What Is More Expensive Than Hybrid Cars

What Is More Expensive Than Hybrid Cars
"Oh my gosh the gas went up 50 cents since last night when I came to fill the tank", is what
everyone is always going to say every time they pass any type of gas station. You always hear
people comparing gas prices and companies, and in the end most people just end up going to the
closest gas station that there is. You also see people choosing cars that are fuel– efficient so they
could go long distances without having to waste so much gas, because gas is expensive. So why not
try a hybrid car? Yes, hybrid cars are way more expensive than a gasoline powered car but that is at
time of purchase. Studies show that gasoline powered cars aren't as safe as hybrid cars. The hybrid
cars burn less fossil fuel therefore emitting fewer gases. The hybrid
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Electric Vehicles On The United States Essay
Electric vehicles have been around for decades, but the public has been slow to adopt the use of
them. These vehicles have become more easily available to the public in the past three years (Zhou
et al., 2015). The new focus on greenhouse gases and carbon footprints has brought a push from the
government for cleaner transportation methods. The transportation sector accounts for one–third of
greenhouse gases in the United States (Krupa et al., 2013). The use of plug–in hybrid electric
vehicles could reduce greenhouse gases by 20% to 50% compared to traditional vehicles (Axsen &
Kurani, 2010). In the past year, there has been a higher level of mainstream adoption but are far off
from the United States' goal of one–million plug–in electric vehicles on the road by 2015 (Krause,
Carley, Lane, & Graham, 2013). This lack of adoption may be due to several reasons, such as, lack
of knowledge, fuel and vehicle costs, range concerns, and social influences. In a survey conducted
by Ebgue and Long (2011), respondents referred to electric vehicles (EV) as "the way of the future"
and the "future of travel". This response does not imply that EVs are a viable vehicle for current use.
Ebgue and Long (2011) state that people are often resistant to technology that is unfamiliar or
unproven. This could be due to failure by manufacturers to better inform and market EVs to
consumers or by the misconceptions that are already in place. Basic misunderstandings about EVs
are common. Krause et al.'s

SWOT Analysis: Nighthawk Motors Ecostar
SWOT
Furthermore, to effectively establish an effective marketing strategy Nighthawk Motors must
establish a SWOT analysis to root out the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats observed
by the company.
Strengths
As mentioned previously the Nighthawk Motors' Ecostar offers an HPEV, with a 1.8L 4–cylinder
engine that produces 60 MPG city and 55 MPG highway with a range of 500 miles. Its main
strength compared to the direct competition is that it is $3000 less than the comparable
competition's models. Moreover, Nighthawk Motors has been able to eliminate the pitfalls and
issues with the early year hybrids as the Ecostar is the first–generation PHEV that Nighthawk
Motors has developed. This latter release allows the Ecostar to sidestep any preconceived notions by
customers from past model releases. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will be a positive marketing point to U.S. buyers who will at times purchase American made
vehicles over foreign vehicles. Finally, as charging points continue to hinder the electric only
vehicles the HPEV market is still growing as it allows the owners peace of mind that they will not
run out of fuel.
Weaknesses
The first weakness that can be seen of the Nighthawk Motors' Ecostar is that since the company has
not built, marketed, and sold a plug–in hybrid vehicle before, it will be a new venture that will have
considerable startup expenses to ensure success. Additionally, as Nighthawk Motors are new the
HPEV market, it will experience considerable competition from a market that already has several
other HPEV options. Moreover, in addition to constructing a new vehicle, Nighthawk Motors will
have to also construct or add on to its current facility to be able to manufacture the added vehicle
line.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using A Parallel Over A...
In contrast to series hybrids, parallel hybrids can use two different sources of power simultaneously
– an I.C.E. and a battery driven electric motor. The advantage of using a parallel over a series hybrid
is that electric motor can be used at low power over short distances (increases fuel economy)
whereas the I.C.E can be used over long distances at high power which helps to reduce range
anxiety. Examples: Honda Insight, Accord and Civic etc. [6] Figure 3: Working of Parallel Hybrid
Electric Vehicle
Disadvantages of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles
1. It has a complex design.
2. I.C.E is not decoupled with the wheels; so it cannot be charged at standstill.
3. It doesn't operate in a narrow range of RPM and so the efficiency is low at low rotation speed.
Advantages of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles
1. Overall efficiency is high over long distances. It can easily ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Another study published in 2011 revealed that the gasoline cost savings in PEVs did not increase the
purchase of PEVs due to short run time. [11][12]
4.2. Availability of Recharging Facilities
The ecofriendly aspect of PEVs is based on the assumption that recharging facilities will be easily
available in all places such as streets, parking structures, commercial setups etc. Without the
infrastructure, PEVs will not attract majority of the crowd due to range anxiety. However, a huge
investment from both private and public sectors will be required for a project of this magnitude.
Battery Swapping: Is a solution deployed by 'Better Place' for recharging of batteries. In this,
customers are sold the car without the battery. Since they aren't allowed to buy batteries separately,
these are rented to them by better place that has set up various charging sectors that allows people to
travel by PEVs over long distances.

How Would Enforcing Electric Cars Impact on Almaty City?
Running head: THE IMPACT OF ENFORCING ELECTRIC CARS IN ALMATY
First Draft
How Would Enforcing Electric Cars in Almaty Impact on the City?
KIMEP University
December 10, 2013
Table of Content
Abstract 3
Chapter 1. Introduction 4
Chapter 2. Literature Review 8
Chapter 3. Data Collection Methodology 11 Chapter 4. Description of Results 15 Chapter 5.
Analysis 20 Chapter 6. Conclusion 22 Bibliography 23 Appendix A 25 Appendix B 26
Abstract
This study addresses the issue of the ecological and economical impact of enforcing electric cars in
Almaty city. It is important to find positive or negative impact of introduction new alternative as
electric vehicle.
The proposition that would be tested is 'There would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hybrid electric vehicles use a small electric battery to addition a standard engine. It increases
fuel efficiency by about 25 percent. The plug–in hybrid electric vehicle is also having the electric
motor and the internal combustion engine. It has a larger battery pack, which is charged from the
power grid. This battery complements an engine smaller than those that are in hybrid or
conventional vehicles. The hybrid and plug–in hybrid both combine an internal combustion engine
with a battery and electric motor to increase fuel efficiency. The difference between them is that you
can use electricity as a fuel, because plug–ins can recharge from an electric outlet. An extended–
range electric vehicle works on the principle charging successively of an internal combustion engine
to power an electric generator, the battery system in a linear process – the engine powers a
generator, which charges the battery. The last is battery electric vehicles, which are all electric. They
do not have internal combustion engine and they have to be plugged into the electric power grid to
recharge.
This study took the approach of estimating the 'macro cost and micro cost'. The macro cost would be
considered the total cost that government would face if enforcing electrical cars would be
implemented, such as substitution of petrol stations by electric charging stations, duties paid by
holders of

