Building Services Systems Analysis

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
ARC 2423 BUILDING SERVICES
PROJECT 2
CASE STUDY
ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION OF
BUILDING SERVICE SYSTEM
BENNYTAN SHIOWEE 0315447
NICOLAS WONG XIAO EN 0314377
YUAN KHAI SHIEN 0314818
PENG YEP SIANG 0315259
SWAFAA SALIM AGIL SIHAG 0306247
WOO WEN JIAN 0315123

ARC 2423 Building Services
PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY ANALYSISAND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM
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TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Abstract
2.0 Introduction
3.0 Air Conditioning
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Literature Review
3.3 Case study
3.4 Air-conditioning system chart
3.5 Components system
3.5.1 GDC system
3.5.1.1 Central Chiller Plant
3.5.1.2 Distribution Network
3.5.1.3 User Station
3.5.2 Air Handling Unit (AHU)
3.5.3 Fan Coil Unit (FCU)
3.5.4 Ductwork
3.5.5 Split unit Air-Conditioning System
3.6 Building Management System
3.7 Conclusion
4.0 Mechanical Ventilation
4.1 Introduction
4.3 Overall Review on Mechanical Ventilation on Site
4.4 Basement Fresh Air Supply
4.4.1 Components for Basement Fresh Air Supply
4.4.1.1 Cabinets fans
4.4.1.2 Diffusers
4.4.1.3 Temperature Dial and Control Panel
4.4.1.4 Ductwork
4.5 Extraction of Stale Air from Ground Level to Level 4
4.5.1 Components for Extraction of Stale Air
4.5.1.1 Centrifugal Extraction Fans
4.5.1.2 Return Air Grille
4.6 Smoke spill System in Basement Car Park
4.6.1 Components for Smoke Spill System
4.6.1.1 Carbon Monoxide Censor and Control Panel
4.6.1.2 Return Diffuser
4.7 Conclusion
5.0 Mechanical Transport System
5.1 Introduction
5.3 Elevators
5.4 Component of System

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5.4.1 Motor
5.4.2 Roping
5.4.3 Emergency Braking
5.4.4 Lift Door
5.4.5 Construction Dimensions
5.4.6 Machine Room
5.4.7 Pit
5.4.8 Brakes
5.4.9 Other Types of Lifts
5.5 Case Study
5.5.1 Mechanical Transport System in Heriot Watt University Malaysia
5.6 Conclusion
6.0 Fire Protection System
6.1 Introduction
6.2.1 Fire Safety
6.2.2 Fire Protection and Prevention
6.3 Active Fire Protection
6.3.1 Water Based Fire Protection System and Equipment
6.3.1.1 External Fire Hydrant
6.3.1.2 Dry Riser System
6.3.1.3 Automatic Sprinkler System
6.3.1.4 Fire Hose Reel System
6.3.1.5 Fire Pump Room
6.3.2 Non-Water Based Fire Protection System and Equipment
6.3.2.1 Argonite Fire Suppression System
6.3.2.2 Portable Fire Extinguishers
6.3.3 Alarm and Detection Systems and Devices
6.3.3.1 Smoke Detector
6.3.3.2 Heat Detector
6.3.3.3 Fire Alarm System
6.3.3.4 Fireman Intercom System
6.3.3.5 Fireman Switch
6.3.3.6 Building Service Center
6.4 Passive Fire Protection
6.4.1 Smoke Curtain
6.4.2 Fire Rated Door
6.4.3 Emergency Exit Signage
6.4.4 Fire Emergency Staircase
6.4.5 Separation of Fire Risk Area
6.4.6 Compartment Fire Shutter
7.0 References
8.0 Appendix

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1.0 Abstract
This research report will look into the details of the services present in Heriot Watt University
Malaysia campus such as the air-conditioning system, mechanical ventilation system,
mechanical transportation system and fire protection system. Through analysis and synthesis
on the components and the functions of these systems shall be conducted to further understand
the importance of these systems in a building's operation. A conclusion of these systems will be
generated through our understanding of these services in regards to the Uniform Building By-
Law, Malaysian Standards requirements as well as other relevant rules and regulations.

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2.0 Introduction
Heriot-Watt University Malaysia’s purpose-built campus opened to students in Putrajaya in
September 2014.
The £35m campus sits on 4.8 acres in a stunning lakeside location providing exceptional
educational facilities in an excellent environment, close to the Putrajaya marina and its modern
leisure and sports facilities. This is a fantastic green area, part of Putrajaya Lake’s ‘green
continuum’, and the building design is a conscious reference.
The ‘green campus’ is remarkable for having the first living grass roof of its kind in Malaysia. At
300 metres long and 30 metres wide, it is the most recognisably sustainable feature of the
campus. The roof shades the naturally ventilated spaces below, reduces thermal transmittance,
and acts as an observation deck, accessible by glass lift. Other environmentally friendly,
passive design features include campus lighting ‘powered’ by the maximum use of natural
daylight, a rainwater harvesting system and optimised air-conditioning and thermal control
systems.
Figure 2.1 Heriot Watt Universitycampus view from the other side of the Putrajaya Lake

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3.0 Air-Conditioning
3.1 Introduction
Air Conditioning system, also known as AC system serves the main purpose of maintaining
thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. It is achieved through the process of altering
the properties of air, by controlling the level of temperature and humidity to more comfortable
conditions before distributing the air to an occupied space, providing a safe-working, healthy
and productive environment. In Malaysia, heating systems are not appropriate or applicable due
to its tropical climate, with its temperature ranged between 22°C to 27°C.
This research paper will be looking in-depth on the AC system of Heriot Watt to have a deeper
understanding on it. In accordance to the research, rules and standards will also be investigated.
These standards have been set my various bodies to ensure that proper thermal comfort and
indoor air quality is being achieved via the ACMV system. The standards used in examining are
the Malaysia Standard (MS1525) and Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL).

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3.2 Literature review
Air-conditioning system is defined as the process of altering the properties of air,
primarily temperature and humidity to more comfortable conditions, typically with the aim of
distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space such as a building or a vehicle to
improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality. In Malaysia, thermal comfort in a building is
having a filtered supplied air, with a temperature range of 22°C to 27°C and relative humidity of
55-70%, while controlling air movement to avoid the sensation of cold drafts and at the same
time prevent the formation of pockets of stagnant air within the conditioned space. The design
factors of a building such as its orientation, materials, heat penetration, environment, climate,
activity and equipment often play an important aspect and should be considered in determining
the usage of air-conditioning.
Air-conditioning works by collecting and removing heat from the air inside the room and release
the heat into the air outdoor. There are two cycles involved, mainly the refrigerant cycle and the
air cycle. A refrigerant cycle functions by removing heat from one place to another and is done
by transferring through the evaporator and removed to the outside air through a condenser. On
the other hand, an air cycle is a process that distributes treated air into the room that needs to
be conditioned. When heat inside the room is removed and absorbed by the evaporator, the
internal air turns cooler. The medium to absorb heat can be either air or water, and air is usually
distributed through ducts or chilled water pipes.
Figure 3.2.1 Refrigerantcycle showing the air movement.

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3.3 Case Study
Heriot Watt University is famous of its air-conditioning systems which is the VRF/VRV system
cooperating with GDC system. Gas District Cooling (GDC) is utilized to supply chilled water for
air conditioning to all main buildings in Putrajaya to achieve energy efficiency. Unlike the
conventional air-conditioning system, GDC is environmental-friendly as it utilizes clean natural
gas as the primary energy source. GDC operates by using the R-134A ozone friendly refrigerant
replacing the ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). This system is used in lecture halls
and office. Its co-generation system, the combination of steam turbine driven chillers and
electric chillers creates higher energy efficiency in its production process compared to combined
cycle power plant. GDC also reduces air and noise pollution, and the system uses energy more
efficiently because of a single system applies over a wide area and to various buildings which
levels off the energy and saves fuel with its Chilled Water Thermal Energy Storage installation.
Air cycle is a process to distribute treated air into the room that needs to be conditioned. Heriot
Watt University also utilized AHU systems as part of its air-conditioning system. AHU is utilized
for heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying, filtering and distributing air. AHU also recycle
some of the return air from the room.
Besides, Heriot Watt University utilized FCU system in several areas such as kitchen and retails.
FCU consists of a finned tube coil, a filter and a fan. The fan recirculates air continuously from
the space through the coil, which contains either hot or chilled water. The induction unit mixes
the return air with the conditioned air (lower temperature) supplied by the plant room through
high velocity duct. Thermostat is used to control the amount of chilled water flow in the cooling
coil consequently changing the temperature of the supply air.

