Cultural Relations Through Diverse Perspectives

Cultural Relations Are Historically Filled With Conflict
Intra–cultural relations are historically filled with conflict; and to deal with this conflict: Gloria
Anzaldua's concepts of opposing cultures and language barriers, John Locke's Equality theory, and
Kwame Anthony Appiah's global citizenship theory explores the issue and works towards better
relations. According to Anzaldua, people are not of one culture, but in several cases, several
clashing, distinct cultures. Anzaldua argues that language is part of our identity, and it is a barrier
between cultures, sometimes even our own. While Locke argues, we are all created equal, we may
not be treated equal. Once society can deal with these problems, it can move forward towards
Kwame Anthony Appiah's global citizenship theory. I do not fit in one box on a federal checklist, I
am of several cultures. My experience of listening to my Grandmother's stories made me acutely
aware of this fact. I am not just an American, I am a Mexican–American. Living in the Rio Grande
Valley, I am part of this "third country" that Anzaldua calls the borderland (Anzaldua Borderlands
1987, 3). In this third country where the "third world grates against the first and bleeds", the spilt
blood creates a new country; an uneasy fusion of both cultures (Anzaldua Borderlands 1987, 3). In
my case I was born to a father from Mexico and a mother from America, I am part of the third
culture, the Mexican–American. I am proud to be an American and a Hispanic, yet America
devalues me because of my heritage.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Analysis Of The Book Cosmopolitanism : Ethics And A World...
Kwame Anthony Appiah is a philosopher who deserves great recognition in this age. After earning
his Ph.D at Cambridge University he went on to teach at many Ivy League schools. He wrote the
book Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers which touches on many of the controversial
topics of our present time and connects them to past problems that now seem to have a clear
solution. Appiah 's discussions of various topics point out many of the difficulties faced by the
HIV/AIDS victims, who are gone into more detail by Helen Epstein, author of "AIDS, Inc.," and the
ordeals that women have been put through in order to escape the gruesome rituals that have been
required for their marriage. Conversation is the root of cosmopolitanism. Appiah mentions that "we
need to develop habits of coexistence: conversation in its older meaning, of living together,
association (Appiah 48)," supporting the idea of cosmopolitanism by encouraging tolerance and
understanding between every being, not just on a international level, but also on an individual level.
This also ties into multiculturalism in a simple and straightforward definition: the existence of many
cultures in one place. In order for all cultures to function peacefully there must be a strong sense of
conversation, in both its older meaning and its simple meaning of talking to one another. Appiah 's
childhood town; Kumasi, located in the capital of Ghana 's Asante region; was a melting pot of
cultures. Appiah gives no

Kwame Anthony Appiah Analysis
This reading made the reader question to who Kwame Anthony Appiah was presenting these ideas
and respond to this topic with our own personal views. Discussion similar to this reading that
discuss controversial issues, are that ones that make the reader dive in and reflect on their beliefs
and values and how those views and morals are not the same for the everyone in the world. Appiah
defines Cosmopolitanism as being conscious that every citizen that belongs to a community among
other communities. The writer wanted to remind the reader the value being of conscious that we are
part of a bigger community. Appiah main idea in his work was to start having conversations that
discuss cultures, beliefs and values to expand our knowledge about other cultures and not having the
excuse of marking another culture's belief right or wrong. He argues that by using Cosmopolitanism
we can create a more united community. Cosmopolitanism is seen as something with a great impact
in our lives, but something that every citizen should want to get involve with, thus making it harder
to achieve ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I personally think that by Cosmopolitanism is a great way to live because, there won't be more
judgment and separation between citizen of different cultures. Nevertheless I think that
Cosmopolitanism it's utopian and has little chance of really happening. I still hope that I'm prove
wrong and that it can really become a possibility because, it will help avoid a lot of problems and
judgment between different cultures, values and beliefs. For example, on my senior year of high
school I took a Sociology class where we had debates almost every other week about various
controversial topics and I had to learn to put myself on other people's shoes to see why they would
think that way on these

Kwame Anthony Appiah Cosmopolitanism
Utilizing a wide variety of subjects, including literature, history, and philosophy–as well as his own
personal experiences, Kwame Anthony Appiah through his novel Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a
World of Strangers, seeks to explain the similarities and differences of the people that inhabit the
world. Prehistoric hunters and gatherers formed close–knit communities which were founded upon
survival, humanity, in turn, was shaped by those experiences. Centuries later, those close–knit
communities have expanded into kingdoms, cities, nation states, and world order. Appiah states that,
cosmopolitanism "begins with the simple idea that in the human community, as in national
communities, we need to develop habits of coexistence: conversation in its older meaning, of living
together, association" (Appiah, xix). Here, Appiah reminds humans that we have been living beside
each other since the beginning of time. However, even though the world is expanding; it is also
shrinking, metaphorically, as a consequence of globalization. Individuals only in the past couple of
centuries have had the ability to affect each other indirectly through shared resources and common
enemies. Neither nationality, gender, nor state boundaries, have moral status with respect to
questions of justice. Despite the reasons to value our relationships with our local citizens–these
reasons do not justify inequalities in the well–being of people inhabiting different geographical
territories.

How The Future Will Judge Us?
Philanthropy–Learning To Give Disconnecting elderly folks from their families and incarcerating
every person who commits crime without thinking logically: Is this what modernization and our
teachings adds up to? Is it even fair that human beings are taught to do these things to us from the
very beginning of our educational lives? Kwame Anthony Appiah discusses several points in "How
The Future Will Judge Us?" that he believes are negatively affecting our society in terms of how we
treat people directly or indirectly. These points include criticism of our prison system,
institutionalized and isolated elderly, the destruction of the environment, and the industrial meat
production system. His main concern regarding these subjects is for the upcoming generation which
might view us negatively. He makes two important claims; firstly, no other country has as extensive
a populace in jail as compared to America, including non–violent offenders, and secondly, while
some elderly Americans may live freely, they are frequently disconnected from their families despite
having many living relatives. These problems can be solved by thinking logically to figure out
permanent solutions. For instance, we should provide the elderly with emotional and medical needs
because they deserve it, and secondly, a more profound way to deal with prisoners is through
rehabilitation programs because unlike animals, they have the ability to understand the difference
between right and wrong. Appiah claims

