1) Homo erectus were the first hominids to disperse out of Africa around 1.8 million years ago, migrating to various parts of Asia and Europe.
2) Neanderthals, who lived in Europe and western Asia from 130,000-30,000 years ago, were premodern humans that shared traits with modern humans but also had distinguishing morphological features.
3) Anatomically modern humans are believed to have first evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating and replacing or interbreeding with local populations, though some argue regional continuity of evolution also occurred.
Las Guerras Médicas (499-449 a.C.) fueron una serie de conflictos entre los griegos y el Imperio Persa, originados por el expansionismo persa en el Mediterráneo Oriental y la rebelión de colonias griegas en Asia Menor. Tras victorias griegas en Maratón, Salamina y Platea, se firmó la Paz de Calias reconociendo la independencia griega y su dominio del Egeo.
El documento describe los principales cambios del Neolítico y la Edad de los Metales, incluyendo la revolución neolítica con la invención de la agricultura y la ganadería que llevó a los humanos a establecerse, las especies cultivadas y domesticadas, el desarrollo de la metalurgia con cobre y bronce, las creencias religiosas como la Diosa Madre de la fertilidad, y el arte rupestre y megalítico.
This document discusses culture and worldviews. It defines culture as the ways of thinking, acting, and material objects that form a people's way of life. Key elements of culture include symbols, language, values, and norms. Worldviews are composed of cosmology, epistemology, ontology, and axiology. The colonial worldview sees the universe in dichotomies while the African worldview sees complimentary opposites. Epistemology differs in views of knowledge, and ontology differs in beliefs about the core of existence being material versus spiritual. Axiology also differs in individualism versus communalism. Culture is transmitted through socialization in institutions like family, media, schools and religion.
Ancient African societies developed towns that served as centers of government, trade, and crafts. Towns were ruled by kings who held audiences and maintained order in exchange for taxes and trade. Extended families and lineage groups provided the basic social structure, and while women held important economic roles, societies were usually patriarchal. Religions varied but often involved belief in supreme beings, ancestors, and an afterlife. Slavery, trade, and the spread of Islam impacted African cultures over this period.
Africa is the second largest continent, home to over 1 billion people speaking thousands of languages. It has a rich cultural heritage expressed through diverse musical traditions, dance, art, masks, and cuisines featuring ingredients like yams, cassava and spices. Religions practiced include Christianity, Islam, and traditional African beliefs.
Introduction to african history, culture and societyglyvive
This document provides an overview of the history, politics, economics, and cultures of Africa from ancient times to the present. It discusses the rise and fall of major West African empires from Ghana to Mali. It also describes the Bantu migration, the establishment of southern African kingdoms like Great Zimbabwe, and European colonialism from the 15th century onward. The document summarizes traditional African religions, the influence of Christianity and Islam, and the religious diversity of modern South Africa. It profiles several indigenous tribes such as the Maasai, Himba, and San Bushmen.
There are three major religions in Africa: traditional beliefs, Christianity, and Islam. Traditional African beliefs vary between ethnic groups but generally involve worship of spirits, gods, and ancestors as well as sacrifice. Ethnic groups each have their own languages, customs, and religions, with Arabs predominantly following Islam and groups like the Ashanti and Bantu typically practicing traditional religions that incorporate ancestral worship and spiritual elements.
Las Guerras Médicas (499-449 a.C.) fueron una serie de conflictos entre los griegos y el Imperio Persa, originados por el expansionismo persa en el Mediterráneo Oriental y la rebelión de colonias griegas en Asia Menor. Tras victorias griegas en Maratón, Salamina y Platea, se firmó la Paz de Calias reconociendo la independencia griega y su dominio del Egeo.
El documento describe los principales cambios del Neolítico y la Edad de los Metales, incluyendo la revolución neolítica con la invención de la agricultura y la ganadería que llevó a los humanos a establecerse, las especies cultivadas y domesticadas, el desarrollo de la metalurgia con cobre y bronce, las creencias religiosas como la Diosa Madre de la fertilidad, y el arte rupestre y megalítico.
This document discusses culture and worldviews. It defines culture as the ways of thinking, acting, and material objects that form a people's way of life. Key elements of culture include symbols, language, values, and norms. Worldviews are composed of cosmology, epistemology, ontology, and axiology. The colonial worldview sees the universe in dichotomies while the African worldview sees complimentary opposites. Epistemology differs in views of knowledge, and ontology differs in beliefs about the core of existence being material versus spiritual. Axiology also differs in individualism versus communalism. Culture is transmitted through socialization in institutions like family, media, schools and religion.
Ancient African societies developed towns that served as centers of government, trade, and crafts. Towns were ruled by kings who held audiences and maintained order in exchange for taxes and trade. Extended families and lineage groups provided the basic social structure, and while women held important economic roles, societies were usually patriarchal. Religions varied but often involved belief in supreme beings, ancestors, and an afterlife. Slavery, trade, and the spread of Islam impacted African cultures over this period.