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3.4 Air-conditioning system chart in Heriot Watt University

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3.5 Components system
3.5.1 Gas DistrictCoolingSystem in Putrajaya
Gas District Cooling (GDC) is used to supply chilled water for air conditioning to all main
buildings in Putrajaya to achieve energy efficiency. Unlike the conventional air-conditioning
system, GDC is environmental-friendly as it utilise clean natural gas as the primary energy
source. GDC operates by using the R-134A ozone friendly refrigerant replacing the ozone
depleting chlorofluorocarbon (CFC).
Its co-generation system, the combination of steam turbine driven chillers and electric chillers
creates higher energy efficiency in its production process compared to combined cycle power
plant. GDC also reduces air and noise pollution, and the system uses energy more efficiently
because of a single system applies over a wide area and to various buildings which levels off
the energy and saves fuel with its Chilled Water Thermal Energy Storage installation.
There are 5 GDC plants with each plant providing around 15,000 to 33,000 RT (Refrigeration
Tonne) of chilled water to the Government and Commercial Offices in Putrajaya.
Figure 3.5.1.1 Plan Drawing of HeriotWatt University.

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3.5.1.1 Central ChillerPlant (NOT LOCATED INSIDE HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY)
Chilled water is generated at the central chiller plant by compressor driven chillers, absorption
chillers or other sources like ambient cooling or “free cooling from deep lakes, rivers, aquifers or
oceans. Group of large and energy-efficient water cooled chillers are usually installed in a
central chiller plant to take advantage of the economy of scale and the cooling demand diversity
between different buildings within a district. Sea water condensers or fresh water cooling towers
can be utilized to reject waste heat from the central chillers.
3.5.1.2 DistributionNetwork (FROMCENTRAL CHILLER PLANT TO HERIOT WATT
UNIVERSITY)
District chilled water is distributed from the cooling source(s) to the user stations through supply
pipes and is returned after extracting heat from the building’s secondary chilled water systems.
Pumps distribute the chilled water by creating a pressure differential between the supply and
return lines.
Figure 3.5.1.2.1 Diagram showing how GDC system works from central chiller plant.

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3.5.1.3 User Station (INSIDE HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY)
The interface between the district cooling system and the building cooling system is commonly
referred to as user station. The user station usually comprise of air handling units, heat
exchanger and chilled water piping in the building. A user station is required in each user’s
building to connect DCS distributed chilled water pipe to the building. Inside the user station,
devices called heat exchangers are installed to transfer heat between the chilled water supply of
DCS and the air-conditioning system of the user building. The user station could be designed for
direct or indirect connection to the district cooling distribution system. With direct connection, the
district cooling water is distributed within the building directly to terminal equipment such as air
handling and fan coil units, induction units, and others. An indirect connection utilizes one or
multiple heat exchangers in between the district and the building system.
Figure 3.5.1.3.1 Diagram showing user station in HeriotWatt University.

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3.5.1.4 Air-handlingunit(AHU)
AHU helps to Condition and circulate the air. It is a large metal box containing a blower, heating
or cooling elements filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers. The AHU are all
enclosed in rooms specifically designed for AHU to ensure compactness and protect it from
external forces or pressures. Its air source comes from recycled air from return air ducts and
outside air coming through fresh air grilles. In Heriot Watt University, each AHU is provided with
its specific switch for manual controlling to save energy during periods of non-use.
Figure 3.5.1.4.1 AHU unit located on 4th floor of HeriotWatt University.
According to MS 1525 code 8.4.1.2.1, Control setback and shut-off.
“Each system should be equipped with a readily accessible means of shutting off or reducing
the energy used during periods of non-use or alternate uses of the building spaces or zones
served by the system.”

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3.5.2 Components of Air Handling Unit(AHU)
Figure 3.5.2.1 Diagram showing components ofAHU unit
3.5.2.1 Air Filter
An air filter is typically placed first in the AHU to filter incoming air from the return air duct and
outside air. Its main function is to provide clean dust-free air to building occupants.
Figure 3.5.2.1.1 Air filter

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3.5.2.2 Blower/fan
A direct-driven or belt-driven centrifugal fan, depending on the required air quantity and
pressure, is commonly used in an AHU as it can move a small or large quantity of air efficiently.
Its main function is to propel air for distribution. There are two fans present in AHU; fan that
blows air through the cooling coil and supply fan that blows air into the supply duct.
Figure 3.5.2.2.1 Blower/fan
3.5.2.3 Heating/cooling coil
Heating or cooling coil changes the supply air temperature and humidity level, depending on the
location and application. Heating coils are made up of copper tubes, with copper or aluminium
fins to aid heat transfer.
Figure 3.5.2.3.1 Heating /cooling coil

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3.5.2.4 Vibratorisolators
The blowers in air handler may create vibration and the large area of duct system would
transmit noise and vibration to the occupants of the building. To avoid this, vibrator isolators
made up of rubberized canvas-like material are usually inserted before and after the air handler,
between the fan compartment and the rest of the AHU.
Figure 3.5.2.4.1 Vibrator isolators
3.5.2.5 Damper
Dampers are necessary to control the ratio of fresh air and recycled air while exhausting part of
the recycled air. When the air sensor detects more than 500pm carbon dioxide in the return air
from the room, the system will activate automatically and the damper will open and intake fresh
air from the outside to refresh the air inside the building.
Figure 3.5.2.5.1 Damper

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3.5.3 Fan coil unit(FCU)
Fan coil unit (FCU) system is similar to AHU but in a smaller scale and the fan speed can be
controlled. FCUs are more economically installed due to their simplicity and are normally used
for smaller spaces.
Figure 3.5.3.1 Diagram showing an FCU unit in classroom ofHeriotWatt University.
According to MS 1525 code 8.4.4.1, Off-hour control
“ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a
reduction of energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of non-use or
alternative use of the spaces served by the system”

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3.5.4 Ductwork
Air ducts distribute air from AHU to the rooms that need to be air-conditioned and blowers are
installed within the ducts to aid in circulating the air. In Heriot Watt, the ducts used are made of
carbon steel and internally insulated with foil, thus making sure that air remains cool when being
transferred to the diffuser. Most of the air ducts are exposed and has openings provided for
maintenance work.
Figure 3.5.4.1 Diagram showing ductwork ofAHU on 4th floor.
According to MS 1525 code 8.6, Air handling duct system insulation
“All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings should be adequately insulated to
prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to
prevent condensation under some conditions.”

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3.5.5 SplitUnitAir-conditioningsystem
Split unit air-conditioning system is the most popular type of AC nowadays. It has silent
operation, elegant looks, and no need to make a hole in the wall. Split unit air-conditioning
system consists of two units – an outdoor unit (condenser) and one or several indoor units
(evaporator) connected by copper tubing.
 Indoor unit
Indoor unit produces the cooling effect inside the room. It contains the evaporator (cooling coil),
blower fan, supply air louvers, air filter, return air grille, drain pipe & control panel. The blower
draws in the warm room air and it passes over the filter and the evaporator which leads to the
cooling of the air and the process continues. This air is then blown to the room where the
cooling effect is produced. Direction of air flow can be controlled by the horizontal and vertical
louvers.
 Outdoor units
Sufficient flow of air is required around it to remove heat from compressor and condenser. It
contains the important parts of the split AC like compressor, condenser and expansion valve.
The condenser is covered with aluminum fins so that the heat from the refrigerant can be
removed at faster rate. A propeller fan draws in the surrounding air and blows it over the
compressor and condenser thus cooling them.
 Copper Tubing
The refrigerant piping is made up of copper tubing and it connects the indoor and the outdoor
unit while covered with insulation. It consists of 2 pipes: one to supply the refrigerant to the
cooling coil and the other to return the refrigerant to the compressor. Distance between the
indoor and the outdoor unit should be kept as minimum as possible.

