1. Salvador Dali's surrealist artwork incorporated ideas from quantum mechanics and relativity physics in novel ways.
2. Dali emphasized understanding physics to interpret or distort reality, relating relativity to paranoia in subjective ways.
3. Dali's "critical paranoia" methodology allowed fantastical works to seem realistic while placing the viewer in his delirious mindstate, systematically confusing reality.
1. Physics Of Prime Numbers
Abstract The Physics of Prime Numbers [1] Yeow Liiyung University of Leeds Introduces the prime numbers and the Riemann Hypothesis as an im–
portant unsolved problem in mathematics, and suggests that there may be a physical interpretation or embodiment of the problem. Although several
physical interpretations are on offer, this paper focuses primarily on how the primes may be connected to quantum physics and classical chaos, and
seeks to compile evidence hitherto that this might be true. We take a spec– ulative look into the currently unknown Hermitian HЛ† operator, and
explore the attempts to identify it. Although the idea is rather complex, and most calculations and evidence reach a level of technicality far beyond
undergrad– uate level, this paper tries to put the idea forward on a level suitable for second–year physics undergraduates' understanding. 1. Prime
Numbers Mathematics is intricately related to physics, and is often employed to aid calculations or derive further understanding on physical concepts.
One fundamental field of mathematics is number theory, specifically the area con– cerning prime numbers. Prime numbers are numbers that do not
have factors other than itself and the number 1; they are not products of other numbers. In this sense, they are like the atoms of numbers and arithmetic,
because it is possible to uniquely construct the rest of the numbers from products of prime numbers. While Christian Goldbach's conjecture that every
number is a sum of two
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2. Experimental Confirmation : Physics Of Quantum Mechanics
2.4.1 Experimental confirmation
Matter waves were first tentatively affirmed to happen in the Davisson–Germer test for electrons, and the de Broglie theory has been affirmed for other
rudimentary particles. Moreover, nonpartisan particles and even atoms have been indicated to be wave–like.
(A)Electrons
In 1927 at Bell Labs,Clinton Davisson and Lester
Germer let go moderate moving electrons at a crystalline nickel target.
The precise reliance of the reflected electron force was measured, and was resolved to have the same diffraction design as those anticipated by Bragg
for x–beams. Prior to the acknowledgement of the de Broglie speculation, diffraction was a property that was thought to be just shown by waves.
Subsequently, the vicinity of any diffraction impacts by matter exhibited the wave–like nature of matter. At the point when the de Broglie wavelength
was embedded into the Bragg condition, the watched diffraction example was anticipated, in this way tentatively affirming the de Broglie speculation
for electrons.
This was an essential bring about the advancement of quantum mechanics. Exactly as the photoelectric impact showed the molecule nature of light, the
Davisson– Germer examination demonstrated the wave–nature of matter, and finished the hypothesis of wave–molecule duality. For physicists this
thought was paramount in light of the fact that it implies that can any molecule display wave attributes, as well as that one can utilize wave
mathematical
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3. Hugh Everett 3 Biography
Deven Misra
04/07/16
IB Physics HL 1
Hugh Everett III Biography
Hugh Everett III was an American physicist who created the "relative state" formulation. I can relate to his experience as an atheist in a predominantly
religious society. Hugh Everett was born in Washington D.C. in 1930. Everett attended St. John's College during high school, and was accepted into
The Catholic University of America for undergraduate chemical engineering. During World War II, Everett's father was stationed in West Germany, and
Everett took a year off to join him. He graduated in 1953, and went on to attend Princeton University, where he began studying Game Theory before
switching to Physics.
In 1955, Everett got his Master's degree from Princeton. He studied ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This theory is what eventually went on to become the many–worlds interpretation of quantum physics, which began to gain acceptance among many
physicists after his death in 1982. Everett's theory, first conceived in his thesis paper, attempted to address the measurement problem inquantum
mechanics. That is, the lack of continuity between the behavior of objects on a microscopic scale when compared to those on a macroscopic one.
Despite the fact that quantum theory allows for the superposition of particles in multiple states simultaneously, this superposition has never been
observer directly, nor does it occur in macroscopic systems. Wave functions are used to represent these states, as predicted by the Schrodinger equation.