Africa is the second largest continent, home to over 1 billion people speaking thousands of languages. It has a rich cultural heritage expressed through diverse musical traditions, dance, art, masks, and cuisines featuring ingredients like yams, cassava and spices. Religions practiced include Christianity, Islam, and traditional African beliefs.
Introduction to african history, culture and societyglyvive
This document provides an overview of the history, politics, economics, and cultures of Africa from ancient times to the present. It discusses the rise and fall of major West African empires from Ghana to Mali. It also describes the Bantu migration, the establishment of southern African kingdoms like Great Zimbabwe, and European colonialism from the 15th century onward. The document summarizes traditional African religions, the influence of Christianity and Islam, and the religious diversity of modern South Africa. It profiles several indigenous tribes such as the Maasai, Himba, and San Bushmen.
There are three major religions in Africa: traditional beliefs, Christianity, and Islam. Traditional African beliefs vary between ethnic groups but generally involve worship of spirits, gods, and ancestors as well as sacrifice. Ethnic groups each have their own languages, customs, and religions, with Arabs predominantly following Islam and groups like the Ashanti and Bantu typically practicing traditional religions that incorporate ancestral worship and spiritual elements.
CHAPTER 9The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo Homo .docxmccormicknadine86
CHAPTER 9
The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo:
Homo erectus and Contemporaries
First Dispersal of the Hominins
• Close to 2 million years ago, hominins expanded out of Africa into other areas
of the Old World.
• Early hominin fossils have never been discovered out of Africa, leading
researchers to believe that the early hominins were isolated there for 5 million
years.
• After 2 mya, there’s less diversity in these hominins than in their pre-
australopith and australopith predecessors.
• There is some variation among the different geographical groups of these
hominins, and anthropologists still debate how to classify them.
• There is universal agreement that the hominins found outside of Africa are
members of genus Homo.
Homo erectus
• The first hominin to expand into new regions of the Old
World.
• Homo erectus is the hominin species for which there is the
most evidence.
• As a species, H. erectus existed over 1 million years.
• More evolved behavioral/cultural practices and larger more
derived bodies aided their success
• East African finds have been dated to 1.7 m.y.a.
Lumping vs Splitting
• Depending on preference researchers tend to want to
group individual fossil finds together into species
(lumping) or split a genus into as many identifiable
species as possible (spliting)
• Some researchers split Homo erectus into two species
• African fossils into Homo ergaster.
• Asian fossils into Homo erectus
• Analyses show that H. erectus/ergaster are a closely
related species and possibly geographical varieties of a
single species
Morphology of Homo erectus
• There was much varition in the individual groups that are
included in H. erectus, but they share a set of features:
Body Size
• Adult weight >100 lbs, average adult height of ca. 5 feet 6
inches
• Sexually dimorphic, weight and height varied according to
sex
• Increased robusticity (heavily built body) that dominated
hominin evolution until anatomically modern H. sapiens
Brain Size
• Cranial capacities 700 cm3 to 1250 cm3
• Brain size closely linked with overall body size
• H. erectus is larger-bodied than early Homo sample
but relative brain size is about the same
• Relative brain size of H. erectus is considerably
less encephalized than later members of genus
Homo
Cranial Shape
• Thick cranial bone, large brow ridges (supraorbital tori), and projecting
nuchal torus
• A projection of bone in the back of the cranium where neck muscles attach;
used to hold up the head.
• Braincase long and low, with little forehead development
• Cranium wider at base, compared with earlier and later species
• Sagittal keel, a small ridge from front to back along the sagittal suture
African Origin of H. erectus
• African origin supported by evidence of:
1. Earlier hominins prior to the appearance of H. erectus occurring in
Africa.
2. 1.7 mya fossils at East Turkana, in Kenya, where australopiths have
also ...
1. Several hominin species evolved in Africa over millions of years, including Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus.
2. Homo erectus was the first hominin to migrate out of Africa, spreading across Asia and Europe between 1.8 million to 100,000 years ago.
3. Neanderthals evolved in Europe and western Asia between 250,000-30,000 years ago before going extinct, while modern humans emerged in Africa around 200,000 years ago.
1. Several hominin species evolved in Africa over millions of years, including Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo heidelbergensis.
2. Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago in Africa before migrating to Asia and Europe, where they encountered species like Homo floresiensis and Homo neanderthalensis.
3. Key adaptations that emerged over time included bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and modern human behaviors and capabilities.
UCSP_Lesson 7_Analyze the Significance of Cultural, Social, Political and Eco...ranniejhon
1) The document discusses human evolution from early hominins to modern humans, covering key time periods and species including Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Homo floresiensis.
2) It analyzes the role of culture and tools in human adaptation, noting how increased hunting led to changes in anatomy for Homo erectus compared to earlier species.