The Global Problem Of Gender Imbalance
163 million women are missing in Asia, but no one is looking for them. These missing women were
victims of sex–selective abortions, pushed onto the Asian population by a patriarchal society in a
way to control population growth. Mara Hvistendahl's "Missing: 163 Million Women" focuses on
the causes, consequences, and global implications of the gender imbalance in congruence with
sharing of local practices. Kwame Anthony Appiah offers cosmopolitan concepts of taking interest
in practices that lend significance to human life and shared practices in his book Cosmopolitanism.
The global problem of gender imbalance challenges Appiah's notion of coexistence in agreeing or
sharing practices without relinquishing our values by forcing the reader to ... Show more content on
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The cause of Asia's, or specifically China's, gender imbalance is fundamentally rooted in its cultural
beliefs, with its patrilineal system putting preference upon the male child. There are numerous
socioeconomic factors such as the unequal opportunities for females, retirement support that could
be provided by men, and better socio–economic opportunities, like education and employment, that
is given to males. After the introduction of the one–child policy, women scrambled to try and have
male children so that their children could have a chance at better social mobility, job options, etc.
The gender imbalance also negatively affects males, as there are not enough women to have as
wives, rear children, or provide insights and skills that a man cannot. But by doing this, the deficit
between males and females by sex ratio increased exponentially. In relation to this, global
interconnectivity through technological advances, such as the internet, affected how quickly Western
opinion on sex–selective abortion was seen in Asian countries.
Appiah and Hvistendahl both have opposing opinions on how global interconnectivity affects other
cultures. According to Hvistendahl, ". . . India's skewed ratio of male to female newborns was an
outgrowth of economic progress, not cultural backtracking" (250).

Appiah Soccer Summary
#1 Appiah's thesis is about a homogeneous uniformity between an individual's culture and his /her
community. Appiah talks about the cosmopolitanism, the way cultures interact on a daily basis. He
focuses on three main interrelated issues globalization, cultural diversity, and ethical consideration.
Franklin Foer exposes some of the world's social problems. The book travels to many different
settings throughout world and explains the problems that those areas are experiencing. It then shows
how soccer brings the people of the area together as one and helps them forget the problems and to
enjoy life. The major theme in this book is that we are all the same; that we are all human, and
although there may be many problems that it seems like cannot ... Show more content on
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It also serves as a tool for rich and powerful nations like the U.S to extend economic and cultural
domination over poorer ones. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.pegleg.park.edu/eds/detail/detail?sid
Mitchell, Great source/explanation. In what ways do you see this happening: " It also serves as a
tool for rich and powerful nations like the U.S to extend economic and cultural domination over
poorer ones." Brie Poor countries have taken enormous loans from wealthy countries in order to stay
afloat. Paying off the compound interest from this debt prevents them from investing resources into
their own country. For example, between 1970 and 2002, the continent of Africa received $540
billion in loans from wealthy nations–through the World Bank and IMF. African countries have paid
back $550 billion of their debt but they still owe $295 billion. The difference is the result of
compound interest. Countries cannot focus on economic or human development when they are
constantly paying off debt; these countries will continue to remain undeveloped and the rich
powerful nations will continue to extend their

Essay on Cosmopolitanism and People
Alexander Loza
Professor: Corissa Eisenman
Date: 4/21/2015
The best ways to meet the challenges of community and human
Interaction in the Internet Age
The Internet is playing a very important role in the evolution of digital technology, but although it
has seen remarkable growth over the last few years, its dispersion remains highly asymmetric. It is
widely believed that the so called information age will bring radical change and improvement, and
countries all over the world are busy with constructing the necessary infrastructure, the "information
superhighways," in order to meet the challenges of the information society of the twenty–first
century. Kwame Anthony Appiah's essay "Making Conversation" tell us about human's conversation
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Communication is the most important one topic because people communicate no matter what we
need communication to express ourselves to others. Appiah said it is more important to
communicate one another in person instead of using other networks. The conversation is the first
important step to understand others. People of other cultures will then learn to accept the beliefs of
others and by "changing our minds", Appiah makes it clear that conversing with people does not
often begin with agreeing on a set of principles, but rather exchanging our ideas and learning from
another one.
Eventhough, the internet can be helpful with education, it can also be unreliable. However, "The
Hive" by Marchall Poe, was the openness of Wikipedia. Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia that
anyone can use it. This might work for some people specially that ones who attend school or
college. This is very helpful for them because in Wikipedia you can search or find anything you
would like. Since anyone can write, or delete or use information off of Wikipedia, it makes it less
controversial because anyone can put their input into the website. If don't agree with something,
that's alright because you can add your own opinion. Poe describes how authors of certain wiki
pages write with a bias to support their facts. Facts become opinions when feelings and emotions of
bias get involved. "Instead of relying on experts to

Racism By Kwame Anthony Appiah
Racism is a widely discussed topic, and everyone agrees that it is something that only causes harm.
People with racist views can view others from other groups as people who are lesser than them and
might use physically actions to show their dislike. In response to that, more and more people are
having their own ideas of how to identify and end racism. For example, Kwame Anthony Appiah
who brought out the idea of extrinsic racism, the perspective of utilitarianism, and the Kantian ethic
are views that show why racism is wrong and how it can be ended. Kwame Anthony Appiah who
wrote "Racisms", believes that extrinsic racism is when people has a belief that different races are
different genetically and that results in different treatments. "members of different races differ in
respects that warrant the differential treatment, respects, –such as honesty or courage or intelligence
– that are controversially held (held at least in most contemporary cultures) to be acceptable as basis
for treating people differently." (p.691) This is morally wrong to Appiah because it is not true at all.
Humans are humans, even if there are different races, the genes that contributes to race does not set
different races' intelligence and moral standards, it is the teaching and environment that shapes the
people. "the genes that account for the gross morphological differences that underlie our standard
racial categories are not linked to those genes that determine, to whatever degree such matters

Cosmopolitanism In Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe
Having a new perspective with new ideas can change a person. This is true and can be applied to
many different people and events, including a character in Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart.
In the novel missionaries come to a tribe, Umuofia, and convert some of their people. However, a
convert by the name of Enoch creates tension and unrest between the tribe and the missionaries. If
this character were to be more cosmopolitan, one who is familiar and accepts other cultures and
ideas, and followed ideas presented in Kwame Anthony Appiah's Cosmopolitanism his actions
would have been vastly different. When one applies Appiah's cosmopolitan ideas, in
Cosmopolitanism to the character of Enoch in Achebe's Things Fall Apart, the character of Enoch
changes to become an individual of more respect, which in turn would prevent the unrest between
the missionaries and the Umuofia people in Things Fall Apart. Things Fall Apart exhibits many
instances in which cosmopolitan ideas such as diversity in a society, can apply. One of these
instances is when people of Umuofia leave the tribe to become Christians and join the missionaries,
particularly Enoch. Enoch lived in Umuofia and followed their culture, but when the missionaries
arrived he was one of the few who quickly followed the word of Christ. In Cosmopolitanism Appiah
claims, "If we want to preserve a wide range of human conditions because it allows free people the
best chance to make their own lives, there is no place for the

