Comparing The Different Classes Of Glutamate Receptors Essay

Comparing The Different Classes Of Glutamate Receptors Essay
Compare and contrast the different classes of glutamate receptors.
Glutamate as a neurotransmitter
In the brain, neurons communicate between each other and with target cells via a great numbers of
chemicals they release, so called neurotransmitters. A signal in the brain is sent from a presynaptic
neuron to a postsynaptic cell through synaptic transmission, allowing the brain to process
information in a rapid way. (Südhof, Starke and Boehm, 2008)
One of the most important transmitters within the vertebrate nervous system for normal brain
function is known to be glutamic acid also known as glutamate. In the mammalian central nervous
system (brain and spinal cord) is acknowledged that almost all excitatory neurons are glutamatergic
and approximately more than 40% of the synapses in the brain release the amino acid glutamate.
(Purves et al., 2001)
The interaction of this major neurotransmitter with different cells in the brain is dependent on
whether the cells express receptors for glutamate on their surfaces, to which they can bind and
activate. (Hu, Ondrejcak and Rowan, 2012)
Glutamate interaction with glutamate receptors plays a role in the efficacy of synaptic plasticity,
which is fundamental for many neurological functions such as memory, learning, behaviour and in
addition during development in the formation of neural connections within the central nervous
system (CNS), thus allowing neurons to communicate with each other (Sundaram, Gowtham and
Nayak, 2012)
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Irrigation Of Root Canal Therapy
Irrigation stands on top of the various procedures followed during root canal therapy; evidence
supports that significant portions of root canals harbouring the endodontic biofilm remain
undisturbed even after thorough mechanical preparation, thus emphasizing the critical importance of
irrigation in endodontic practise. As discussed earlier combination of various irrigants either
simultaneously or sequentially are essential to eradicate the endodontic biofilm. A huge array of
irrigants have been used in endodontic practise, yet sodium hypochlorite owing to its characteristic
properties like pulp dissolution and antibacterial properties still remains the most commonly used
and the most effective agent for irrigation of root canals. Also sodium hypochlorite is responsible for
removal of organic portion of the smear layer. Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid is yet another
commonly used irrigant in endodontic practise and one of most reliable agent for eradication of
smear layer. Chlorhexidine digluconate known for its sustained antimicrobial action is commonly
used as intracanal medicament as well as irrigating solution. Its affectivity against E. faecalis makes
it the irrigant of choice in retreatment and root canal failure cases. Hydrogen peroxide, iodine
compounds, organic acid like citric acid, maleic acid, normal saline and water are few amongst the
various synthetic agent used for irrigation in endodontics. Sequential use of sodium hypochlorite
followed by EDTA as a final

The Role Of Endothelin Receptor Populations On Ventricular...
Use of Competitive Radioligand Binding to examine Endothelin Receptor Populations on
Ventricular Cardiomyocyte Membranes of Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats. Abstract
This investigation concerned the relationship between endothelin receptor populations on the
ventricular cardiomyocyte membrane of spontaneous hypertensive rats at 16 weeks old. The use of
radioligand competitive binding assay method, involving the displacement of [125I]ET–1 by 3
competitive, cold ligands, ET–1, ET–3 and BQ123, allowed for the generation of competition
binding curves, that adopted either a one–site or two–site model and allowed the determination of
relative IC50s and identification of receptor proportions. ET–3 produced a two site model
suggesting the existence of ET–A and ET–B receptors on cardiomyocyte membranes in SHRs and
calculated that around 29% of receptors were ET–B, whereas ET–1 and BQ123 both produced one–
site models.
Introduction
Endothelin peptide family is a group of 3 isoforms of a peptide, comprising of 21 amino acids, all of
which are formed from the same larger precursor, pro endothelin–1 by endothelin converting
enzyme. (Inoue A et al,1989) Each isoform is distinguished from the others by a differing gene, with
endothelin 2 and 3 differing from endothelin 1 by 2 and 6 amino acids, respectively. (Inoue A et
al,1989) Endothelin is known mostly as a potent vasopressor, but is also known to have a positive
inotropic effect on the heart, act as a proliferator of vascular smooth

Amino-Polyalcohol Ligands Essay
The use of amino–polyalcohol ligands has been a particularly successful approach to synthesise
such 3d–4f complexes, thanks to the degrees of freedom offered by the flexible ligand backbones.39
In previous work, we have shown how the ligand 1,3–bis(tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)propane
(H6L, Fig. 1) can be used to build up polynuclear assemblies of 3d TM ions.40–43 Using H6L, both
serendipitous assembly and directed synthesis were employed to synthesise novel compounds, with
the most spectacular example being a [Mn18Cu6] complex built in a stepwise fashion starting from
a monomeric precursor complex of Cu(II) with H6L.40 Whichever the approach, H6L has a
tendency to encapsulate one 3d TM ion in the coordination pocket defined by the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
After 20 minutes, Mn(NO3)24H2O (0.522 g, 2.07 mmol) was added, and the resulting burgundy
solution left to stir. After 1 hour, Ln(NO3)36H2O (1.06 mmol) was added, giving a dark purple
solution. After four hours the solution was cooled to room temperature, before being filtered and left
to slowly evaporate. Purple crystals suitable for X–ray diffraction formed after 4 days, which were
filtered and dried in air. (NMe4)3[Mn4La4(H2L)3(H3L)(NO3)12](H2O)4(MeOH)
(1(H2O)4(MeOH)). Yield (based on La(III) salt): 0.195 g, 24.5%. IR (neat, υ = cm−1) = 1479 (m),
1435 (s), 1316 (s), 1282 (m), 1092 (s), 1024 (s), 1001 (s), 677 (m). Elemental analysis calc. (%) for
C56H141La4Mn4N23O68 (18H2O): C 22.42, H 4.74, N 10.74; found: C 22.10, H 4.46, N 10.53.
Mn:La ratio from SEM–EDX: 50.6(14):49.4(14). The presence of the water molecules is accounted
for by TGA analysis (see SI Fig. S1). (NMe4)3[Mn4Ce4(H2L)3(H3L)(NO3)12](H2O)4(MeOH)
(2(H2O)4(MeOH)). Yield (based on Ce(III) salt): 0.232 g, 28.9%. IR (neat, υ = cm−1) = 1488 (m),
1480 (m), 1437 (s), 1303 (s), 1284 (m), 1024 (s), 1001 (s), 678 (s). Elemental analysis calc. (%) for
C56H143Ce4Mn4N23O69 (29H2O): C 22.25, H 4.77, N 10.66; found: C 22.10, H 4.52, N 10.33.
Mn:Ce ratio from SEM–EDX: 49.8(5):50.2(5). The presence of the water molecules is accounted for
by TGA analysis (see SI Fig. S2).

Protein Based Ligands For Tumor Targeting
In addition to peptides, protein–based ligands such as Affibody proteins have been utilized for tumor
targeting. Anti–epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) Affibody protein (e.g., Ac–Cys–
ZEGFR:1907, amino acid sequence: Ac–
CVDNKFNKEMWAAWEEIRNLPNLNGWQMTAFIASLVDDPSQSANLLAEAKKLNDAQAPK–
NH2) is used to target EGFR that is overexpressed in a wide variety of human tumors. Cheng and
co–workers used anti–EGFR Affibody protein as tumor–targeting ligand on 64Cu–Au–IO
nanoparticles (PET component: 64Cu, MRI component: iron oxide, specific for EGFR) surface.[63]
In their work, A431 tumor cells were subcutaneously implanted in the right shoulders of nude mice;
and 64Cu–NOTA–Au–IONP–Affibody nanoparticles were administered via tail vain injection.
Rather low resolution PET image showed that these nanoparticles were taken by EGFR positive
A431 (human epithelial carcinoma cell line) cells reaching 4.6% ID/g at 24 h after injection,
significantly higher than that obtained from the blocking experiment (1.9% ID/g) indicating the
specificity of the probe. This difference in % ID/g values corroborated with 44% drop in MRI signal
intensity that was observed for the tumor. In this study, the use of an Affibody protein as ligand for
EGFR–expressing tumor in small animals was demonstrated to be successful; however, the benefit
of multimodality was not demonstrated. The unique chemistry of this dumbbell–shaped Au–IO
nanoprobe could pave the way for targeted drug delivery into EGFR–expressing tumors

