Framing an Appropriate Research Question 6b9b26d93da94caf993c038d9efcdedb.pdf
Bs report
1. Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours)
Building Services 2
(BLD60503)
Group Assignment
Group Members:
Name Student ID
Kiew Chee Yuan 0323297
Tan Jia San 0322406
Lettitia Lois Hiew 0323908
Chin Ke Ni 0324021
Gillian Chong 0323941
Elissa Chang Yuh Ting 0326909
Boon Li Ying 0323839
Michelle Tung 0324175
Alan Chung JiaZen 0321487
Calvin Wong Ping Ket 0322481
2. Table of Content
Elements Page No.
Introduction 3-4
Objective 5
Acknowledgement 6
Case Study: Subang Parade 7-84
Problems and Recommendations 85-87
Conclusion 88
Reference 89-91
3. Introduction
SubangParade isthe firstevershoppingmall tobe constructedin Subang Jaya when
constructedin1987 and openedin13th
of August1988. It was alsothe longestmall inSouth-
East Asia at that time. The 3 storey 1,169,038sq ft mall is approximately equivalent to 28
football fieldsandcurrentlyhousesupto122 tenants.Ithasan occupancypercentage of 93%
and a visitortrafficof 9.2 millionperannum.
The mall is located at SS16 in Subang Jaya’s commercial hub, which is a short 25
minutes’ drive from Kuala Lumpur. Its strategic location is neighbourhood focused and
provides itspatronswithamix of bothvalue andconvenience.In2011, the mall introduceda
new tenant, MBO Cinemas, which had further enhance the variety of the mall and thus also
increasingthe numberof patrons.
SubangParade will alsoundergoanassetenhancementinitiative(AEI)thisyearwhich
can boostthe tenable areafrom 507,150 sq ft to 527,150 sq ft, an increase of 3%. The AEI is
expectedtocomplete in2018.
However with respect to the on-going improvements, Subang Parade faces a lot of
intense competition from nearbymalls including Empire Shopping Gallery, Aeon Big Subang
Jaya, Courtyard SS15, Summit USJ, Da Men Mall, and of course the ever popular Sunway
Pyramid. These newer and bigger malls have a leading advantage which Subang Parade will
needtocatch upto, whichiswhywe are committedinourcase studyintoSubangParade.
4.
5. Objectives
Thiscase studyintothe systemsandoverall constructionof Subang Parade allowsus
to paint the bigger picture into what we have been studying. This assignment give us the
opportunity to practice and widenour understanding into the various systemsthat we have
learnt.
The assignment’sprimaryobjectivesare toenable ustofullydescribe the purposeof
the building.Next,itallowsusto identifyandexplainthe existingtypesof systememployed
inthe building.Furthermore,itprovidesuswithkeyproblemstothe existingsystemsandgive
usthe opportunitytocome up withrecommendationsandsolutionstosolveandenhancethe
pre-existing system. Lastly, it provides an opportunity for us to justify our findings and
recommendthe bestsystemforthe building.
6. Acknowledgement
Firstly, we would like to express our gratitude to Mr. Mohammad Nizam, from the
management of Subang Parade, for givenus permissionto visit Subang Parade and observe
the buildingservicessystem.Mr.MohammadNizamhasprovidedgoodhospitalityduringour
visitand givenushis precioustime. He alsoprovidesthe detailedinformationandexplainto
us one by one whenwe’re caringoutourcase study.
Next, we would also like to thank our lecturer, Mr. Kam, for giving us a golden
opportunity to understand more about the topics we had studied through this case study.
During this case study, Mr. Kam had given us lots of advice and guide us to the right path.
Lastly,we wouldlike toextendourgratitude toeachof our groupmembers,forparticipating
inthisassignment.
7. CASE STUDY: Subang Parade
1.0 LITERATUREREVIEW
Air-conditioning systems are often installed into a building to achieve thermal
comfort and better indoor air quality. It is the process of altering the properties of air
such as temperature, humidity, circulation, and air quality.
For this assignment, we chose Subang Parade Shopping Centre as our case study
building. It is a 4 leveled shopping mall with over 200 stores that requires a huge
amount of cooling load to be evenly distributed to the stores of each floors. Thus, the
building is installed with a centralized air-conditioning systemto serve the purpose.
Centralized air-conditioning system is used where the air condition can be the
same throughout the various parts of a building. It has one centralized source of which
distributes conditioned air through a network of ductwork and involves 2 common
cycles which are refrigeration cycle and air cycle.
Using electricity as its power source, the refrigerant flows through a closedsystem
of refrigeration lines between the indoor unit and the outdoor unit. Warm air from
the building is pulled into the ductworks by a motorized fan. The refrigerant is pumped
from the exterior compressor coil to the interior evaporator coil, where it absorbs the
heat from the air. The cooled air is then pushed through connecting ducts to vents
throughout the building, lowering the interior temperature. The refrigeration cycle
repeats continuously to keep the building cool.
Air cycle is a process which distributes treated air into a room. Latent heat inside
the room is removed when returned air goes through the ducts or chilled water pipes.
Thus, the heat inside the room is removed and the internal air will slowly become
cooler.
8. OPERATION SYSTEM
Figure 2.2(a) Diagram of air-conditioning system
The schematic diagramof Subang Parade Shopping Mall’s air-conditioning system
is found insidethe plant room located outside of the shopping mall which includes the
chillers, compressors, distributor pumps, condenser pumps and chiller pumps. Chilled
air is transported into the mall through ducting systems, and is then distributed
through the diffusers.
The Operation System of a Centralized air-conditioning system :
COOLING TOWER
- To cool down the warm water pumped up by the condenser
- Condenser is used to absorb the heat from the chiller water loop
- Water is cooled down and ready to circulate while the heat is
released into the atmosphere
CHILLER
- To transfer heat from AHU to condenser
- After heat is transferred to the condenser, the chilled water is
pumped up to AHU
9. AIR HANDLING SYSTEM
- Acts to heat, cool, humidify, dehumidify, filter, and distribute air
AIRDUCT
- Acts as a distributor of the air from AHU to rooms that requires
cooling down
DIFFUSER
- Openings or medias where it is used to release fresh air
RETURN AIRDUCT
- Acts as a media to return the polluted or warm air back to AHU to
be cooled and filtered
10. COOLING TOWER
Cooling towers uses evaporation of water to reject heat from the system. The
function of the cooling tower is to cool the warm water from the chiller condenser.
Following the central air-conditioning systemcycle, the heat from rooms in a building
is transferred to chilled water, which is then transferred into the refrigerant, and
finally to the cooling water while the heat is transferred to the atmosphere.
Figure 2.3(a) Location of Cooling Tower
There are 6 cooling towers in Subang Parade Shopping Mall, each tower can hold
up to 800 tons of water. The cooling towers are located on the roof top level as the
rooftop has access ofnatural winds. As the cooling towers are located within the flows
of natural winds in the building site, it would help the performance of the cooling
tower to fully utilize natural convection.