Globalization And Cosmopolitanism By Thomas Friedman
Globalization and Cosmopolitanism In current century, it has become way easier to communicate
with one another around the world because of the advancement in technology, making it way easier
for us to know what's going on around the world from our couch with the help of the internet, which
is known as globalization. Because of globalization it has become easier to communicate with
people which is what Kwame Anthony Appiah emphasizes on "making conversation" and "the
primacy of practice". Appiah also talks about another concept that is cosmopolitanism which means
global citizens of the world and how it may either bring people together or draw them apart from
one another. Appiah also emphasizes that making conversation doesn't necessarily mean that it
would reduce conflict, Thomas Friedman also agrees with Appiah theory, which is "No two
countries that are both part of the same global supply chain will ever fight as war as long as they are
each part of that supply chain" (Freidman 173). Does making conversation really solve any
problem/conflict? What is cosmopolitanism and does his concept really help apply to the world and
how helpful has it been in solving problems? Does meditating into different cultures solve any
problems? After 9/11 began a divide between "us" and "them" will that be solved? Being connected
to one another does that really solve problem much. Appiah mentions in the interview that even
though we may overcome these difference we are being

The Myths of Families Essay
Question 1: In The Way We Never Were, Stephanie Coontz suggests that society romanticizes past
generations of family life and points out that these memories are merely myths that prevent us from
"dealing more effectively with the problems facing today's families" (Coontz x). Coontz proposes
that researchers can take empirical data and create misleading causality for that data, thus feeding
cultural myth and/or experience. Coontz believes that "an overemphasis on personal responsibility
for strengthening family values encourages a way of thinking that leads to moralizing rather than
mobilizing for concrete reforms" (Coontz 22). She calls on us to direct our attention to social
reforms, which can be accomplished by avoiding victim–blaming ... Show more content on
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Coontz calls on her readers to avoid victim blaming strategies and to try to ask questions that raise
demands for social reform in order to decrease this conflict. In Fun Home, Alison Bechdel
demonstrates how myth and stereotyping contribute to the construction of prejudice. Alison's father,
Bruce Bechdel, lived a false life by denying his sexual orientation and created the illusion of a
"normal" family life. By marrying a female and creating offspring, he perpetuated the public illusion
that he had the perfect home and family. Despite this myth of perfect domestication, the true private
life of the Bechdel family could be described as dysfunctional. Bechdel "witnessed only two
gestures of action between" (Bechdel 68) her parents, which consisted of her father giving her
mother "a chaste peck before leaving on a weekend trip" (Bechdel 68) and one time when her
mother "put her hand on his back" (Bechdel 68) as they watched television. Bechdel writes how on
both occasions, she "was astonished and discomforted" (Bechdel 68) and suggests that both her
mother and father preferred "fiction to reality" (Bechdel 85). Both Bruce Bechdel and his wife, lived
in a world where they did not acknowledge reality; it was easier for them to live a lie then to come
to terms with Bruce's homosexual identity. The conflict within the family could be attributed to
Bruce's suppression of his sexuality, which in turn, could be attributed to growing up in a time
period when it was

Analysis Of Kwame Anthony Appiah Racial Identities
Differences Among Differences In his essay, "Racial Identities", Kwame Anthony Appiah addresses
the topic of racial identification. He describes how and why it's hard not to identify someone based
on their race. Today in the United States, racial identification is quite relevant. People judge and
stereotype others based on race. Classifying people based on their looks isn't bad, it's the negative
attitudes and labels that come with it. Racial identification is hard for most people to avoid, is
detrimental due to the bad attitudes people have, negatively affects people's lifestyles, and divide
people. Racial identification is harder than ethnic identification for most people to avoid. To explain
this, in "Racial Identities" in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, in an article titled "Inequality, Race, and Remedy" for The American Prospect, Alan
Jenkins states "Poor people of color are also increasingly more likely than whites to find themselves
living in high–poverty neighborhoods with limited resources and limited options" (Jenkins). This
illustrates that an individual's race can completely affect their home, job, financial situation, and
overall way of life. According to this article, person of color has a higher chance at living in poverty
than a white person does. This example shows that colored people aren't given as many
opportunities and as a result, it may be harder for them to succeed in life. The oppression they face
is all because of the color of their skin, not because they are any less smart or human than others.
The poor lifestyle is a result of racial identification and false labeling. People automatically
stereotype and judge black people because of their skin color and often times it has a negative
outcome.
Focusing so much on an individual's race usually doesn't help people come together. In an ebook
titled "Legacies of Race: Identities, Attitudes, and Politics in Brazil" on EBSCOhost, Stanely R.
Bailey say "In the promonoracial argument, external labeling is considered a major influence in
racial or ethnic group identification. In the historic absence of strong racial subjectivity defined
along dichotomous

Kwame Anthony Appiah On Identity
Race can be defined as a generally constructed way of
categorizing people, according to phonotypical characteristics that are
determined genetically but not always consistent. Kwame Anthony
Appiah defined race to be the same as all other major forms of
identification which are central to identity politics (45). Identity
provides us with a sense of belonging. Our families, our cultural
backgrounds, where we live and the type of work we do all contribute to
our sense of identity.
Malcolm X's shift in identity we can say came when he adopted "X"
as his last name saying, since he was the descendant of slaves stolen
from Africa, Little was actually a slave name – as slaves were often given
the last name of their owners. He came to realize that he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fractured identities
simply show the difference between an individual and the society the
live in. It's relevant for every individual to have a recognizable identity
(45).
A fractured identity definitely reflects to the existence of
solidarity among races. Appiah said, "because many people want the

sense of solidarity that comes from being unlike others"(52). Appiah is
trying to suggest that solidarity is the identity that allows differences
between races and ethnicities. In his essay he suggest we should regard
and accept the concept of solidarity. We can from here relate fractional
identities and the concept of solidarity. Fractional identities are the
identities that differentiate individuals from the ethnicity they belong to
or come from, while solidarity shows the diversity among different
cultures, allowing us to see the difference amid a person representing
his ethnicity and another community or ethnicity. Relating fractional
identity and solidarity help Appiah talk about identity play.
We can relate Appiah's urgency to his opinions on racism; he
wished the change the notion people had about racism. He didn't