Humic Functional Groups
Humic substances are commonly described as heterogeneous compounds contain many functional
groups and they can be viewed as polyfunctional ligands. Oxygen–containing functional groups are
the most abundant and are ultimately the most important for binding metal ions (Logan et al., 1997).
The presences of functional group in organic compounds that have unshared pairs of electrons, and
that can form coordinate linkages with metal ions (Fig.3) are in the order of decreasing affinity of
organic groupings for metal ions as follows:
–O– > NH2 > –N=N– > –COO– > –O– > C=O
Enolate Amine Azo ring N Carboxylate Ether Carbonyl
The order stability of some divalent cations complexes with humic substances are as follows: Cu2+
> Ni2+ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The capability of metal complexes to supply plant available micronutrients under different soil types
are related to stability and solubility of metal–HS complexes. So that, the increases in plant growth
under expermintal conditions caused by an improvement plant nutrients uptake (Garcia–Mina,
2004).
2.3.2. Interaction of metal ions with humic acids
The formation of covalent link between metal ions and the humic acid, formation of H– bonding, as
well as, electrostatic interface can promote the interaction between HA and metal ions. In the
micellar aggregates, the hydrophilic part of the molecule including carboxyl groups and phenolic
hydroxyl groups apprehends the aromatic structure. Complexation with the hydrophilic part of HA
acid have been formed as a consequence of the interaction with metal ions, also increasing the ratio
of aromatic structure (Dudare and Klavins, 2012). HS complexing capacity varies as a function of
pH. Two binding patterns are possibly present: at acid–neutral pH (carboxylates) and at alkaline pH
(carboxylate and phenolic groups). The binding patterns, binding strength, stability and solubility
depend on the complexed metal. Complex solubility depends on the concentration of free ionized
functional groups and the molecular weight (Garcia–Mina, 2006).
Erdogan et al. (2007) manifested that the differences in sorption ability of particular metal

An alternative approach of affinity chromatography with...
An alternative approach of affinity chromatography with extremely significant results is dye–ligand
affinity chromatography. In this type of affinity chromatography, dyes compose the group of ligands
than are employed in the technique (Hage et al., 2012).
The initial motivation for scientists to investigate more about dye ligand affinity chromatography
was given after the interactions that took place between Blue Dextran, a Cibaron Blue and dextran
conjugate, which is used as a void marker in size–exclusion chromatography, and particular kinases.
Until then, only purification of various proteins by size–exclusion chromatography with Blue
Dextran, like for example, erythrocyte pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, glutathione reductase,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sulfonic acid groups are responsible for molecules in order to be soluble enough in aqueous media.
Another crucial characteristic is the negative charge of these groups at all pH values. Carboxyl,
amino, chloride, or metal complexing groups can be part of these dyes, but in most of them nitrogen
both in and outside on aromatic ring can be included (Denizli and Pişkin, 2001).
The most popular dyes used for the purification of proteins are triazinyl–based reactive dyes. The
synthesis procedure is mainly based on Cyanuric chloride or (1,3,5–trichloro–sym–triazine). In
particular, the fact that electronegative atoms are present is the reason for the three carbon atoms to
be characterized as extremely positive, and as a result they are very sensitive to nucleophilic attacks.
The attachment of chromophore molecules to this is extremely simple and so dichlorotriazinyl dyes
can be also formed (Denizli and Pişkin, 2001).
A characteristic example of this category of dyes is the Procion MX series (from Imperial Chemical
Industries). These series can also react later with aniline, sulfanilates or other nucleophilic
substituents in order to produce monochlorotriazinyl dyes like for example Cibacron (from Ciba–
Geigy) or Procion H (from ICI).The exact position of the sulfonate group on the aniline ring is the
main characteristic that helps scientists to distinguish the two series, as in Procion H series it

Essay about Determination of Cu2+ by Titration
Determination of Cu2+ by Titration
Introduction:
The purpose of this lab is to determine the concentration of copper ions in an unknown solution.
Complexometric titration will be used to determine the concentration. A buret will be used to deliver
the complexing agent to the unknown solution. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid will be used as the
complexing reagent. An indicator, Murexide in our case, will be used to indicate the endpoint of the
reaction.
Theories and Concepts:
The anion of the acid, EDTA4–, will complex to the metal. This anion reacts with the metal by
forming coordinate–covalent bonds with the metal. This is a coordination compound. This ligand is
called a chelate because it can form coordinate–covalent bonds ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
<li value="2"> Add 10 mL of 1 M NH4Cl to this it and mix the solution by swirling
<li value="3"> Add 5 mL of 1 M NH4¬OH and notice the color change
<li value="4"> Add 15 drops of Murexide indicator to the dark blue solution. This will turn the
solution to a violet color.
<li value="5"> Fill a buret with the standard EDTA4– solution to a point somewhere between the 0
and 2 mL mark and carefully read the initial volume of the buret. Record it.
<li value="6"> Record the molarity of the EDTA4– solution.
<li value="7"> Slowly titrate the EDTA4– solution into the copper solution.
<li value="8"> Swirl constantly, and the solution will gradually turn yellow
<li value="9"> Continue titrating and when the color changes back to violet the end point has been
reached.
<li value="10"> Record the value of the buret at this point.
</ol>
Equations and Calculations
M of EDTA solution = .0097 M Trial 1 Trial 2
Initial Buret Volume .25 mL 19.09 mL

Final Buret Volume 17.71 mL 36.06 mL
Volume of Cu Solution Used 25.0 mL 25.0 mL
Mass of Cu Solution used: 25.0 mL * 1.00 g/mL = 25.0 g
Volume of EDTA used: Final Buret Volume – Initial Buret Volume
Moles of EDTA: Volume of EDTA * .0097 M
Moles of Cu2+ = Moles of EDTA
Mass of Cu2+: Moles of Cu2+ * 63.55 g/mol Cu2+
% of Cu2+ by mass in unknown:

Ligand Activated Site Specific Recombination Of Gene And...
Ligand activated site specific recombination in mice
Inactivation of definite genes by homologous recombination in the mouse has proved to be
revolutionary for the control of mammalian development and the determination of its physiology.
Some factors like the selection marker, deficit gene product and intra–utero lethality due to the
inactivation of the gene limited the gene targeting and elucidation of the knockout phenotypes. Time
and the tissue specific inactivation of the target gene by engineered DNA recombinase was
successful in elimination of the limiting factors. However the somatic mutations could not be
introduced using the recent mouse gene targeting technologies, pristine version of Cre/Lox ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The DNA fragment of PCMVCre–ERT was then inserted into the F1 zygotes to form a transgenic
mice. PCR amplification was then performed using appropriate buffers, d NTPS, primers, DNA
polymerase and the genomic DNA. For the analysis of the mouse F9 carcinoma cells, they were
infected with pCre–ERT or pCre–ER. These cells were then cultured in the specific conditions and
PCR amplification was carried out. Southern hybridization and PCR were used to detect the
transgene and the trans allele. For the detection of the transgene by PCR, specific primers were used
Cre–ERT and for the southern hybridisation, tail DNA digestion was performed. mRNA synthesis
was then detected in the mice. RT–PCR was used for the estimation of the mRNA level. RNA
isolation from the mouse was done using Licl/Urea method. Synthesis of cDNA and then
amplification by 35 cycles of PCR resulted in 254 –bp fragment of cDNA. HPRT mRNA was used
as the control. PCR and southern hybridisation were then again used for the analysis of Cre–ERT
mediated excision of the marker from the allele. Specific primers were used for the amplification of
wild type allele and the target allele. Southern blotting was then performed. Cre –ERT mediated
gene excision was then estimated using semi–quantitative PCR and Cre –ERT mediated gene
expression was estimated using semi quantitative PCR. Different number of amplification cycles
were used for each samples. Agarose gel

Evaluation Of Glucosylceramide Synthase ( Gcs )
Abstract
Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of
glucosylceramide (GlcCer)–related glycosphingolipids (GSLs). In the present report we have used
atom–based 3D–QSAR method to analyze the structural aspect on a series of iminosugar derivatives
as potent inhibitors of glycosylceramide synthase. In this approach the experimental dataset was
divided into training and test sets and the model was chosen based on randomized trial distribution
which has high correlation factors. A ligand–based pharmacophore and atom–based 3D–QSAR
studies were carried out on a set of 65 inhibitors of GCS. After the QSAR studies, a five–point
pharmacophore with two hydrogen bond acceptors (A), two hydrophobic group (H) and one ring
aromaticity (R) was obtained. The pharmacophore hypothesis yielded a 3D–QSAR model with good
partial least square statistics results. The training set correlation has these partial least square factors
(R2=0.92, SD = 0.178, F = 843.9, P = 1.12e–15). The test set correlation has these partial least
square factors (Q2 = 0.25, RMSE = 0.665, Pearson–R =0.54).
After the QSAR studies, docking study is being carried out. The docking study will reveal the
binding orientation of the active ligands on the protein which will be completed in BTP–phase II.
The result for QSAR and docking studies will provide structural characteristics of the active ligands
and also give detailed information about binding features which can useful