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3.5.5.1 Splitunitwithout outside air (ductless split)
Split unit without outside air is a ductless split unit with no supply of fresh air to renew the
existing indoor air. The existing indoor air is recycled & re-circulated in the same space. This
type of split unit system is normally used for small room or small area. In Heriot Watt University
is found in small area like security room.
Figure 3.5.5.1.1 An Indoor unit in security room
Figure 3.5.5.1.2 Outdoor units connecting directly to indoor units

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3.5.5.2 VariableRefrigerantFlow(VRF) / Variable RefrigerantVolume
(VRV)
VRF/VRV is a multi-split system which one external unit is connected to several indoor units.
The maximum indoor unit can up to 8 units. There are types of indoor units: floor standing, wall
mounted, ceiling mounted or cassette units and ducted units mounted above ceiling. VRF/VRV
is particularly popular because they require less outdoor plant space than conventional systems.
This system uses refrigerant as the cooling medium rather than chilled water. There are 3 types
of VRF/VRV system:
 Master & slave system
 Zoned control units
 Variable refrigerant volume (VRV) system
Heriot Watt University utilized variable refrigerant volume system in their air-conditioning
system. In this system, one outdoor unit is connected to several indoor units. This system is
able to provide total versatility and each indoor unit may cool or heat independently of each
other.
Figure: 3.5.5.2.1 Diagram showing VRV system on the 4th floor (outdoor)

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3.6 Building Management system
Building Management System (BMS) is a computer-based control system installed in
buildings that controls and monitors the building’s mechanical and electrical equipment such
as ventilation,lighting, power systems, fire systems, and security systems. A BMS consists of
software and hardware; the software program, usually configured in a hierarchical manner, can
be proprietary, using such protocols as C-Bus, Profibus, and so on.
Figure 3.6.1 Monitor as controller to control all the air-conditioner in Heroit Watt University
Figure 3.6.2 Electronic components thatconnecting all the air conditioner units.

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3.7 Conclusion
In conclusion, Heriot Watt University is an advanced campus that using GCD air-
conditioning system which is rarely used in other university. GCD system helps to achieve
energy efficiency. Unlike the conventional air-conditioning system, GDC is environmental-
friendly as it utilise clean natural gas as the primary energy source. AHU and ductwork system
helps to ensure air-conditioning system function correctly. However, this system were placed at
appropriate areas for noise reduction and given suitable considerations such as insulation. This
aids the system to run smoothly without disturbing the users and reduce wastage of energy at
the same time.
Besides, split unit were used in small space to avoid wastage of energy. This building
complies with the by - laws in term of energy management system, constant air supply and
temperature control to give comfort and efficiency of the air-conditioning system and the ability
to maintain thermal comfort throughout the building.

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4.0 Mechanical Ventilation
4.1 Introduction
Mechanical ventilation system provides a balance in maintaining air quality of a indoor of a
building. There are various ways on how mechanical ventilation system in aiding the air quality
control of a building, but it required careful design, adoption of rigorous standards as the
allocation and placement of the component is crucial as it affects the space it consumed and the
design of piping and ductwork.
This research paper will be looking in depth on the mechanical ventilation system of Heriot Watt
university to understand how does the campus uses the mechanical ventilation system to aids it
air quality control. Rules and standards will also be investigated accordingly to understand how
does the regulations affect the allocation of the system. The standards used in examining are
the Malaysian Standard (MS 1525), ASHRAE Malaysia and Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL).

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Mechanical ventilation is a system which uses powered fans or blower or any other kind of
mechanicals appliances to provide fresh air into building or extract stale air from the building.
Mechanical ventilation systems circulate fresh air using ducts and fans, rather than relying on
airflow through small holes or cracks in a building’s walls, roof, or windows. Users of a building
can breathe easier knowing their building has good ventilation. Without mechanical ventilation to
provide fresh air, moisture, odors, and other pollutants can build up inside a home.
The benefits of using mechanical ventilation is as below:
• Better Indoor Air Quality Ventilation systems can significantly improve a building’s air quality
by removing allergens, pollutants, and moisture that can cause mold problems.
• More Control. When building rely on air flow through walls, roofs, and windows for ventilation,
there is no control over the source or amount of air that comes into the house
• Improved Comfort. Mechanical ventilation systems allow a constant flow of outside air into
the building and can also provide filtration, dehumidification, and conditioning of the incoming
outside air.
There are 4 types of mechanical ventilation system in general, which are the circulation
system, supply system, extract system and balanced system. Circulation system is a
system which uses fans to produce internal air movement to allow air to circulate internally.
Supply system is a system that draws fresh air into the building by mechanical inlets and so
creating a higher internal pressure than the outside air. Extract system is where it extract air out
from the building by creating a lower pressure inside the building than the outside. Lastly, the
balanced system is a system which maintain the air pressure internally at a level similar to the
outside air.

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4.3 Overall Review on Mechanical Ventilation on Site
Figure 4.3.1 Diagram showing the overall of the mechanical ventilation system in Heriot Watt University.
The mechanical ventilation in Heriot Watt University has three different systems, one drawing
in fresh air which uses supply system, one removing stale air which uses extract system,
and last one is to remove excessive smoke which also uses extract system.
BasementFreshAirSupply
Extractionof Stale Airin building
Smoke Spill SysteminBasement

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4.4 Basement Fresh Air Supply (Supply System)
Figure 4.4.1 Diagram showing the basement fresh air supply that uses supply system.
Using cabinet fans, fresh air at the opened spaces near basement car park is drawn into the
campus’s basement and distributed evenly to keep the basement ventilated all the time. The
AHU room in the basement is also kept cooled using the fresh air drawn in by this supply
system. There is also a temperature dial control panel in the AHU room that can control the
inhale rate of fresh air into the AHU room.
BasementFreshAirSupply
Centrifugal Fan(inlet)
Control Panel
Diffuser

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4.4.1 Components for Basement Fresh Air Supply
4.4.1.1 CabinetFans
Cabinets fans are manufactured in galvanized steel sheet incorporated with belt driven. The
cabinet fans that this campus uses are double inlet centrifugal fans with high efficiency non-
overloading backward curved impellers. The centrifugal fans increase the speed of an air steam
with a strong rotating impeller. The speed increases as the air reaches the ends of the blades
and then it will convert into pressure. This unit is efficient in moving large quanities of air over a
wide range of pressure.
Figure 4.4.1.1.1 An Inlet near the open area to collect fresh air.

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Figure 4.4.1.1.2 Baffles of the fan unit. Figure 4.4.1.1.3 Cabinet where the centrifugal fans is located.
Figure4.1.1.4 Sectional drawing of the fan unit.

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4.4.1.2 Diffusers
Diffusers are placed throughout the basements and AHU room where they are connected to the
centrifugal fans by the ductwork. The function of them is to release the inhaled fresh air from the
fan to the building. They do not need any power and they also create low-velocity air movement
in any desired direction while generating a minimal amount of noise.
4.4.1.3 Temperature dialand control panel
It is required for the AHU room to be a desired temperature before the temperature went too
high and cause the district cooling machinery to overheat. Thus, there are fresh air supply inlet
that provides cool air to cool down the AHU room. The inhaled air rate is controlled by a
temperature dial that is connected to the control panel of the room.
Figure 4.4.1.2.1 A pairs of diffusers that bring fresh airinto the AHU room.
Figure 4.4.1.3.1 A temperature dial found at the control panel in
AHU room

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4.4.1.4 Ductwork
In Heriot Watt University campus, the ducts used are made of carbon steel and internally
insulated with foil, thus making sure that the air remains cool when being transferred to the
diffuser. Most of the air ducts are exposed and has openings provided for easier maintenance
work.
According to MS 1525 code 8.6, Air handling duct system insulation
"All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings should be adequately insulated to
prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapors barriers may be required to
prevent condensation under some conditions."
Figure 4.4.1.4.1 A ductwork with a pairs of diffusers found in the
basement car park

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4.5 Extraction of stale air from ground level to level 3
(Extract system)
While the rooms and spaces of the building is provided with fresh cooled air from AHU system,
the stale air or the hot air will need to be extract out in order to keep the building in a stable
pressurization. Thus the extract system is applied inside Lecture Theater, kitchen, laboratory
and toilet to keep the quality of air inside the building. The warm air or toxic gases will be
transfer and exhaust from the building on the 4rd floor.
According to UBBL , Third Schedule by Law-41
5. Openings for mechanical ventilation for air-conditioning systems. Where mechanical
ventilation or air-conditioning is provided-
(a) foul air shall not be discharged into an air well and this requirement shall not be applicable
to window room units in residential applications;
Centrifugal Fan(outlet)
Returnair grille
Figure 4.5.1 Diagram showing the extraction of stale air form ground level to level 3using extract system.