Cosmopolitanism In Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe
Imagine living in a village where everyone shares the same beliefs and speaks the same language,
but suddenly one person arrives, and the world seems to move off balance. This is what happens in
Things Fall Apart when Reverend Smith replaces Mr. Brown, a white missionary, in the African
village of Umuofia. Soon after Mr. Smith arrives, the village because of the white people seize
control of the village, causing the main character, Okonkwo, to commit suicide. When one applies
Kwame Anthony Appiah's ideas of cross cultural communication and diversity within a society in
Cosmopolitanism to Reverend James Smith in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart, the character
would have a change in his attitude towards the African culture in Umuofia.
Even though Reverend Smith entered Umuofia in times of distress, he could have conducted himself
in a different way, so that the new diverse society would be able to function peacefully.
Unfortunately, when Smith entered Umuofia in place of Mr. Brown, "He condemned openly Mr.
Brown's policy of compromise and accommodation. He saw things as black and white. And black
was evil" (Achebe 184). The reverend was unaccepting of the Africans' beliefs, including those who
converted to Christianity. It is not that Smith detested the Africans, he just wanted them to believe
his version of Christianity because he was raised to believe that Christianity was the only true
religion, and that any other god was false. If Mr. Smith was a cosmopolitan, he

Importance Of Violent Conflict Is Unethical
In some instances, but very few, violent conflict can be considered ethical. Even in these situations,
violent conflict is only considered ethical to an extent. Times when violent conflict can be
considered ethical are: self–defense and revenge. Self defense is only ethical to an extent because at
some point it is no longer self–defense. Revenge is only ethical when it is absolutely necessary, and
and at some point it can no longer be considered ethical because it just turns to violence. One
instance where violent conflict can be deemed ethical is a situation where your entire family has
been kidnapped and/or killed by someone or a group of people. Another instance would be if an
entire country is being attacked by another country, and all or most of its citizens are killed, when
there was no true declaration of war. Other than these two possibilities, violent conflict cannot be
considered ethical. Violent conflict is considered unethical because of the inhumane trauma it causes
to people. An example of traumatic violence would be the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
Japan through the use of nuclear weapons. Even though these bombings might have been necessary
at the time, does not mean they were an ethical decision.
A clear representation of how unethical it is to use nuclear weapons is described in John Hersey's
book Hiroshima, specifically in the chapter called "The Fire". Hersey describes the horrific view
that Mr. Tanimoto had to live through after the bombing.

The Case For Contamination By Kwame Anthony Appiah Summary
In Kwame Anthony Appiah's essay, The Case for Contamination, he discusses the complications and
benefits of globalization, and the impacts it has on smaller cultures. Appiah begins his argument
with an apparent negative connotation with the term globalization – how it threatens the ability for a
culture to maintain traditions with influences from the western world. As his essay continues on, he
proves the contrary, and that members of society have the capability to keep traditions whilst
interacting with western ideals.
Appiah continues, and delves into the story of a Ghanaian Wednesday Festival, a tradition that has
been in their culture for hundreds of years. As he begins to look around the event, he notices that the
long–established

Kwame Anthony Appiah Religion
Religion is a major a part of the culture and identification of international locations. Their customs
and traditions are going to vary during history due to the fact that, of the pressure, of modern day
phrase Kwame Anthony Appiah in his essay titled "The Case for infection" talks about three
interrelated problems, globalization, cultural diversity, and moral consideration. Inside all this, there
are two roles religion plays. The roles that those in favor of globalization declare and the roles
towards globalization declare. Faith is a double–edged sword with regards to the role it performs in
the issues at hand. On one aspect of the coin, religion can be used positively in globalization to
preserve tradition. It allows for persons to be uncovered to external media at the same time
nonetheless retaining their culture's worth. Faith can help cultures keep rooted with their traditions
as the approach of globalization expands. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Case in point, Appiah demonstrates how his experience with a Ghanaian pageant resonates with the
attributes of a celebratory atmosphere and feeling over the sector in exclusive festivals. Appiah
explains that every culture has its own competition and one other worldwide event that appears to
make a change in non–existent culture is globalization. On this regard, Appiah identifies
globalization's essential function as advertising of commonness whilst eliminating divisions
amongst the sector's citizens. Appiah's evaluation has a religious point of view too. In one instance,
Appiah identifies the function of Cosmopolitanism in an elimination of what's morally incorrect. In
this regard, Cosmopolitanism plays the identical function as religion would on the planet. This
expose elucidates the function of religion in Appiah's analysis while comparing his method to my

Cosmopolitanism In Things Fall Apart And Kwame Anthony Achebe
Throughout life, one is faced with choices between individualism and communitarianism. Such
choices are reflected in many works of literature, including Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall
Apart and Kwame Anthony Appiah's Cosmopolitanism. The current report examines the first
reading in the context of the second. Achebe's story is about the clash between tradition and change
in an African village; Appiah's work advocates a unified perspective from which we are seen to be
connected through basic humanism. The basic assumption of this author is that when one applies
Appiah's idea of obligation to others in Cosmopolitanism to the character of Okonkwo in Achebe's
Things Fall Apart (who is also the book's protagonist), the character changes in terms of how his
fate or destiny is conveyed, as well as other aspects of his development. Although Okonkwo is a
character of complexity, depth, and three–dimensionality, one of his chief features is his resistance
to change. This resistance is personal in nature, and Okonkwo then tries to impose this personal
resistance on a greater community, rather than listening to it. By emphasizing the failure of the
personal over the communal in Okonkwo's actions, Achebe draws sharp parallels between people
helping each other and people driving each other towards entropy. According to Appiah,
cosmopolitanism can be defined according to several of its divisions: "One is the idea that we have
obligations to others, obligations that stretch