The Complexity Of Endogenous Ligands For P2YR
Endogenous ligands for P2YR The most abundant and best–characterized endogenous ligand for
P2YR is the nucleotide ATP. ATP binds to all P2YRs except P2Y6R and P2Y14R12. Its binding
characteristics exemplify the complexity of P2YR signalling: at low concentrations it is the only
native agonist for P2Y11R, but at higher concentrations it functions as a partial agonist for P2Y1R
and P2Y13R, or as an antagonist for human P2Y4R or P2Y12R11, 12, 15. Other nucleotides, such
as ADP, UTP, UDP or UDP–glucose, exhibit more specificity for individual P2YRs. For example,
ADP activates P2Y1R, P2Y12R and P2Y13R, whereas UTP primarily binds to P2Y2R and P2Y4R,
and to a lesser extent to P2Y6R, for which UDP is its preferred native ligand. P2Y14R is ... Show
Functional roles of P2YR in unchallenged mice Mice with genetic deletions for human P2YR
homologous genes have been generated and characterized, with the exception of P2RY11, which is
not expressed in mice12. Despite their widespread expression and their functional involvement in
many diseases, mice with global deletions for individual P2YRs display only mild phenotypical
alterations when maintained unchallenged in a germ–free environment. For instance, P2ry2−/− mice
have slightly lower plasma concentrations of aldosterone, renin and potassium20, whereas global
deletion of P2ry4 is associated with lower exercise capacity and reduced myocardial hypertrophy
during a swimming exercise21. These findings indicate the likelihood of some redundancy in the
signalling system, or compensatory mechanisms following global P2ry gene deletion. P2YR
signalling during inflammatory disease states Introduction Cellular ATP release during inflammatory
conditions P2YR signalling during inflammatory disease states P2XR signalling during
inflammation Termination of ATP signalling Functional role of P1 signalling during inflammation
Conclusions Change history References Acknowledgements Author information Supplementary
information Several studies over the past decade have highlighted fundamental roles for P2YRs
during inflammatory

Prediction By Komputer Assisted Technology : Lab Analysis
In the materials and methods section; ligand preparation, target protein identification and
preparation, molecular descriptors calculation, ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and
Excretion) and TOPKAT (Toxicity Prediction by Komputer Assisted Technology) analysis were
carried out according to the previously reported method as briefly stated below.
Ligand preparation
Chemical structures of the ligands i) asperyellone [CID101600052]; ii) asperenone [CID5368642];
iii) hydroasperyellone [CID561143]; iv) CHEMBL1715716 [CID49859207] and v)
CHEMBL2152350 [CID71458428] were downloaded PubMed (www. pubmed.com) database. The
ligands were drawn in ChemBioDraw Ultra 12.0 (www.cambridgesoft.com) and subsequently
molecular mechanics (MM2) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ADME and TOPKAT analysis
Both ADME and TOPKAT analysis were performed using Discovery Studio® 3.1 (Accelrys, San
Diego, USA). ADME analysis was performed using six descriptors such as human intestinal
absorption (HIA), aqueous solubility (AS), blood brain barrier (BBB), cytochrome P450 2D6
(CYP2D6), plasma protein binding (PPB) and hepatotoxicity (HT). As for the TOPKAT analysis,
five descriptors were used which includes aerobic biodegradability (AB), Ames mutagenicity (AM),
ocular irritancy (OI), skin irritancy (SI), skin sensitization (SS) and oral toxicity (OT) in rat (LD50
in g/Kg of body weight).
Docking studies Docking studies were performed on the protein crystal structures of HMGR, HNE,
SQS, tyrosinase and XO obtained from Protein Data Bank (PDB) using the CDOCKER protocol
under the protein–ligand interaction section in Discovery Studio® 3.1 (Accelrys, San Diego, USA).
In general, CDOCKER is a grid–based molecular docking method that employs CHARMM force
fields. A protein was firstly held rigid while the ligands were allowed to flex during the refinement.

Coordination Chemistry of 3D Transition Metals
1.1 Introduction:
Coordination chemistry, which is the chemistry of metal complexes, is an important and fascinating
branch of chemistry. The coordination compounds including organometallics are of significant
importance and play a pivotal role in industry, technology and life processes. Due to their potential
applications in various fields it has always fascinated and inspired chemists all over the world. This
can be evidenced by the vast prolificity and scope of research papers on the subject in recent times
and also by the diversity in which it has found applications.
Since Alfred Werner proposed the concept of coordination chemistry at the beginning of 20th
century, this field has developed very fast and led to the development of many interdisciplinary
areas [1]. This has led to the emergence of allied fields like transition metal organometallic
chemistry, homogeneous catalysis and bio–inorganic chemistry. Coordination chemistry is a
fundamental to other pioneering fields like solid state chemistry, extended and mesoscopic
materials, photonic materials, models for solid surfaces, separation sciences and molecular
electronics. Together with supramolecular chemistry, coordination chemistry has developed new,
sophisticated ways to synthesize novel materials for catalysis, gas storage and magnetic data storage
[2–9].
The advent of excellent theories of electronic structure and bonding has contributed to a revived
interest in coordination chemistry of transition metals.

Ligand Lab Report
Result:
(Ligand 10 )
Ligand's binding energy that was taken from Findesite were calculated using by PyrX software.
Two of ligands that were favorable binding energy were passed through filters of FAF.drug site.
The first ligand is called 2–methylnaphthalene–1,4–di ol and it has three errors as follows:
1)High risk para hydroquinone
2)Low risk phenol
3)Is not ippl
To resolve the errors,first the phenol chemical agent must be destroyed so instead of Hydrogen in
hydroxyl of ring we added chlorine.
For this ligand (2–methylnaphthalen–4–yl hypochlorite) still remained "is not ippl" error.
To fix this error many process has been passed.
Another change was added chlorine on the other side of the ring.New ligand is called( ... Show more
For this ligand (4–methylbenzene–1,2–di.......) the first and second errors has been resolved expect
the third error.
To fix this error many stages has been passed.According to studies conducted was found that the
molecular weight of ligand should be increased to resolve this error ( Is not ippl ).
Changes in ligand's structure continued and added more substituent.
In the primary ligand structure two methyls were stayed in meta state and the hydrogen of phenol
was omitted.
This ligand by 2,4–dimethylphenol iuopac name has "Is not ippl"error so continue to add more
branches. Ring with biological molecule of nitrogen and hydroxyl was added to the chain had
oxygen.
This ligand named 1,4–dihydropyridin–4–ol that was checked with servers has an "Is not ippl "error.
For fix this error increasing the molecular weight continued with addition of rings.
In the next step ethyl and benzene ring were added to previous structure.This ligand (4–(1–
(2,4dimethyl phenoxy)ethyl)–1–benzyl(–1,4–dihydropyridin–4–ol) has the same error so another
changes were done.
Oxygen atoms were added to a previous benzene ring and checked out with servers were

General Chemistry Chapters 19, 21, 22 Essay
HOMEWORK EXAM 3:
Chapter 19:
The half life of 90Sr is 29 years. What fraction of the atoms in a sample of 90Sr would remain 175
years later?
Answer
0.166
0.125
0.062
here
0.015
Which relation is not correct?
Answer
11p = 11H = proton
0–1e = 0–1β = electron
here
+10e = +10β= positron
10n = neutron
As a result of beta decay, the product nucleus is
Answer
one atomic number lower than the original element.
two atomic number higher than the original element.

here one atomic number higher than the original element.
two atomic number lower than the original element.
What is X for the nuclear reaction: 21284Po à 20882Pb + X
Answer
42p
1–1β ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
T
Enhancing the ability of a semiconductor to conduct electricity by adding small amount of certain
impurities to the element.
Enhancing the ability of a semiconductor to conduct electricity by adding significant amount of
certain impurities to the element.
What is the correct sequence of the recovery ofa metal from its ore?
Answer
T
preparation of the ore ––> production of the metal ––> purification of the metal
preparation of the ore ––> purificaiton of the metal ––> production of the metal
purification of the metal ––> preparation of the ore ––> production of the metal
production of the metal ––> purification of the metal ––> preparaiton of the ore
Which one of the following is the best electric conductor?
Answer
T
Mg
C
Si
P
CHAPTER 22
Which aqueous solution of oxoacids of the halogens is the strongest acid?
Answer