3) The emergence of different stone tool technologies over time, from Oldowan tools to Acheulean hand axes to Middle and Upper Paleolithic tools, illustrates the evolution of tool-making skills and cognitive abilities in hominins.
Hominids first emerged in East Africa around 4 million years ago, classified in the genus Australopithecus. Later hominids like Homo habilis and Homo erectus had larger brains and were the first to use tools. Homo sapiens evolved around 200,000 years ago in Africa and had fully modern human traits, later migrating to Europe and Asia. Theories on modern human origins include a single origin near the East or multiregional evolution in various places.
1. The document summarizes human evolution from early hominins to modern humans. It describes several key hominin species that evolved between 6-2 million years ago including Australopithecus afarensis and species of Homo such as Habilis, Erectus, and Floresiensis.
2. Major adaptations that set humans apart from other apes included bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and use of language. The earliest evidence of tool use dates back 2.5 million years.
3. Homo sapiens emerged in Africa around 200,000 years ago and spread throughout the world, with some interbreeding with Neanderthals. Significant evolutionary
1. The document summarizes human evolution from early hominins to modern humans. It describes several key hominin species that evolved between 6-2 million years ago including Australopithecus afarensis and early species of Homo.
2. Homo habilis and Homo erectus are identified as early species of the genus Homo that began walking fully upright and using simple stone tools between 2-1 million years ago.
3. Later species discussed include Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo floresiensis. Modern humans, Homo sapiens, are identified as emerging in Africa around 200,000 years ago.
1. The document summarizes human evolution from early hominins to modern humans. It describes several key hominin species that evolved between 6-2 million years ago including Australopithecus afarensis and early species of Homo.
2. Homo habilis and Homo erectus are discussed as being the first hominins to use tools. Species like Homo heidelbergensis show evidence of burials and tool making.
3. Neanderthals, Homo floresiensis, and modern humans Homo sapiens are the most recent hominin species discussed, with H. sapiens originating in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating worldwide
The document summarizes human evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes how primates evolved from tree-dwelling mammals around 65 million years ago. Early hominids like Australopithecus began walking upright around 3-5 million years ago. Several early Homo species evolved, including H. habilis, H. erectus, and H. heidelbergensis. Homo sapiens evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating to other parts of the world. Neanderthals were a closely related species that lived in Europe and Asia.
1. The document summarizes key aspects of human evolution, including the earliest hominins that originated in Africa 6-7 million years ago and the appearance of modern humans around 200,000 years ago.
2. Key hominin species discussed are Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo floresiensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. Major adaptations include bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and use of fire.
3. The timeline shows human ancestors like Homo erectus migrating from Africa around 1.8 million years ago, with Homo sapiens emerging in Africa around 195,
This document provides a summary of human evolution based on fossil and genetic evidence. It describes key findings such as bipedalism emerging before increased brain size, Homo habilis as the first tool users, Homo erectus leaving Africa and spreading across Asia and Europe, and Neanderthals being our closest evolutionary cousins. Genetic evidence from mitochondrial DNA indicates that all living humans share a common female ancestor from around 160,000 years ago in Africa, supporting the "Out of Africa" model of modern human origins.
Primates evolved from small, nocturnal mammals over 60 million years ago. They are divided into prosimians like lemurs and anthropoids like monkeys, apes, and humans. Anthropoids further diverged into New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, great apes, and hominids. Around 5-8 million years ago, a hominid ancestor of chimpanzees and humans diverged and bipedalism evolved in hominids as they adapted to foraging on land rather than in trees. Early hominids like Australopithecus gradually evolved into genus Homo, with Homo habilis being the first to use tools. Homo erectus was more human
- Primates first evolved around 50 million years ago, including early hominids like Proconsul and Ramapithecus.
- Ramapithecus, found in the Siwalik Hills of India around 8 million years ago, is considered one of the earliest hominids and potential ancestor of Australopithecus in Africa.
- Major hominid developments included Homo habilis around 2 million years ago in Africa, the widespread migration of Homo erectus starting 1.5 million years ago, and the emergence of modern Homo sapiens in Africa around 300,000 years ago.
The document discusses the species Paranthropus boisei, which lived in eastern Africa between 2.3-1.2 million years ago. P. boisei had robust features adapted for chewing, including strong jaws and large molars. Several important fossil finds of P. boisei are described, including KNM-ER 406 and KNM-ER 732A from Koobi Fora, Kenya, and the famous "Nutcracker Man" from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. These fossils provided insights into sexual dimorphism and posture in P. boisei.
A brief and concise presentation about the early faces of Man during the early times. A historical presentation about the discoveries and excavations of the early hominids.