This equation presents an objective measurement with absolute determinism. Despite the mathematically sound nature of the idea that the change over
time of a wave function can be objectively determined, empirical data seems to directly contradict this. Whenever a quantum system is observed, the
wave function that describes the superposition of possible states for that system collapses into a single possibility, interrupting the wave function's
evolution. The way that the wave function collapses does not appear to correlate with the information conferred by the wave function prior to its
measurement, and the collapse directly contradicts the Schrodinger equation. This interpretation physically separates the quantum realm from the rest
of reality, including the
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4. Alice in Quantumland
Alice in Quantumland 1. Electrons have no distinguishing features except spin Upon falling into the quantum wonderland while in her living room,
Alice finds herself faced with a new reality of existence that seems to baffle her. She is first met with some strange–looking dweller of the new and
vastly strange wonderland that she could not make out. She politely introduces herself as Alice, thereby invoking a response from her companion to the
effect that it was an electron. Alice also noted that nearby was another similar looking figure to the electron, to which the new acquaintance explained
was a different electron. To Alice, the two electrons looked strikingly alike, down to the umbrella they seemed to have been... Show more content on
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This is verified by the double slit experiment. The experiment yields the phenomenon of interference when electrons are shot out from an electron gun
one at a time; they are shot in a beam through an obstacle with two slits and onto a screen. This experiment, and the resulting interference, indicates that
each electron passes through the two slits at the same time and essentially interferes with itself. Similar to the other phenomena that Alice encounters,
this one is also in direct violation of common sense judgments of observations in the macro–world. In essence, no observable entity in the real world of
classical mechanics is capable of doing all things possible at the same time, let alone be in several different positions at the same time. 5. The
Copenhagen interpretation and Schrödinger's cat Alice proceeds to meet with a series of other unusual characters while in the quantum wonderland.
One of the most intriguing characters she comes across is undoubtedly Schrödinger's cat. Alice learns that Schrödinger had left a cat behind with
some inhabitants of the quantum wonderland which he used as an experiment to test and prove some of the theories espoused within the larger field of
quantum mechanics. Schrödinger set up an experiment in which the cat was to be placed inside a box with a flask of poison, a radioactive source and
a mechanism that would ensure
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5. Questions On The Free Will
The Free Will Problem presents three different theses that, upon first glance, seem both intuitive and reasonable as long as they are considered
independently. It is not possible to entertain all three theses together while maintaining any level of consistency. The problem, therefore, is in
determining which of the three theses to discard. The first thesis is the Free Will Thesis, which simply states that agents sometimes act freely. This
thesis seems to be reasonable for at least two reasons. The first reason is that, more often than not, we feel as though we are free; that is we feel as
though we make a choice based on what we want, whether it be after careful consideration or merely on a whim. The very idea that we feel as though
we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second thesis in the Free Will problem is the Causal Determinism Thesis, which states that every event is causally determined to occur by
another event; every event has a cause. This thesis seems reasonable because it coincides with the way in which we view the world, that being
scientifically. Whenever an event occurs we naturally think that something caused that event. Imagine a cup of water falling over on a desk. It goes
against our common sense to say that nothing caused the cup of water to fall over, it just did. We may not always know what the cause is but we do
seem to think that a cause is necessary for the event to have happened and so far science seems to support this conclusion.
The third thesis in the Free Will Problem is Incompatibilism Thesis, which states that the Free Will Thesis and the Causal Determinism Thesis are
incompatible with one another; in other words, they are mutually exclusive. This thesis seems reasonable due to the following: if we define free will
as acting without a cause or not being caused to act, and the Free Will Thesis says agents sometime act freely, then anytime we, as agents, act freely, an
event occurs that does not have a cause. This is a direct violation of the Causal Determinism Thesis, which states that every event must have a cause.