S Curve for Ev
S–Curve Insight into the Electric Automobile Industry
Introduction
Many technological improvements have been made to vehicles to reduce their environmental
impact. Some of these advances have been imposed by environmental legislation, others have been
incentivized by commercial pressure to improve energy efficiency and limit our dependence on
fossil fuel. Greening the transportation sector is thus important for meeting global emissions
reduction targets. One innovative technology to achieve a green transportation sector is radically
changing the design and components from fossil fuel based internal combustion cars to electric
vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. This technology shift will lead to emergence of new
technologies that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This race was accelerated by the new proposed model of better place for battery swapping. The new
Leaf the first EV vehicle is schedule to be released in December 2010.
While companies raced for dominating the electric vehicle technology, they realized that this market
is highly shaped by many external factors. As result, companies like Toyota decided to take
incremental steps toward electrification through the introduction of the first hybrid electric vehicle
Prius in 2004. Prius was well received by customers and gave Toyota an edge over its competitors.
The Prius however used an old battery technology based on Nickel Cadmium NiCa. General Motors
later developed a better battery that uses the lithium ion technology (with the help of A123
company) in its first plug–in hybrid electric vehicle the Chevy Volt which is expected to be official
launched by the end 2010.
External Factors Controlling the EV markets
Electric vehicle market is highly shaped by the external factors controlling this market. Some of the
major external factors impeding the diffusion of EV to markets are: 1– Incompetent battery
technology 2– Carbon intensive grid electricity 3– Immature renewable energy techology 4– Safety
Issues – (for example cars with lithium ion batteries are not allowed to be shipped by air) 5– Long
battery charging hours ( in the US 6 hours, in EU

Essay on Mr. Jason
MBA 5240: Sanger Automotive Companies
Problem Sanger Automotive Companies, Inc. is one of the most successful auto dealers in the
United State. In September 2011, the executives met a problem that whether or not to pursue an
exclusive franchise for a plug–in hybrid electric vehicle. Plug–in hybrid electric vehicles were in the
embryonic stage of the product life cycle. This decision is a complicate one which the executive
must find the sufficient evidence to support.
SWOT Analysis Strengths | Weaknesses | * The company is one of the most successful auto dealers
* No incremental cost for dealership land or construction was necessary * Fisker's engine for the
vehicle is excellent and is defines as "Uncompromised ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But what should be considered seriously is that at this high price and the competition of the other
three franchise dealer, could the company gain the adequate market share of the hybrid vehicles.
The most well–known PHEVs are Chevrolet Volt and its price is only $41000. The other point
should be considered is though the market area is the wealthiest in the U.S., how much willing do
they have to purchase a high price hybrid–electric car and really to buy. The third question is the
delivery date and the back–out rate. How to shorten the delivery date and reduce the back–out rate,
could the company negotiate with the Fisker Automotive Inc to get better conditions?
Alternatives Alternatives | Pros | Cons | profits | Do nothing | * No extra fee * No risk | * Losing an
opportunity to place itself at the forefront of marketing a luxury plug–in electric vehicle * Lose the
opportunity to add reputation * Losing the increasing market of hybrid plug–in electric vehicleSee
Exhibit 1 | | Purchase the franchise | Exhibit 1 is the annual growth forecasting Exhibit 2 is the sales
forecasting at different price | Low price =96000 | * Low price can efficiently

Hybrid Vehicle Disadvantages
The pros and cons of Hybrid/Alternative Fueled Vehicles:
There are many factors to consider when purchasing a Hybrid or Alternative Fueled Vehicle. Most
times when searching for a vehicle, consumers tend to search for amenities to help cut cost. When
considering alternative fueled vehicles, consumers have to keep in mind that there are several types
of hybrid vehicles with different operating abilities to choose from to satisfy the needs of the
consumers. With hybrids, there are three types which are hybrid electric vehicles, plug–in hybrid
electric vehicles and all electric vehicles. Since they all operate differently, it is important to be
informed to ensure the consumer is happy and satisfied with their investment.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles consist of gasoline engines, electric motors and use advanced technology
to operate. One of the technologies used is a regenerative braking, which recaptures energy that is
lost during coasting or braking. The use of the forward wheels is what turns the motor which
generates electricity and assist to slow the vehicle. There is also a normal hydraulic braking system
that stops the vehicle when the regenerative system isn't sufficient. Another technology used is the
Electric Motor Drive/Assist which allows the electric motor to provide power and assist the engine
in accelerating, passing and hill climbing. It also allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used.
The electric motor in hybrids drives the vehicle at low speeds,

Climate Change And The Environment
By 2050 the population of the world is expected to be 9.3 billion people. As the population of the
world continues to grow so will the demand for resources. Resources such as land for agriculture,
fresh water, and the most important fossil fuels are becoming scare. In order for the resources that
we still have available to last, we as a society have to change the way we are using the resources.
Not only do we have to make the resources last for future generations, but we also need to learn how
to become less dependent on the resources since they are causing great harm to the environment. In
order to slow the pace of climate change, we as a society have to change how we do things in order
to confront climate change.
People that have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People should be informed that global warming is not the same as climate change. They should
know that global warming is only part of climate change. Then this would show them that climate
change is an actual problem and not a hoax.
Even "A–list" celebrities are taking notice that climate change is a serious problem that is facing this
generation. "Climate change is real, it is happening right now. It is the most urgent threat facing our
entire species, and we need to work collectively together and stop procrastinating." Leonardo
DiCaprio. The well–known actor is taking the advantage of the fact that he is a public figure to get
the voice out that climate change is a serious problem and that society needs to do something to
change the fate of the world. Many actors and actresses are not as open with their political views
and only express their views when it has become a problem. Had they expressed their views sooner
than we could have prevented some of the problem. There are many different ways that we as a
society could slow down the pace of climate change. One of the different ways is carpooling to and
from work with co–workers. This is an easy solution to the increasing use of fossil fuel. Average
workers travels 39 miles to work, and when gas is $3.00 per gallon the average household is paying
$5.32 each day for gas alone. (Carpooling benefits) $5.32 may not seem like a whole big deal but
the money saved could

Hybrid Vehicles Essay
A hybrid vehicle uses multiple propulsion systems to provide motive power. This most commonly
refers to gasoline–electric hybrid vehicles, which use gasoline (petrol) to power internal–
combustion engines (ICEs), and electric batteries to power electric motors. Modern mass–produced
hybrids, such as the Toyota Prius, recharge their batteries by capturing kinetic energy via
regenerative braking. As well, when cruising or idling, some of the output of the combustion engine
is fed to a generator (merely the electric motor(s) running in generator mode[1]) which produces
electricity to charge the batteries. This contrasts with all–electric cars which use batteries charged by
an external source such as the grid, or a range extending trailer. ... Show more content on
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A forgotten attempt was by the Bill Clinton administration with the Partnership for a New
Generation of Vehicles (PNGV)[3] program in September 29, 1993 that involved Chrysler, Ford,
General Motors, USCAR, the DoE, and other various governmental agencies to engineer the next
efficient and clean vehicle. The resulting hybrid prototypes[4] never made it into production as the
program was replaced by the hydrogen focused FreedomCAR initiative[5] of George W. Bush's
administration in 2001.
In the intervening period, the widest use of hybrid technology was actually in diesel–electric
submarines, which operate in essentially the same manner as hybrid electric cars. However, in this
case the goal was to allow operation underwater without consuming large amounts of oxygen, rather
than economizing on fuel. Since then, many submarines have moved to nuclear power, which can
operate underwater indefinitely, though a number of nations continue to rely on diesel–electric
fleets.
Automotive hybrid technology became successful in the 1990s when the Honda Insight and Toyota
Prius became available. These vehicles have a direct linkage from the internal combustion engine to
the driven wheels, so the engine can provide acceleration power. The 2000s saw development of
plug–in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which can be recharged from the electrical power grid
and don't require conventional fuel for short