Cosmopolitanism, Artificial Intelligence, And Factor X
The ideas of Cosmopolitanism, Artificial Intelligence, and Factor X are all exceptionally complex.
Each of them involves the advancement of society, and how people interact with each other and
technology. Kwame Anthony Appiah writes about the idea that "we have obligations to
others...taking an interest in the practices and beliefs that lend them significance," (69) in "Making
Conversation", the idea is Cosmopolitanism. Cosmopolitanism is seen as being able to understand
and accept the cultures and traditions of others. Despite how different other cultures may be,
cosmopolitanism allows for one to be able to accept the traditions of others without having to agree
on the principles. In "Authenticating", Brian Christian writes about the ideas of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reality is that these intelligent machines can imitate a majority of human action and responses
and this proves to be true in the Turing Test. A Harvard graduate student, a judge of the Turing test,
said "I really thought [PC Therapist] was human because it...was weird and funny, in a normal sort
of way," (Christian 98). Although there have been great advancements made in the development of
artificial intelligence they are not normally considered to be human, specifically because they do not
have a life history, emotions, and more importantly their remains "the question of human
consciousness," (Fukuyama 197). As of right now AI do not have a sense of self or the ability to
differentiate between the emotions and feelings that humans have, but with further research
scientists are hopeful that there is progress being made in that area of the development of AI. The
issue here is that what morals and ethics would apply to artificial intelligence, now while they do not
have a conscious and in the future if they can possibly be programmed with a conscious. There
would also need to be morals and ethics in how artificially intelligent machines are treated. In
Fukuyama's essay he writes that "There have been conferences and earnest discussions devoted to
the question of whether it would be moral to turn off such a machine if and when this breakthrough
occurs," (Fukuyama 197). Ethics would indeed have to evolve in order

The Illusion Of Universal Morality
The Illusion of Universal Morality
Darian Scherbluk
OOOOOOO
SCS 1150
Professor Stuart Chambers
November 17th, 2015.
1
Throughout the chapter "Moral Disagreement" in his work Cosmopolitanism, Kwame
Anthony Appiah analyzes the issues of morality. Appiah essentially presents his argument in a
manner which questions the concept of what is ethically right and wrong. Furthermore, he believes
that societies and individuals will inevitably experience moral disagreements. From the author's
perspective, "If we are to encourage...moral conversations between people across societies, we must
expect such disagreements."1 As demonstrated in the reading, Appiah suggests that on a global
scale, unique societies fail to share the same evaluative language when discussing moral issues.
However, even when different communities share similar terms, the subjective nature of vocabulary
allows for contrasting interpretations. Finally, Appiah illustrates that various cultural groups place
different weights on the same values.
The vocabulary used in numerous parts of the world is quite diverse and multifaceted.
Kwame Anthony Appiah effectively distinguishes the terms "thin" and "thick" as words applied to
describe moral disagreement within the text. The author admits that individuals from differing
societies share "thin" words, yet the lack of depth from this vocabulary results in an insignificant
description of morality. Appiah elaborates on this concept, explaining that "[s]ome terms–
'good,'

Analysis Of Ezinma In Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe
The bond of family is something to be cherished. It is no longer there simply for reasons of survival,
families exist because it gives us humans identity in both a physical and figurative way. Our name is
what we gain from our family. We also inherit the expectations of the family. But, over time we
become our identity and that is the figurative. I could give you a list of names that you have heard of
and that identity is connected to past events or the personality of the person, but to you now, the
name is a personification of that personality or the way you felt in past events. This is the reality of
names, and the way we perceive each other. Thusly, Ezinma form Chinua Achebe's, Things Fall
Apart, represents more than just her name. She represents, resilience, strength, relief, and
comradery.
The mother of Ezinma, her name was Ekwefi, had been visited by monumental tragedy. Ekwefi
could not bear a child, until Ezinma. Ekwefi bore a total of ten children with nine dying in stages of
infancy. It is quite evident that Ekwefi had become a very bitter woman, the naming of her children
were the biggest hint. Their names began receiving more sinister meanings. Ezinma was the first to
survive into her childhood. She survived through spells of illness due to her being deemed as a
ogbanje, which is a type of spirit that inhabits babies and dies to torture the mother. However,
Ezinma seemed determined to live and was able to be cleared of her ogbanje title. Through this, her
and her mother developed an interesting relationship. Ezinma and Ekwefi were more than mother
and daughter, "There was something in it like the companionship of equals..." (76 Achebe). This is a
special relationship that is very uncommon and creates a unique personality for Ezinma. Moreover,
we see this in modern times as well, as Kwame Anthony Appiah describes in his novel,
Cosmopolitanism, "Sometimes, familiar values are intertwined with unfamiliar customs and
arrangements. People everywhere have ideas about your responsibility to your children" (47
Appiah). As Appiah states, that the sense of responsibility to your children differ among cultures and
life–styles. For instance, Appiah grew up in two different societies and had two different styles

“the Case for Contamination” by Kwame Anthony Appiah Essay
Article: "The Case for Contamination" by Kwame Anthony Appiah In "The Case for
Contamination" the author Kwame Appiah analyzes and points out the many ways in which the
world is becoming globalized. He uses many extensive examples to show that the world is getting
'contaminated'. By 'contamination' he means that the mixture of all the innovative values and
traditions are damaging and eventually destroying what our ancestors have left us. In his analysis, he
describes the gradual transformation of many cultures and different religions to support his points
but in his personal opinion he is very open–minded and is not greatly influenced by his religion. His
tone is informative and gives the reader the freedom to decide between ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, people who are attempting to preserve cultures by denying this right to new opportunities are
trapping people in ideals they rather change. Once a culture accepts the innovations that come along
with globalization it depends on each community to either completely transform their way of living
or keep their traditions. As Appiah notes, "how people respond to these cultural imports depends on
their existing cultural context" (Appiah 3) meaning that people interpret the innovations according
to their former beliefs and cultures since things might change but their mentality does not. However,
in my opinion globalization has more advantages than disadvantages and it is up to each individual
to apply those advantages for the best while still following their old traditions. For example, families
that are secure and rich usually have the power to control their children in guiding and supporting
them throughout their teenage lives. Hence, the younger generations are more open to following
their family traditions. However, the families that have issues to support their families by using food
stamps or working 3 different jobs usually have less influence and control over their children.
Therefore, these children begin to question their families' core values and traditions and begin to
adapt their own new way of life. Nevertheless, religion is something