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4.5.1 Component of the system
4.5.1.1 Centrifugalextraction fans
The centrifugal fans for the extract system for this campus located at level four, the M&E floor.
All the stale air and hot air is removed and sent to this room and extract to the outside of the
building.
Figure 4.5.1.1.1 A room at the M&E level that house all the contrifugal fans
with the function of extracting stale air in the building.
Figure 4.5.1.1.2 A centrifugal fan found in the
room.
Figure 4.5.1.1.3 Diagram showing how does a centrifugal
fans works.

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4.5.1.2 Return air grille
Return air grilles are the inlet for warm air or smoke to be extract to the 4th
floor. It is covered
with grille work to avoid large object from damaging the duct and the system. Filters are further
installed at the back of the grille to trap pollutants or dust to further reduce the maintenance cost.
Figure 4.5.1.2.1 Lecture Theater with return grilles at the top of
the ceiling
Figure 4.5.1.2.1.2 Return grilles at the top of the toilets.

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4.6 Smoke Spill System in basement car park (Extract
System)
Heriot Watt University campus has a smoke spill system （extract system） installed in their car
park. This is to extract unwanted gasses such as excessive carbon monoxide produce by
vehicle and as well as to extract smoke during a fire breakout. The system runs automatically
and monitored by a carbon monoxide censor placed around the car park.
All the extracted smoke will be released from ground floor where the centrifugal fans are located
at.
According to UBBL , Third Schedule by Law-41
‘The underside of openings for the entry of air into any mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning
plant shall be not less than 1 meter from any external pavement, road way, ground level or
similar external surface’
Figure 4.6.1 Diagram showing the smoke spill system in basement car park using extract system.
Centrifugal Fan(outlet)
Returngrille
Smoke Spill SysteminBasement
CO censor Control Panel

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4.6.1 component of the system
4.6.1.1 Carbon monoxidecensor and control panel
There are carbon monoxide censor placed throughout he basement parking to monitor the air
quality of the car park. When the censor picked up carbon monoxide reading of 25 ppm, it will
alert the control panel in the AHU room. Then, the control panel will then signal and activate the
extract centrifugal fans at the ground floor to run a slow spill to extract excessive carbon
monoxide in the car park. If the censor picked up a high amount of reading, it will alert the
control panel and the control panel will signal the centrifugal fan to run at full spill to extract as
much smoke as possible in the basement.
4.6.1.2 Return diffuser
Return diffuser in this campus is a rectangular shaped diffuser that have grille to avoid big
object to be taken into the system that will damage the system. It also have filters to filter
smaller particles that can damage the centrifugal fans.
Figure 4.6.1.1.1 Carbon monoxide censor found in the
basement car park
Figure 4.6.1.2.1 A return diffuser found in the basement
car park.

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4.7 Conclusion
In our opinion, the designer and engineer of Heriot Watt University Malaysia campus has taken
adequate action to ensure the efficiency of the mechanical ventilation system. The uses of the
extract and supply system in this building is appropriate for the function of the building. It is fully
utilized in order to conserve energy while providing thermal comfort economically.
In addition, the building complies with the by-laws in term of energy management system, thus
constant air supply and temperature- control. This has contributed to the comfort and efficiency
of the air-conditioning system and the ability to maintain thermal comfort throughout the building.

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5.0 Mechanical Transportation Systems
5.1 Introduction
This is a review of the two books I read on the topic Mechanical transportation. The first book
written by David V. Chadderton called Building Services Engineering, and the second by Roger
Greeno , called Building Services Technology and Design.
A commercial building can house hundreds of people at one time, and each person will have
their own purpose, therefore will go from one place to another. Time and money are what
affects the productivity of a person, therefore getting to places or destinations faster or in a short
period of time is important. Therefore commercial building transportation is important; it creates
a system in the circulation whereby the users can get to different parts of the building without a
waste of time or causing an inconvenience to another user.
It is also an energy-using service which needs the designer’s attention at the earliest stages of
building design.
The different types of mechanical transportation systems in a commercial building are:
 Elevators: A button-controlled mechanical transportation form that transports people or
objects from floor to floor.
 Escalators: A chain of moving steps that transport a large number of people from one
floor to the other.
 Moving walkways: Usually found in airports, used In areas where you have to walk long
distances. It is a long moving flat conveyor belt, that can transport large number of
people at a time.
However the building the group chose to study its services, uses only one of the mechanical
transportation systems, which is the elevator, mainly the Bomba (fire) elevator and the tower
elevator. The details of each type of elevator will be discussed later in the report. And also give
important details of the other mechanical systems which is the escalator and moving walkways.
.

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5.3 ELEVATORS
This is a type of mechanical system that is controlled by the press of a button, and it transports
people or objects from floor to floor. Passenger elevators (also known as lifts) are provided for
buildings of over three storeys or less when wheelchair movement is needed for the disabled.
The elevator turns electrical power into mechanical (rotational) power. The brake of the elevator
must be designed in order to guarantee safety during normal day use. The brake must also be
able to engage in extreme cases in which the elevator cable is broken or other unforeseen
circumstances arise. In addition, the elevator must pick up and drop off passengers as efficiently
as possible. If a collection of elevators is used, a complex controller usually controls them.
The elevator must fit within the given space requirements of the building. It must be made large
enough to deal with the normal daily traffic and to move the necessary objects within the
building. It cannot be made too large and, therefore, affect the structure of the building itself.
Possible restrictions on the weight carried within the elevator may be determined from the size
of the motor and the other components within the elevator system. This weight limit must be
large enough to handle daily usage.
5.4 COMPONENT OF SYSTEM
This part will discuss the different parts that together make up this system.
For an elevator to provide all the requirements that will work according to its duty at the same
time to not cause any danger to the user, the following components are used with different
purposes.
5.4.1 Motor
Lift motor have been powered from a direct current (DC) generator with variable output, in order
to provide and it need for accuracy. This component provide floor leveling stops at the same
time providing a smooth ride, rather then using alternating current (AC) variations. Due to
development the DC generators have been replaced to static converters. However that does not
stop some installations of motor to use both AC and DC, whereby the traction sheave powered
by AC, and brakes by DC as they are more durable in resisting variable demands and frequent
stopping and starting.
5.4.2 Roping
High tensile steel ropes are driven through traction sheaves attached to the motor shaft, a
system of pulleys and a counterweight. There are various combinations depending on different
occupancy requirement. There are the single wrap arrangements and the double wrap sheaving.
Single wrap arrangement- this is the simplest way, but prone to slippage if subjected to heavy
loads, but resistance to slippage can be improved by the number of pulleys and the roping ratios
(as the ratio increases the car speed decreases)

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Figure 5.4.2.1
Single ropping system. Double wrap arrangement- this is used to maintain high speeds and sufficient traction.
Figure 5.4.2.2
Double roping system

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5.4.3 Emergency braking
In the unlikely event of rope failure, an over speed governing mechanism will effect an
immediate brake. It is activated by a continuous rope passing over a pulley in the pit and an
over speed governor pulley in the motor room. The governor locks in response to flyweight
inertia from the centrifugal force generated by excess speed, thus jerking the rope in the
process.
Figure 5.4.3.1
Safety gear

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5.4.4 Lift doors
They are required in two components , one fitted to the lift car and the other to the landing.
Landing doors must be incombustible, preferably of sheet steel construction over a light steel
framework of about 30mm overall thickness, they usually slide sideways, when opening.
Figure 5.4.4.1
Lift doors

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5.4.5 ConstructionDimensions
there is a standard measurements for the dimension of the elevators, however individual
dimensions are also possible, but expensive to custom make. below is a typical building and
component dimensions for a single lift installation.
Figure 5.4.5.1
Section through a typical small car single lift well
5.4.6 Machine room
Normally located above the well, containing winding gear, traction sheave, and control panel
over speed governor and a number of other components. Noise from motors and winding gear
must be contained with adequate insulation and absorbent bedding for machinery.
Figure 5.4.6.1
Section through motor room.