HClO
HClO2
HClO3
Here check
HClO4
Which one is not metal?
Answer
Li
Be
Here (mettaloid) check
B
Sn
Which oxide is basic?
Answer
SiO2
SO3
Here (alkaline earth met)?
MgO
Cl2O7
Which is not an isotope of hydrogen?
Answer
hydrogen
tritium
deuterium
Here check dextrium Which one is in mismatch?
Answer
Ammonia – NH3

Nitrous oxide – N2O
Nitric oxide – NO
Nitrous acid check
HNO2 – nitiric acid
Which aqueous solution of hydrogen halide is the weakest acid?
Answer

Understanding Stress During Puberty
In this experiment, the author's focused on understanding stress during puberty and the sex–specific
differences of the effects on humans through rat models. As we go through puberty, both male and
females have increased levels of sex steroid hormones. In females this causes levels of cortisol to
increase, as well as the probability of developing a mood disorder relating to stress. Past studies
have shown that this is because of the plasticity of the hypothalamic–pituitary– adrenal axis (HPA)
axis and the areas of the brain the regulate mood, such as the amygdala. They supported their
previous claim with an experiment that was done on rats where they were subjected to stressful
events, known as juvenile social subjugation (JSS), and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Autoradiography helps to visualize the CRF1 and CRF2 receptors. The sections of the brain were
incubated for 2 hours in a binding chamber that contained 500 mM Astressin 2B and 500mM CP–
154,526. The Astressin 2B helps to visualize the CRF1 receptors, while the CP–154,526 helps to
visualize the CRF2 receptors. The control group of sections of brains was incubated for 2 hours in
0.2nm 125I Sanguine. They were washed then exposed to Kodak Biomax MR film. Next, they
calculated the receptor binding density and background measurements of the lateral dorsal thalamus
and the dorsal striatum. They created heat maps of the brain sections, whose densitometry
measurements were close to the mean, using Photoshop. They performed two–way ANOVA and
post hoc Student's t–tests. They compared between subject with sex and age, as well as the "effects
of age within each sex and sex within each age."
Results
Overall the Basolateral Nucleus of the Amgdala (BLA) was the primary location for the expression
of CRF1 binding and the MePV was the secondary location for binding. CRF2 expression in the
MePV was not as intense as that of the CRF1 receptor. The MePD had less expression of both types
of CRF receptor and no expression in the CeA. They found intense expression of CRF2 receptor in
the cortical nucleus of the amygdala and choroid plexus.
Each hemisphere of the brain had no significant difference in the binding of both types of CRF
receptors. Figure 2 shows that in the binding

A Study Simple, Economic And Rapied Potentiometric Method
Abstract
In this study simple, economic and rapied potentiometric method was used to calculated proton–
ligand stability constant of [2–oxo–2H–chromene–3–carbohydrazide] and metal–ligand stability
constant of its complexes with metal ion (Mn+2 and Cd+2).
This method has been employed at three different temperatures 298k,308k and 318k and at an ionic
strength of 1N NaCl.
The thermodynamic parameters (G, (H and (S were studied from logk at three different
temperatures.
Introduction
Coumarin derivatives are used in the filed of polymer, medicine and biology sciences. They are also
present in the actions of plant growth hormones(1,2) and used in cosmetics(3), lasyer
dyes(4),perfumes(5) and cigarettes(6).
Various techniques have been developed to determination coumarin and its derivatives, such as
spectrofluorimetric(7), HPLC
(8,9), capillary gas chromatography(10) and fluorescent probes(11).
The aim of this study was developed simple potentiometric method for the determination coumarin
derivative [2–oxo–2H–chromene–3–carbohydrazide] and its complexes with Mn+2 and Cd+2.
Material and method pH meteric titration were carried out with jenway 3020 pH meter, Varian UV–
Vis spectrophotometer and All chemicals were analytical grade supplied by BDH and Fluka.
Procedure of ligand [2–oxo–2H–chromene–3–carbohydrazide]
The ligand papered as reported in the literature(). Cumarin–3–carboxylic acid ethyl ester (1mol) was
mixed with 50 ml hydrazine hydrate and the mixture was refluxed at

What Is A Ligand?
Computer–Aided Drug Discovery and Design (CADDD)
X–ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques have been
immensely helpful in unraveling chemical composition and three–dimensional (3–D) geometry of a
small organic molecule, particularly proteins. Such 3–D structures can be assessed at open access
protein databases (http://www.rcsb.org).
These 3–D structures of proteins significantly reveal the information about various physiological
processes based on interactions between proteins or between proteins and ligands. In 1962, Max
Perutz and John Kendrew received Nobel award for the work on structure of myoglobin. Since then,
several Scientists have made considerable contribution for the determination of protein ... Show
These tools give useful insight of information regarding the nature of target–ligand interactions,
which consequently predict molecular models which are further used for the lead discovery and
optimization. Ligand–based designing approaches are based on the information about structure of
the active ligand which can interact with biological targets. The efforts for the designing of the novel
drug molecule is based on the concept known as molecular similarity; compounds with high
molecular structural resemblance with pre–existing ligands, are more likely to have similar
pharmacological activity profiles. This approach is considered an indirect methodology as it is
usually followed in absence of the 3–D structure of the target or if the target is unknown or cannot
be predicted.
There are a number of ways to screen a small molecule library in order to identify key pattern
present in a known active molecule or a set of them. The most common and simplest approach is the
use of molecular descriptors or physicochemical properties. Molecular features, such as electronic,
steric and hydrophobic properties, are obtained from practical experiments or theoretical
investigations. Further, these descriptors are compared with the reference molecule or set of
molecules with a large library of compounds at a very low cost.
Another commonly used approach used in the

Synthesis, Spectral And Biological Activities Of Pyridine...
SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF PYRIDINE 2,6
DICARBOXALIC ACID HYDRAZONE DERIVATIVES AND ITS METAL COMPLEXES
Vijay Kumar Tiwari1, Dr. S. N. Dikshit2 and Dr. Anupa Kumari Dubey3
*1Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, S.M.S Govt. Model Science College, Gwalior, MP.,
INDIA
Email: vijayt009@gmail.com
*2 Professor, Department of Chemistry, S.M.S Govt. Model Science College, Gwalior, MP., INDIA
*3 Department of Chemistry, S.M.S Govt. Model Science College, Gwalior, MP., INDIA
ABSTRACT
The new series of two new hydrazone derivatives and their vanadium complexes have been
synthesized bearing the formula M[DPDH](BF4)2 and M[DCDH](BF4)2, where M=V, DPDTPH=
(2,6–diacetylpyridine–N,N'–Pyridine–2,6–dicarboxylic acid dihydrazone) and DCDTPH = (2,6–
pyridine diacarbonyl di chloride– N–N'–Pyridine–2,6–dicarboxylic acid dihydrazone) and
(BF4)=Tetrafluoroborate. The ligand and complexes have been analyzed for elemental analysis,
spectral studies, and conductivity measurements. Different techniques like FT–IR, electronic data
were used to investigate the structural features of the synthesized compounds. Electronic absorption
and IR spectra indicate octahedral geometry. The antimicrobial activity of ligand and hydrazone
derivatives and their vanadium complexes against bacteria and fungi shows the complexes have
been found to be manifold active biologically than the ligand.
Key Words: Hydrazone derivatives, FT–IR, Spectral and antimicrobial Studies.
INTRODUCTION

Phencyclidine: The Dawn Of A New Age Essay
Phencyclidine: The Dawn of a New Age
April, 1956 : The pharmaceutical company Parke & Davis first synthesize what they believe to
be the perfect anesthetic (Souza, 1995). When administered to patients, it causes a completely
dissociative state, with no significant respiratory or cardiovascular depression. Patients appear to be
awake, eyes open, breathing normally.but are unaware of their surroundings or the procedures being
performed upon them (Souza, 1995). Indeed, this is the perfect drug.
Unfortunately, like all good things, this one has a darker side. 15% of patients awake from their
slumber with what appeared to be an acute case of paranoid schizophrenia (Peterson; Stillman,
1978). The drug is PCP, and to this day it is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In special cases, ketamine is still used as an anesthetic. (C.H. Badenhorst M.D, personal
communication). Ten years after its initial discovery, phencyclidine found a new audience in the
scientific and underground drug culture communities (Nintey
Fifth Congress, 1978). At this time, a few Freudian psychologists carried out unauthorized
experiments in which perfectly healthy patients were given PCP and observed (Nintey Fifth
Congress, 1978). Although their research did not provide much useful data, it did begin a revolution
in our knowledge of the chemical basis for schizophrenia (Nintey Fifth Congress, 1978). In 1987,
the FDA removed
Sernyl (phencyclidine's market name) from the human market and reserved it for use only as an
animal tranquilizer, for which it is still used today (Peterson,
1978). Unfortunately, some individuals were still able to obtain the drug, either through theft or
home synthesis in a garage laboratory (Nintey Fifth
Congress, 1978). It was distributed under a number of slang terms, including
PeaCe Pill, THC, and Love Boat; and rapidly spread throughout the country as a result of its low
price and availability (Peterson, 1978). There were many casualties.not because of the drug, but
because of