Kwame Anthony Appiah Persepolis Rhetorical Analysis
According to Kwame Anthony Appiah's text, Moral Disagreement and Majane Satrapi's cartoon,
From Persepolis, morals and values are something that everyone grows up with and cannot always
be easily understood. One may be referred to as ethnocentric if he or she devalues or disrespects
other morals and values. This is the belief that one culture is better or superior to others. One major
problem that rises with this argument is that all cultures have done both positive and negative things
in their histories, which may influence how others evaluate them. Kimmel and Satrapi show that it is
essential to be open–minded about one another's morals and values. The article "Moral
Disagreement" by Kwame Anthony Appiah helps people understand why they ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Many women agree that wearing a veil is as "insult" towards their rights. "We didn't really like to
wear the veil, especially because we didn't understand why we had to," says one of the girls at
school (Satrapi 681). They complained that it was too hot and some go ahead and take them off and
play with them. Some used their veil to jump rope or throw them away. "Everywhere in the streets
there were demonstrations for and against the veil" (Satrapi 683). Satrapi is unsure about how she
feels when wearing the veil. She states how she was "born with religion" and believes that she
would be "the last prophet" ever since she was little. She has a holy book, which has the rules of the
first prophet of her country, Zarathustra. She claimed life must be based on "Behave well, Speak
well, Act well." Her grandmother is the only person who knows about her holy book, which she has.
The rules say that all should have cars, that maids should eat with others, and that the elderly should
not have to suffer. As Satrapi's grandma questions how she will make it so the elderly will not suffer,
Satrapi states, "It will simply be forbidden (Satrapi

The Case For Contamination By Kwame Anthony Appiah
Through the lenses of preservationists, culture is authentic, carries traditions that keep historical
ancestry alive, and is threatened by "cultural imperialism". From a cosmopolitan perspective, culture
is the freedom of choice, made up of multiple values and ideas that allow individuals to reinvigorate
its uniqueness in an ever changing society. In "The Case for Contamination", published by the New
York Times Magazine, Kwame Anthony Appiah addresses the concern regarding the diminishment
of cultural identity in poor countries by introducing the idea of cosmopolitanism: being free from
cultural preordains and engaging in a pluralist society. Appiah endorses globalization and explains
that resisting cultural interconnection will perhaps trap people in a stagnating society and avert it
from achieving a pluralistic environment. He claims that cosmopolitanism enables individuals to
adopt foreign culture based on how they see fit within their cultural context, and without
"structuring the consciousness" and detaching people from traditional beliefs.
Indeed, people consider their traditional beliefs when introduced to Western culture because it
allows them to draw valuable lessons from cultural import and enforce their own principles and
notions. However, there are instances in which this "cultural imperialism" separates individuals from
their traditional beliefs, regardless of their cultural surroundings and efforts to prevent cultural
assimilation, because in many situations

Utopia Vision Statement
When I first began college, I knew that I wanted to major in civil engineering; However, knowing
that my major would take up all of my units after finishing the general education classes, I knew that
I could not afford to take any extra classes, to explore and expand my own curiosity and knowledge
of what is available. Instead, I decided to invest my academic career focusing on engineering. As
freshman students began college, many students asked themselves that oh so common and over
beaten life question "what is the point of college?," while others wondered if it was it a place to
explore and discover more about one's self. Well now, thanks to Kwame Anthony Appiah, who
teaches philosophy at N.Y.U. and wrote an article "What Is the Point of College?," he explains two
visions which are Utility U. and Utopia U. as well as the habits students possess at the start of
college. As students first enter the college world they go through what is known as, Utility and/or
Utopia vision; However, one vision would be stronger than the other. A Utility vision is when you
want to know if you are getting a profitable return in an investment, while the same students are also
act out the role of a consumer. Utility U. possess certain requirements that need to be filled and will
pay for expenses in exchange for quick responses such as the desire, to be taught. Plus the fact that,
Utility U. is concerned with value, echoing the idea in the section in, Utilitarians "value proposition"
(appiah

Identity, Authenticity and Survival Essay
Formative Writing I : Identity, Authenticity and Survival by Kandru Manibhushan Rao Kwame
Anthony Appiah's essay on Identity, Authenticity and Survival is based on Charles Taylor's earlier
work on recognition and identity. Though Taylor's references to identity are mostly to collective
identity, Appiah's aim is to draw a comparison or even find a connection between individual identity
and collective identity. Identity A collective identity, explains Appiah, is the way an individual is
recognized based on broad qualities of categorization such as gender, religion, ethnicity, sexual
orientation, etc. Whereas individual identity is born from personal characteristics such as wit, charm,
grace, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Individual Dimension: This comprises of traits such as intelligence, charm, wit, cupidity, etc.
which are all socially important features. Authenticity Authenticity, as described by authors such as
Lionel Trilling and Charles Taylor is the idea of living one's life by one's own reference and for one's
own self without yearning for recognition or acceptance from the collective or society. However,
Appiah points out that the search for authenticity is somewhat a paradoxical one. The search for
authenticity, as said, goes as much against the demands for a prescribed social life as it does for the
recognition of one's real self. There are two layer for recognition of originality/authenticity: * How a
person identifies or recognizes himself among other people. * How a culture bearing group
(minority) recognizes itself among a larger group. This leg of Appiah's essay focuses extensively on
Trilling's contradictory statements on authenticity. Claiming one's authentic ethnicity, for example,
for the need of expressing one's originality in turn proves one's need for social acknowledgement for
such originality. Even counterconventionalism requires needs recognition from conventionalist. The
problem that arises here is, in order to be original, an individual has to understand convention and
being everything that it is not, thus resulting in the individual being not authentic,

Cosmopolitanism In Kwame Anthony Appiah's Open City
Globalism invites us to connect across boarders and cultures. It offers us the means to travel across
the world by plane, train, automobile, or in the case of Open City by foot. Much of Open City takes
place in moments of transit – whether that means taxis, plane–rides, or aimless walks in the city,
Julius inhabits a space of constant flux. Yet, despite this continual movement, Julius finds himself
stuck in transit, unable to connect. Due to his cosmopolitan outlook and alienation, Julius fails to
take a stand on anything, and so he must walk.
"No flags... something more interesting," (186) says Julius choosing a stamp at the post office. What
he is delivering is Kwame Anthony Appiah's, Cosmopolitanism, but what this detail delivers to the
text is important context to one of the subtle themes of Open City: Cosmopolitanism. With
globalization and thus increasing access to different countries and cultures, there is a question of
whether or not cosmopolitanism is a desirable outlook to move toward. For Appiah, there are two
"strands" of cosmopolitanism– one strand pushes past nationalism in the way it opens up the
conception of community. This not only means conceiving of ourselves as citizens of the world, but
extending our duties and obligations beyond those immediate to us (pg number). One might think of
Peter Singer's famous essay "Famine, Affluence, and Morality" wherein he argues that we have a
great moral obligation to worldwide humanitarian efforts, despite our physical