All three theses seem intuitively plausible but it is impossible to hold all three theses together consistently. Choosing
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6. Consciousness Is Not An Illusion
Consciousness poses the most baffling challenges in scientific realm of the mind. There's nothing with which we share an intimate relation than
conscious experience, but there's nothing so strenuous or demanding to explain. Perhaps no other aspect of mind is more puzzling than this mystifying
experience that we encounter in our every day life. There's a widespread disparity amongst individuals regarding the existence of this entity. Some
might argue that consciousness is not more than a foolish idea, though there are some stances where investigations over its existence hadn't yield
anything to prove it's very existence in nature, while others have held an opposite view, and contended that its very existence can be explained in
empirical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disregarding вЃ the physicality of the consciousness, the difference between it and unconsciousness is first and foremost a matter of subjective
experience. Either the lights are on, or they are not!
To say that consciousness may only "seem" to exist, however, is to admit its existence in absolute terms. Even if I just happen to be a brain and
nothing else in a tank full of water, and I establish that all my memories are false and that what I observe and perceive of the external world that
doesn't really exist, cannot deny the fact the I am still having an experience of some kind. This all is required for me or any other conscious being to
wholly establish the reality of consciousness. Therefore, according to me, it's the one thing in this vast ocean of universe that cannot be an illusion for
sure.
Saad 2
Rene Descartes, a French philosopher mostly known for his Meditations, argued that consciousness is self–evident because we cannot logically deny
the existence of our mind at the same time using it to do the denying. "I think, therefore, I am"– Rene Descartes
Therefore, in relation to his citing, I cannot think of myself as an objective being doing the denying unless my mind is not aware of it. In other words,
one cannot think of doing anything if he's not in a state of consciousness.
Neurological Approach to Consciousness
We all are very familiar with the very
8. Bell's Inequality: An Experimental Analysis
When individual experiments are designed and carried out using a hypothetico–deductive method, they are bound by the logical constraints of modus
ponens and modus tollens. If predictions derived from the hypothesis are confirmed, then the hypothesis is more likely. If the predictions are wrong,
then the hypothesis may be rejected.
However, there is a complicating world of auxiliary assumptions to consider. The primary hypothesis and all of these auxiliary hypotheses are
effectively being tested together.
In this case, the Alain Aspect experiment was testing entanglement between co–generated and entangled particles. Their behavior was compared to
results predicted by Quantum Mechanics and results predicted by Bell's Inequality. The experiment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The key point of this argument is that its conclusion tries to advance the general philosophical claim that anything that is unobservable is nonexistent,
however, Bell proposes that could be other interpretations of the evidence. These interpretations could include a Lorentzian interpretation. Bell would
prefer that we abandon Einstein's SR requirement that the speed of light be inviolate in order to embrace some view of objective reality. Bell would
like both physicists and philosophers to embrace a world–view that there was a physical reality before during and after our lives. 5. "The questions with
which Einstein attacked the quantum theory do have answers; but they are not the answers that Einstein expected them to have." Mermin, p. 397.
"Einstein suddenly stopped, turned to me and asked whether I really believed that the moon exists only when I look at it." (Mermin 397)
Einstein's challenge to Mermin reflected a world–view that quantum systems can't exist absent of measurable properties (eg. position and momentum)
and independently of perception. The use of the moon is reductio ad absurdum on the macro level, while Schrödinger's cat makes a similar point on a
micro
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9. Essay on A Century of Physics
A Century of Physics
By the end of the nineteenth century after more than two thousand years of intellectual struggle that began with the Greek philosophers, physical
scientists had reason to believe that they were beginning to understand the universe. Their theories of matter and energy, of electricity and magnetism,
of heat and sound and light were confirmed in laboratories throughout the world with increasing precision. Experimentation was the method and
mathematics the language of a powerful coherent body of knowledge called classical physics. For a few years before and after the turn of the century, the
world was taking a breather from war and rebellion. The monumental achievements of science, technology, and industry ... Show more content on
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The chance discovery of radioactivity finally signaled the beginning of a new era in physics. As the element polonium, identified by Polish–born Marie
Curie in 1898, emits radiation it changes spontaneously into lead. This discovery shattered the belief inherited from the Greeks that the elements are
immutable and their atoms indestructible.
What causes atoms to decay?
What are they made of?
What forces are at work inside them?
Such questions were new to physics, and were to remain at its cutting edge throughout the twentieth century. The answers would affect our lives in
ways no one could imagine in the year of 1900.