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5.4.7 Pit
Below the lowest landing level is the pit , containing buffers. However for slower lifts, spring type
buffers are used, while higher-speed lifts use oil loaded.
5.4.8 Brakes
The traction sheave drive shaft is fitted with an electromechanical brake. When the lift is moving,
the electrically operated brakes are lifted clear of the brake drum, but when the electricity
switches off to disengage the motor, spring retainers activate the brake.
5.4.9 Other types of lifts
Fire-fighting lifts
Because of the growth of tall buildings, the need for rapid emergency access is important. The
original concept was a variation within a conventional passenger lift, which contained a priority
break-glass key switch. This was normally at the ground floor, and when activated it brought the
lift to that floor immediately.
Figure 5.4.9.1
Fire fighting lift.
According to UBBL Requirements 124:
"For all the non-residential buildings exceeding 4 stories above or below the main excess level
at least one lift shall be provided."

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5.5 Case study
5.5.1 Mechanical Transportation system in HERIOT WATT university
Malaysia.
Figure 5.5.1.1
Heriot watt ground floor plan
At location 4 which is the main lobby, the only source of mechanical transportation available at
this university building. It runs throughout the floors of the building and is situated at the center
of the building as highlighted in Figure 5.5.1.1 in red.

46
Figure 5.5.1.2
Elevation showing placement of elevators.
The type of Mechanical transportation available in this building is the elevator only.
Figure 5.5.1.3 – Mechanical Control of the elevator

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Figure 5.5.1.4 – Cabin ofthe elevator
Figure 5..5.1.5 – Exterior view of the elevator

48
Figure 5.5.1.6 – The exterior view of the elevator
Figure 5.3 – The control button of the elevator

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5.6 Conclusion
The Type of elevator found in this university is the glass framing elevator with 2 cabins and does
not have a control room. It connects all floors from the basement to the roof. This type of
elevator creates a skylight, which brings in natural lighting. This elevator also acts as a bomba
elevator.

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6.0 Fire Protection System
6.1 Introduction
This chapter will review Fire protection systems which is in two categories: active and passive.
The definition, purpose and explanations on the systems will be provided in the literature review
that follows.
Active fire protection consists of extinguishing systems and detection systems. Passive systems
will be discussed in details, of how it runs, dimensions and maintenance. It will be followed by
the reference to Malaysian Uniform By-laws and the compliance of the system used. This will be
followed by an analysis on the effective functionality of the systems and in context of other
services running in the building. Methods or systems that could be implemented to make the
system more reliable in the Heriot Watt University will be featured.
6.2.1 Fire Safety
Fire, is a source that plays an important role in our daily life since the discovery of this resource
bring more and more influence to us. However, fire could be extremely dangerous if we do not
know how to control it and our life will be risky. Therefore, an understanding of the characteristic
of fire is very helpful for us to design a well-performed fire protection system.There are two
types of fire protection system which are active fire protection system and passive fire protection
system consists in a building.
Active fire protection system is an approach and process of protecting the structure of building
from fire by using methods of applying automatic or manually operated fire mechanical in a
building to provide safety to the users in a building.The systems are on full time duty, such as
fire alarm system, fire pump, sprinkler, carbon dioxide fire suppression system and etc. The
common function that all the system shared in active fire protection system are to slow down the
process of burning, putting out the fire and to notify the fire and smoke condition. As an example
of the sprinkler system, when heat builds up in a space or fire area, it will causes the sprinkler
head to burst and releases spray of water to the fire and put the fire out. Other than that, some
of the fire active protection systems needs to manually operate by human. For example, the fire
extinguisher, which are provided in a building to allow people to fight against the fire during fire
emergency. Active fire protection system always required a certain amount of motion and
response in order for it to function.

51
Another system is passive fire protection system which is a system that retards the speed of fire
and smoke spreading as protection of escape routed in order to extend the escaping time of
users by designing and modifying architectural elements with fire resistance characteristic. It
consist of four major parts in this system, which are fire appliance access, walls and floor,
means of escape and purpose group and compartment. This part includes emergency exit
signage, travel distance as well as emergency staircase design, which will be further discuss in
the following topics.
Figure 6.2.1.1: Fire Triangle
Four things must be presented at the same time in order to produce fire:
 Fuel or combustible material
 Enough oxygen to sustain combustion
 The chemical, exothermic reaction that is fire
 Enough heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature
Despite the components in fire triangle, the chemical chain reaction can further clarifies the
definition of combustion and depicting the concept of the rapid, self-sustaining oxidation reaction.
6.2.2 Fire Protection and Prevention
Fire protection include
 Fire alarm devices
 Fixed firefighting equipment
 Having a permanent water supply system
 Include portable firefighting equipment
Fire prevention include
 Include storage
 Ignition hazards
 Open yard storage
 Temporary building

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6.3 Active Fire Protection System
Fire Detection-> Heat Detector -> Smoke Detector -> Manual Call Point ->
Alarm Bell -> Central Command Center -> Pump Room -> Dry Riser ->
Hose ReelSystem -> Sprinkler ->Argonite Fire SuppressionSystem
Figure 6.3.1: The active fire protection system in HeriotWatt University

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6.3.1 Water Based Fire Protection System
Water based fire protection system are the most common form of fire suppression for both the
industrial and the commercial sectors.
6.3.1.1 ExternalFire Hydrant
Fire hydrant installation consists a system of pipe connected to the water supply directly. It is an
active fire protection measures that contain source of water provided with municipal water
service and a connection point for which firefighters can tap into a water supply. The other end
of pipeline is connected to the pumps and water storage tank of the fire fighting room which
water hydrant can pumps water from them. The firefighting hydrant line is a close loop pipe
system to maintain the pressure in the water hydrant and the network of pipes are located
underground. The fire hydrant system is a distribution system which consists of water tank,
suction piping, fire pumps and distributed piping system.
Figure 6.3.1.1.1: External Fire Hydrant Installation

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Hydrant Tanks
Fire water tank must be sized for a minimum effective capacity of 90000 litres and should be
refilled automatically from a water supply.
Figure 6.3.1.1.2: External two way Fire Hydrantfound outside the HeriotWatt University
The hydrants are used to pressurize the fire mains in case of emergency and when the water
supply is not reliable or inadequate. The water supply may be pressurized or unpressurized.
The water hydrant is discharged into the fire equipment from which it is then pumped and
sprayed over the fire.
Every hydrant has one or more than one outlets which connected to a fire hose. If the water
supply is pressurized, the hydrant will have one or more valves to regulate the water flow.
There are 2 types of pressurized fire hydrant:
1. Wet - Barrel
2. Dry - Barrel
Wet- Barrel Hydrant
It is directly connected to the water source, which is pressurized. The upper section (barrel) is
always filled with water.
Dry- Barrel Hydrant
It is being separated from the pressurized water source by a valve in the lower section of the
hydrant below ground level. The upper section always remain dry until the valve is opened.