Ionotropic Receptors Research Paper
Ionotropic receptors is a binding site that opens when an ion attaches to the binding site. The
ionotropic receptor is also a direct method to the ion channels. Ionotropic receptors has a channel
where molecules move in and out of the ion channel. The ions that goes into the ion channel are
made out of sodium which cause the membrane to become small.
Metabotropic receptors is receptor that is a part of the binding site of a neurotransmitter.
Metabotropic is indirect and complex method to the ion channels. Metabotropic receptor process is
also different from the inotropic receptor. When the ion channel is open the molecule move to the
ion channel then molecule attaches to the metabotropic receptor and the ion channel closes.
Autonomic nervous system is a part of the different molecules in the body such as the smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle, gladder bladder, stomach, and urinary bladder. The neurophysiology is
showing the functions, the autonomic nervous system is showing how this works through the body.
There are two branches that are include in the autonomic nervous system. Those branches are called
the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The parasympathetic branch uses activity that is in the body which stores energy. For example, when
you eat something your saliva helps you to break down your food and when we swallow our food
the food goes into our stomach the fluid in our stomach helps to break down the food we eat which
gives us energy and is stored in our bodies. In this example, salvation is an example of one of the
activities that is in our book. The parasympathetic nervous system are located in the cranial nerves
and the spinal

CM2191 A0111185R Expt3
Name: Chen Yao Le Lab Group: Tues Email: A0111185@nus.edu.sg Matriculation Number:
A0111185R Date of Experiment: 17 February 2015 Experiment 6: Synthesis, Electronic Spectra,
Structural Isomerism: Octahedral Co(III) complexes with Chloride and Ethylenediamine Ligands
Abstract: In this experiment, Δ/Λ–[Co(en)3]Cl3∙4H2O was synthesized and the absorbance in UV–
vis spectrum was recorded. Δ/Λ–[Co(en)3]Cl3∙4H2O has an εmax of 197.33 mol–1dm3cm at
466.00nm and 210.39mol–1dm3cm–1 at 338.00nm. and the colour of the crystals obtained were
orange. The crude product was then reacted with L–(+)–tartaric acid and 0.59g of the ... Show more
Subsequently, 10mL of 3.5% H2O2 were added dropwise to the reaction mixture and was stirred for
20 minutes before heating to boiling at 80°C for 5 minutes. The reaction mixture was then taken off
heat and allowed to cool undisturbed in an ice–bath for 30 minutes. Suction filtration was performed
after to collect the crystals from the chilled solution The product was then washed with chilled 95%
ethanol (2 x 15mL) and followed by diethyl ether (2 x 10mL). The crude product was then left to
dry before recording the yield. 20mg of the crude product is then accurately weighed out and
dissolved in deionized water in a 25mL volumetric flask. Deionized water was added to the
volumetric flask to the mark and the UV–vis absorption spectrum of the crude product was
recorded. Part 2: Resolution of Racemic Δ/Λ–[Co(en)3]Cl3 complexes 1.3g of crude product
obtained from part 1, 0.81g of L–(+)–Tartaric acid and a magnetic stirrer bar were placed in a 50–
mL beaker containing 2mL of deionized water. 5mL of 10% NaOH stock solution were then added
dropwise to the reaction mixture. The mixture was gently stirred on a hotplate until the solids were
observed to be completely dissolved. A piece of aluminum foil was then used to seal the beaker and
kept in the fumehood for a week. After a week, the crystals of [Λ–Co(en)3][(+)–tart]Cl∙5H2O were
collected by suction filtration using a Hirsch funnel. The crystals were subsequently washed with 3
×

Ligand Phamaceuticals
Describe what you believe is implied by the term "engagement risk." What are the key factors likely
considered by Deloitte and other audit firms when assessing engagement risk? How, if at all, are
auditors' professional responsibilities affected when a client proposes a higher than normal degree of
engagement risk?
I believe that the term "engagement risk" implies that inherent client–specific risks face an auditor
throughout the course of an audit, thus creating a risk that the auditor will be unable to successfully
assess and manage these risks in the performance of the engagement and properly issue an
appropriate opinion. The auditor must understand these client–specific risks, which include, but are
not limited to, significant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What responsibility, if any, did this place on the Deloitte auditors? To start with, upon learning of the
error in estimation made by Ligand, Deloitte inherited the responsibility to recommend the
correction of the previous year's financial statements. This responsibility stems from two main facts.
First, auditors are Certified Public Accountants and as such, have a responsibility to serve the best
interests of the public. (Louwers 583) By not recommending a restatement of the financial
statements, Deloitte would be knowingly allowing the public to rely on information that is not
accurate. Second, Deloitte should recommend the restatement to ensure that they are exercising due
professional care, the lack of which could lead to lawsuit or penalty (which they eventually got).
Since its inception, the PCAOB has been criticized by many parties. Summarize the principal
complaints that have been directed at the PCAOB. Do you believe this criticism is justified?
Explain. What measures could the PCAOB take to improve its effectiveness as a regulatory body?
In general, the main criticisms of the PCAOB are that it has not made sufficient it's regulatory
power, it is slow to act in its investigations of enforcement cases, and that it targets enforcement on
smaller firms in order to protect the Big 4 firms, which are regarded as "too big to fail." While I do
not

Coordination Behavior Of New Bis
Coordination behaviour of new bis(tridentate ONO, ONS and ONN) donor hydrazones towards
some transition metal ions: Synthesis, spectral, thermal, antimicrobial and antitumor studies
Magdy Shebl *
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo, Egypt
* e–mail address: magdy_shebl@hotmail.com
Tel: +20 233120546.
Abstract
Three new hydrazone ligands, H2L1, H2L2 and H4L3, were prepared by condensation of 4,6–bis(1–
hydrazonoethyl)benzene–1,3–diol with furan–2–carboxaldehyde, thiophene–2–carboxaldehyde and
1H–pyrrole–2–carboxaldehyde, respectively. The ligands reacted with copper(II), nickel(II),
cobalt(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II) and dioxouranium(VI) ions, to yield binuclear complexes
formulated as [(L)M2(OAc)2(H2O)n(EtOH)m]xH2OyEtOH where L = L1 or L2; M = Cu, Ni, Co,
Zn or Cd; n = nil, 1 or 4; m, x and y = nil or 1, [(H2L2)Cd2(OAc)4(H2O)2]EtOH, [(L)
(UO2)2(OAc)2(H2O)2Y2]nH2O where L = L1 or L2; Y = nil or H2O; n = 2.5 or 7,
[(L3)M2(H2O)6]nH2O where M = Cu or Zn; n = 1 or 6, [(L3)(UO2)2(H2O)4]2.5H2O and dimeric
complexes; [(L1)2Ni2]3H2O and [(H2L3)2M2]nH2O where M = Ni or Co; n = 1.5 or 3. The
ligands and their metal complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H and 13C NMR,
electronic, ESR and mass spectra, conductivity, magnetic susceptibility measurements and powder
XRD as well as thermal analyses. The coordinating sites are phenolic oxygens, azomethine
nitrogens and the hetero O/N/S atoms. Octahedral, tetrahedral and