Subang Parade Shopping Mall uses packaged cooling tower which is used mostly
in buildings with low heat rejection requirements due to the limited capacity of a
packaged cooling tower. It utilizes the mechanical draft cross flow. The cooling rates
of a mechanical draft tower depends on their fan speed and sizes which can be
adjusted based on the needs of the building.
The design of the cooling tower is shaped like a box. Condensed water is pumped
from the chiller room located at level LG2 to the top of the cooling tower, then
distributed to the sides and drops through small holes. Plastic air intake louvers at the
sides of the cooling tower allows the water to spread out while dropping. The air
11. outside is sucked into the tower by the fans located at the top. The incoming air comes
into contact with the dropping water, and is cooled. Cooled water is collected at the
bottom of cooling tower and is pumped out circulating through the chiller. The heat
from the chiller is transferred to it while the warm water returns back to the top of
the cooling tower and the cycle starts again.
Figure 2.3(b) Diagram of a cooling tower
According to MS 1525 code 8.8 :
“The systemdesign should provide means for balancing the air and water systemsuch
as but not limited to dampers. Temperature and pressure test connection and
balancing valves.”
Fan Stack
CDWR (Condensed
Water Return), from
chilled water loop
CDWS (Condensed
Water), ready to re-
circulate
12. WATER TANK
The water tank is positioned across/opposite of the cooling tower. They are
connected together due to the occurrence of water shortage. For example,
amounts of water may be lost when heat is released by evaporation. Thus, the
water tank’s function is to add on or make up the amount of water lost.
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
Figure 2.4(a) Schematic diagram of water chiller system
13. The chilled water system of the mall uses water as refrigerant and 134A gas
(Tetraflouroethane) as the absorbent. Chilled water systems are used in big buildings
due to its efficiency and size as it only requires a small amount of space. The chiller
room is located at the basement as the operation produces loud noises that causes
disturbance towards the occupants. There are 7 chillers altogether which consists of
4 small chillers (400 tons), 1 medium chiller (800 ton), and 2 large chillers (1500 tons).
When the water passes through the evaporator, it is cooled by the refrigerant.
Then, it passes through the compressor and condenser, rejecting the heat to the
ambient air. After heat is released, the chilled water is cooled down to a relatively low
temperature between 6℃ and 8℃.
The chilled water is then transported to different levels that consists 2 parts of
the system, which is the Air Handling Unit (AHU) and the Fan Coil Unit (FCU). Chilled
water flows through the cooling unit in FCU, and absorbs the heat from the blower in
AHU or FCU. Then, the chilled water is pumped back to the chiller through the Chilled
Water Pump (CHWP) for re-circulation.
15. EVAPORATOR
Evaporator converts refrigerant liquid to gas, absorbing heat from the air in
the compartment. Heat is removed as the refrigerantabsorbs heat from the warm
air. Then, the refrigerant vaporizes, absorbing the maximum amount of heat. This
heat is then carried by the refrigerant from the evaporator as a low-pressure gas
to the low side of the compressor, where the refrigeration cycle is repeated.
COMPRESSOR
The compressor circulates the refrigerant in the system under pressure as it
concentrates the heat it contains. Refrigerant is transported into the compressor
and changes low pressured gas into high pressured gas. Then, the high pressured
gas will be transferred to the condenser. The compressor has reed valves to
control the entering and exiting of refrigerant gas during the pumping operation
to prevent gas leaking.
CONDENSER
Condenser receives high pressured gas fromthe compressor and converts gas
into liquid. The air passing over the condenser coils carries off the heat which
causes the gas to condense. As the compressor subjects the gas to the increased
pressure, the heat intensity of the refrigerant is concentrated, thus rises the
temperature of the refrigerant. Clogged condenser fins will affect the
performance of the condenser and decreases its efficiency.
16. THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE
Thermal expansion valve removes pressure from the liquid refrigerant to
allow expansion to change liquid into vapor in the evaporator. It controls the
amount of refrigerant that flows into the evaporator and is often referred as
“metering services”.
Expansion valves are flow-restricting devices that causes a pressure drop in
the working fluid. The high pressured liquid refrigerant can be verified as warm
by feeling the liquid line at its connection to the expansion valve. The reduced
pressure of the liquid refrigerant is at its coldest as it leaves the expansion valve
and enters the evaporator.
CONDENSER PUMP & CHILLED WATER PUMP
There are 2 types of pumps in a chilled water system, which is the condenser
pump, and the chilled water pump.
Chilled Water Distribution Pump Condenser Water Pump
17. CONTROL PANELS
The control panels of Subang Parade is located in the Plant Room outside the
mall. They are manually controlled and requires the technician’s supervision. The
panels also indicates the temperatures and pressures of each system.
Figure 2.4.6(a) Main Air-conditioning Control Desk
.
18. AIR HANDLING UNIT(AHU)
Air Handling Unit (AHU) are the lungs of a HVAC system. It is a device that
regulates and circulates air as part of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning
system. AHU is a big air cooling machine which supplies cooled air to rooms or
buildings.
The main components in AHU are Air Filters, Coils, Dampers, Fans, Mixing
Chamber and Humidifiers.
Figure 2.5(a) Location of AHU in Subang Parade Mall lower ground floor
19. AHU takes in outside air, recondition it and supply it as fresh air through air ducts,
supply air grilledand diffusers to the building. All exhaust air is removed, which creates
an acceptable indoor air quality. Air is heated by a heating coil or cooled by a cooling
coil depending on the required temperature.
Furthermore, when the hygienic requirements for air quality of the building are
getting low, some of the air from the rooms can be re-circulated via a mixing chamber
thus resulting significant energy savings. Mixing chambers have dampers to control
the ratio between the return, outside and exhaust air.
Besides that, there are 67 units of manually operated Air Handling Unit (AHU) and
each AHU controls the air conditioning of 5 shops. The air supplied and return is
approximately 23℃ and the temperature of air supplied is controlled by a thermostat.
Moreover, the AHU will shut down automatically when there is fire emergency or
manually stopped by pressing a release button located in the control room. Blockages
from heavy objects or the accumulation of pollutants may cause damages. Therefore,
maintenance is required every two months.
20. Figure 2.5(b) Thermostat of AHU in Subang Parade Mall
According to MS 155 code 8.6, Air handling duct system insulation :
“All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings should be adequately
insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour
barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.”
AIR FILTERS
Air filters are used to remove allergens, suspended dust, dirt particles and other
impurities out of the airto prevent any damages to the coils and fan.It’s common sizes
are usually 2” to 4” thick, but larger AHUs are normally followed by a thicker set of
filters that cleans the air to a certain degree. When the two sets of filters work
together, they are called “Pre Filters and Final Filters”.
21. Figure 2.5.1 Air Filters
COOLING COILS
The coils are made out of copper for the tubes, with copper or aluminum fins to
aid heat transfer. Cooling coils are connected to the chiller where water is supplied
through Chilled Water Supply (CHWS) from the chiller and warm water will be
returned to chiller through Chilled Water Return (CHWR).
Figure 2.5.2 Cooling Coils
22. DAMPERS
Dampers are commonly found in larger AHUs and can be opened or closed to
allow differing amounts of air to pass into and out from certain openings.