The Theory Of The Hybrid Car
The human species is always advancing in technologically, medically, electronically, and even
transportation. Transportation methods are one of the many contributions to our climate change
issues we are experiencing. As we progress technologically, we have come up with better and more
climate–friendly vehicles to prevent and reduce climate changes. With these advances in
transportation, the hybrid car was introduced to the market. The hybrid car is a vehicle that uses two
or more distinctive types of power, such as an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. The
introduction of the hybrid car to the market changed the consumer's views and thoughts on climate
change. It became evident to most consumers that climate change is a major issue not only in the
U.S but also around the world. This involves severe levels of various chemicals such as carbon
dioxide and greenhouse gases. The brilliant innovation of hybrids is an attempt to turn the issues of
climate change around or even reduce its effects on our planet. Ultimately, the goal is to reduce and
prevent further climate changes, but how can the consumer attitude affect purchases of hybrids
vehicles to help aid the climate change issues? To understand the influence of the hybrids on climate
change we must first look at what climate change is. According to United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA), Earth's average temperature has risen by 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit over
the past century, and it's projected

The Impact Of Co2 Emission On The Environment Of The...
Abstract:
In the light of ever–increasing greenhouse gases, global energy use, the increasing cost of energy
services, concerns over energy supply security, climate change and local air pollution, this report
centers around the question of how CO2 emission can be reduced in long term. As transport system
plays a major role in the increased greenhouse gases, this report highlights the use of future vehicles
in the transport sector from an economic, technical and environmental point of view.
Through its multi–disciplinary approach the report provides a knowledge base concerning different
strategies made by government and recent advancements in automobile sector in order to reduce
carbon emission.
Contents:
1. Introduction......................................................................................03
2. Key findings .......................................................................................04 2.1 Policy context
....................................................................................05 2.1.1 European transport and fuel
policy...........................................................05 2.1.2 Biofuel
compatibility.........................................................................05 2.1.3 Tail pipe CO2 related policies
..............................................................06 2.1.4 Sales of ultra–low carbon cars by 2020
.............................. ..............06 2.2 Future fuels
......................................................................................07
2.3 Future vehicles..............................................................................07

Ford Hybrid Case Study
Paper # 2 Ford Hybrid
09/13/2012
Abstract
Which stages of the project life cycle are evident in the case study?
Did Martens select the right two project managers in Patil and Wright?
What are toughest challenges faced by the project manger' during a high visability and high risk
project?
Would you like to have been involved with the Ford Escape Hybrid project?
Paper # 2: Ford Hybrid
The Ford Escape Hybrid program was the midterm step of the company's steps of sustainability. The
program was included in the company's long–term plans for more than two decades. The program in
the past decade accelerated rapidly due to increased pressure from recently enhanced EPA
regulations for improved gas mileage and pollution standards. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hybrid Project personnel Decisions The task of managing a project of the magnitude Martens was
assigned could either fail, succeed. The scope of the job contains extremely complex engineering
feats combined with a rigid timeline. The only path for success was to find a project manager well
versed in both aspects of the project. Instead Martens decided to split the responsibilities of the
project with two managers with different experience and subject matter expert qualities. Patil was
brought his PhD scientific experience to the table. While Wright brought the can do spark plug
approach to the project. The two will be instrumental in the projects outcome (Salter 2004).
Challenges
This type of project required an organized approach to working out side of the normal confines of
Ford's production models. The bench mark for success is not in comparison to other previous
projects. Large scale engineering designs had been implemented in the past, but never a machine
with dual means of propulsion. The company had already announced release of the Hybrid and the
whole world was waiting to see the outcome (Tierney 2005).
Member of the Team Having the opportunity to be part of a team steeped in innovative engineering
tradition would be an honor for anyone in the automotive production industry. The overall project
requires more than just strong management, designers, and engineers. The entire project requires

Climate Change And Its Effects On The Country 's Most...
Alternatively, climate change poses a series of interrelated challenges of the country's most densely
populated cities. The U.S. is highly urbanized, with about 80% of its population living in cities and
metropolitan areas (National Climate Assessment). Cities depend on infrastructure, like water and
sewage systems, roads, bridges, and power plants, much of which is aging and in need of repair or
replacement. This structure will undergo with multiple changes that will compounded by rising sea
levels, storm surges, heat waves, and extreme weather events, stressing or even overwhelming
essential services. Urban dwellers are particularly vulnerable to distractions in infrastructure
services, in part because many of these infrastructure systems are reliant on each other and properly
planned. For example, electricity is essential to multiple systems, and a failure in the electrical grid
can affect water treatment, transportation services, and public health (National Climate Assessment).
These infrastructure systems, lifelines to millions, will continue to be affected by various climate
related events and processes. Moreover, the United States produces nearly $330 billion per year in
agricultural commodities, with contributions from livestock accounting for roughly half of that
value (National Climate Assessment). Production of all commodities will be affected in many ways.
The agricultural sector continually adapts to climate change through changes in crop rotations,
planting

The Pros And Cons Of Electric Vehicles
Global Warming is a topic of interest in today's world and ways that we could cut back our carbon
footprint. Electrical vehicles are vehicles that use electricity to power the motors in order to run.
Electrical vehicles are thought to be one of the solutions to greenhouse gases and global warming.
While electric vehicles tend to produce pollution at times from their backup motors, electrical cars
depend on a fuel source that doesn't originate from burning fossil fuels, which produces fewer
greenhouse gases and cuts back on oil consumption. Electric Vehicles are starting to replace
combustion engine vehicles, and some towns are using smaller electric vehicles in their own Public
Safety, Parks, and Water departments. Greenhouse gases should be cut back by electrical vehicles,
and fear for their lives.
Greenhouse gases are composed of different types of compounds that pollute the Earth's
atmosphere. The three main compounds that contribute to the greenhouse gas effect are water vapor,
carbon dioxide, and methane. Carbon dioxide is found when fossil fuels are burned, fossil fuels are
found in gasoline and diesel products. Electric vehicles are designed in order to cut back on carbon
dioxide. Carbon dioxide is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gases, and by relying on
electricity instead of gas CO2 emission is cut back. James Kliesch states " On a national average
basis, an efficient electric car emits about half the amount of carbon dioxide as a conventional car,

Hybrid Cars : Advantages And Effects Of Hybrid Vehicles
Hybrid is a term used to describe a combination of two or more distinctive things, aiming to
accomplish a common objective. A hybrid vehicle is a fuel efficient vehicle having two motors– one
a gasoline powered motor and the other electric motor. The reason for combining two motors is
using their strengths and reducing deficiencies. Electric motor is used at low speed wile gas motors
perform better at high speed generating extra power for a particular motor weight. During rush
hours, when vehicles are continuously stopping and running, performance of electric motor is
appreciative. Gas motor supports higher speed supporting driving at the highways. (Anderson 134–
45) Hybrid vehicles are continuously gaining popularity in the general public. With the growing
societal concerns about green revolution and also achieving significant reduction in fuel
consumption, hybrid vehicles are considered satisfactory in performance. They have become so
popular that certain tax incentives have been offered by the government on hybrid vehicles. Due to
their better performance compared with gas powered vehicles, we present the thesis of our paper as
follows: Thesis statement: it is hypothesized that compared with the gas powered vehicles, hybrids
offer more benefits in maintenance, are cost–effective, and most importantly environmental–
friendly. History of Hybrid Cars A steam–powered motor carriage was used in France in the
eighteenth century. In the next century, a car with electric motor