The twentieth century began with a flurry of innovations such as the airplane, the mass–produced automobile, and transatlantic radio communication.
They transformed the world, but the changes sweeping over physics at the same time were far more radical. Those brought about not just different
lifestyles, but new ways of thinking. Modern physics grew out of classical physics and rest of three pillars: the quantum theory, which describes atoms
and their nuclei, Special Relativity, which deals with the relationship between space and time and General Relativity, which explains gravity. The latter
two were the sole creations of Albert Einstein and even the former received a crucial
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11. The Origin Of Life : Intelligent Design Vs. Materialistic...
Marquel Gray
Prof. Heather Clark
7/22/13
Eng.111–60A
The origin of life: Intelligent Design vs. materialistic naturalism
The origin of life has been questioned by men for thousands of years. Scientist have studied the universe extensively and developed various theories to
answer questions related to the origin of life. Questions like, how did life begin? Is the universe the result of chaotic chance or intelligent design? How
did life on earth come to be? These are some of the many questions scientist work hard to solve, but what does their research tell them? Let's start with
the well–recognized theory of evolution. Evolution, a theory made famous by Charles Darwin; is the process in which an organism changes over time
via adaptation, mutation and gene isolation. According to an article by evolutionary biologist Richard Lenski (2012), "There exists no other scientific
explanation that can account for all the patterns in nature, only non–scientific explanations that require a miraculous force, like a creator." Looking at
the millions of fossils dated to be thousands, hundreds of thousands, millions and billions of years old; this theory seems solid. According to an
article, by bio technician Brian Thomas (2011), a discrepancy about a time period known as the Cambrian explosion; dated to be about 800 million
years ago, has been around as early as Charles Darwin. In this article he presents the evidence that an abundance of species said not to appear until
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12. Free Will And The Door For Free Action
This paper contends that Sider is wrong. With a revised interpretation of free will and internalization of weight bestowal, indeterminacy might open the
door for free action. We will discuss what this paper means by free action and indeterminacy, explore why Sider thinks indeterminacy is incompatible
with free action, object Sider's arguments using Nozick's proposal of self–subsuming weight bestowal, and investigate possible counter arguments to
Nozick's proposition.
The libertarian view requires a free action to be non–random, uncaused and 'could have been done otherwise'. However, indeterminacy suggests that a
prior event provides a clue of a range of probable future events. Thus the indeterministic version of event is not uncaused. To explore the possibility of
indeterminacy to be compatible with free action, we have to tolerate this shortcoming. Therefore in this essay, we will regard a person who acts freely
as someone who could have non–randomly chosen other than the chosen non–random event. Whether the event is caused or uncaused is driven out of
the equation.
Sider argues that an indeterministic world governed by the law of probability inherently entails decision to be made by chance. Suppose Amir has
75%, 20%, and 5% probabilities of choosing a sandwich, a burger, and an orange for his lunch respectively. Imagine one hundred parallel worlds
exist. In 75 worlds, Amir would choose a sandwich; in 25 worlds, Amir would choose a burger; in 5 worlds, Amir would choose
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13. Essay on Atoms
The beginning student of chemistry must have a knowledge of the theory which forms the basis for our understanding of chemistry and he must
acquire this knowledge before he has the mathematical background required for a rigorous course of study in quantum mechanics. The present
approach is designed to meet this need by stressing the physical or observable aspects of the theory through an extensive use of the electronic charge
density.
The manner in which the negative charge of an atom or a molecule is arranged in three–dimensional space is determined by the electronic charge
density distribution. Thus, it determines directly the sizes and shapes of molecules, their electrical moments and, indeed, all of their chemical and
physical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is true of any chemical bond, ionic or covalent, and even of the shallow minimum in the potential curves arising from van der Waals' forces.
In this treatment, the classifications of bonding, ionic or covalent, are retained, but they are given physical definitions in terms of the actual distribution
of charge within the molecule. In covalent bonding the valence charge density is distributed over the whole molecule and the attractive forces
responsible for binding the nuclei are exerted by the charge density equally shared between them in the internuclear region. In ionic bonding, the
valence charge density is localized in the region of a single nucleus and in this extreme of binding the charge density localized on a single nucleus
exerts the attractive force which binds both nuclei.