This document summarizes several pre-modern human species including Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo ergaster, and Homo erectus. Homo habilis lived between 2.5-1.8 million years ago in East Africa and was characterized by long arms and use of stone tools. Homo rudolfensis, dated to 1.88-1.9 million years ago, had a larger braincase than Homo habilis. Homo ergaster lived 1.49-1.9 million years ago in Kenya and had physical features more similar to modern humans. Homo erectus emerged between 1.25-0.7 million years ago in Africa and Asia and
1. The document discusses the history and theories of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It traces the major species in our lineage and their defining characteristics.
2. Early hominid species like Australopithecus afarensis and Homo habilis exhibited traits like bipedalism and increased brain size compared to apes. Later species such as Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis used more advanced tools and mastered fire.
3. Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens inhabited Europe and Asia around 200,000 years ago before modern humans emerged in Africa around 50,000 years ago. Theories of human evolution are constantly reevaluated
The document summarizes the emergence and evolution of early human species from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens. It describes key findings such as the transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens around 500,000 years ago. Neanderthals appeared in Europe and western Asia around 300,000 years ago. Modern humans emerged in Africa around 160,000 years ago and spread throughout the Old World, eventually replacing Neanderthals. Upper Paleolithic cultures from 40,000 years ago produced new toolmaking techniques like blade production and pressure flaking.
The document summarizes key aspects of human evolution, including:
- Human evolution began approximately 6 million years ago from apelike ancestors in Africa. Over time, humans developed traits like bipedal walking, larger brains, and use of tools.
- Major sites where early human and pre-human fossils have been found include various locations in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Some of the earliest known pre-human ancestors include Australopithecus.
- As human ancestors evolved, traits emerged such as opposable thumbs, upright posture, and larger brain size. Modern humans (Homo sapiens) are believed to have evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating to other parts
Rediscovering Southeast Asian Food Cultures: Changing Foodscapes, Challenges ...jessievarquezjr1
A virtual talk I delivered at the Southeast Asian Youth Fest organized by the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) on 22 October 2022.
CHAPTER 9The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo Homo .docxmccormicknadine86
CHAPTER 9
The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo:
Homo erectus and Contemporaries
First Dispersal of the Hominins
• Close to 2 million years ago, hominins expanded out of Africa into other areas
of the Old World.
• Early hominin fossils have never been discovered out of Africa, leading
researchers to believe that the early hominins were isolated there for 5 million
years.
• After 2 mya, there’s less diversity in these hominins than in their pre-
australopith and australopith predecessors.
• There is some variation among the different geographical groups of these
hominins, and anthropologists still debate how to classify them.
• There is universal agreement that the hominins found outside of Africa are
members of genus Homo.
Homo erectus
• The first hominin to expand into new regions of the Old
World.
• Homo erectus is the hominin species for which there is the
most evidence.
• As a species, H. erectus existed over 1 million years.
• More evolved behavioral/cultural practices and larger more
derived bodies aided their success
• East African finds have been dated to 1.7 m.y.a.
Lumping vs Splitting
• Depending on preference researchers tend to want to
group individual fossil finds together into species
(lumping) or split a genus into as many identifiable
species as possible (spliting)
• Some researchers split Homo erectus into two species
• African fossils into Homo ergaster.
• Asian fossils into Homo erectus
• Analyses show that H. erectus/ergaster are a closely
related species and possibly geographical varieties of a
single species
Morphology of Homo erectus
• There was much varition in the individual groups that are
included in H. erectus, but they share a set of features:
Body Size
• Adult weight >100 lbs, average adult height of ca. 5 feet 6
inches
• Sexually dimorphic, weight and height varied according to
sex
• Increased robusticity (heavily built body) that dominated
hominin evolution until anatomically modern H. sapiens
Brain Size
• Cranial capacities 700 cm3 to 1250 cm3
• Brain size closely linked with overall body size
• H. erectus is larger-bodied than early Homo sample
but relative brain size is about the same
• Relative brain size of H. erectus is considerably
less encephalized than later members of genus
Homo
Cranial Shape
• Thick cranial bone, large brow ridges (supraorbital tori), and projecting
nuchal torus
• A projection of bone in the back of the cranium where neck muscles attach;
used to hold up the head.
• Braincase long and low, with little forehead development
• Cranium wider at base, compared with earlier and later species
• Sagittal keel, a small ridge from front to back along the sagittal suture
African Origin of H. erectus
• African origin supported by evidence of:
1. Earlier hominins prior to the appearance of H. erectus occurring in
Africa.
2. 1.7 mya fossils at East Turkana, in Kenya, where australopiths have
also ...
1. Several hominin species evolved in Africa over millions of years, including Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus.
2. Homo erectus was the first hominin to migrate out of Africa, spreading across Asia and Europe between 1.8 million to 100,000 years ago.
3. Neanderthals evolved in Europe and western Asia between 250,000-30,000 years ago before going extinct, while modern humans emerged in Africa around 200,000 years ago.
1. Several hominin species evolved in Africa over millions of years, including Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo heidelbergensis.
2. Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago in Africa before migrating to Asia and Europe, where they encountered species like Homo floresiensis and Homo neanderthalensis.
3. Key adaptations that emerged over time included bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and modern human behaviors and capabilities.
UCSP_Lesson 7_Analyze the Significance of Cultural, Social, Political and Eco...ranniejhon
1) The document discusses human evolution from early hominins to modern humans, covering key time periods and species including Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Homo floresiensis.
2) It analyzes the role of culture and tools in human adaptation, noting how increased hunting led to changes in anatomy for Homo erectus compared to earlier species.
3) The emergence of different stone tool technologies over time, from Oldowan tools to Acheulean hand axes to Middle and Upper Paleolithic tools, illustrates the evolution of tool-making skills and cognitive abilities in hominins.
Hominids first emerged in East Africa around 4 million years ago, classified in the genus Australopithecus. Later hominids like Homo habilis and Homo erectus had larger brains and were the first to use tools. Homo sapiens evolved around 200,000 years ago in Africa and had fully modern human traits, later migrating to Europe and Asia. Theories on modern human origins include a single origin near the East or multiregional evolution in various places.
1. The document summarizes human evolution from early hominins to modern humans. It describes several key hominin species that evolved between 6-2 million years ago including Australopithecus afarensis and species of Homo such as Habilis, Erectus, and Floresiensis.
2. Major adaptations that set humans apart from other apes included bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and use of language. The earliest evidence of tool use dates back 2.5 million years.
3. Homo sapiens emerged in Africa around 200,000 years ago and spread throughout the world, with some interbreeding with Neanderthals. Significant evolutionary
1. The document summarizes human evolution from early hominins to modern humans. It describes several key hominin species that evolved between 6-2 million years ago including Australopithecus afarensis and early species of Homo.
2. Homo habilis and Homo erectus are identified as early species of the genus Homo that began walking fully upright and using simple stone tools between 2-1 million years ago.
3. Later species discussed include Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo floresiensis. Modern humans, Homo sapiens, are identified as emerging in Africa around 200,000 years ago.
1. The document summarizes human evolution from early hominins to modern humans. It describes several key hominin species that evolved between 6-2 million years ago including Australopithecus afarensis and early species of Homo.
2. Homo habilis and Homo erectus are discussed as being the first hominins to use tools. Species like Homo heidelbergensis show evidence of burials and tool making.
3. Neanderthals, Homo floresiensis, and modern humans Homo sapiens are the most recent hominin species discussed, with H. sapiens originating in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating worldwide
The document summarizes human evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes how primates evolved from tree-dwelling mammals around 65 million years ago. Early hominids like Australopithecus began walking upright around 3-5 million years ago. Several early Homo species evolved, including H. habilis, H. erectus, and H. heidelbergensis. Homo sapiens evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating to other parts of the world. Neanderthals were a closely related species that lived in Europe and Asia.
1. The document summarizes key aspects of human evolution, including the earliest hominins that originated in Africa 6-7 million years ago and the appearance of modern humans around 200,000 years ago.
2. Key hominin species discussed are Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo floresiensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. Major adaptations include bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and use of fire.
3. The timeline shows human ancestors like Homo erectus migrating from Africa around 1.8 million years ago, with Homo sapiens emerging in Africa around 195,
This document provides a summary of human evolution based on fossil and genetic evidence. It describes key findings such as bipedalism emerging before increased brain size, Homo habilis as the first tool users, Homo erectus leaving Africa and spreading across Asia and Europe, and Neanderthals being our closest evolutionary cousins. Genetic evidence from mitochondrial DNA indicates that all living humans share a common female ancestor from around 160,000 years ago in Africa, supporting the "Out of Africa" model of modern human origins.
Primates evolved from small, nocturnal mammals over 60 million years ago. They are divided into prosimians like lemurs and anthropoids like monkeys, apes, and humans. Anthropoids further diverged into New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, great apes, and hominids. Around 5-8 million years ago, a hominid ancestor of chimpanzees and humans diverged and bipedalism evolved in hominids as they adapted to foraging on land rather than in trees. Early hominids like Australopithecus gradually evolved into genus Homo, with Homo habilis being the first to use tools. Homo erectus was more human
- Primates first evolved around 50 million years ago, including early hominids like Proconsul and Ramapithecus.
- Ramapithecus, found in the Siwalik Hills of India around 8 million years ago, is considered one of the earliest hominids and potential ancestor of Australopithecus in Africa.
- Major hominid developments included Homo habilis around 2 million years ago in Africa, the widespread migration of Homo erectus starting 1.5 million years ago, and the emergence of modern Homo sapiens in Africa around 300,000 years ago.