Pull The Plug On Electric Car Subsidies Right Now
It would be very unwise to "pull the plug" on electric–car subsidies right now. The industry needs
the support. The subsidies are money given by the government to help the auto industry make
electric cars and offer discounts for people to buy them.
If they went away, car companies would be forced to sell electric vehicles at huge losses of money.
The thriving auto industry is one of the few bright spots for business in the U.S. It would be thrown
into disarray.
The subsidies help make up for tough regulations the government put in place.
Those regulations are a huge challenge to automakers. Between now and 2025, the distance cars go
on a gallon of gas must improve. New vehicles must increase from less than 30 miles per gallon
(mpg) to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But, they are not scheduled to be looked at again by the federal government until 2017.
To help with the serious challenge imposed on business, the federal government and the states gave
generous subsidies for the new electric vehicle industry to grow. The battery makers, car
manufacturers, and electric car buyers all receive help.
And since it takes a long time to launch a new electric vehicle industry, this is the wrong time to
make any big changes. But, the temptation to do so is understandable.
Critics are right that President Obama's goal of one million plug–in vehicles by 2015 was too
hopeful. It won 't happen in time. However, the rate of sales of plug–in vehicles from 2010 to 2013
is growing rapidly.
The growth rate of plug–in vehicles has already beaten the growth in sales of traditional hybrids,
which run on gas and batteries. Sales are even growing faster than those of the Toyota Prius when
they were first introduced. The Prius was the first hybrid.
More Plug–In Cars Coming
In the next few years, much can be learned from the experience of Oslo, Norway. In that European
city, many people are choosing plug–in vehicles over gas–powered ones.

It is true that the first generation of plug–in vehicles do not meet the needs of most Americans. They
're too expensive. The Chevrolet Volt, the Nissan Leaf and the Tesla sports car are some of the most
popular plug–in cars.
However, the hard work that began four years

A New Form Of Energy
Oil drove the industrial revolution and brought civilization a step forward, but so much money
should not be spent on something that is quickly running out or that is doubling in price. Oil has
brought civilization towards greatness, developed countries, and even brought them back from the
brink of poverty. Society has lived off of fossil fuels for the past hundred years powering cities and
driving it forward towards great innovations. Such as the car engine, electricity, the power of flight,
and the power to globalize trade worldwide. With a growing dependence in oil and natural gas, the
supply is quickly diminishing and prices are soaring causing countries to invest billions and create
global environmental changes. A new form of energy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Oil supply is decreasing and with the great number of oil dependence in this country, some of the
American people's hope that the new bill called the Keystone XL project is pass in order to help
Americans resupply their oil. According to Valerie Volcovici of the Chicago Tribune, the Keystone
XL project will pipeline Canada to the United States and be able to bring down oil shale or oil sand
down to our refineries for processing, oil shale is basically oil stuck between the pores of sand and
rock (Volcovici). This project will not only be expensive, it will also be bad for the environment, In
order to get the oil shale, one must strip the land of its entire soil foundation which causes mass
environment and land change. This bill would also be hypocritical of president Barack Obama. In
the president's inaugural address, he stated that America's growing price on gas, its dependence, as
well as the issue of global climate change. His plans on passing this bill, all that he stated would be
implausible. With many people supporting and opposing the president 's bill, "this is the one of the
most scrutinized infrastructure project in our nation's history," according to the president of building
and construction, Sean McGarvey (qtd. In Valerie Volcovici). The Keystone XL project is not the
only way America can loosen its death grip on oil refineries in the Middle East. Other ways of
obtaining

How Electronic and Hybrid Engines Can be Used Instead of...
How can the electronic and hybrid engines be used instead of the petrol engines
Introduction:
Hybrid engines and electric and other forms of fuel are being tried the world over on account of
multiple problems. It is not only for vehicles but also for the industries that use fossil fuels and
chemicals for manufacture. The primary problem is the pollution of the air, water and the entire
planet on account of fossil fuel use. Not all fossil fuel forms are harmful. For example CNG,
compressed natural gas is less harmful. The use of fossil fuel has deadly repercussions on human,
animal and plant health. In other words all life on the planet can be at jeopardy. The shocking truth
is revealed as follows: John Vidal of the Guardian reported that millions die in Asia on account of
vehicle pollution. According to the report he quoted, issued by a consortium of universities working
in conjunction with the UN, most of the deaths in Asia are caused by air pollution and fifty two
million people died by particle air pollution in 2010. (Vidal, 2012, p. 4)
Air pollution causes cognitive decline, strokes and heart attacks. Thus with the rise in automobile
use the air pollution in India is far above the legal limits of 100 micrograms per cubic metre. This
can rise to nearly 1,000 microgram's during festivals like Diwali. (Vidal, 2012, p. 4) Worldwide,
over three million people a year died from air pollution in 2010, and air pollution is ranked world's
top 10 lists of killer diseases. Some

Pros And Cons Of Hybrid Cars
The pros and cons of Hybrid/Alternative Fueled Vehicles:
There are many factors to consider when purchasing a Hybrid or Alternative Fueled Vehicle. Most
times when searching for a vehicle, consumers tend to search for amenities to help cut cost. When
considering alternative fueled vehicles, consumers have to keep in mind that there are several types
of hybrid vehicles with different operating abilities to choose from to satisfy the needs of the
consumers. With hybrids, there are three types which are hybrid electric vehicles, plug–in hybrid
electric vehicles and all electric vehicles. Since they all operate differently, it is important to be
informed to ensure the consumer is happy and satisfied with their investment.
Hybrid Electric ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is often referred to as the "all electric range" of the car. Most of the driving with the plug–in
hybrid comes from the stored electricity. If a consumer would like to use this vehicle to do light
commuting, they can plug the vehicle in at night and the next day; this vehicle will be able to be
driven in all electric modes. The batteries to the plug–in electric vehicles can be charged using an
outside electric power source, the internal combustion engine or by the regenerative braking. When
braking, the electrical motor behaves as the generator which uses the energy to charge the battery.
There are two configurations used to combine power from the electric motor and the engine which
are parallel and series. Parallel connects the engine and the electric motor to the wheels through
mechanical coupling. The electric motor and engine drives the wheels directly. With series, plug–in
hybrids only use the electric motor to drive the wheels.
All Electric Vehicles use battery packs to store the electrical energy that provides power to the
motor. These types of vehicles are charged by plugging the vehicle to an electrical power source.
Since this car does not produce direct exhaust or emissions, it's been said to be a zero–emissions
vehicle. The use of fuel is not needed with this vehicle so this helps reduce petroleum consumption.
This type of vehicle has a short range per charge than conventional vehicles