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UBBL - SECTION 225 (2)
"Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 meters
from the nearest point of the fire brigade."
"Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire
appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority."
There have 6 two way external fire hydrant that can be found at Heriot Watt University which
show in the figure 6.4 and figure 6.5 respectively. They are wet- barrel hydrant.
Figure 6.3.1.1.4: Heriot Watt University ground floor plan that indicating the external fire hydrant

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6.3.1.2 Dry Riser System
Figure 6.3.1.2.1: Dry riser found at Heriot Watt University
Dry riser is a form of internal hydrant for fireman to use and are only required for buildings
where the topmost floor is higher than 18.3m and less than 30.5m above the fire appliance
access level. It is a vertical pipe intended to distribute water to multiple levels of a building or
structure. It is one of the important component of the fire suppression system of a building. Dry
riser is always dry and it depends on the fire engine to pump water into the system.
Heriot Watt University only has 5 floors in total, excluding roof top, and the maximum height of
the building does not exceed 30.5 meters. Thus, a dry riser system is applied which fulfill the
requirements stated in UBBL.
UBBL - SECTION 230
 Dry rising system shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more
than 18.3m but less than 30.5m above fire appliance access level.
 A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.
 Dry pipes shall be of minimum "class C" with fittings and connections of sufficient
strength to withstand 21 bars water pressure.
 Dry risers shall be tested hydrostatically to withstand not less than 14 bars of pressure
for two hours in the presence of the Fire Authority before acceptance.
 All horizontal runs of the rising systems shall be pitched at the rate of 6.35mm in 3.05m.
 The dry riser shall not be less than 102mm in diameter in building which the highest
outlets is 22.875m or less above the fire brigade pumping inlet.

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Installation of Dry Riser
A vertical pipe installed in a building for firefighting purposes, fitted with inlet connections at fire
engine access level and landing valves on various floors, which is normally dry but is capable of
being charged with water usually by pumping from fire engine pumps.
Figure 6.3.1.2.2: Dry riser installation

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Landing Valve
The landing valve is provided on each floor and located within fire access lobbies, protected
staircase or protected lobbies. In Heriot Watt University, most of the landing valves (dry riser
outlets) are located at each fire fighting access lobbies.
Breeching Inlet
The breeching inlet is installed at the bottom of the riser where enclosed in a box and marked
with "Dry Riser Inlet". It is provide the function as draining the system after using of the dry riser.
Figure 6.3.1.2.3: Landing valve and Breeching inletfound at the HeriotWatt University

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6.3.1.3 Automatic Sprinkler System
Figure 6.3.1.3.1: Sprinkler system found at HeriotWatt University
A sprinkler system is meant to eliminate or decrease the spread of fire. It's a requirement to
install a sprinkler system when the building exceeds 7000 m3 of volume. The sprinkler is usually
placing at the ceiling, it is a small device that can shoot water downwards by a deflector plate
that directs the water circular pattern over the fire act on walls or the structure.
Sprinkler systems are a series of water pipes which are supplied by a reliable water supply. At
selected intervals along these pipes are independent, heat activated valves known as sprinkler
head. It is the sprinkler head which is responsible for water distribution onto the fire. Most
sprinkler systems also include an alarm to alert occupants when a fire occurs.
Figure 6.3.1.3.2: Water piping of sprinkler system

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UBBL 1984 SECTION 228
1. Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and
shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.
2. All sprinkler system shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide
immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
Sprinkler System Installation
When the heat reaches a certain temperature, the quartz expands and fractures, releasing the
water. When the water starts flowing, it will detect and start the alarm. The alarm will alert the
fire brigade monitoring station. Heriot Watt University uses a wet pipe fire sprinkler system
where the sprinkler's heads are attached to a piping system that contains water and are
connected to a hydrant tank that supplies water so the system us prepared to discharge water
when the sprinklers are opened by the heat of the fire. Each of the sprinkler is activated and
performed individually when it is heated to a certain temperature.
Figure 6.3.1.3.3: Fire Sprinkler System Installation

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Fire Sprinkler Head
The sprinkler is the spray nozzle which distributes water over a defined fire hazard area. Each
sprinkler operates by actuation of its own temperature linkage. The typical sprinkler consists of a
frame, thermal operated linkage, cap, orifice, and deflector.
There are 4 types of sprinkler:
1. Conventional Sprinkler
2. Upright Sprinkler
3. Recessed Pendant Sprinkler
4. Horizontal Sidewall
Figure 6.3.1.3.4: Normal PendantSprinkler used in HeriotWatt University
The sprinkler heads used in Heriot Watt University is the standard type Normal Pendant
Sprinkler. The water sprinkler contain a heat responsive glass bulb filled with red liquid which
prohibits water from discharging from the sprinkler's orifice. The build use pressure to hold the
metal cap in place. When heat from fire rises to 68 degree Celsius, the glass builb will break
and sprinkler will release and spray water over the fire.
Floor Switch and Butterfly Valve
The floor switch and butterfly valve in figure 6.12 and figure 6.13 is to temporary close the
sprinkler system of each floor for maintenance.
Manual Valve
The manual valve in figure 6.14 is to manually deactivate the sprinkler system of each floor.

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Figure 6.3.1.3.5: Floor Switch found at basementofHeriot Watt University
Figure 6.3.1.3.6: Butterfly Valve found at basementofHeriotWatt University
Figure 6.3.1.3.7: Manual Valve of Wet Pipe System in Heriot Watt University

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6.3.1.4 Fire Hose Reel System
Figure 6.3.1.4.1: Hose Reel System found at Heriot Watt University
Hose reel system is intended to be used by occupants during the early stages of fire. The
system needs to be manually operated and activated by opening a valve, enabling the water to
flow into the hose that is typically 30m away.
The fire hose reel system is a pressurized system with a sole purpose of fighting any fire that
might occur until the fire is being put off. The hose reel includes a drive motor which rotates the
reel in a direction to wind a hose onto the reel and a clutch which permits the reel to freely rotate
when the hose is paced out.
UBBL - SECTION 231
 Wet rising system shall be provided in every building in which the top most floor is more
than 30.5m above the fire appliance access level.
 A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.

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A hose reel system comprises of:
1. Hose reel pump
2. Hose reels
3. Water storage tanks
4. Pipe works
5. Valves
Figure 6.3.1.4.2: Hose Reel System Installation

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6.3.1.5 Fire Pump Room
The pump room function with 3 elements that have different role on their own, which is the duty
pump, standby pump and jockey pump. Where there is any fault in the system, it will be
indicated in the pump room and control panel. The pressure gauge will control the pressure so
that it is at the right and appropriate water pressure. It will automatically cut out the water at
certain circumstances. The pump room is usually located at the basement.
The fire pump room of Heriot Watt University is located at the basement and consists of fire
sprinkler system and hose reel system including the pressure gauge, water tank, duty pump,
standby pump, jockey pump and control panel.
Fire Sprinkler System
Sprinkler pump draws water from the storage tank to feed the sprinkler network. There are two
sets of pumps which are duty pump and standby pump. The jockey pump is installed to maintain
the system pressure and to operate upon initial minor pressure loss. Also to prevent the larger
duty pumps to cut-in intermittently. Standby pump shall be powered from emergency generator
or diesel engine driven.
Figure 6.3.1.5.1: Pressure Gauge of Fire Sprinkler System
Figure 6.3.1.5.2: Sprinkler Water Tank

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Figure 6.3.1.5.3& Figure 6.3.1.5.4: Duty Pump and Standby Pump for Fire Sprinkler System
Figure 6.3.1.5.5: Jockey Pump for Fire Sprinkler System
Figure 6.3.1.5.6: Control Panel for Fire Sprinkler System

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Hose Reel System
Hose reel pump draw water from the hose reel water tank to feed the hose reel network. There
are two sets of pumps which are duty pump and standby pump. The hose reel pump system
shall come into operation automatically with a drop in pressure or a flow of water. Both pumps
shall be automatically primed at all times. Besides, all pumps shall also be capable of being
started or stopped manually. The standby pump shall be arranged that it will operate on failure
of the duty pump.
Figure 6.3.1.5.7: Pressure Gauge of Hose Reel System
Figure 6.3.1.5.8: Hose Reel Water Tank

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Figure 6.3.1.5.9: Duty Pump and Standby Pump ofHose Reel System
Figure 6.3.1.5.10: Hose Reel System Control Panel

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6.3.2 Non-Water Based Fire Protection System and Equipment
6.3.2.1 Argonite Fire Suppression System
Argonite Fire Suppression System is installed in the building service center. Normal water base
suppression system is not suitable to be installed in the room because there are many electrical
appliances which is important since it functions to control and manipulate the fire fighting
systems of the whole Heriot Watt University.
Argonite Fire Suppression System functions exactly the same as Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Suppression System, where both release gases to displace oxygen, hence extinguishing the fire
without damaging the electrical appliances in the fire control room.
The Argonite Fire Suppression System found in the Heriot Watt University is FM-200. It is a
compound that consists of carbon, fluorine and hydrogen. It is colorless, odorless, electrically
non-conductive, and suppresses fire by interrupting the combustion process and removing heat
energy from the fire to the extent that the combustion process cannot sustain itself.
Figure 6.3.2.1.1: FM-200 cylindrical tank are stored in the corner of building service center room
Figure 6.3.2.1.2:FM-200 gas release after detect the break out.