FAN
It is a large squirrel cage blower run by an A/C induction electric motor that
constantly circulates the air. The blower may operate at a single speed, offer variety
of set speeds, or be driven by a Variable Frequency Drive to allow a wide range of air
flow rates. There are two fans in an AHU room which are fan that blow air to go
through the cooling coils and supply fan that blow air into the supply duct.
MIXING CHAMBER
In order to maintain indoor air quality, Air Handling Unit (AHU) have provisions to
allow the introduction of outside air to flow into, and the exhausting of air from the
building. In temperature climates, mixing the actual amount of cooler outside air with
warmer return air can be used to approach the desired supply air temperature.
Therefore, a mixing chamber has dampers to control the ratio between the return,
outside and exhaust air.
23. HUMIDIFIERS
There are humidifiers is each of the Air Handling Unit (AHU). It dispersesteaminto
the air stream helping to maintain a healthy and comfortable amount of humidity in
the areas of the building that it serves.
DIFFUSERS
SUPPLY AIR DIFFUSERS
Diffusers are designed to distribute equal amount of air into the rooms of Subang
Parade Mall. It does not require any power generation and it improves the efficiency
of the entire air-conditioning system by dividing the distribution of air from AHU
rooms.
There are three types of diffusers applied in the mall, which are square multi-
direction diffuser, linear slotdiffuser and cone diffuser. Most of the diffusers are found
on the floor of offices while some are mounted on the ceiling in public spaces such as
corridors. The diffusers work by capturing air from the fan at AHU and splitting it into
smaller streams forcefully. Tiny streams will allow air to flow smoothly and evenly
throughout the room.
Figure 2.6.1(a) Square
Multi-direction Diffuser
Figure 2.6.1(b) Cone Diffuser
24. Figure 2.6.1(c) Linear Slot Diffuser
RETURN AIR GRILLES
Return Air Grille transports the air back to the specific area in AHU room. It is
covered with metallic grill to cover up the duct behind it and also avoid big objects
from entering the duct that causes damages to the AHU. A filter is alsoinstalledbehind
the grille to trap pollutants.
It works just like a pump as the fan behind the grilles sucks out warm air from the
space. The return air grilles are larger and lesser in numbers compared with the
diffusers.
Figure 2.6.2 Return Air Grilles
25. DUCT SYSTEM
The duct systemis used to transport cooled air from the AHU to the rooms of the
building. The ducts are made out of galvanized steel which is anti-corrosive. There is a
fan or a blower inside the duct system as it is functioned to help the circulation of air.
The components in a duct system are :
VIBRATION ISOLATORS
The air handler is the beginning of a duct system. The blowers located in
the air handler creates noise and substantial vibration, thus transmitting to
the occupants of the building. Therefore, vibration isolators with flexible
sections are installed into the duct before and after the air handler to avoid
this.
VOLUME CONTROL DAMPERS
Volume control dampers is functioned to adjusts the volume of air flow
that is transported to various parts of the ducting system. It may be in manual
or automatic as the zone dampers provides automatic controls in simple
systems while the variable air volume (VAV) allows control in sophisticated
systems.
AIRTERMINALS
Air terminals are the supply of air outlets and the return or exhaust of air
inlets. Diffusers are most common for the supply of air outlets. Grilles and
residences registers for very small HVAC systems are also widely used.
26. PIPE SYSTEM
The pipe system in the AHU room are connected to the chiller plant room. The
pipe brings in cool water for the cooling coils to cool the air, which will be distributed
to the users via the diffusers.
Figure 2.8 Pipe System
According to UBBL: MS 1525:8:5 Pipping Insulation :
“All piping installed to serve buildings and within building should be adequately
insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour
barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.”
27. ANALYSIS ON REQUIREMENT
Under UBBL 1984 section 41: MECHANICAL VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING
(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the
relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights
of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.
(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in
addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative
approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an
hour of the air-conditioning systemfailing, not less that the stipulated volume of fresh
air specifiedhereinafter shallbe introduced into the enclosure during the period when
the air-conditioning system is not functioning.
(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shallapply to buildings which
are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.
(4) Where the permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-
closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the
requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws
relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories,
water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.
28. 2.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Literature review
A fire protection system is very important in shopping complex as it is to ensure the safety of the
public. The reason to it is that it plays a vital role in minimizing the impact caused towards the
properties of the mall in terms of structures and also putting lives in safety. In Subang Parade Mall,
both active and passive fire protection system are installed to ensure the safety of assets and
occupantswithinthe building.
Active Fire Protection
Active fire protectionisacomponentwhichdetectsandpreventsfire byreactingtoactionor motion
efficiently. These include systems such as water sprinkler, alarm system, and smoke control systems
are commonlyinstalledwithinabuilding.Theycanbe eithermanuallyorautomaticallyoperatedand
function to provide exposure protection and to alarm the occupants in the building to be aware of
occurrence of fire. Fire extinguishers are one of the active fire protections too which requires
manpowerinoperatingit.
Passive Fire Protection
Passive fireprotectionisagroupof systemsthathelpsincontainorslow downthespreadof fire.They
are built-insystemssuchasemergencyfiredoors,goodcirculation,andfire wall whichhelpsinlimiting
and diminishing the damaged done to the building itself and provide enough time for occupants to
evacuate. Subang Parade Mall are installedwith the basic of these systems and had integrated into
the building.Maintenance are notrequiredonce theyare installed.
29. Active Fire Protection
Smoke Detector
Photoelectricsmokedetectorused in Subang ParadeMall
Smoke detectorfunctionto detectfire that is presentand sendsoff warningso people have enough
time to escape. There are two different types of smoke detector which are photoelectric smoke
detectorand ionizationsmoke detector.We foundout that photoelectricsmoke detectorisusedby
Subang Parade Mall after our visitation to the site. This type of smoke detector are usually more
responsivetofiresstartsoff withalongperiodof smolderingwhichisalsoknownas“smolderingfires”.
Photoelectric smoke detector functions using a light source, a light beam collimating system and a
photoelectricsensor.Thissystemisinstalledatall liftlobbies,mechanical roomsandelectrical rooms
inSubang Parade.
Processof photoelectricsmokedetector
30. Asthe diagramshowsabove,lightbeamisshootingdownwardsinavertical line andabsorbedbythe
black chamber in the detector when it is in a normal state. When a space is filled with smoke, the
vertical line beamwill be obstructed and scattered by the smoke particles.This will then trigger the
sensorthusactivate the alarm.
Fire Control Room
Location of fire control room in ground floor of Subang Parade Mall
31. Fire lift controlpanel (left),Digital alarmcommunicator(right)
Alarmbell location notification (left),Firereset control panel(right)
Fire control room in Subang Parade Mall is located at ground floor. This room serves the purpose in
monitoring actual situations, controlling fire alarms, and retrieving signals from any possible
happening fire conditions. This fire control room operates 24 hours and guards are positioned to
monitor the system. It is also where signals regarding any malfunction or fire threatscan be verified
and there isa digital alarmcommunicationsystemthatwill automaticallysendsignalstothe nearest
fire stationwhenthere iseventof fire.