India Ready For Hybrid Cars Essay
FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, DELHI
Is India Ready For Hybrid Cars
Anik Paul
Ankan Sengupta
Chandresh Kakliya
Subhashis Bhunia
8/5/2015
Contents
1. Executive Summary 2
2. Background and Motivation 4
3. Objective 5
4. Hybrid Cars 6
5. Electric and Hybrid cars in US 7
6. Reason for Implementation in US 8
7. Do electric cars make economic sense in India 13
8. Behaviour of Indian consumers based on a marketing study 16
9. Government role 18
10. Hybrid Cars: Boon or Bane? 19
11. Conclusion 22
12. References 24 Executive Summary
In the recent past, India has witnessed launch of several hybrid and electric cars from automobile
manufacturers. Some of the most discussed electric cars are Reva and E2O from indigenous
automobile maker Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M). They recently launched India 's first four–door
pure electric car, E–Verito too.
A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move. Conventional
vehicles use gasoline (commonly called petrol) or diesel to power an internal combustion engine.
Hybrid cars also use an internal combustion engine, and can be fuelled like normal cars, but also
have one or more high voltage electric motors and battery, and can be partially or wholly powered
by electricity. Hence are commonly referred to as hybrid electric

Hybrid Demystification
The article "The Gas–Electric Hybrid Demystified" by Sara R. Howerth, gives the reader some
insight on the new developed technology of hybrid cars. The author uses the difference between
four engine models; Gas–Engine, Battery Powered Electric, Hybrid model #1 and Hybrid model #2
– to show just how far technology has come and to say that this is only just the beginning. The
engine will keep evolving as long as our natural resources continue to diminish and our need for
them increases. The author starts with the Gas–Engine; this is where we started, the foundation for
how far technology has come. According to the article gas engine vehicles are one of the major
leading causes of pollution which contributes to global warming. The gas engine ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The vehicle was equipped with a smaller engine and like explained above a smaller engine requires
less fuel to run. According to the article where this version fell short was having an electric motor
that made up for the smaller engine. They needed to find a more powerful motor that picked up the
smaller engines slack so the vehicle preformed how it was supposed to perform. They equipped this
car to save fuel by powering down when the vehicle is stopped, the car powers back up when the
accelerator is touched. All hybrid models have the ability while running to charge themselves which
solves the problems consumers found with battery powered electric motors. Enter hybrid number
two, this model has the same properties as the hybrid number one but has extra features that proved
to be ingenious. Like hybrid number one the gas engine shuts off when the car is stopped but stays
off until the car is moving at speeds above forty kilometers an hour. All hybrid models are equipped
with the neat feature of using breaking to also help keep that battery charged. Therefore hybrid
models though expensive when first purchased can save you a lot of money in the long run (less
money spent fueling your car, and you save your hydro bill by not having to charge the car) and
their eco–friendly because they require less fuel to power which means a lot less emissions

Alternative Cars And Its Effect On The Environment
Background Conventional vehicles burn fossil fuels and emit exhaust fumes to the atmosphere. Not
only have gasoline vehicles depleted natural resources, they also have caused severe environmental
pollutions, especially in some populous nations such as China and India. [1] CO2 is the main
contributor of the greenhouse effect. 97% of greenhouse emission is carbon dioxide. And in turn,
road transportation has become the largest sector in producing carbon dioxide. [2] Because of the
decreasing natural resources and the increasing environmental pollution, scientists focus more on
new technologies that can help reduce those consequences. However, even though scientists hope
hybrid cars could substitute traditional cars in order to reduce ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The most apparent difference is that hybrid cars have an internal combustion engine accompanied
by an electric motor. When a car is moving at a low speed, the ICE (internal combustion engine)
only provides power to the electric motor and the motor drives the entire vehicle. Thus, an electric
motor helps reduce fuel consumption as well as car emission. Moreover, a smarter management of
power called the regenerative braking system is introduced to hybrid vehicles. It converts kinetic
energy to electrical energy during braking so that heat energy due to friction will not be wasted. The
electrical energy can be used to charge the storage battery. [4] In addition, the aerodynamics and
weight of the car body are carefully considered so the power supplied to drive the car can be lower
than usual. Hybrid cars also have an adaptive strategy at traffic stops and idle periods. The engine
shuts down so that exhaust will not accumulate at places such as traffic stops.
Apart from technical aspects, governments also take efforts to popularize hybrid cars for home use.
In March 2013, the Chinese government extended the subsidy on electrical and hybrid cars for three
more years. [3] And in certain traffic crowded cities such as Beijing and Hangzhou, electrical and
hybrid cars have privileges on traffic restriction days. Nevertheless, customers still won 't buy
hybrid cars because they do not believe that the technology is mature enough to replace traditional
ICE cars with new energy

Ecostar Executive Summary
Expanding the Nighthawk Motors product line to include a plug–in hybrid vehicle is an exciting and
innovation move for the company. As an organization, we will be aiming to provide our customers
with a vehicle that is fuel efficient, reliable, cost affordable, and fun to drive. The new product line,
the Ecostar, presents a unique and exhilarating vehicle to our customers. The new plug–in hybrid
vehicle (PHEV) offers a 1.8L 4–cylinder engine with a 500–mile range on a tank of gas with an
80mile range on batteries alone. The EPA rating for the Ecostar has been verified at 60 miles per
gallon for city and 55 miles per gallon for highway driving. The Ecostar is not alone in the market, it
will have direct competition from the Toyota Prius; however,

The Electric Vehicle: Good or Bad?
The Electric Vehicle: Good or Bad?
By
Elizabeth Andrews
English 102: Writing Research Paper
Instructor: David McCarthy
Outline
1. Introduction Paragraph and thesis
2. History of Electric Vehicles
a) 1890–1929: Early ideas
b) 1930–1989: brought up due to shortages from WWII
c) 1900–present: environmental issues, shortage on gasoline
3. Impact on environment and what needs to be done
a) Power grids
b) Impacts on power grid
c) CO2 (Carbon Monoxide) production from cars
d) Power grid study
e) Power grids need to be upgraded to be more efficient
f) Development into electrical infrastructure will need to be changed ... Show more content on

Helpwriting.net ...
We need to integrate smart technology to regulate the power and eliminate was. This combined will
conservation efforts will free up the energy needed for electrical vehicles. (Weeks. 145–168) A
person with this same idea is R. Frank, writer of, Electric Vehicles: The Smart Grid's Moving Target.
He focuses on the ability and consumer feasibility of the electric vehicle and the impact on the
power grid, and suggests that many advancements need to be made to our infrastructure before a
large percent of our vehicles could transition to electric power. ( Frank. 65–70). A study was
conducted ornl.gov to see the impact electric vehicles would have on the nation's power grid.
Projections are for at lease a twenty–five percent penetration of hybrid vehicles in the market by
two–thousand and twenty, with high percentage of those being plug–in variety. The study shows that
if consumer's charge their vehicles at five PM when they get home from work, the country would
need an additional one–hundred and sixty power plants, compared to no additional plants needed if
everyone charged after ten PM. Systems will have to be mandated to ensure charging only occurs in
the overnight hours when demand is at its lowest. If this can not happen then a suggestion "Power
grids need to be upgraded to be more efficient and utilize off–peak times for charging of electric
vehicles" said by David Sandalow