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6.3.2.2 PortableFire Extinguisher
Portable fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small
fires. Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing
an agent which can be discharged to extinguish a fire.
It is a small tube filled with different type of agent inside.
Type of Agent Color Class of Fire Description
Water Red A Spray to 6~8 meters in 60~120 second
Foam Cream A & B Spray to 6 meters in 30~90 second
CO2 Black B, C & E 2.2kg gas
Halon Green E None
Dry Powder Blue All classes Spray to 5~6 meters in less than 2
minutes
9~12kg
Figure 6.3.2.2.1 & Figure 6.3.2.2.2: Fire Extinguisher (CO2 &Water) in Heriot Watt University
Classification and use of fire extinguisher
Class Combustibles Specification
A Wood/ Paper/ Plastics/ Textiles Green triangle containing letter 'A'
B Flammable Liquid & Gas Fires (Oil/ Gasoline) Red square containing letter 'B'
C Live Electrical Equipment Blue circle containing letter 'C'
D Combustible Materials (Magnesium, etc...) Yellow 5 point - painted star
containing letter 'D'
K Cooking Media (Fats/ Greese/ Oils) Containing Letter 'K'

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UBBL - SECTION 227
Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and
shall be sired in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar
extinguishers in a building shall be on the same method of operation.
6.3.3 Alarm and Detection Systems and Devices
6.3.3.1 Smoke Detector
When a fire occurs in the building, the first procedure to be taken place in the active fire system
is the smoke detectors positioned on the ceiling on every floor. A smoke detector is a device
that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire.It acts as a important safety tool to detect
smoke and fire in the building. Usually the smoke detector is directly connected or powered by a
central fire alarm; so that the moment fire is sensed through the detector, notification can be
passed out to inform everyone in the building.
To protect the whole floor area, a few smoke detectors placed everywhere around the particular
floor in every level to detect the presence of smoke. The closet smoke detector within where the
fire is taken place will detect the smoke and then automatically signals the fire alarm control
panel located in the control room on the ground floor.
Smoke detectors can be divided into 2 types:
1. Photo- Electronic Smoke Detectors
2. Ionization Smoke Detectors
Heriot Watt University is equipped with photo electronic smoke detectors.
Figure 6.3.3.1.1: Photo- Electronic Smoke Detectors found at HeriotWatt University

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Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguisher fire and alarms
together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the
Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws
6.3.3.2 Heat, ThermalDetector
Thermal heat detectors contain a heat sensing circuit that can sense rapid increases in
temperature. The heat detector composed of a heat sensitive eutectic alloy that will reach
eutectic point changing state from a solid to a liquid during fire. When the ambient temperature
increases sufficiently to predetermined level where the heat detector will operate. For most fixed
temperature heat detector, when the surrounding temperature reaches 58 Celsius, it will be
trigger and communicate an alarm to the fire alarm control panel.
Figure 6.3.3.2.1: Thermal heatdetector found in the HeriotWatt University
Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguisher fire and alarms
together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the
Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.

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6.3.3.3 Fire Alarm System
Fire alarm systems are made of fire detection equipment and fire alarm control panels. Control
panels consist of conventional and the more sophisticated analog fire alarm control panels.
System Concept
Fire detection and alarm systems are designed to provide warning of the outbreak of fire and
allow appropriate fire fighting action to be taken before the situation gets out of control. As all
systems are designed primarily to protect life and property, this places a great responsibility on
the designer because each building will present a different set of problems in relation to the risk
of fire and fire spread. Each fire detection and alarm system therefore must be specially
designed to meet the requirements for each building.
There are 2 types of fire alarm system:
1. Single Alarm Systems (Conventional Fire Alarm System)
2. Two- Stage Systems (Addressable Fire Alarm System)
Single Alarm Systems Two Stage Systems
Simple switches, either 'on' or 'off' Constant 2 way communication between
control panel and detectors
Cannot distinguish between real fire or various
non- fire phenomena
(e.g.: Tobacco smoke, dust & steam)
Greater sensitivity to fire with greater immunity
to false alarms
Only able to indicate zone Control panel able to identify
Effective for small building Effective for large buildings
In Heriot Watt University, two stage system is used instead of the single alarm systems. It is
essential for large buildings to be equipped with a fire alarm system.
The fire alarm system in Heriot Watt University is installed with 3 types of alarm mechanism in
order to notify people in the building during a fire break out that there might be a need for
evacuation from the building.
The 3 mechanisms are:
1. Fire Emergency Light
2. Fire Alarm Bell
3. Manual Call Point

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Fire Emergency Light
The emergency lighting is lighting for an emergency situation when the main power supply is cut
and any normal illumination fails. Required to operate fully automatically, the fire emergency
light needs to give illumination of a sufficient high level to ensure all occupants can evacuate
safely during a fire break out. The emergency light is normally installed in corridors where
people need to have a clear view when evacuating.
Figure 6.3.3.3.1: Fire Emergency Light located at Basement
Fire Alarm Bell
The fire alarm bell can be operated in 2 ways, either from the fire control room or by breaking
down the glass of the manual call point. The fire alarm bell is of high pitch in order to alert the
occupants in the building that there is a fire break out and evacuation is needed. The fire alarm
bell is installed throughout the building with an even distribution.
Figure 6.3.3.3.2: Fire Alarm Bell located along the corridor in first floor

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UBBL - SECTION 237
Alarm bell must provide a minimum sound level of 65db (A) or +5db (A) above any background
noise, which is likely to persist for more than 30 seconds.
Manual Call Point
A manual call point is an emergency break glass installed in a building for the occupants to
manually activate it when fire occurs. It is designed to be operated either by button pushing or
handle pulling, depending on the brand of manual call point installed.
In Heriot Watt University, it is installed with the one with a push button.
Figure 6.3.3.3.3: Manual Call Point
Manual Call Point can be subdivided into 2 types:
1. Conventional Manual Call Point
2. Addressable Manual Call Point
In Heriot Watt University, addressable manual call point is installed in every floor in order to
identify the exact location of the fire break out. Once the call point is broke and activated, a
signal shall be transmitted to the fire control room and the warden shall be able to receive the
address of which call point have been activated.

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6.3.3.4 Fireman Intercom System
The Fireman Intercom System provides a reliable communication between the Master Console
(Fire Command Centre) and the remote handset stations.
The system consists of:
1. Remote handset station
Figure 6.3.3.4.1: Remote Handset Station located at basement of Heriot Watt University
2. Master Control Panel
Figure 6.3.3.4.2: Master Control Panel located at Building Service Center in Heriot Watt University

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During a fire break out, a call alert lamp will flash with audible signal at the Master Control Panel
when there is incoming call. As the handset is lifted to answer the incoming call, the audible
signal will be silenced. The master control panel is also equipped with a fault indicator unit to
indicate the type of fault.
Figure 6.3.3.4.3: Digital Alarm Communicator located in the Building Service Center in Heriot Watt University
A automatic digital alarm communicator is provided in the Building Service Center. The
communicator is linked directly to JabatanBomba; hence is a fire break out occurs in the
building, the system will automatically contact the fireman without human manipulating manually.
Figure 6.3.3.4.4: Control panel box,alarm bell & emergency break glass located near the Building Service Center in
Heriot Watt University

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6.3.3.5 FiremanSwitch
The fireman switch is a specialized switch disconnector or isolator. Its located on the outside
wall of shops, industries or commercial buildings.
They are used by fireman to turn off the power supply to electrical equipment in case of fire to
prevent the overheated equipment from exploding.
Figure 6.3.3.5.1: Fireman Switch in Heriot Watt University

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6.3.3.6 BuildingService Center
Building service center is the nerve center of a building. It is where all the controls for the
building's fire protection systems, fire pump, secondary water supply, air-handling systems,
stairwell door controls, communication and elevator controls locates.
Besides, the key cabinet is also located in the building service center. The cabinet contains all
the key to all areas of the building to which firefighters will need access in the event of an
emergency.
The building service center of Heriot Watt University is located on lower ground floor, near to the
basement car park, lift and staircase.
Figure 6.3.3.6.1 & Figure 6.3.3.6.2: The fire control system in building service center of Heriot Watt University
UUBL - SECTION 238
Every large premise or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a
command and control center located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to
monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire
detection and alarm systems and a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire-station by
passing the switch board.