32. Fire AlarmSystem
Manual Call Point
Manual call point
Manual call point is designedto function by raising the alarm bell manually when fire or emergency
condition takes place. It can be done by breaking the glass and operating the push button which
activates the alarm to notify the occupants of fire issue. The manual call point in Subang Parade is
installedonthe wall at1.4 metreshighabove the finishedfloorlevel where itfitsthe requirementof
1.2-1.4 metres normally. It is to ensure that it can be activated easily whenever fire incident occurs.
Thiscan be locatedat everyfloorof the liftlobbies.
33. AlarmBell
Alarm bell
Alarmbell functionstowarnthe occupantsbyringingcontinuouslywhenthere isafire detectedupon
its activation. It can be manually activated through heat and smoke detector, manual call point or
fromthe fire control roomitself.Thisalarmbell can be locatedatall liftlobbiesinSubangParade.
34. Fireman’s Switch
Fireman’s switch
Fireman’sswitchisdesignedtoallowdisengagementof powerfromhazardous electrical equipment
whichwill leadto riskysituationduringthe eventof fire.It will onlycut off the electricitydepending
onthe levelof operationfromelectrical devices.Thesefiremanswitchescanbe locatedatthe stairway
and corridorof SubangParade mall ineverylevel.
35. FiremanIntercomStation
Intercom handset station in emergency staircase
Main intercom handset in fire control room
Fireman Intercom Station provides communication during emergency incidents through intercom
handset station that is connected to the main intercom handset in the fire control room. This is a
crucial aspect as suppressing fires during fire cases requires efficient communication between
firefighters.Thiscanbe locatedat emergencystaircase ateverylevel inSubangParade.
36. Sprinkler PumpRoom
Sprinkler box consisting the switches
The sprinklerpumproomfunctionsasthe maincontrol room forthe watersprinklersystem.Itis
where the sprinklerpumpsdrawswaterfromthe sprinklertankanddistribute themtothe water
sprinklers.There are 3total pumpstosupplywaterto the watersprinklersof all zones.
37. Water Sprinkler System
Pendent sprinkler (left), Water sprinkler system (right)
Upright sprinkler (left), Details of upright sprinkler (middle), Details of pendent sprinkler (right)
Water sprinkler system is essential in a fire protection system as it functions to suppress fires in
buildings through water discharged by sprinklers. In Subang Parade Mall, there are two types of
sprinklers being installed in the building which are pendent sprinkler and upright sprinkler. These
sprinklers are activated according to which part of the zone that the fire occurs. If the flame hasn’t
beenextinguishedafter5minutes,the whole watersprinklersystemwill be activatedwithinthe mall
insteadof perzone.Pendentsprinklersare usedinthe corridorwithinthe mall whileuprightsprinklers
are usedinthe fire escape stairway.
38. Smoke Extraction Fan
Smoke extraction fan
Smoke extraction fan functions to extract the smoke efficiently produced during the events of fire.
Thishelpsinprovidingadequatetime forthe occupantstoevacuate fromthe buildingandpreventing
themfromsmoke inhalation.ThisextractionfanfoundinSubangParade Mall operateswiththewater
sprinklersysteminrelationtozoningfunction.
39. Portable Fire Extinguisher
ABC dry powder fire extinguisher in basement car park and corridor of Subang Parade Mall
Generally, fire extinguishers are used to put off fires in a small space but it is not suitable for
circumstances that are out of control. There are various kinds of fire extinguishers made to tackle
specific types of fire depending on classes of fire. In Subang Parade mall, ABC dry powder fire
extinguishersare beinginstalledandcan be locatedat liftlobbiesof everylevel,bothelectricityand
machineryrooms,a small cornersituatedinside the mall withfew of thembeingplacedinside abox,
and basementcarpark.
40. Locationof Portable Fire Extinguisher
Location of portable fire extinguisher in basement
Location of portable fire extinguisher in lower ground floor
41. Location of portable fire extinguisher in ground floor
Location of portable fire extinguisher in first floor
Classification of Fire Classes And Details of Fire Extinguisher
42. Fire Hose Reel System
Fire hose reel at lift lobby (left), fire hose reel used specifically by firefighters (right)
Fire hose reel serves the purpose to extinguish fire by ensuring supply of water to combat the fire
situation from spreading further. The hose reel system foundin Subang Parade Mall is under 116 to
290 PSI( PoundsperSquareInch)units.The lengthofthe hoseis30meterswith19mmdiameterwhich
are tobe manuallyoperated.There isalsoahose reel thatcanonlybe usedspecificallybyfirefighters
insuppressingthe fire whenthe situationisnolongercontainable bynormal hose reel systemwhere
it requiresatleast2 mento control the directionof the hose as the waterpressure ishigherthanthe
43. usual. These hose reel system can be located at every level of lift lobbies, emergency stairway and
withinthe mall.
Locationof Fire Hose Reel
Location of fire hose reel in basement
Location of fire hose reel in lower ground floor
44. Location of fire hose reel in ground floor
Location of fire hose reel in first floor
45. Fire Pump Room
Location of the fire pump room in Subang Parade Basement
Fire pump room consists of the following 3 types of pump that can be found in Subang Parade Mall
whichare jockeypump,dutypump,andstandbypump.
46. Jockey Pump
Jockey Pumps on the fire room
Jockey pumpfunctionstocontrol the pressure insprinklerpipesthatisconnectedtothe watertanks
and pressurized water is supplied consistently to the sprinkler system while there is also a pressure
drop.
47. Duty Pump
Duty pump in fire room
Duty pump functions to generate enough pressure of water to maintain the continuation of water
pumpingprocess.Dutypumpcan be switchedoff manuallyfromthe control panel if itisnecessary.
48. Standby Pump
Standby pump in fire room
Standbypumpservesthe same purpose asdutypumpinthe fire pumproom.Whenthe dutypumpis
undermaintenanceoritisnotfunctioning,standbypumpwill replaceitsplace todothe work.Standby
pumpcan be switchedoff manuallyfromthe control panel if itisnecessary.
49. Passive Fire Protection
Fire Escape Plan
Basement fire escape plan (left), Lower ground fire escape plan (right)
Ground floor escape plan (left), First floor escape plan (right)
Fire escape plan shows the location of emergency staircases and elevators. This helps in guiding the
occupants to the nearestavailable escape route forthemwhenfire incidentoccurs.Thisplancan be
locatedat everyfloorof liftlobbiesinSubangParade Mall.
50. Emergency Exit Signage
Emergency exit sign found above every each fire door in Subang Parade Mall
The emergency exit signage is to assist occupants within the building to find the emergency escape
route to escape safely during the event of fire. This signage is installed on the ceiling above every
doorsin SubangParade mall.
51. Fire Emergency Staircase
Fire emergency staircase
Fire emergency staircase is a special exit that provides faster evacuation of occupants within the
buildingwhenfire eventoccurs.There are total numbersof 13emergencystaircase inSubangParade
Mall andthese provide sufficienttime andspace forthe occupantsto escape.