Essay about Cleaner Alternative Transportation
When people think pollution, most think straight to automobiles producing harmful emissions which
contribute to global warming or climate change. Well, this is true. Motor vehicles account for about
half of the toxic air pollutant emissions in the United States. A large part of these toxic air pollutants
is the need to rely on oil as a fuel source. The fact that oil is still the main source of energy for
things like automobiles, when there are other alternatives like electric vehicles, creates many
problems within our society. The United States' dependency on oil causes incidents like the
Deepwater Horizon. The estimated amount of oil released stood at 4.9 million barrels and polluted
the area significantly. We as a country need to cut ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Automobiles have since evolved and become almost a necessity for people. While they have
become of major importance, they also hold many drawbacks to our environment. They are the
leading cause of transportation emissions and they generate a majority of America's global warming
emissions. Even though air pollution emissions from motor vehicles have dropped considerably
since 1950, Automobiles still produce about 60% of US transportation emissions and generate
nearly 30% of America's global warming emissions (Car Emissions and Global Warming). The
average conventional automobile can be seen as fairly gas inefficient. Compared to a hybrid electric
vehicle, conventional cars produce about 1.5 times more greenhouse gas emissions and costs more
in fuel costs. Within a 100–mile trip, conventional vehicles produce about 87 lb CO2, hybrid electric
vehicles produce 57 lb CO2, plug–in hybrid electric vehicles produce 62 lb CO2, and all–electric
vehicles produce 54 lb CO2 (see table 1). This shows that hybrid and electric cars produce less
greenhouse gas emissions and costs less for fuel, compared to a conventional pure gas powered
vehicle.
Table 1
Emissions and fuel cost for a 100–mile trip between conventional, hybrid electric, plug–in hybrid
electric, and all–electric vehicles.
Emissions and Fuel Cost for a 100–Mile Trip
Vehicle
(compact sedans) Greenhouse Gas Emissions
(pounds of CO2 equivalent) Total Fuel Cost
(U.S. Dollars)
Conventional 87 lb CO2 $13.36
Hybrid

Global Competition Of The Auto Industry Essay
Global competition in the industry Global competition is an important factor for many industries
including the auto industry because a breakdown to it 's simplest form, personal accomplishment
and group camaraderie is achieved in the process. What is something if it doesn 't mean something
to someone else? To illustrate this, I look at the most innosent form of competition between my two
dogs. One was whining because the other had the ball. I threw out two balls and they fought over
the newest one. The essential point is the same with people. We find value in what other people
want, especially if it is popular or new. It makes it seem more valuable. We also find value in
knowing that we have others wanting to beat us at what we do. Look at American football for
instance. Everyone wants their team to be the top team and we pay a lot of money, and spend a lot
of energy to watch the fight and engage in the rivalry. Competition is good because it creates
something to out–perform. It creates a sense of worth that what we are doing is making a difference
even for a short time. "Americans dominated the industry in the first half of the twentieth century"
(Bland, n.d.) However, " By 2000 Japan became the largest car producing nation in the world."
(Bland, n.d.) When a country finds a product that they can manufacture well, we find global
customers that will pay for exports. This helps our economy flourish because it creates jobs. When
that same company has global pressure to

Tesla Motors A Zero Emission Sport Car
Tesla Motors target their vehicles towards the upper middle class, where not everyone would be able
to afford. Tesla is currently the only manufacturer of a zero emission sports car. While the threat of
substitutes within the electric car industry Tesla faces is currently low, but due to the price premium
of the product causes Tesla to face other substitutes such as gas vehicles, hybrids, mass
transportation, and hydrogen vehicles. As Tesla only targets the upper middle class, environmental
conservatives and those who are looking for a high end luxury car, most consumers who are price
conscious would most likely choose the alternatives because of Tesla's high price on their electric
cars. Tesla faces substitute competitions from General Motors, Toyota, BMW, and Daimler AG,
Nissan and Honda as some of these companies are also starting to build their own electric cars to get
into the electric car business, which will increase the number of substitutes in this industry. With
each every coming year more manufacturers are beginning to go towards building their own electric
motor technology to enter the electric car market.
Currently General Motors provides an alternative to Tesla's electric cars by developing the Volt
which is an electric/hybrid car. Toyota provides a substitute by offering the Toyota Prius hybrid car
with the development of a larger battery, plug–in system and provides home charging system that
could affect Tesla's electric car business. Another substitute is

Introduction. Automobile Industry Has Been Rapidly Shifting
Introduction
Automobile industry has been rapidly shifting from the traditional gas–powered vehicles to other
economic and environmentally friendly alternatives such as electric and plug–in hybrid cars.
Nighthawk Motors is a fast–growing car maker company that is looking to become the number one
car selling company in the world. Its latest plug–in hybrid car, the Ecostar, is equipped with latest
electric–fuel engine and long lasting battery life. Although it is new to the market, the Ecostar has
comparable quality and specifications to its competitors. Table 1 illustrates a side–by–side
comparison of Ecostar and Toyota Prius.
Qualifications /
Specifications Ecostar Prius
Picture
Price MSRP $21,495 MSRP $24,495
Seating 5 5
EPA 60 City ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, the company has to create marketing and branding strategy of the Ecostar that
resonates with the Millennials' lifestyles, attitudes, and buying behaviors.
There are many ways to segment and classify the automobile consumers. Typically, demographic,
psychographic, geographic, and behavioral environments are considered when evaluating the target
market segmentation ("Principles of Marketing v. 2.0", 2012). According BCG Analysis (2012),
there are six distinct segments of the Millennials. Table 2 describes the six segments of the
Millennials in the U.S. (Barton, Fromm, & Egan, 2012).
Segment Percentage
(Approx.) Characteristics and Attitudes
Hip–ennial 29%  Cautious consumer, globally aware, and information hungry
 Female dominated, below average employment
Millennial Mom 22%  Wealthy, family oriented, confident, and digitally savvy
 Highly social and information hungry
 Older female with high income
Anti–Millennial 16%  Conservative, locally minded
 Seek comfort and familiarity over excitement and changes.
Gadget Guru 13%  Successful, wired, and confident
 Greatest device ownership
 Male dominated, above average income, single
Clean and Green Millennial 10%  Cause–driven, healthy, green, and positive
 Greatest content distributor for cause related matters

 Younger male, more likely to be full–time student
Old–School Millennial 10%  Not wired, charitable,

Advantages Of Hybrid Vehicles
Traditional vehicles use gasoline or diesel to power a combustion engine, while hybrid vehicles use
both the traditional combustion engine and an electric motor ran on electricity. Hybrid vehicles are
superior to their conventional counterparts when it comes to fuel efficiency. Like in traditional
vehicles, the combustion motor's alternator charges the vehicle's battery. But the difference is that in
hybrid cars, there is an electric motor that can utilize the energy generated by the alternator. The
reason why hybrids are so efficient is that the alternator from the combustion engine charges the
battery which runs the electric motor. Therefore, hybrids can alternate from one energy source to the
other, cutting down the amount of fuel needed to go longer distances. Hybrids are also considered
environmentally friendly because they produce 90 percent fewer emissions than their conventional
competitors. Hybrids are also flexible when it comes to their energy source. Hybrids can be fueled
like normal cars are powered by wholly by electricity, and of course, they can use both. Moreover,
ghe electric motor is not the only aspect that contributes to hybrids' fuel efficiency. The feature
"Idle–off" is often found in Hybrid vehicles. Idle–off works much like a refrigerator's light bulb
when the door is closed. When stopped, hybrid vehicles will go into idle–off, turning off the
combustion engine while still powering the interior technology with the vehicle's battery, saving
fuel.