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A fire control room must contain following facilities:
1. Automatic fire alarm and sprinkler indicator boards with facilities for surrounding and
switching off alarm and visual status indication for all relevant fire pumps, smoke control fans,
air-handling systems, generators and other required fire safety equipment installed in each
building depending on the circumstances and the system present in each building.
Figure 6.3.3.6.2: Indicator board showing location of fire breakout
2. Telephone connected directly to the external exchange.
Figure 6.3.3.6.3: Telephone used for communication purpose

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3. The control console of the Emergency Warning and Intercommunication System (EWIS).
4. A blackboard or whiteboard not less than 1200mm.
5. A pin board not less than 1200mm wide x 1000mm high.
6. A raked plan layout table of a size suitable for laying out the building plan.
7. A repeater panel of the lifts position indicator board.
8. A switch to isolate background music when required.
9. Remote switching control for gas or electric supplies.
10. Building security, and management systems if they are completely segregated from all the
other systems.

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6.4 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
Purpose Group and Compartment  Fire Shutter , Fire Rated Door
 Smoke Curtain
 Seperation of Fire Risk Area
Fire Appliance Access -
Walls and Floor -
Means of Escape  Fire Escape Staircase
 Emergeny Exit Signage
Figure 6.4.1 : Overview chart of passive fire protection system
The chart above showing the passive fire protection system for Heriot Watt. The detail
information will be discuss in subtopics in the continuous pages.

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6.4.1 Smoke Curtain
Figure 6.4.1.1 smoke curtain found in control room
Figure 6.4.1.1 overallview of smoke curtainon topof door
Smoke curtain (also known as fire curtain or safety curtain) is a fabric that made of
incombustible material to prevent fire and smoke spreading. In Heriot Watt. The smoke curtain
was installed on the top of the entrances of some of the mechanical system rooms. Smoke and
fire detector were installed as well above all this smoke curtain for detecting purposes. During
fire event, the smoke curtain will drop automatically to isolate the fire spread into the room.
UBBL-SECTION 161.(1)
Any fire stop require by the provision of this part shall be so formed and positioned as to
prevent or retard the passage of flame

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6.4.2 Fire Rated Door
Figure 6.4.2.1 Fire rated door
Figure 6.4.2.2 UBBL of the fire rated door

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 Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided
 Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door
having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth
Schedule to these By-Laws
 All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated
type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding door
Fire rated door is consider as part of the important fireproofing component in fire protection
system. Fire rated door serve as a entrances or exit in order to prevent fire spreading into
certain area to enable safe egress from a building or structure. Fire door usually can withstand
fire for 1.5 hours to 3 hours and install in front of fire staircase of office entrances.
Besides the automatic door close devices were installed in order to follow the requirement of
UBBL-SECTION 164.(1). This device is mainly build to ensure the fire rated door closed all the
time but it can still be opened when user want to pass the door. However the door closer will
automatically close the door up when it is fire.

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6.4.3 Emergency ExitSignage
Figure 6.4.3.1, Figure 6.4.3.2 Example of emergency signage sign in Heriot Watt
Emergency exit signages are usually indicated with neon green and white Malay word
"KELUAR" in it which mean exit in English. This signage trying to lead the way to safety outdoor
area when it has event of fire and usually install on top of the fire doors. It is also a strong
guidance for people to reduce their panic and confusion by giving direction for them to escape
the dangerous area. There has also emergency light install among this signage board to ensure
when the main electric supply break, it can still light up to allow people to notice it.
SECTION 172
 Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not
be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.
 A sign reading "KELUAR" with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every
location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.
 Every exit sign shall have the word "KELUAR" in plainly legible letters not less then 150mm
high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18mm wide. The lettering shall be
in red against a black background.
 All exist signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy

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6.4.4 Fire Emergency Staircase
Figure 6.4.4.1 emergency staircase to outer area
Fire escape staircase mainly allow for users to escape from the building to a safer area when
there is fire or any emergency incident happen. However when it is normal day, user can also
access to there to reach another level. There also always more than 1 escape staircase based
on the requirement of the rules
UBBL SECTION 168.
 The require width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at
landings.
 Except as provided for in by law 194 every upper floor shall have means of access via at
least two separate staircases.
 The required width of staircases shall be clear width between walls but handrails may be
permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 7.5 millimeters.
 Tiles on staircase-risers maximum 180 mm and thread minimum 255mm
UBBL-SECTION 169.
 No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.
UBBL-SECTION 178
 In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a streets or large open
space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be
located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the
place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke the reform.

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6.4.5 Separationof Fire risk Area
UBBL - SECTION 139
The following area uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they
are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by
local authority based on the degree of hazard:
 Boiler rooms and associated duels storage area
 Laundries
 Repairs shops involving hazardous processes and materials
 Storage area of materials in quantities deemed hazardous
 Liquefied petroleum gas storage areas
 Linen rooms
 Transformer rooms and substations
 Flammable liquid stores
Based on the law and regulations that we study above, spatial planning of the building should've
involve the separations of fire risk area to prevent the fire can spread quickly to the crowd when
it is fire event. As what we see in Heriot Watt, the electrical and mechanical rooms are located
in basement floor which are far from the crowd area like classroom, canteen, gather point and
so on so the fire won't reach as fast as possible when there have combustion occur.

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6.4.6 Compartment - Fire Shutter
Figure 6.4.6.1 Fire shutter
Figure 6.4.6.2 Fire shutter when it is safe
Compartmentalization in structures, such as land-based buildings, is the fundamental basis and
aim of passive fire protection. Fire compartment may contain single or multiple rooms, for the
purpose of limiting the spread of fire, smoke and flue gases, in order to achieve fire protection.
By separating the room, they usually install a system name Fire Shutter. It acts as a block when
fire event occur to prevent fire smoke and gases spread into interior space so the vehicles or
people can run away from fire to a safer place.

90
7.0 References
o Chadderton, D. (2004). Mechanical Transportation. In Building services
engineering (4th ed., pp. 382-389). London: Spon Press.
o Greeno, R. (1997). Transportation: Lifts, escalators and travelators. In Building
services, technology and design (pp. 289-311). Harlow: Longman.
o Building services handbook / Fred Hall and Roger Greeno.Hall, F. (Fred), 2011
o Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 all amendments up to August 1996: Act 133 [7th
ed.]. compiled by MDC Legal Advisers. Published & printed by MDC
Publishers Printers in Kuala Lumpur.
o Yohshino, H. (n.d.). Http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c15/e1-32-04-04.pdf.
Retrieved November 21, 2015, from http://www.eolss.net/sample-
chapters/c15/e1-32-04-04.pdf
o Fire Alarm Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2015, from
https://www.firesafe.org.uk/fire-alarms/
o Intelligent Addressable Devices. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21,
2015, from https://www.mircom.com/product-listing/fire-alarm-
detection/intelligent-addressable-devices
o Fireman Switch. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2015, from
https://library.e.abb.com/public/d201a5400aa23001c1257a52004a7
2d9/2CMC341001L0201.pdf

91
o Topic 3 District Cooling System. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2015, from
http://www.slideshare.net/pnnazz/topic-3-district-cooling-system
o Energy Efficiency. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2015, from
http://www.pjh.com.my/green-initiatives/energy-efficiency/
o Gdc. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/yuzamas/gdc-
47942708
o HVAC Basic Concepts of Air Conditioning. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2015, from
http://www.slideshare.net/servproofgreatneck/hvac-basic-concepts-of-air-conditioning

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8.0 Appendix
Figure 8.0.1 A group photos of us and the officers of Heriot Watt University Malaysia.

Building Services Systems Analysis

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