52. Smoke Spill Fan
Smoke spill fan
Smoke spill fan is installed in Subang Parade Mall that functions to extract the smoke out of the
buildingtopreventfurtherspreadingof hazardoussmoke to other places.Thishelpsinreducingthe
riskof inhalingof smoke bythe occupantsanda betterefficiencyof escapingfromthe building.
53. Analysis onRequirements
UniformBuildingBy-Laws 1984 Discussion
Smoke detectors
Section153(1):
Smoke detectorsforlobbies.
All liftlobbiesshall be providedwithsmoke
detectors.
Fire AlarmSystems
Fire mode of operation
Section155(1):
The fire mode of operationshall be initiatedby
a signal fromthe fire panel whichmaybe
activatedautomaticallybyone of the alarm
devicesinthe buildingormanually.
Detectingand extinguishingfire.
Section225(1):
Everybuildingshall be providedwithmeansof
detectingandextinguishingfireandwithwith
fire alarmstogetherwithilluminatedexitsigns
inaccordance withthe requirementsas
specifiedinthe TenthSchedule tothese By-
laws.
Photoelectricsmoke detectorsare installedat
all liftlobbiesinSubangParade Mall.
Manual call pointsare installedtoallow the
occupantsto activate the fire alarmsystem
manuallyduringeventsof fire.
Portable fire extinguishers,smokedetectors
and fire alarmsystemsare installedatevery
level of liftlobbies.
54. 3.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
LITERATUREREVIEW
Mechanical transportationsystemsare the verticaltransportationsystemwhichallowsgoods
or people tomove efficientlyfromfloortofloororbetweendecksandlevelsof building.Itisasystem
foundwithin,aroundandin general associationwithmodernbuildings.InSubang Parade,there are
elevatorsandescalatorsthroughtthe wholebuilding.There are total of 4floorsnotincludingroof top
inthisshoppingmall.
In buildingswithmore than4storeys,an elevatormustbuiltinthe buildingasthere isa limit
to howfar people are willingtowalkupstairs.While forescalator,itis like amovingstaircase,which
a conveyortransportdevice forcarryingpeople quicklyandefficientlybetweenfloorsinthe building.
With the help of escalator, everyone can be moved at a constant speed, and are carried efficiently
fromone place to another.
55. ESCALATORS
Anescalatorisa continuousmoving,inclinedstairwaywhichconveyspassengersupwardand
downward. Escalators are used in commercial buildings, department stores and railway and
undergroundstations,toguide astreamof people inaconfinedroute fromone level toanother.
There are twotypesof escalatorsfoundinSubangParade:
1 Crisscross
Crisscross elevators minimizesstructural space requirementsby“ stacking“ escalatorsthat go in
one direction,frequentlyusedindepartmentstoresorshoppingmall with4storeyand above.
2. Parallel
This arrangement is used mainly in department stores and public transport buildings with a
heavy traffic volume. When there are three or more escalators, the possibility to reverse the
directionof travel of bothescalatorsdependingonthe usage.
This escalator design required more floor space than the crisscross arrangement. Thus, it is
usedlessoften.The principal advantageof parallelarrangementisitsimpressive appearance.
56. COMPONENTS OF ESCALATORS
Figure 3.0 Major components of an escalator
The majorcomponentsof a standardescalatorisshownin figure 1.0. The balustrade isthe side of
an escalator extending above the Steps, it consist of Skirt Guard, Interior Panel, Deck Board and
Moving Handrails. The moving handrail is a handhold that moves along the top of the Balustrade in
synchronization with the Steps. While the Interior Panel I the major panel portion of the Balustrade
located immediately below the Moving Handrails. It is made of glass. While the deck board is a
decorative capping member of the balustrade, which continues in the traveling direction. Lastly the
SkirtGuard isthe lowestpanel withinthe balustrade,locatedimmediatelybelow the InnerDeckand
adjacentto the Stepsat a slightgap fromthe steps.
57. Figure 3.1 shows the truss of an escalator
The escalatortruss isthe structural frame of the escalatorand consistsof three majorareas:
- The lowersection
- Incline section
- Upper section
The trussis hollowmetal structure thatbridgesthe lowerandupperlandings,itisa weldedsteel
frame thatsupportsthe entire apparatus.Itisanassemblyof structuralsteelthatsupportstheweight
and load of an escalator.The structural steel trussmembersare designedtocarry the entire loadof
the escalatorequipmentandthe steel coveringwithoutshiftingmore thanspecifiedbythe contract
equipment.
58. The stepsare solid,one piece,die-castaluminumorsteel.Itisbasicallythe movingplatformonwhich
escalator passengers ride on. Yellow demarcationlines may be added to clearlyindicate their edges
for safetypurpose. The stepsare linkedbya continuousmetal chainthatformsa closedloop.
Image 3.2 shows the components under the platform
59. LANDING PLATFORMS:
There are two landing platforms at both end side of the escalator. These two platforms house the
curvedsectionsof the tracks,as well asthe gearsand motorsthat drive the stairs.
In addition, these platformscontain a floor plate and a comb plate. The floor plate providesa place
forthe passengerstostandbefore theystepontothe movingstairs.While thecombplate isthe piece
betweenstationaryfloorplate andthe movingstep. The reasonwhy it iscalledcomb plate because
itsedge has a seriesof cleatsthat resemblethe teethof acomb. Thisdesignisnecessarytominimize
the gapbetweenthestairandthe landing,whichhelpspreventobjectsfromgettingcaughtinthe gap.
It isalso knownaswalk-onplatesasan entrance andexitforthe passengerstothe step.
60. ELEVATORS
Type of elevatorsusedinSubangParade:
1. Gear traction Elevator
Throughsite visit,we foundoutthatSubangParade has9 groupsof elevatorsservingthe whole mall.
7 groupsare connecteddirectlytocarpark. The othertwogroups ae utilizedwithinthe shoppingmall
excluding basement level. There are two elevators ineach group with one designatedas Lift Bomba
incase of emergency.
GEARED TRACTION ELEVATORS
Geared traction elevators travel speeds up to 500 feet per minute and
carry loadsup to 30,000 pounds( 13,600 Kgs)..It has a gear box that is
attachedtothe motor,whichdrivesthe wheel thatmovestheropes.As
the name implies, the electric motor in this design drives a gear-type
reduction unit, which turns the hoisting sheave. It travels in a lower
speed than a typical gearless elevators which require less powerful
motor to turn the sheave.Anelectricallycontrolledbrake betweenthe
motor and the reductionunitstopsthe elevator,holdingthe car at the
desired floor level. Gear traction elevators are usually used to carry
passengersinabuildingwithmore than4 storey.
