw-off-our-
balance/281731/
 Basic Elevator Components - Part One. (n.d.).
Retrieved November 24, 2015, from
http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-
elevator-components-part-one.html
 Elevator/ escalator not working. (n.d.). Retrieved
http://forum.wordreference.com/threads/elevator-
escalator-not-working.2949812
 Electric Power eTool: Illustrated Glossary:
Substations. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2015,
from
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/ill
ustrated_glossary
 Escalator Products | Vibrant Elevators Pvt. Ltd.
(n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2015, from
http://vibrantelevators.com/escalator.php
 Elevator | vertical transport. (n.d.). Retrieved
http://global.britannica.com/technology/elevator-
vertical-transport Fireman's elevator. (n.d.).
http://elevation.wikia.com/wiki/Fireman's_elevator

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 3.2 High Rise Buildings. (n.d.). Retrieved November
24, 2015, from
http://merseyfire.learnprouk.com/LMS/user/courses/
465/page_20.html
 Liften op maat van de klant - ALE - All Lift
Engineering. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2015,
from http://www.alelift.be/roltrappen.asp?menu=3
 Machine room less elevator. (n.d.). Retrieved
http://elevation.wikia.com/wiki/Machine_Room_Less
_Elevator
 Thread: Are handrails required in elevators. (n.d.).
http://www.thebuildingcodeforum.com/forum/elevat
ors/6974-handrails-required-elevators.html
 What are some reasons to close an escalator that
isn't working, instead of allowing people to use it as
stairs? (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2015, from
https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-reasons-to-
close-an-escalator-that-isnt-working-instead-of-
allowing-people-to-use-it-as-stairs
 (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2015, from
http://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-
systems/vertical-circulation/elevatortypes.html

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