The Synthesis Of Nmofs And Other Ligand And Metal...
NMOFs from the Gd and BHC shows that it is possible to process unique NMOFs from the same
ligand and metal combinations by utilizing the multipurpose metal–ligand coordination modes.
The solvothermal approach for the synthesis of NMOFs was reported by two scientists. In their
research, they avidly investigated the transformation of the particle morphology during the synthesis
process. They added N, N–phenylenebis (salicylideneime) dicarboxylic acid solution which was in
DMSO to DMF solution which composed of two equivalents of Zn (OAc) 2. They observed that one
equivalent of zinc ions coordinates to the pocket of the salena and the remaining zinc ions
equivalent coordinates to metalloligands. They further heated the resulting solution at 120℃ for
thirty minutes. As the heating proceeded they discovered that the nanowires were changing into
nanocubes through the intrastuctural fusion and accumulation. They discovered that by varying the
reaction conditions they were capable of tuning the cubes' sizes. The smaller nanoparticle cubes
were obtained by reducing the solubility of the nanowires via application of poor solvent mixture or
lowering their temperatures.
Uses of the nanometer–sized coordination polymers
It is well known that nanometer–sized coordination polymers can be manufactured from diverse
organic bridging ligands and metal ions, therefore, can be used to made different materials with
exceptional characteristics and composition (Chen et al. 228; Schoemer et

Taking a Look at Coordinating Compounds
Coordinating compounds, usually noted by their Indo–Aryan name 'dvandva'. Coordination
complexes were notable since the start of chemistry. The definition and border of the class of
coordinating compounds involves two issues: initially, what a 'compound' is and how can we
distinguish coordinative compounds from alternative multiword expressions; second, the
understanding of what coordination is, and the way it's to be distinguished from alternative, non–
symmetrical relations (e.g. subordination). The major breakthrough occurred once Alfred Werner put
forward in 1893 that Co(III) bears six ligands in an octahedral geometry. His theory permits one to
grasp the distinction between coordinated and ionic in a compound, for instance chloride within the
cobalt ammine chlorides and to clarify several of the earlier unexplainable isomers. In 1914, Werner
resolved the first coordination complex, known as hexol, into optical isomers, overthrowing the idea
that solely carbon compounds may possess chirality.
Introduction
Coordination compound is 'a compound formed from a Lewis acid and a Brønsted base', a Lewis
acid being an electron pair acceptor and a Brønsted base a proton acceptor. Thus the interaction of
the Lewis acid metal centre as in Ni(ClO4)2 with the Brønsted base ammonia to make a complex in
line with the given equation: Ni(ClO4)2 + 6NH3 → [Ni(NH3)6](ClO4)2
This equation provides an example of the formation of a complex. In writing the formulae

Synthesis and Component Analysis of an Iron (Iii) Oxalate...
Experiments 4A–C:
Synthesis and Component Analysis of an Iron (III) Oxalate Complex
My Name
TA, Section B##
Work Performed on 10/23, 10/30, & 11/4, 200#
Report due Tuesday, November ##, 200#
1. Abstract
This experiment initially involved the synthesis of an iron (III) oxalate complex with the general
formula Kw[Fex(C2O4)y]·zH2O. The variables x, y, and z were determined through the duration of
the entire experiment. From 1.2000g of Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 were synthesized 1.1###g of
K3[FeIII(C2O4)3]·3H2O, owing for a percentage yield of 74.###%. A percentage yield of 11#.##%
was also calculated, had the final product been K[FeIII(C2O4)2]·2H2O. This value was rejected
because experimental errors are never to exceed theoretical values, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The redox components occur in pairs, with one species (the reductant) giving up its electron(s) to be
taken up by the other species (the oxidant).
4A involves the synthesis of an iron (III) oxalate complex. The iron is first presented in its Fe2+
form, so it must first be oxidized to Fe3+ before the oxalate ion will bind readily to it. Hydrogen
peroxide is the oxidant of choice: 2Fe2+ (aq) + H2O2 (l) + 2H+ (aq) 2Fe3+ (aq) + 2H2O (l), in
acidic solution. (1)
The oxalate ion is then free to coordinate to the Fe3+ ion, forming a complex of Fe(C2O4). The
oxalate ion is the conjugate base of the weak oxalic acid, H2C2O4. In lab, careful attention is paid
to the maintenance of the H2C2O4–C2O42– equilibrium, as only the oxalate ion is capable of
coordinating. This is done through the addition of H2C2O4 and the soluble K2C2O4 – only the
oxalate anion is of concern:
(2)
The complex may then be synthesized – the general reaction equation is: aFe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O
+ bK+ + cC2O42– + dH2C2O4 eK3[Fe3+(C2O4)3]·3H2O
(3)
The complex is then precipitated out and rendered into a crystalline form with ice (decreased
temperature results in decreased solubility) and ethanol (a polar solvent; the nonpolar target product
will have limited solubility in ethanol because of the violation of the like–dissolves–like rule).
The most likely synthesis products are

Advantage And Disadvantages Of Amino Acids
Source: Kumar et al., 2012]
[E] Protein (Amino Acids): Amino acids are the second type of natural compounds that plants
produce to solublize and translocate minerals. Plants manufacture these compounds to make mineral
biologically available in the cell. Even when unchelated or uncomplexed minerals are sprayed on
plants, the mineral must combine with an organic compounds such as an amino acids before the
plant can effectively utilize it. As with organic acids, amino acid compounds also play a role in
mineral uptake into plant tissue, because of the increase permeability effect of the amino acid on the
cuticle (Table 5.5).
Table 5.5: Amino acid –Advantage and Disadvantage
Amino Acids–Advantages Amino Acids–Disadvantages
Amino acids are one of the natural systems a plant utilizes to translocate and utilize minerals
Enzymatically hydrolyzed protein is expensive to produce
The groups of amino acids in NUE Amino minerals have been proven in field demonstrations to be
more effective in correcting mineral deficiencies on some crops than mineral applications without
these compounds The actual combination of properly prepared amino acid/peptide compounds and
minerals is not 100% complete with simple tank mix procedures.
By neutralizing the charge of minerals, amino acids make mineral uptake ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If the toxic metal concentration exceeds a certain threshold inside the cells, an active metabolic
process contributes to the production of chelating compounds. Specific peptides such as PCs and
MTs are used to chelate metals in the cytosol and to sequester them in specific sub–cellular
compartments. A large number of small molecules are also involved in metal chelation inside the
cells, including organic acids, amino acids and phosphate

Ligand Cell Biochemistry
Reception is the target cell's detection of the signal via binding of a signaling molecule, or ligand.
Ligand is a complex biomolecule, usually a protein. Receptor proteins span the cell's plasma
membrane and provide specific sites for water–soluble signaling molecules to bind to Receptors are
found in two places; Intracellular proteins are found inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm
or nucleus.Cell–surface proteins are embedded in the plasma membrane These transmembrane
receptors are able to transmit information from outside the cell to the inside because they can
transform, when a specific ligand binds to it.
Transduction is a process which occurs when the receptor protein binds to a signalling molecule,
which will lead to a series of changes in the receptor which in turn changes series of different
molecules along a signal–transduction pathway. The molecules in the pathway are called relay
molecules. The multistep process of the transduction stage is often composed of the activation of
proteins by the addition or removal of phosphate groups or even the release of other small molecules
or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A response can occur in three steps which include any cellular activity, rearrangement of the
cytoskeleton, or catalysis by an enzyme. These three steps of cell signaling all ensure that the right
cells are behaving as told, at the right time.cell signalling leads to the regulation of transcription or
cytoplasmic activities. Many signalling pathways ultimately affect protein synthesis, usually by
turning specific genes on or off within the nucleus. Often, the final activated molecule in a
signalling pathway functions as a transcription factor. In the cytoplasm, signalling pathways often
regulate the activity of proteins rather than their synthesis. For example, the final step in the
signalling pathway may affect the activity of enzymes or cause cytoskeleton

Investigating The Effect Of Ligand On The TFT Properties...
To investigate the effect of ligand on the TFT properties, we focused on the In2O3 NCs films cured
at 150 °C. Both the ligand molecules OA and BET were conserved on the NCs surface in the TFT
devices at a curing temperature of 150 °C. The TGA curves confirmed no weight loss at 150 °C
(Figure. 4). Moreover, the FTIR spectrum of the thin films cured at 150 °C also supported the
existence of the ligand molecules OA and BET with high intensity peaks of the alkyl group Csp3–H
and carboxylate group COO– (Figures 5(a) and 5(b)). Therefore, The µ increased after the ligand
exchange process because of the decrease ligand length from OA (1.97 nm) to BET (0.48 nm). In
the In2O3 NCs films cured at 150 °C, the NCs are separated by insulating ligand OA ... Show more
Table 1. TFT characteristics of the In2O3–OA NCs and In2O3–BET NCs thin films annealed at
different temperatures.
The µ of In2O3–OA NC and In2O3–BET NC thin films increased by 2–4 orders of magnitude with
increasing annealing temperatures from 150 °C to 350 °C, at which the OA or BET ligands
decomposed as discussed in the TGA (Figure 4) and FTIR results (Figures 5(a) and 5(b)). Specially,
the highest mobility obtained in this study are 4.1 cm2V–1s–1 for the In2O3–BET NC TFT
annealed at 350 °C. This can be explained by thermal decomposition of the organic ligands OA or
BET on the NC surface, decreasing the d between the neighboring nanocrystals with increasing
annealing temperatures [15]. This was further supported by investigating the crystalline domain
sizes of the NCs from the XRD pattern of the thin films (in the supplementary information). The
crystalline domain sizes were not significantly affected by the annealing temperature, indicating that
the In2O3 NC thin films still consisted of an assembly of the single crystalline NCs [15].
Temperature dependence of In2O3 NC TFT devices To know the charge transport mechanism, the
relationship between the mobility and temperature was investigated. The temperature dependence of
the mobility takes the general form