The major componentsingearedtractionelevators:
1. Motor (Machine Room )
2. Lift Car
3. Landing
4. Hoistway and Pit
61. MOTORROOM(MACHINEROOM)
a. Geared traction machine
The geared traction machine has a worm and gear interposed between the driving motor and the
hoistingsheave.The drivingmotorcanthereforbe smaller,economical,highspeedunitthanthelarge,
low speed unit required by a gearless machine. There is an electrical controlled brake between
reductionunitandmotor inorder to stopand holdthe car whenrequired.Withanappropriate drive
and control system,itcan ensure the highquality,accurate,smoothride forthe elevator.
b. Controller / Control Panel
The controllerismountedagainstthe wall.In termsof safeguards,the firstorderor protectionmust
be provide each car controller cabinet with a proper metal enclosure. It should be provided with
protective coverstopreventaccidental contactwithhighvoltage terminalsorconnection.Itcontrols
and monitorthe operationof the liftwhichreceivesignalsfromusersthroughcaroperatingpanels.
62. c. Overspeed Governener
The overspeedgovernorisaveryimportant component relatedtothe elevator safety,itwill activate
the safetiesandbringthe car to stop onan eventual overspeedsituation.
Itwill holdthe governorrope withapredeterminedforcewhencarexceeding40% of the ratedspeed.
63. LIFTCAR:
The elevatorcarsare built atthe elevatormanufacturer’splantusingstandardmetalcutting,welding,
and formingtechniques.The elevatorcarisacompartmentwhichcarriespeoplefromfloortofloorin
a buildingviaverticalshaft.The carisequippedwithsafetydoors,operatingcontrol equipmentfloor-
level indicators,illumination,emergencyexitsandventilation.The interiorrimwill be installedif the
cars exposedtothe weatherduringconstruction.
Figure 3.3 shows the components of the lift car
a. Door safety devices
It isthe passengerdetectiondevicesforthe safetyandcomfortof users.There are twotypes of door
safetydevices:
1. Laser
2. Touch panel
65. b. Door operator
c. Operating Panels
Car operating panel COP is a panel mounted in the car containing the car operating control,
such ascall registerbuttons,dooropenandclose,alarmemergencystopandwhateverother
buttonsor keyswitchesare requiredforoperation
66. LIFTDOOR(LANDING DOOR)
These are required in two components, which fitted to the lift car and to the landing. Landing
door must be incombustible,preferablyof sheet steel construction over a light steel framework
of about30mm overall thickness.
The type of liftdoorusedinSubangParade is twospeed,centre opening.
Image 3.4 showsthe elevatorinSubangParade
67. HOISTWAYAND PIT(SHAFT)
Shaft can be known as hoistway, it is the vertical passageway for the car and counterweight of the
elevator. The pit is the combination of car and counterweight at the bottom of the shaft. There are
alsoguide railsandcablesinthe shaft.
a. CABLES (ROPES)
Cables are high-tensile steel ropes that are driven through traction sheaves attached to the motor
shaft,a systemof pulleysandacounterweight.The cablesare associatedtothe crosshead(topbeam
of the elevator). Various combinations are possible to suit different occupancy requirements. The
cables are depending on the car speed and the capacity of the car. Single wrap arrangement is the
simplest, but will be prone to slippage if subjected to heavy load. Therefore, double wrap sheaving
can usedto maintainhighspeedsandsufficienttraction.
b. COUNTERWEIGHT
Counterweightisatrackedweightthatissuspendedfromcablesandmoveswithinitsownsetofguide
railsalong the hoistwaywalls.Itassures a more balancedloadand helpmaintainpropertraction for
the elevator while under varying loads. The counterweight is equipped with sliding guide shoes to
ensure smooth running alont the travel height variable gauges between counterweight rails are
possible.
68. Figure 3.5 shows the components of a counterweight
c. Buffer
Bufferisthe brake atthe bottomof thecar.Itisadevicelocatedatthe bottomof anelevatorhoistway,
designed to stop a car or counterweight from descending beyond its normal limit of travel; motion
beyondthislimitistakenupbystoringorbyabsorbinganddissipatingthe kineticenergyof the caror
counterweight.There are twotypesof buffer:
1. Oil Buffer
2. Spring Buffer
69. An oil bufferismostusedontractionelevatorwithspeedshigherthan200 feetperminute.
While a spring buffer is one type of buffer most commonlyfound on hydraulic elevators withspeed
lessthan200 feetperminute.
KEY SWITCH PANEL
Keyswitchpanel islocatedatthe control roomof SubangParade.Itcancontrol the carof the liftwhen
there isanemergencyorliftbreakdownoccurs.The passengerscancontactthe control roomthrough
the ringbuttoninthe liftincase of emergency. Techniciansare able toknow clearlywhenemergency
or liftbreakdownoccursthroughthe keyswitchpanel.
Spring Buffer Oil Buffer
70. ANALYSIS ON REQUIREMENT
Accordingto MalaysiaUniformBuildingBy-Laws1984, caluse 124 (Lift) :
A lift shall be provided for non-residential building which exceeds 4 storeys above/below main
entrance :
Necessary in building less than 4 storeys if access for senior or disabled is enforced
Minimum walking distance to lift shall not exceed 45m
Lift shoulde be positioned in the central area of the building to minimize horizontal
travel distance
UBBL clause 153 : Smoke Detector
Animportantclause thatstatesthata smoke detectortobe providedatthe elevator’slobby.Besides,
elevatorlobbyshould be broadenoughtogrant trafficaccess intwodirections.
Clause 154 : EmergencyMode
On failure of mains power all lift shal return in sequence directly to designated floor,
commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls nd park with
doors open
After all lifts are parked, the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation:
provided that where suffcient emergency power is available for operation of all lifts.
71. 4.0 Electric supply system
LITERATUREREVIEW
Electricity that is generate by electromechanical generators at power stations are being powered
by heat engines fuelledby the burning of fossil fuel or nuclear division, alongside with the kinetic
energy of the flow of water and wind. Other sources of energy also include geothermal power and
solar photovoltaic energy. In, Malaysia, most of conventional power stations are coal-fired and
hydroelectricdams.
Currentisgeneratedathighvoltage bypowerplantstobe dispersedtousers.Beforeconsumption,
electricity passes across a series of distribution systems known as the power distribution grid.
Electricity voltage will either be raised or lowered according to suitability at different points of the
systemduringthisprocess.
Electricityistransferredtothe transmissionsubstationthroughthe distributiongridfromthe power
plants. Electricity is increased the voltage by using the step up transformer within the substation at
this point to overcome the opposition of the electricity when travelling through extensive distance
acrossthe transmissionlines.Currentisthe beingpassedacrosselectrical pylonsalongthedistribution
grid system,or in more heavilypopulatedareas,undergroundtransmissionlines,andto substations
invariousareas.
Electricity is then stepped down voltage by using step down transformers at substation. The
distributionvoltage of stepped down is subsequentlydepend on the type of domestic area, 33kV,
11kV are usuallyusedinindustriesareawhile400V/230V are for commercial orresidential uses.
72. ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTIONSYSTEM
Diagram illustrating transformation of high voltage to low voltage
The above diagram shown that how electricity supply from the Subang Parade distribute to the
building.TheTNBmeteringkioskreceiveselectricitybefore itflowstothe TNBpowerstation.The TNB
Power Station (SSU) then receives electricity flow after the meter. After that, it will be goes to the
Vacuum Circuit Breaker, known as the main switch which is help to protect the three phase
transformer when it is overloaded by disconnection the power which is at 11kV in the transformer
room beside it.The voltage isbe furtherstepsdownto415V before ittransferred tothe Low Voltage
Room locatedin differentroom.The Low Voltage Roomis locatedbeside the transformerroom and
theyare all locatedclose toeachothertoincreaseproficiencyandtopreventenergyloss.The leakage
of current fromthe transformerwill cause seriousaccidentsordeathwhenapersoniszapped,hence
aircircuitsare require toavoidthe leakage.Once the currenthasreachedthe transformer,itwillthen
flow to the main switch board and it will be further distributed to the rest of sub-switchboard in
SubangParade throughriser.
73. HighVoltage Room,TransformerRoom& Low Voltage Room
Location of High Voltage Room (Blue), Transformer Room (green) and Low Voltage Room (Red) in
lower ground floor of Subang Parade
Plan view of the High Voltage Room, Transformer Room and Low Voltage Room
74. HIGH TENSIONSWITCH GEAR
A switchgear isan apparatus usedto switchand control the flow of electricitywithinthe electrical
system and to provide protection electrical circuit and equipment from current overloading, short
circuitcurrentandinsulationfailure.Additionally,the switchgearisalsoaninsulatingbarrierbetween
opencontactswhichisclearlyvisibleandalsoactedasafail-proofmechanicalindicator.The additional
functionsof the switchgearincludedfunctionalswitching,emergencyswitching,emergencystopping
and stoppingof entire mechanismformaintenance.Emergencyswitchingisusedwhenpowerfailure
occurs; the switchgear wouldoperate onthe backupgeneratorssupplyingthe powerrequired.
Photo of Switch Gear in High Voltage Room
75. VACUUM CIRCUITBREAKER (VCB)
A circuit breaker is a device that interrupts and electric circuit to prevent unwarranted current,
caused by a short circuit, typically resulting from an overload. It can be operated automaticallyor
manually for protecting and controlling of electrical power system. Circuit breakers are made in
varying type, the type of circuit breaker used in Subang Parade is Vacuum Circuit Breaker and there
are twenty-six of them.Vacuumbreakersinterruptthe currentbycreatingand extinguishingthe arc,
it has an excellent interruption and dielectric recovery characteristics, and can interrupt the high
frequency currents which result from arc instability, superimposed on the line frequency currents.
VCB does not need periodic refilling hence any additional filling of oil or gas are not required.
Additionally, technicianare required to wear a full set of protective clothing before repairing. Photo
belowshowedthe vacuumcircuitbreakerusedinSubangParade
The Vacuum Circuit Breaker in High Voltage Room
One of our group member try on the half-set protective clothing
76. STEP-DOWNTRANSFORMER
The function of a step-down transformer is to step down high voltage current from 11kV to 415V
and distribute the currentto other machine.SubangParade has an amountof 17 transformersat its
transformerroom.
Using electromagnetism, a transformer is a device that transfer energy by changes or transforms
alternatingcurrent(ac) of one voltage toalternatingcurrentof anothervoltage.Anironcore isone of
the componentof transformerswhichare woundat leasttwo coil calledprimary(coil) windinganda
secondary(coil)workessentially.A voltageenforcedonthe primarywindinginduces(throughtheiron
core) a voltage inthe secondarywinding.Thus,the secondarywindinghas asmallernumberof turns
comparedto a step-downtransformerinitsprimarywinding.
The passage of current across the transformer coils produces heat due to the winding cable
resistance.The unit’scoolingmediumreceivesthe heatandthenisbeing radiatedordisposed.
Oil-insulatedTransformerisbeingused bySubangParade.Whenit is beinginstalledindoors,afire
hazard is presented due to the highly flammable oil which can cause fire from a ruptured or leaking
tank. As a safetyprecaution, oil-filledtransformersare installedinfire-resistantvaultswhichinvolve
substantial cost. The advantages offsetting this cost are long durability, excellent electrical
characteristics,lownoise level,andhighoverloadcapacity.
Photo of Three Phase Transformer located in Transformer Room
77. Label indicating brand of transformer and transformation of voltage
CO² FIREPROTECTIONSYSTEM
Subang Parade is installed a CO² fire protection system in each electrical supply room. It act as an
extinguishing agent in the fire protection system due to the machine’s heat-generating properties.
The CO²is storedina bankof highpressure spunsteel cylindersandconnecttocontrol panel switch.
Once the systemsense thebothfire andsmoke inarea, the CO²fire protectionsystemwillonlyrelease
at the moment.The systemuse highlyeffective,reliable andfast-actingcontrol panelstoquicklysense
a fire before itcan cause damage to property.
A bank of high pressure CO² spun steel cylinder installed beside the machine
78. MAINSWITCHBOARD/DISTRIBUTIONPANEL
Diagram of distribution panel
The main switchboard is a large assembly of panels which an incoming-power supplydividesinto
separate circuits.It is to divide the maincurrentinto smallercurrentsforfurtherdistributioncontrol
of current.It containsswitches,fuses,meteringand otherinstrumentationwhichallow electricityto
be redirected. Through main switchboard, it control the entire electrical supply of the building. In
general, main switchboards may distribute power to sub-switch board, panel boards, control
equipment,and, ultimately,toindividualsystemloads.
Distributionpanelalsoknownaspanel board,isacomponentof anelectricitysupplysystemwhich
divides an electrical power feed into supplementary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or
circuit breaker for each circuit, in an enclosure area. It contained fuse links, bus bars, switches and
79. automated protective equipment to protect system and connections from overloading and short-
circuiting.
Main Switch Board in Low Voltage Room
Plan view of sub switch board, (Red= AHU), (Green= A/C), (Blue= Elevator)
80. SUB-SWITCH BOARD
The sub-switch board has similar functionality of the main switch board which is to connect and
disconnectthe electricsupplyfromthe mainswitchboard.There are alotsubswitchboardsinSubang
Parade such as the AHU room, fire pumproom, A/CRoom andotherplace.
Sub switchboard in High Voltage Room
81. ELECTRICALCONDUCTOR,ELECTRICALCONDUIT,RACEWAY&ELECTRICALRISER
Electrical conductorsare commonlyroundcross-sectionandare usuallymade outof metalseither
copper or aluminium. Electrical conductors are means by which current is conducted through the
electrical system, corresponding to the piping of a hydraulic system. Conductors are wrapped with
some type of insulationthatprovidesbothelectrical isolationanda degree of physical protectionto
prevent them from causing electric shock. Current is carried through these wires which are covered
withthe raceway.
Electrical conduit may be made of metal, plastic, fibers, or fired clay. Conduit are used to protect
the enclosedwiring frommechanical injuryanddamage fromsurroundingatmosphere.PVCconduit
is installedanddirectencasementinconcrete while metal conduitsare normallybentat the job site
withoutexcessivenumbersof manufacturedfitting.