Importance Of Identity In Things Fall Apart
Finding Your Identity Having an identity and more importantly finding your identity is very
important when it comes to finding and achieving your purpose in life. It is very difficult to find
your purpose when you don't have a clear self identity. Merriam–Webster dictionary defines identity
in this context as "the distinguishing character or personality of an individual", and that perfectly
represents what Nwoye experiences in the novel Things Fall Apart when the European missionaries
come to Nigeria and start teaching the Ibo villagers about Jesus Christ and Christianity. Nwoye
experiences a change in his religious identity because the missionaries words really get through to
him, and he really understands what they are trying to teach. Identity is mentioned multiple times in
Cosmopolitanism as Kwame Anthony Appiah puts an emphasis on finding your identity and having
a specific identity to be able to help other people when they need it. Nwoye always thought that his
purpose in life was to follow the faith of his fellow villagers, but once he heard the teachings of the
Christian missionaries he realized his real purpose, and his religious identity, was to spread the word
of Jesus Christ. Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a book set in a small Nigerian village, an Ibo
village, and centers around the life of Okonkwo as he goes through life in the village, from when he
was a boy to his eventual death. Okonkwo is very hot–headed and he gets into trouble because of his

Ausia Movie Analysis
UNITY is a 2015 documentary movie which explores how mankind can be transformed from the
idea of living–by–killing into living–by–loving. It is a unique movie about empathy for all, in other
words, all "expressions of life", going beyond all the things that separates us based on country, race,
culture, believes, values, religion, and beyond what we perceive as opposite or different. It sheds
light on the fact that when we feed on our differences, it only leads to war. I chose to watch and
write about this film because of the cosmopolitan ideas it represents and its message of love, tragedy
and hope. It appeals to our greater human understanding and call on us to end violence and war. It
uses visuals from hundreds of short videos and pictures of original events in history from different
sources and generations. Globalization has created some of the biggest threats to global peace, and
this film captures it in a wonderful way to make a positive point. Kwame Anthony Appiah the author
of Cosmopolitanism, in his book also shares this believes as depicted in the movie when he reflected
on what he called the second strand of cosmopolitanism in his introduction; "the recognition that
human beings are different and that we can learn from each other's differences". A concept the
director of this film "UNITY" envisaged for the world. Cosmopolitanism combines a sense of
genuine responsibility for other human beings as human beings with a deeper sense of commitment
and accepting that we

Nye: What Appiah Says About Cosmopolitan Identity
It is worth noting that Nye is, ultimately, cosmopolitan – like Kwame Anthony Appiah. For her,
identity not only cuts across American–Palestinian borders (in Appiah's case English–Ghanian), but
across global lines. What Appiah says about cosmopolitan identity applies to Nye hundred percent.
Illustrating what cosmopolitan identity, in the postmodern world means, Appiah says: In the final
message my father left for me and my sisters, he wrote: 'Remember you are citizens of the world.'
But as a leader of the independence movement in what was then the Gold Cost, he never saw a
conflict between local particularities and a universal morality – between being part of the place you
were and a part of the broader human community. (xvi) This – being "citizens

Cross-Culture Communication In Things Fall Apart By Chinua...
When reading two different books, it is quite possible to apply an idea from one to the other. If a
character in a book acted differently in situations, it would change the outcome of the whole book.
Cosmopolitanism's idea of cross–culture communication is split into different parts with the ideas
that one should respect others even when they are strangers, one must not hold others to such high
expectations, and one may be connected to different people who come from different cultures
through the same idea. The character Mr. Smith, in Things Fall Apart, replaces Mr. Brown as the
Christian missionary in Umuofia, who runs the church. He is a strict white man who is not
understanding to Umuofia's culture. When one applies Kwame Anthony Appiah's idea of cross–
culture communication in Cosmopolitanism to the character, Mr. Smith, in Chinua Achebe's Things
Fall Apart, this character changes by accepting other beliefs, including everyone no matter their
status, and continuing as Mr. Brown would have. The first idea of cross–cultural communication is
that one must not hold others to such high expectations, which relates to Mr. Smith in the sense that
when he enters Umuofia he believed that all of the Christian followers should know and believe in
all aspects of Christianity. This is not following the cosmopolitanism idea because he holds the
newfound Christians to such high expectations, in the sense that he thinks they should know
everything about the religion. Mr. Smith believes

The Case for Contamination by Kwame Anthony Appiah
Being raised in Ghana, receiving higher education in England and working as a professor in the
United States certainly helped Kwame Anthony Appiah receive a fair share of different cultures.
Appiah is a recognized philosopher with several published books and an impressive track record of
accomplishments. His article The Case for Contamination, which was published in The New York
Times, speaks of the topic of how globalization affects individuals in many aspects of their life. He
discusses how forcefully preserving cultures can harm a culture more than help it. While the article
is lengthy, it goes into great detail about how globalization affects people in countries all over the
world, even Ghana. Globalization makes a large impact on the world we see today and cultural
groups can benefit from the effects of globalization because it promotes diversity, creates
cosmopolitan citizen development, and allows economic growth. Think of the term 'globalization'.
Your first thought may be of people from all corners of the Earth exchanging ideas, views, products,
and so much more. Appiah introduces his article by describing a scene of a traditional Wednesday
festival in the town of Kumasi. He allows the reader to visualize the traditions held by those in
attendance but begins his case by providing details of men on their cellphones and holding
conversations on contemporary topics such as H.I.V/AIDS. When Appiah speaks of
"contamination," he highlights the way one culture is

Racial Identity : The Effects Of Collective Identity
As soon as we are born, we are subject to labels. They afflict our society and people on the
individual level. Before we even begin to understand ourselves, people put labels upon us. This
inevitably influences those who are labeled to view themselves based on labels, which are ultimately
social constructs. Even in the twenty–first century, American society is embroiled in racial issues,
which are rooted in the label of race and the divisions it causes. By creating labels and applying
them to individuals, people are expected to fit into certain life "scripts" based on these labels.
Kwame Anthony Appiah, in "Racial Identities" keenly describes "collective identities" and the
issues that they cause. The effects of racial identities are extensive and extreme; they play an
inherent role in who I am and they are deeply grounded in the history of America.
Appiah portrays "collective identities" as a sort of narrative that people follow. The collective
identity and the actions or behaviors that appear with it are a result of being labeled. This label
revolves mostly around race, as Appiah argues other characteristic labels, such as being witty, do not
hold nearly as much weight on psyche. In American society, a racial label is persistent and Appiah
claims that "strangers, friends, officials are always aware of it in public and private contexts, always
notice it, almost never let it slip from view" (46). Without any introduction, salutation, or greeting,
anyone can observe anyone