The document discusses the species Paranthropus boisei, which lived in eastern Africa between 2.3-1.2 million years ago. P. boisei had robust features adapted for chewing, including strong jaws and large molars. Several important fossil finds of P. boisei are described, including KNM-ER 406 and KNM-ER 732A from Koobi Fora, Kenya, and the famous "Nutcracker Man" from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. These fossils provided insights into sexual dimorphism and posture in P. boisei.
A brief and concise presentation about the early faces of Man during the early times. A historical presentation about the discoveries and excavations of the early hominids.
This document summarizes several pre-modern human species including Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo ergaster, and Homo erectus. Homo habilis lived between 2.5-1.8 million years ago in East Africa and was characterized by long arms and use of stone tools. Homo rudolfensis, dated to 1.88-1.9 million years ago, had a larger braincase than Homo habilis. Homo ergaster lived 1.49-1.9 million years ago in Kenya and had physical features more similar to modern humans. Homo erectus emerged between 1.25-0.7 million years ago in Africa and Asia and
1. The document discusses the history and theories of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It traces the major species in our lineage and their defining characteristics.
2. Early hominid species like Australopithecus afarensis and Homo habilis exhibited traits like bipedalism and increased brain size compared to apes. Later species such as Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis used more advanced tools and mastered fire.
3. Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens inhabited Europe and Asia around 200,000 years ago before modern humans emerged in Africa around 50,000 years ago. Theories of human evolution are constantly reevaluated
The document summarizes the emergence and evolution of early human species from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens. It describes key findings such as the transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens around 500,000 years ago. Neanderthals appeared in Europe and western Asia around 300,000 years ago. Modern humans emerged in Africa around 160,000 years ago and spread throughout the Old World, eventually replacing Neanderthals. Upper Paleolithic cultures from 40,000 years ago produced new toolmaking techniques like blade production and pressure flaking.
The document summarizes key aspects of human evolution, including:
- Human evolution began approximately 6 million years ago from apelike ancestors in Africa. Over time, humans developed traits like bipedal walking, larger brains, and use of tools.
- Major sites where early human and pre-human fossils have been found include various locations in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Some of the earliest known pre-human ancestors include Australopithecus.
- As human ancestors evolved, traits emerged such as opposable thumbs, upright posture, and larger brain size. Modern humans (Homo sapiens) are believed to have evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating to other parts
Rediscovering Southeast Asian Food Cultures: Changing Foodscapes, Challenges ...jessievarquezjr1
A virtual talk I delivered at the Southeast Asian Youth Fest organized by the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) on 22 October 2022.
Talk given to faculty members of Camarines Norte State College, organized by Ugnayang Pang-Aghamtao (UGAT/Anthropological Association of the Philippines) / July 2021 / via Zoom
This document discusses the importance of teaching ethnoscience in STS (Science, Technology and Society) courses. It defines ethnoscience as indigenous technical knowledge and traditional knowledge systems. The document argues that ethnoscience should be taught in STS to provide a critical perspective on what constitutes "science", to recognize other valid ways of knowing, and to challenge the dominance of Western science. It also notes that ethnoscience studies the relationships between living things and their environments. Examples of potential class activities involving ethnoscience, such as fieldwork, debates and projects, are also provided.
Understanding the Research Process and Utilizing Secondary Datajessievarquezjr1
Lecture delivered during the NCIP Training on Ancestral Domain Data Gathering as designed by Ugnayang Pang-Aghamtao, Inc. (Anthropological Association of the Philippines). Waterfront, Davao City. 05 September 2018.
Lecture delivered during the NCIP Training on Ancestral Domain Data Gathering as designed by Ugnayang Pang-Aghamtao, Inc. (Anthropological Association of the Philippines). Waterfront, Davao City. 05 September 2018.
Galing ba tayo sa unggoy? An Overview of Human Evolutionjessievarquezjr1
Talk delivered during the "Tulong-Dunong Lecture Series" organized by the Department of Social Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños. CAS Annex 2, UP Los Baños, College, Laguna. 25 November 2017.
"Ganito ang antropolohiya noon, paano kaya ngayon? Notes on the Teaching and Practice of Philippine Anthropology". Delivered during the Friday School Extension Project of the Department of Social Sciences, UPLB with high school teachers from Laguna and other neighboring areas as audience.
lecture material for my undergraduate class ANTH 187 (Sex and Culture) at UP Mindanao / contents are not mine, see references on last slide / photos were searched on google
This document provides an overview of ethnographic methods used in anthropological research. It discusses key concepts like participant observation, field notes, interviewing techniques, life histories, photographs, experience-near and experience-distant concepts. Participant observation involves the researcher immersed in the daily lives of the people they study over an extended period of time. Field notes are critical for systematically recording observations and interviews. Conducting interviews requires linguistic and cultural competence as well as careful probing techniques. Photographs and life histories provide additional context and perspectives when studying a culture. The document also discusses reflexivity and the co-construction of knowledge between the researcher and participants.