Raceway is any channel expressly designedfor holding wires. It is an enclosed componentthat
formsaphysical pathwayforelectrical wiring.Itisusedforprotectthe surroundingof wire andagainst
the effects of a fault in the wiring. Metallic conduits are require to provide a grounded enclose
raceways.Rigidconduitandtubingare mostlyusedinthisbuildingastheyhave firestoppingelements
and protectthe cablesfrombeingdamaged.
Electrical risersare speciallyallocatedspace usedtocarryelectrical wiringtoupperfloorsinorderly
and distribute them to each floor in the Subang Parade. Electrical riser do share the space together
withtelecomandIT cables.
Electrical riser, Conduit and Raceway in Transformer Room and Riser Room
82. Location of generator set in Low Voltage Room
Backup Electric System
A backupelectricsystemisavailable inSubang Parade toprovidesufficientelectricitytothebuilding
when there are power failure in that area. Two set of diesel engine generator are located in Low
Voltage Roomwhichnearto mainswitchboard.The engine-generatorsetcanprovide unlimitedkVA
capacity,durationof powerlimitedisdependingonthe size of the fuel tank.A constantmaintenance
and regular testing are needed to ensure the system isfunctioning well and can last many year. The
fuel tank is positioned nearby to the generator set for fuel refilling purposed and to ensure smooth
operationduringpowerfailure.Gasolinecanbe storedforonlya year at most,or else the fuel will be
dispose.
84. ANALYSIS ON REQUIREMENT
Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Discussions
UBBL 1984 Section253(1)
Emergency power system shall be provided to
supply illumination and power automatically in
the event of failure of the normal supply and
illumination essential for safety to life and
property.
Occupational SafetyandHealthAct1994
Section66 (J)
prescribe the requirements with respect to the
provision and use in specified circumstances of
protective clothing or equipment and rescue
equipment
Two generatorsetare installedinSubangParade
and able toprovide adequate powerduring
emergency.The systemwill detectthe power
shortage of buildingandthe generatorwill start
runningautomaticallytosupplyelectricity.
Techniciansare requiredtoweara full set
protective clothinginHighVoltageRoombefore
repairthe VacuumCircuitBreaker.
85. PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
INAPPROPRIATEWIREINSTALLATION
We hadidentifiedthatthe wiringinstallationinbasementcarparkof Subang Parade isinappropriate.
The wiringinconductor pipe are not sealedupand have exposedtothe air. The exposedwire might
arise the problem with rat gnawing the insulating cover of electrical and exposingthe bare wires,
cockroaches and ants nesting inside the place. Additionally, we found that there were an excessive
number of wires inside the trunking, which make the wiring inside trunking to be crowded. The
electrical cabling are become unsafe in view of that condition. The excessive wires in trunking will
build-upof heatinsidethe trunking.These householdpestsandexcessivewirescanharmthe cabling,
whichcan leadto electrical faults,shocksorevenfires.
Exposed wires in Basement Carpark
RECOMMENDATION
It is to advice that connect back the exposed wire with using fire-proof flexible pipe to protect the
exposedwires.Technicianmayneedtoinspectthe conditionof cable insulationbefore connection.It
is alsoto advice that install additional trunkingforthe excessive wiresintrunking.As aguideline,the
numberof cableswhichdrawnintoa conduitor trunkingshouldnotexceed45% of space factor. This
isnottosaythat the trunkingshouldappeartobe lessthanhalffull of cable.Thisapplicationcanavoid
the installedcable insulationsufferdamage andthe possibilityof fireriskduetooverheating. Besides,
the electrical systems also require the periodic maintenance in addition to non-scheduled
maintenance in case there are some unpredictable events. The intent of periodic maintenance is to
keepthe systemoperatingatanacceptable level of service tothe public.
86. CLEANLINESS OF THEHVAC SYSTEM
Duct before cleaning Duct after cleaning
Failure to maintain proper conditions of cleanliness in HVAC systemswill reduce the life expectancy
of the equipment, impacting the indoor air quality,and impacting the energy efficiency of the HVAC
systems.However,cleaningshouldbe undertakenwhenevervisual inspectionsindicate thatthere is
substantial visible mold growth inside ducts. Ducts are infested with rodents or insects, in addition,
ducts are cloggedwithexcessive amountsof dustanddebris.
RECOMMENDATION
Using a Rotobrush air duct cleaning method combines physical scrubbing by high speed, robotically
controlledrotarybrusheswithpowerful,HEPA-filteredvacuumingtoremove dust.Moreover, evenif
the heating and air conditioning ducts aren't dirty enough to require a complete cleaning, allergies
can be triggeredbybacteria and moldsporesgrowinginside the ducts. Sanitizingthe ducts will help
kill off mold spores and bacteria. Lastly, this will improve the indoor air quality and the heating or
coolingsystemismore efficient.
Rotobrush
87. CONDENSERFAN MOTOR
Whena condenserfanmotor goesbad, oftenthe HVAC unitwill workinitiallythenstop. However,a
bad motor can suddenlystartworkingagainandif not boltedinplace will spinoutof control causing
damage.
RECOMMENDATION
Main componentsto checkis the contactor can become pittedanddirtywithuse and can buildup a
resistance orbecome open.Whenthishappensafanmotorwill notbe able to turn on.
The resistance canbe checkedwitha meterfromone side tothe otherif the resistance ishighthenit
shouldbe replacedasa contactor shouldhave verylow resistance.
Fan motorsshouldhave regularmaintenance andcheckingatleastyearlyand possiblymore oftenin
hot and humidclimates,andmake sure that everyboltsintightenupbefore turningiton.Thus,care
shouldbe exercisedinlubricatingfanstoavoidallowinglubricanttorunontothe fanblades.Fansalso
should be checked for alignment and checked to see that they are in a good condition and function
well.Besides,we canrequestacleanertocleanthe fanmotors and fanblades,sothat the air quality
inthe buildingisconcerned.
88. CONCLUSION
Services is an important elements to a building.It enables a buildingto function properly.
Different types of building apply to the use of different types of building. In a commercial building,
services that is applied is more to ensure the safetyand also to provide comfort to the occupants in
the building.Mechanical ventilationandairconditioningsystemismainlyusedtoprovide comfort.In
our case study, centralized air conditioning system is applied as it is able to provide mechanical
ventilationthroughalarge area. For fire protectionsystem, active andpassive fire protectionsystem
isappliedwithinthe buildingtoensure the occupantssafety.Vertical transportation systemwhichis,
escalatorandelevatorare bothappliedtoabuildingforafastertravel rate fromone endtothe other
end inside the building. Electricsupplysystemplaysanimportantin the operationof the building.It
enableselectrical equipmentinsidethe buildingtofunctionproperlyandefficiently.
Withall these servicesappliedtoabuilding,therewill be someflawswhichisnormallydueto
negligenceof management,itwill becomeaproblemforthe buildingtofunctionproperly.Thatiswhy
proper management is important to ensure the building is able to function efficiently. The building
managementmustbe able to determine the problemsandsolve itas soonas possible toensure the
buildingisinagood state.
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