The Impact of Electric Vehicles on Greenhouse Gas...
The rising levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHG) caused by the increased use of fossil fuels
for energy services–notably transportation, heating, and the generation of electricity–is known to be
one of the foremost drivers of climate change. The United States is responsible for one–fourth of the
world's total greenhouse gas emissions, representing only 5% of the world population and it
becomes the world's single largest emitter of atmospheric greenhouse gasses (EPA, 2011) . Since
1970, the U.S. share of net import of crude oil and consumption had been increased significantly
and the majority of the imported liquid–based petroleum fuels were used for U.S. transportation
sector (EIA, 2010). Today, the transportation is the second ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
According to the American Clean Energy and Security Act (ACES), the U.S. work towards an
economy–wide CO2 cap–and–trade reduction program to reduce CO2 emissions to 17% below
2005 levels by 2020 (Morrow, Gallagher, Collantes, & Lee, 2010).
As part of the United States planned greenhouse gas emissions reduction strategy, it is necessary for
U.S. to consider the effect of new electricity services coming to the transportation sector. One such
service that is gaining widespread interest is the electrification of personal transportation (also
referred to as "passenger cars") using Plug–in Electric Vehicles (PEV's). The advantage of
electrification of personal transportation leads to improved air quality and to reduce the U.S's GHG
contribution to global climate change.
In 2007, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the Natural Resources Defense Council
(NRDC) made a collaborated study on penetration of plug–in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and
published it as "Environmental Assessment of Plug–In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV), Volume 1:
Nationwide Greenhouse Gas Emissions". The EPRI "well–to–wheels" study is based on the data
which is primarily collected from the 48 states of U.S.A. This study compared the well–to–wheels
GHG emissions per mile for three distinct vehicle types: Conventional gasoline

Transportation And The Future Of Transportation
Miles Blakesley Ms. Wiand English 12H 3/16/15 Transportation in the Future The future of
transportation will most likely be very different to current transportation systems. Current
projections say that the world 's crude oil supply will be gone by 2070. The demand for alternative
options of transportation methods is increasing at a rapid rate. These new opportunities are expected
to bring new modes of transportation and transportations services in the coming years. Some of
these new modes include electric cars, nuclear cars, hydrogen vehicles, and autonomous vehicles.
All of these new transportation ideas will make a profound effect of the world as we know it today.
All of these new ideas will reduce pollution in the world and lower are dependence on fossil fuels.
In the future, senior mobility and independence are likely to be even more of a vital concern in
society. Real challenges will arise in dealing with the transportation needs of older people in the
future. In particular, the fastest growing age group is the elderly, meaning that in the future there
will be a huge need for new transportation that is both practical and easy to use. These options will
mostly differ from independent driving and from the current mass transit services and could possible
include anything from ET3 tubes to all electric and nuclear powered cars. All of these technologies
are very viable options for the future that can and will greatly revolutionize transportation for the
future. Designers

Informative Speech Electriccars
Informative speech
Electric Cars
Introduction
Attention Getter:
Central Idea: State an interesting new facts about electric cars.
Preview of main points: Today I am going to talk about history of electric cars, where is electric cars
today and finally we will explore what is to come of electric cars in the future.
Body
I.The history of the electric cars A) Where do the electric cars come from? B) When they was billed
in the US? C) How they grow up in our country?
II. Where are the electric cars today? A) Some statistic B) Top current companies/manufacturers that
sell them. 1) Chevrolet Vol 2) Nissan Leaf 3) Toyota Prius Plug–in Hybrid 4) Tesla Model C) How
much does it is cost? D) Where can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thomas Davenport, built a electric cars. Americans, Ryker and William Morrison built a 6
passenger electric car. In 1897 taxi's in New York city were electric cars.
When Henry Ford made the model T, was the last good moment for the electric car for 6 and a half
decades. In 1920 car owners were into the gasoline car, gas was selling cheap and roads were
available to drive on.
The first electric car in the United States was created by William Morrison and could reach a then–
pretty–impressive 14 miles per hour. Electric cars, however, still remained more popular in Europe
than in the US.
Around 1900, a fleet of electric taxi cabs took to the streets in London, but the first gasoline/electric
hybrid was built near Chicago. That vehicle, however, was not a commercial success because it was
too expensive, it was too slow, and it was a challenge to maintain.

By the 1920s, electric cars had lost ground to their rivals, as gas–powered vehicles could cover
greater distances. And the main reason gas–powered cars gained popularity over electric cars was
price. Production techniques made it possible to buy a gasoline–powered car at half the cost of an
electric car.
Fuel shortages during World War II increased interest again in electric cars, but those efforts were
short–lived. It wasn't until the 1970s that another shortage fueled interest in electric cars. Finally, in
the 1990s major auto manufacturers began to offer mainstream electric and hybrid options.

Tesla's Competition in the Green Automobile Market
Tesla are competing with not only "green" vehicle market that consists of Electric vehicles (EV),
plug in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and hybrid vehicle, but with the overall vehicles industry.
Let's put into consideration that all major automakers are planning to launch or have launched
electric/hybrid vehicles, which will increase the competition widely in the next years. As well
defined the green vehicles are competing in the requirements of a usual car such as: speed, comfort,
handling and fun. However, market breach will depend on battery pack costs, charging
infrastructure, competing technologies, oil prices, manufacturer investments in EV and PHEVs, and
consumer uncertainty of EV and PHEVs. Some of Tesla major competitors are BMW and Audi in
the luxury category, as well as, Toyota Prius which is the most popular car in the hybrid market.
BMW BMW is emerging in the green vehicle market; it has employed 2600 employees at the end of
2011 to focus on electric/hybrid technology. The BMW launched two vehicles one in 2011, the
activeE and the other in 2013 the megacity vehicle. The ActiveE is erected on the BMW 1 Series
Coupé; it is designed to take up to four passengers and can go from 0–60 mph in approximately 8.5
seconds. In the other hand, The MegaCity Vehicle will be a solid, urban tailgate with a carbon fiber
passenger chamber and aluminum framework components. Its predicted to reach 100 miles range.
Audi Franciscus van Meel, Audi's manager for electric mobility

The Impact Of Co2 Emission On The Environment Of The...
Abstract:
In the light of ever–increasing greenhouse gases, global energy use, the increasing cost of energy
services, concerns over energy supply security, climate change and local air pollution, this report
centers around the question of how CO2 emission can be reduced in long term. As transport system
plays a major role in the increased greenhouse gases, this report highlights the use of future vehicles
in the transport sector from an economic, technical and environmental point of view.
Through its multi–disciplinary approach the report provides a knowledge base concerning different
strategies made by government and recent advancements in automobile sector in order to reduce
carbon emission.
Contents:
1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
..............07 2.3.2 Hybrid vehicles ........................................................... ..............09 a. Plug–in (i.e.
parallel) hybrid electric vehicle.................... ..............09 b. Range–extended (i.e. series) hybrid
electric vehicles.......... ..............10 2.3.3 Pure battery electric vehicles
..............................................................11 2.3.4 Further development of internal–combustion engine
powertrain technologies .................................................................... ............12
3. Conclusions ..............................................................................13
4. References.................................................................................14
1. Introduction:
Low carbon fuel standards are rapidly becoming an part of the national debate over how to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions. Transport system plays a vital role in the increased greenhouse gases.
Increase in number of vehicles has increased the carbon emission rapidly. A pie chart gives you the
information about the total amount of CO2 emission by different sector in 2010. Electricity, heat
generation and transport system are the three major systems accounted for 63% of total CO2
emission during the year 2010 (I E A Statistics, 2012).
The potential for increased levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
cost of fossil fuels and high demand for non–renewable fossil fuels has brought attention to CO2
emission reduction strategies. Government has set some policy context and emissions standards for
the