Essay about Ligand Case
In the year 2002, the US reached a land mark decision when the Sarbanes Oxley act was finally
affected into law which principally changed the way auditing and financial reporting was being
conducted. This act was prompted by high level frauds that public companies engaged in with
regard to financial reporting and auditing practices. The act therefore recommended the setting up of
a Public accounting Oversight board which was mainly to conduct regulatory and supervisory roles
in auditing public audit firms and individual auditors. This was done through establishment of
proper quality control measures on the work of auditors to minimize the audit risks that firms could
face while conducting their work. The Ligand Pharmaceuticals case ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, there are no contingent obligations relating to the seller. The buyer must have an
independent obligation to complete the sales transaction and finally, the buyer if acquiring the
product for resale has a substantial economic interest other than what is provided by the seller. The
general rule however is that revenues are only recognized when realized and earned. (Norton,
Diamond &Pagach, 2006).The Sarbanes Oxley act came up with changes that relate to internal
control systems within the organization. This was due to the fact that the GAAP revenue recognition
policies vary from one company to another and hence there was need to establish a strong
organizational structure that included the revenue recognition committee. This committee was to
ensure that the company followed the revenue recognition policies that relates to that company.
Their duties included ensuring compliance with revenue recognition policies, conducting reviews on
significant transactions, supervising other departments with revenue recognition roles and training
of other departments and sales team on the proper revenue recognition procedures. (nysscpa.org)
2. Discuss how these accounting standards and concepts were violated by Ligand. The company did
not meet all the conditions set out in revenue recognition and hence the earning process was not
effectively completed. One major condition is that the products involved must be for resale and that
realization and earning of the

The Role Of Initiation And Ligand Interaction Of Resting...
2.2.3 Role of VLA–4 in Costimulation Integrin receptor/ligand interactions provide a potent
costimulatory signal to CD3–mediated T cell activation (Davis et al., 1990; Nguyen et al., 2008).
Specifically, the VLA–4 mediated interaction of resting human CD4+ T lymphocytes with FN has
been shown to promote CD3–mediated T cell proliferation (Shimizu et al., 1990). Coimmobilization
with mAb to CD3 and FN consistently resulted in strong T cell proliferation. Other investigators
showed that immobilized FN enhances anti–CD3 induced proliferation of both CD45RAdim
(memory) and CD45RAHI (naïve) subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and that this effect was
inhibited with a mAb against the β1 subunit of VLA–4. Additionally, Nojima et al. showed that the
A and B epitopes of VLA–4 play a key role in VLA–4 mediated T cell costimulation (Nojima et al.,
1990). 2.3 Role of α4–integrin in CNS immunocompetence 2.3.3 α4–integrin Antagonism in EAE
As previously described, leukocytes activated in the periphery are able to adhere to the endothelium
of blood vessel walls in order to traffic into the CNS, where re–activation by antigen presentation
from perivascular APC leads to inflammation. In 1992, Yednock et al., which would later develop a
successful therapy for RRMS patients, made a revolutionary finding. They reported that
lymphocytes and monocytes bound selectively to inflamed EAE brain vessels and that this could be
reversed with antibodies against VLA–4 (Yednock et al., 1992). When tested in

COMPLEXOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF WATER HARDNESS
LAB
UNKNOWN SAMPLE #97
COMPLEXOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF WATER HARDNESS
DR. BUDRUK
CHM 152 LL
SEAN MARKIS
4 FEBRUARY 2015
Introduction
Using a Lewis base neutral molecule to donate electron pairs (ligands) to a Lewis acid metal ion
center to form a single cluster (complex) ion. When the complex ions forms with a metal ion
(chelation) the ligand used is called the (chelating agent). EDTA acts as a great chelating agent due
to the Nitrogen and Oxygen donating an electron pair to the metal ion center to form an octahedral
complex. The metal ions especially with a +2 charge or higher are the reason for water hardness to
form on various objects known as "scum". Calcium ions are typically the most common contributing
factor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chapter 4 is also used for titration of redox reactions using a standard solution (Na2 EDTA) to add
into another solution of unknown concentration (unknown sample + ammonia/ammonium chloride
buffer + Eriochrome Black T) until the equivalence point is reached (has fully reacted) as visually
identified by the indicators (Eriochrome Black T) from the color change of pink to violet to blue.
Procedure
1. "Prepare about 500mL of approximately 0.004M disodium EDTA solution. To prepare your
solution, weigh out 0.7–0.8g of Na2EDTA and dissolve in about 500mL deionized water in your
plastic bottle. Seal the bottle and shake vigorously for a few minutes to dissolve the salt.
2. Standardize the Na2EDTA solution using a stock calcium ion solution as the primary standard:
a. Use a 10–mL transfer pipet to add 10.00 mL of standardized calcium ion stock solution (1.000g
CaCO3/L solution) to a 250–mL Erlenmeyer flask.
b. Add about 30 ml of deionized water to this titration flask.
c. Add a magnetic stir–bar, place on a magnetic stirrer and begin stirring. A piece of white paper
under the flask gives good contrast for easier detection of the indicator color change.
d. Inside the fume hood, add about 3mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH 10). The buffer
is an inhalation irritant. Stir for 30 seconds.
e. Just prior to titrating the flask, add four drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator solution. Continue
stirring for another 30

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Benzofuran
INTRODUCTION: The metal chelates of various ligands play pivotal role in many important
medicinal applications. They also useful for metal extraction and detection. The present aspect is
context to the novel heterocyclic ligand containing .pharmaceutica active segments like benzofuran,
1,3,4–oxadiazoe and p–amino salicylic acid as ligand. So the literbture review is as follow:
LITERATURE REVIEW: Chelating agents, because of their metal specificity or selectivity, can
function as good flotaids and selective flocculants. In addition to the metal selectivity, chelating
agents offer certain advantages over conventional mineral processing reagents even from the
synthesis point of view. With the major donor .atoms–S, N, 0 and, to some extent, P–numerous
possibilities exist to tailor make reagents for specific applications.[1–3] For polymers the backbone
offers further possibilities for the incorporation of the required properties. In general, the choice of a
chelating agent or a group is made on the basis of its function in well–known analytical metal
separations. Such a choice is limited in that the number of well–known ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Objectives:
a. The objectives of the proposed work are To synthesis : and characterize benzofuran–1–;3,4–
oxadiazole–p–amno salicylic acid ligands.
b. To prepare the metal, chelates of above ligands and stheir characterization
WORK PLAN:
Following work will be carry out
Synthesis of Benzofuran–1,3,4–oxadiazole derivative
The Mannich reaction of above derivative with p–aminosalicylic acid
Characterization of all the derivatives.
The transition metal chelates preparation and characterization by metal:ligand ratio, spectral study
and magnetic properties.
Testing of microbicidal

Gasba Essay
Introduction:
GABAA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid) receptors are the main inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors
in the mammalian brain. Although these receptors have been found in other parts of the body like
liver9, smooth airway muscles of the lungs10, and several type of immune cells11,12, their main
function comes in the nervous system, specifically neurons. The GABAA receptors located in the
postsynaptic membrane are stimulated by GABA neurotransmitter released from the pre–synaptic
neurons and functions to inhibit neuronal stimulation in the short–term (millisecond time range),
while the extrasynaptic GABAA receptors are stimulated by ambient GABA in the extracellular
space and confers long term inhibition.2 However, there are many types of GABAA receptors
depending on the subunits that they are made up of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cys–loop receptors are characterized by pentameric ligand–gated ion channels. Some other
members of this superfamily are nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh), 5–hydroxytryptamine (type 3,
5HT3) and glycine receptors 1, 2 and 3. nACh receptors and 5HT3 receptors contain cation–
selective channels that depolarize or excite neurons, whereas GABAA/B receptors and glycine
receptors contain anion–selective channels that, in most cases, hyperpolarize or inhibit neurons.
Exception occurs during early postnatal development when these channels are excitatory.5, 3
Neuropathic pain can occur if these channels become excitatory in adults.16 The unique feature of
GABA receptors that distinguish it from other cys–loop receptors is its activating ligand GABA (or
accurately γ–aminobutyrate). There are two types of GABA receptors– A & B. GABAB receptor
was originally found due to their insensitivity to bicuculline which is GABAA antagonist1. They are
G–protein–coupled receptors and differ strongly in structure, function, and sequence from GABAA
receptors and will not be discussed further in this