Presentation of my paper for Anthropology 275 (Seminar in Problems of Contemporary Culture Change: Social Movements and Collective Actions) graduate class at the University of the Philippines Diliman.
This document summarizes the history and development of anthropology in the Philippines from the Spanish colonial period through the American colonial period to the present. It discusses how early anthropological studies focused on racial classification of Filipinos and treating them as "objects" of study. It then outlines how anthropology at the University of the Philippines evolved under scholars like H.O. Beyer to focus on areas like archaeology, ethnography, and social engineering. The document argues that anthropology needs to move towards a more socially engaged and public form to address its colonial past of defining the self through the other.
Insights from the Periphery: Conversations with the Vendors of Katipunanjessievarquezjr1
A presentation prepared by Cynthia Loza, Kennedy Andrew Thomas, Samuel Fuego and Jessie Varquez for the AUDRN Conference-Workshop entitled Discovering Knowledge in the 21st Century: Connecting Classrooms to the World held at Meriam College, Quezon City. 12 May 2011.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
1. AFRICAN EXODUS
Anthro 212 Presentation
Jessie G. Varquez, Jr.
10 December 2011
CSSP, UP Diliman
2. Popular beliefs
• Evolution is linear
• Humans evolved from monkeys
– “galing ang tao sa unggoy”
• The Missing Link
3.
4. Key Questions
• Who are the first hominids that dispersed to
various parts of the Old World?
• What are the physiological and behavorial
characteristics of premodern humans?
• Where did the transition (from premodern to
modern humans) take place?
5. Outline
• Pleistocene or the Ice Age
• Homo erectus
– Acheulian stone tools
• The Neandertals
– Mousterian stone tools
• Modern Humans
– Origin and dispersal
6. Pleistocene or The Ice Age
• Began about 1.8 million years ago
• marked by periodic continental glaciations
• Characterized by numerous advances and
retreats of ice, with at least 15 major and 50
minor glacial advances documented in Europe
alone
• Archaic and modern humans evolved during a
long period of constant climate transition
between warmer and colder in northern latitudes
9. Pithecantropus erectus
The name first
proposed by Ernst
Haeckel for the oldest
hominid; Eugene
Dubois later used this
name for his first fossil
discovery (1891),
which later became
known as Homo
erectus.
11. Homo erectus
• Fossil finds in Africa, Europe and Asia
• Some researchers see several anatomical
differences between African representatives of an
erectuslike hominid and their Asian cousins. Thus,
they place the African fossils into a separate
species, Homo ergaster
• Increase in body size and robustness, changes in
limb proportions, and greater encephalization all
indicate that these hominids were more like
modern humans in their adaptive pattern than
theirAfrican ancestors were
12. Homo erectus in Asia
Composite cranium of
"Peking Man" found in
Zhoukoudian cave in
early 1920s (670,000–
410,000 ya)
The Sangiran 17 fossil
found in Indonesia. Note
Crania found in Dmanisi, the long cranium, low
Republic of Georgia in forehead, and large
1999 (1.7 mya) browridges (1.6 mya)
13. H. habilis vs.
H. erectus
BODY SIZE
• Adults weighed well over 100
pounds, with an average adult
height of about 5 feet 6 inches
• Sexually dimorphic
BRAIN SIZE
• Shows considerable brain
enlargement, with a cranial
capacity of about 700* to 1,250
cm3
CRANIAL SHAPE
• thick cranial bone, large
browridges above the eyes, and
a sagittal ridge
14. The technology of Homo erectus
Acheulian site in Kenya showing the
stone tools, with the handaxes in
the middle.
Small tools of the Acheulian
industry. (a) Side scraper. (b)
Point. (c) End scraper. (d) Burin.
15. Acheulian Complex
• The culture associated with H. erectus, including
handaxes and other types of stone tools; more
refined than the earlier Oldowan tools; bifacial
stone tools
• Basic H. erectus all purpose lithic tool kit for more
than a million years
• a kind of “Acheulian Swiss army knife,” these
tools served to cut, scrape, pound, and dig
• Lead to meat diet through hunting; explains
morphological features
20. Neandertals
• First found in Neander Valley near Düsseldorf,
Germany in 1856
• fossil remains have been found at dates
approaching 130,000 ya
• The majority of fossils have been found in
Europe (France, Croatia and Germany) where
they’ve been most studied, but fossil sites are
also found in Asia (Israel and Iraq)
21. Neandertals?
• They fit into the general scheme of human
evolution, and yet they’re misfits.
• Many anthropologists classify Neandertals
within H. sapiens, but as a distinctive
subspecies, Homo sapiens neanderthalensis,
with modern H. sapiens designated as Homo
sapiens sapiens
22. Modern Human Relatives?
Some of the morphological traits associated with Neandertals can be found in
modern humans, as illustrated by this photograph of the physical
anthropologist Milford Wolpoff facing the reconstructed head of a European
Neandertal. Might Neandertals have interbred with modern human ancestors,
passing along some of these traits?