The Case for Contamination, by Kwame Anthony Appiah
In the article, "The Case for Contamination", by Kwame Anthony Appiah, the author focused on
globalization and its effects on the world. He stressed how new innovations and traditions, rooted
from modernization, are essentially contaminating age–old customs and values. Appiah used
examples from his personal experiences to illustrate the shift from traditional customs to modern
practices within cultures. Although the author explained how globalization adversely affects
traditional values and cultures, he also stressed the importance of free will and that ultimately, the
people choose which course of action globalization will take on humanity. Though that may be true,
the fact still remains that the world is being contaminated with new, modern innovations and values,
and globalization is negatively affecting society.
The world consists of almost 200 countries. Within those countries, you find millions of people from
all shapes, colors, and sizes. They may look different, think differently, wear peculiar clothing, and
even speak another language, but as humans, though we may fear it, we find that exciting––
experiencing something outside of our comfort zone. With globalization, new technologies and
ideologies become prevalent and traditional practices become almost extinct. In the article, Appiah
discussed his first–hand experience on the effects of globalization in his home country of Ghana. He
attended a ceremony where he assumed traditional festivities would take place, but

Points of Disagreement
Points of Disagreement
The "Golden Rule" is an ethical idea shared in various religious texts and different ancient
philosophers' statements around the world, and it was paraphrased as "What you do not wish done to
yourself, do not do to others". Kwame Anthony Appiah argues in the fifth Chapter (Moral
Disagreement) of his book Cosmopolitanism that "the Golden Rule is not as helpful as it might at
first seem", and he gives several examples to support his argument. However, I don't think these
examples are solid enough to overthrow the Golden Rule. Because we can only discuss the pros and
cons of the Golden Rule after we share this idea. Besides, I have a different view toward the Golden
Rule than Appiah. I prefer to believe it is a passive, constricted admonition that keep society in basic
order. The spirit transited by the Golden Rule is especially needed in the society which is not based
on a full–fledged legal system, and the Golden Rule is also served as a necessary ethic principle to
guarantee the cross–cultural conversation.
Appiah argues that the Golden Rule is hard to be applied in practice because it is hard to understand
and share others' values, and the Golden Rule is powerless facing the differences in values. The
example he uses is that a doctor wanted to save his patient's life through blood transfusion. The
problem is that his patient was a racist and the blood came from an African American. The doctor
should not do nothing, however the patient may refuse

Let 's Stop Judging A Book By It 's Cover
Just like Ghandhi said, "an eye for an eye makes the whole world blind." There are plenty of times,
when we accidently may judge someone we don't know. For instance, when first going to a new
class full of people, or even a job interview. Isn't it crazy how one small conversation with someone
you don't know can change your total perspective on them? Personally, it happened to me so many
times and the people I thought were "weird" turned out to be one of the coolest people I know. Let's
stop "judging a book by it's cover" and actually read it and interpret it's true meaning.
Kwame Anthony Appiah, who is the author of the book Cosmopolitanism is also the Laurance S.
Rockefeller University Professor of Philosophy and a member of the University center for Human
Values. Appiah believes that conversation can help end separation and boundaries people have
around the world. Conversation can allow for cultural exchange, acceptance and resolve differences.
After reading "Making Conversation" and the "Primacy of Practice" I believe conversation works as
a positive model for resolving and managing world problems to a certain extent, depending on the
individual/people you are talking to. Overall, some people you will try to converse with may be
hard–headed and so stuck on their views and others will be willing to compromise. Either way,
conversation opens doors to new thoughts, perspectives, and voices to unheard views.
Just like in math, there are so many ways to solve a problem. Just

Racism By Kwame Anthony Appiah Summary
Racism will always be an issue and will always be considered inevitable due to society. Racism is
said to be morally wrong because no one is born racist, they are taught. The ideals of a group are
thought to be forms of extrinsic racism which lead to morally problematic intentions. Utilitarianism
is ultimately the one way to prevent the consequences and effects of racism, as Kantian ethics follow
it up by defining its moral rule. Kwame Anthony Appiah's article "Racisms", claims racism to be a
view of racialism which are the "heritable characteristics, possessed by the members of our species,
that allow us to divide them into smaller sets of races... these races share certain traits..." (Appiah).
Appiah argues that humans need a definition of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many of these "racist" are unable to give up beliefs that motivate their "special advantages" they
gain in the social order. They are ignorant to the evidence that belittles their beliefs and attitudes.
They resist the truth when they realize that this can actually take advantage of them, belittling them
and their claims. This isn't always the case as some black people internalized these negative claims
and utilized them to be their best virtue in their own interest. The evidence presented to the extrinsic
racist helps against the theoretical propositions, as it all relies on the person's deductive and
inductive reasoning to the dominant group. They are not able to to make moral distinctions without
putting their moral difference aside. Extrinsic racism is the most common form of racism as it used
to cause harm to see them independently morally flawed. They are proposed to be both moral and
theoretical, but ultimately draw false claims to the view of extrinsic racism.
All in all, we have an obligation to end racism due to its negative effects and consequences. The
ideal form of constitutional rights has dismantled itself amongst the division of race. Now that
minorities are becoming the majority, it is necessary for everyone to obtain every right found in the
constitution. It is all built on hatred and abhorrence. The obligation to stop it is due to racial
discrimination, which violates the fundamental rights that people have as human beings. It is

Moral Disagreement By Kwame Anthony Appiah
All around the world today, there is a lot of tension revolving around concepts of morality. In Moral
Disagreement by Kwame Anthony Appiah, Appiah writes about differing values and morals around
the world and within our society. He points out, "we aren't the only people who have the concepts of
right and wrong, good and bad; every society, it seems, has terms that correspond to these thin
concepts" (658). However, these concepts are not always the same with each other in every society.
In the same way that not everyone in our society believes in the same moral concepts.
Unfortunately, it is these disagreements that often separate us as people. Forming different cultures,
large and small, throughout the world. This is not a bad thing, but it does separate us as a race,
leaving us to care more for one group of people rather than humanity as a whole. In Patriotism and
Cosmopolitanism, by Martha Nussbaum, Nussbaum suggest that a way to fix this problem, and to
become a cosmopolitan person, is to teach students in our education systems more of different
cultures throughout the world. Yet not only should we learn to accept other cultures and their beliefs,
but we should also educate ourselves to accept everybody we meet, giving respect to them as
individuals, if we ever truly want to become a citizen of the world. Acceptance is a quality that is
lacking within the world. Many people do not want to accept that, for example, not everybody
thinks like the. In recognition of this

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