Explain The Mechanism Of RIG-I Recognizes Bacterial...
RIG–I recognizes bacterial ligands in glial cells. RIG–I is traditionally viewed as a viral pattern
recognition receptor, however, more recently the pathogen ligands for RIG–I have been expanded to
include bacteria nucleic acids. In non–CNS cell types RIG–I has been documented to identify
bacteria RNA directly or DNA indirectly via an RNA polymerase III dependent mechanisms. RIG–I
dependent recognition of bacterial nucleic acids was demonstrated to be pathogen and cell type
specific. In glial cells the role and mechanism of RIG–I in pathogen detection has not fully been
explored. We have previously demonstrated expression of RIG–I and the contribution of RIG–I to
recognition of RNA and DNA viruses. However, the requirement of RIG–I for ... Show more
Confocal imaging of RIG–I recognition of bacterial ligands and nano–TNAs. In this proposal we
will investigate the subcellular localization of bacteria and bacterial nucleic acids in relation to the
cytosolic innate immune receptor, RIG–I. In order to accomplish this goal we will combine
traditional immunofluorescence for RIG–I and cellular compartment protein markers with the use of
commercially available products EU and EdU to label bacteria RNA and DNA, respectively. The
Thermo Fisher Scientific products EU and EdU were originally developed to detect global RNA
transcription and measure de novo DNA systhesis or S–phase synthesis, respectively. By growing
bacteria in the presence of these products prior to infection of glial cells we can track not only
bacteria but nucleic acid subcellular localization. This will provide insight into the accessibility of
nucleic acids to host innate immune receptors. By innovatively combining immunofluorescence and
nucleic acid labeling we will characterizing the localization of bacteria, bacterial nucleic acids, and
RIG–I over a given time course providing valuable insight into the mechanisms of host cell
recognition of bacteria in glial cells.
Nano–TNAs present significant advantages over traditional counterparts for therapeutic and
adjuvant applications.

Nitro vs nitrito linkage isomers Essay
Abstract
In this experiment, the nature of linkage isomers will be observed on the example of
nitritopentaamminecobalt(III) Chloride and nitropentaamminecobalt(III) Chloride. Their relative
stability will be compared on standard conditions and the infrared spectroscopy of both the isomers
will be obtained to analyze the characteristic absorption bands for the nitro and nitrito group. Yield
for nitritopentamminecobalt(III) Chloride was obtained to be = 1.9221 g(73.24 %) and yield for
nitropentamminecobalt(III) Chloride = 0.76 g(76 %)
Introduction
Linkage isomers may arise when one or more of the ligands can coordinate to the metal ion in more
than one way. The first reported example of linkage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A portion of the nitrito complex was placed in the oven at 110 degrees Celsius and was left for a
week. The product was observed to have dark green color and the infrared spectrum was obtained
for this compound as well using KBr pellets.
Results
Theoretical yield calculations
For [Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2
[CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2 + NaNO2 = [Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2 + NaCl (eqn 1.4) n([CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2) =
2.518 g / 250.4456 = 0.010054 mol n(NaNO2) = 2.5 g / 68.99 = 0.03624 mol
Thus, [CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2 is the limiting agent. n([CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2) = n([Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2) =
0.010054 mol m([Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2) = 0.010054 mol * 260.998 = 2.62407 g
%Yield = 1.9221 g / 2.62407 g = 73.24 %
For [Co(NO2)(NH3)5Cl2
[Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2 = [Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2 (eqn 1.5)
Their molecular weight is same so
% Yield = 0.76 g / 1 g = 76 %
Infrared spectrum table
Table : Absorption bands of the products synthesized
Compound name
Peak(cm–1)
Peak assignment
Literature reference (cm–1)
Chloropentaamminecobalt(III) Chloride

3300.42 (s)
Vas(NH3)
3267 1
3171.33(s)
Vs(NH3)
3174 1
1588.97(m)
Vas(NH3) degenerate
1589 1
1308.34(s)
Vs(NH3) angle deformation
1309 1
859.46(s) ρr(NH3) 850 1
499.027
Vs(Co–N)
485 1
Nitropentaamminecobalt(III) Chloride
3214.3(s)
Vas(NH3)
3200 1
1617(s)
V(as(NH3) degenerate
1615 1
1435.7(s)
Vas(NO2) scissoring

Lab Report Of Vanillin
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Problem Statement
1.1.1 Schiff Base
The condensation product of primary amines with active carbonyl compounds have resulted in the
formation of Schiff base compound. This has been reported by Hugo Schiff in 1864. Schiff base
compound contain azomethine –C≡N with a general formula RHC=N–R' where R and R' are alkyl,
aryl, cyclo alkyl or heterocyclic groups which may be variously substituted. These compounds are
also known as anils, imines or azomethines (Mishra N. et al, 2013). Structurally, a Schiff base is a
nitrogen analogue of an aldehyde or ketone in which the carbonyl group (C=O) has been replaced by
an imine or azomethine group (Figure 1.1) (Abu–Dief M.A et al, 2015).
Figure 1.1 General ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The development of new antibacterial agents with novel and more efficient mechanisms of action is
definitely an urgent medical need. Schiff bases have been pointed to as promising antibacterial
agents (Brodowska K. et al, 2014). With respect to the biological activity and desirable
physicochemical, stereochemical, electrochemical, structural and catalytic properties of Schiff base
metal complexes, their values has attracted significant attention and is also relevant for their
application as tools for the analysis of pharmacological constituents (Ejidike P.I et al, 2015).
Chigurupati S. (2015) reported that considering the increased incidences of severe opportunistic
bacterial infections in immunological deficient patients together with the development of resistance
among pathogenic gram positive and gram negative bacteria, there is a great need in finding new
compounds that may be effective against antibiotic resistant bacteria.
1.2 Problem

Protein Ligand Essay
G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR) is one of the largest known class of membrane protein
receptors which constitute more than 1% of the human genome (Xavier et al., 2007). GPCRs are
widely expressed in human body and have an important role in various cell signaling events. Their
functions are diverse in peripheral organs and brain, being such an important receptor in signaling
has made it an attractive target for various disease pathology. Therefore, obtaining ligands of novel
scaffolds by high through put screening on certain receptor families of GPCRs could be a viable
strategy to get a new lead molecule with a better potency and selectivity. GPCRs share a common
structural architecture of seven transmembrane helix with an extracellular ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Figure2 illustrates the different pathways by which Gs, Gi, Gq carry out their signaling via
generation of various second messengers. The assays based on the accumulation or formations of the
second messengers or effectors allow the detection and characterization of ligand types such as full
and partial agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist, and allosteric modulators. Figure 2: Signaling
pathway of Gs, Gi, and Gq coupled GPCRs The discovery of physiological functions of 3–
hydroxytyramine (dopamine), a metabolite of the amino acid tyrosine, more than 50 years ago
(Carlsson et al., 1957) resulted in enormous amount of interest and discussion about this
catecholaminergic neurotransmitter. These Dopaminergic neurons are critically involved in
numerous vital central nervous system functions, including voluntary movement, feeding, reward,
sleep, attention, working memory, and learning (Beaulieu et al., 2011). The involvement of
dopamine in various critical functions, its of no surprise that dopaminergic dysfunction is associated
in variety of human disorder particularly CNS related disorders like Schizophrenia, Parkinson's
Disease, Huntington's Disease and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) etc. Targeting
these receptors using specific agonists and antagonists provides an opportunity to significantly
influence dopaminergic transmission and dopamine–dependent functions by enhancing or blocking
the actions of dopamine.
Figure 3: Dopamine receptor

Comparing The Different Classes Of Glutamate Receptors Essay

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Comparing The Different Classes Of Glutamate Receptors Essay

Similar to Comparing The Different Classes Of Glutamate Receptors Essay (20)

More from Jill Turner

More from Jill Turner (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Comparing The Different Classes Of Glutamate Receptors Essay