23. Mousterian Industry
• Neandertals were associated with the culture
known as Mousterian or Middle Paleolithic;
includes a complex and distinctive type of fl aking
called the Levallois
• This technique involves preparing a stone core
and then fl aking the raw materials for tools from
this core
• They developed specialized tools for skinning and
preparing meat, hunting, woodworking, and
hafting
24. Examples of the Mousterian tool kit, including
(from left to right), a Levallois point,
a perforator, and a side scraper.
25. Did they speak?
• Philip Lieberman and Edmund Crelin
reconstructed the Neandertal vocal tract and
conclude that, like human babies, Neandertals
could not express the full range of sounds
necessary for articulate speech.
• The Kebara Neandertal skeleton includes the
hyoid bone, a part of the neck that can survive
from ancient settings. The morphology of the
Kebara Neandertal’s hyoid is identical to that of a
living human’s. The Kebara people talked.
26. Intentional Burial
When this individual was found in a pit, it was the first
suggestion that Neandertals cared for their dead in a way
similar to modern humans’ methods.
29. What’s so modern about modern humans?
Modern humans have a number of anatomical characteristics that
distinguish them from premodern humans. These include a small face,
small jaws, small teeth, a vertical and high forehead, a narrow nasal
aperture, a narrow body trunk, and long legs.
30. Earliest discoveries of modern humans
The earliest of these specimens
comes from Omo Kibish, in
southernmost Ethiopia. Using
radiometric techniques, recent
redating of a fragmentary skull
(Omo 1) demonstrates that,
coming from 195,000 ya, this is
the earliest modern human yet
found in Africa—or, for that
matter, anywhere.
31. Key Early Modern Homo sapiens
Hominid Date Site
H. sapiens sapiens 110,000 ya Qafzeh (Israel)
H. sapiens sapiens 115,000 ya Skhul (Israel)
H. sapiens idaltu 154,000–160,000 ya Herto (Ethiopia)
H. sapiens 195,000 ya Omo (Ethiopia)
H. sapiens sapiens 40,000–45,000 ya Niah Cave (Borneo, Indonesia)
H. sapiens sapiens 40,000 ya Tianyuan Cave (China)
H. sapiens sapiens 30,000 ya Cro-Magnon (France)
H. sapiens sapiens 24,500 ya Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal)
32. H. floresiensis:
Something New
and Different
In late 2004, the world awoke to
the startling announcement
that an extremely small-bodied,
small-brained hominid had
been discovered in Liang Bua
Cave, on the island of Flores,
east of Java.
These remains consist of an
ncomplete skeleton of an adult
female (LB1) as well as
additional pieces from nine
other individuals, which the
press have collectively
nicknamed “hobbits.”
33. Symbolic artifacts from the
Middle Stone Age of Africa
and the Upper Paleolithic in
Europe.
It is notable that evidence of
symbolism is found in
Blombos Cave (77,000 ya)
and Katanda (80,000 ya),
both in Africa, a full 50,000
years before any comparable
evidence is known from
Europe.
Moreover, the ochre found
at Pinnacle Point is yet
another 80,000 years older,
dating to more than 160,000
ya.
35. Complete Replacement Model
• aka Out-of-Africa hypothesis
• developed by British paleoanthropologists
Christopher Stringer and Peter Andrews in 1988
• proposes that anatomically modern populations
arose in Africa within the last 200,000 years and
then migrated from Africa, completely replacing
populations in Europe and Asia
• Y chromosome and mtDNA evidence
36. Partial Replacement Models
• suggest that modern humans originated in Africa
and then, when their population increased,
expanded out of Africa into other areas of the Old
World
• some interbreeding occurred between emigrating
Africans and resident premodern populations
elsewhere
• assumes that no speciation event occurred, and
all these hominids should be considered
members of H. sapiens
37. Regional Continuity Model
• aka Multiregional hypothesis
• closely associated with paleoanthropologist
Milford Wolpoff of the University of Michigan
• suggest that local populations continued their
indigenous evolutionary development from
premodern Middle Pleistocene forms to
anatomically modern humans
38.
39. Key Questions
• Who are the first hominids that dispersed to
various parts of the Old World?
• What are the physiological and behavorial
characteristics of premodern humans?
• Where did the transition (from premodern to
modern humans) take place?
40. References
Fagan, Brian M. 2008. World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction,
Seventh Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson
Education, Inc.
Jurmain, Robert, et.al. 2006. Essentials of Physical
Anthropology, Seventh Edition. Belmonth, CA: Wadsworth.
Larsen, Clark Spencer. 2010. Essentials of Physical
Anthropology: Discovering our Origins. New York and
London: W.W. Norton & Company.
* All photos were taken from the books mentioned above; except from the
third slide.