Essay On Sanger Automotive
1. Introduction
The United States of America is one of the biggest automobile markets in the world. This trend has
also created awareness for environmentalist to bring attention to rising level of pollution and
emission within the cities and metropolis. As response, the U.S. Government is encouraging the
automobile manufacturers to produce clean and renewable alternative vehicles that will drastically
reduce pollution and emission. Subsequently, the automobile industry has witnessed a gradual
introduction of environmental friendly vehicles that use clean and renewable energy to encourage
less pollution and safer environment. The manufactures of these vehicles have introduced into the
market three categories of electric passenger car ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 Unpopular brand: Fisker automotive Karma sedan is not well known in the auto market as
compared to other luxury brand such as BMW, Lexus etc. This will create skepticism among
potential consumers who are willing to purchase an electric car.  Pricing of electric vehicles: It is
widely believed that the prices of electric vehicles are relative high and consumers are only willing
to pay lesser than the suggested manufacturer retail selling price which means that Sanger
Automotive will be restricted on its profit margin.  Consumer Response/Knowledge: Majority of
potential electric vehicle buyers are not well informed about the technicalities of the vehicles
regarding the distance it can travel
3
on full charge and anxiety of running out of charge. This has plagued the market share of electric
cars resulting to loss of customers to conventional indirect competitors.  Brand Loyalty: Fisker
automotive is relatively a new company and its product line is still not widely known and accepted
by consumers. The brand does not have the customer loyalty which popular manufacturer of
gasoline powered vehicle possess. Therefore they have to embark on massive marketing campaign
and advertisement to create awareness and sensitized the market.
4. Market Details

Electirc Car
Timeline: History of the Electric Car
1832–1839
Scottish inventor Robert Anderson invents the first crude electric carriage powered by non–
rechargeable primary cells.
1835
American Thomas Davenport is credited with building the first practicalelectric vehicle –– a small
locomotive.
1859
French physicist Gaston Planté invents the rechargeable lead–acid storage battery. In 1881, his
countryman Camille Faure will improve the storage battery's ability to supply current and invent the
basic lead–acid battery used in automobiles.
1891
William Morrison of Des Moines, Iowa builds the first successful electric automobile in the United
States.
Thomas Edison and an electric car. Courtesy of the Smithsonian
1893
A handful of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1990
California passes its Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate, which requires two percent of the
state's vehicles to have no emissions by 1998 and 10 percent by 2003. The law is repeatedly
weakened over the next decade to reduce the number of pure ZEVs it requires.
1997
Toyota unveils the Prius –– the world's first commercially mass–produced and marketed hybrid car
–– in Japan. Nearly 18,000 units are sold during the first production year.
1997 – 2000
A few thousand all–electric cars (such as Honda's EV Plus, G.M.'s EV1, Ford's Ranger pickup EV,
Nissan's Altra EV, Chevy's S–10 EV, and Toyota's RAV4 EV) are produced by big car
manufacturers, but most of them are available for lease only. All of the major automakers' advanced
all–electric production programs will be discontinued by the early 2000s.

2002
G.M. and DaimlerChrysler sue the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to repeal the ZEV
mandate first passed in 1990. The Bush Administration joins that suit.
Crushed EV1 electric cars
2003
G.M. announces that it will not renew leases on its EV1 cars saying it can no longer supply parts to
repair the vehicles and that it plans to reclaim the cars by the end of 2004.
2005
On February 16, electric vehicle enthusiasts begin a "Don't Crush" vigil to stop G.M. from
demolishing 78 impounded EV1s in Burbank, California. The vigil ends twenty–eight days later
when G.M. removes the cars from the facility. In the film "Who Killed the Electric Car" G.M.

Pest Toyota
Political. Governments have implicated the car industry in to a socio–politic–economic corner. This
company is strongly linked to policies of governments by the earnings of banks. Therefore countries
try to develop this industry to rise profits and in develop countries is a gigantic pressure to maintain
it. Likewise Toyota is a company that dominates more than a handful of firms. "The company's
approach to dealing with political institutions has not always been brilliant. It tends to be good on
technical issues, although it has not always fully presented the longer–term options, in order to
make the choices and their implications clear." Toyota had a lot of help from the local government,
including tax break and facilities to operate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But Toyota is not only in the industry of cars, as their similar Honda, they designed and built a robot
specially created to take care of old people in homes for elder people. Also they created specialized
robots in the production of Cars and the entertainment. They have a specialized area on Agricola
biotechnology were they invest on little business, but trying to develop new technologies and new
uses for other products. This are some examples of this specialized areas: P.T. Toyota Bio Indonesia
en Lampung, Indonesia Australian Afforestation Pty. Ltd. in Australia Occidental y Australia
Meridional Toyota Floritech Co., Ltd. en Rokkasho–Mura, Distrito de Kamikita, Prefectura de
Aomori Sichuan Toyota Nitan Development Co., Ltd. en Sichuan, China Toyota Roof Garden
Corporation en Miyoshi–Cho, Prefectura de Aichi In other industries, Toyota has bought several tiny
soccer teams in different countries, many of this clubs were not able to continue playing by the
problem of Money. Many of this teams are located in Argentina, where Toyota is one of the first
sellers in the industry of cars. Apart soccer, they have been in other sports, like rugby in Australia
and between 2002 and 2009 they had a Formula 1 team. They also created a specialized way of
working, called "Toyotismo" and is the relationship between the environment of where are they
working, and workers. This was created in the 70´s during the petroleum crysis in US, and moved
the

A Short Note On Hydrogen Fuel Cell Plug
This report shows a comparison between hydrogen fuel cell plug–in hybrid vehicles (FCHEV) and
battery (BEV) and hydrogen fuel cell (FCEV) electric vehicles. Comparing infrastructure and
technology requirements along with the lifecycle cost of the drivetrain (the main components that
generate power and deliver it to the road surface) over 100k miles taking fuel costs and capital costs
into consideration.
This can then be compared to a conventional petrol–fuelled internal combustion engine (ICE)
drivetrain. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis shows that FCEVs could achieve lifecycle costs
similar to conventional petrol vehicles in the near future. However, both the BEV and FCHEV have
significantly lower lifecycle costs. Looking forward, the drivetrain lifecycle costs of FCEVs could
range from around £5000 to £15000, whereas those for BEVs range from £4300 to £7600 and
FCHEVs, from just under £3000 to £8400. All vehicle platforms exhibit significant cost sensitivity
to drivetrain capital cost. The BEV and FCHEV are relatively unaffected by electricity costs but the
FCHEV and FCV are affected by the cost of hydrogen. The BEV and FCHEV are alike in lifecycle
cost and one could offer an advantage over the other depending on driving patterns.
In conclusion, the hydrogen fuel cell plug–in hybrid vehicle would be the best route towards future
development of the fuel cell electric vehicles.
1. Introduction
Transport is one of the main contributors towards

What Is More Expensive Than Hybrid Cars

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