This web page begins with a discussion of the need for a new mechanics to describe the events at the atomic level. This is illustrated through a
discussion of experiments with electrons and light, which are found to be inexplicable in terms of the mechanics of Newton. The basic concepts of the
quantum description of a bound electron, such as quantization, degeneracy and its probabilistic aspect, are introduced by contrasting the quantum and
classical results for similar one–dimensional systems. The atomic orbital description of the many–electron atom and the Pauli exclusion principle are
considered in some detail, and the experimental consequences of their predictions regarding the
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14. Scientific Breakthroughs Paper
Scientific Breakthroughs
Pre–Science & Normal Science The standard paradigm, the currently accept concept and thought pattern, is interpreted as pre–science. Until this model
no longer holds true for all observations in relation to its theory, it remains as the normal science. When
"normal science [occurs], change accumulates slowly and research is "firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements, achievements that
some particular scientific community acknowledges for a time as supplying the foundations for its further practice" (as cited in Staley, 2014, p. 56).
The accumulation of research will allow for various theories to be available. When this occurs, it is up to a general coconscious by the scientific
community to distinguish what theory is best with regards to the amount of information they have accumulated. When agreed upon, the theory in
question becomes the normal science. This paradigm will be used to account for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Classical mechanics is used to explain the theory of quantum mechanics where
"classical mechanics and physical body (gases, fluids, and solids) can be satisfactorily described as a suitable collection of particles...there are particles
and fields that describe matter microscopically, and manifest image, in which there are macroscopic objects with their properties, is obtained assuming
compositionality and rectionsim" (Alloi, 2015, p. 315).
The classical theory serves as a tool to explain how matter and materials can exist in relation to each other inside space. This is a perfect example of
pre–science, in that it shows that theories are made to account for ideas and concepts we have observed. However, like all normal science paradigms;
further understanding of the subject will equate observations that can no longer be explained through the accepted paradigm. Quantum mechanics, for
example, will discover that energy, momentum and the like cannot fit into this
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15. Physics : Physics Of Physics
n the early 20th century it was discovered that particle such as the electron could be in two locations simultaneously . The behaviour of these
particles is governed by quantum mechanics, a set of outlandish physical laws. Laws that allow these particles to be in an infinite number of states at
a time, allowing them to be be in an infinite number of locations with an infinite range of characteristics simultaneously. However, can this observed
behaviour be applied to actual people? It seems strange to think that I am in many places at one time but I will be exploring the implications of this if
this is the case.
The purpose of physics has always been to explain what the world does and how it does it. We need a theory that describes the whole world we see
around us but quantum mechanics does not always do that. We use classical mechanics or Newtonian mechanics to describe the behaviour of all
everyday objects. However, none of newtons laws can be applied to subatomic particles. Particles such as the electron behave completely differently to
things that are immediately visible to us. Realism is a feature of classical mechanics and it assumes that all things exist, have physical properties, have
causes and effects and behave logically.
Newtonian mechanics or classical mechanics assumes that there are particles which have specific positions and momentums and interact with each
other through forces whose strength depend on the position and momentum of particles. Our
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16. String Theory
String Theory Introduction It is clear that Man has always had a lot of different questions that had a lot to do with regarding his atmosphere or his
surroundings. A lot of times as human beings we may be sometimes become curious in answering a lot of different unknowns and numerous will
continue unanswered, but what if there was a theory that would allow us to explain at least all of nature's forces that are inside a single
all–encompassing intelligible context. What does this accurately mean? Well, explanation the universe in the most complicated and basic part so one
can stand in admiration of its elegance and beauty. There is an impression changing around these days that we might have come across this collective
field theory as Einstein may have named it. It has been named the superstring theory (Davies & (Eds.), 1992). Allegedly it can elucidate our universe
in the most straightforward of terms, to the most indivisible component. That would mean that as a people might be nearer to scrutinizing the essential
of our being maybe. What things are comprised of that could be the most basic component. Understanding the answer to that would be a huge jump in
our evolution process. Individuals can look forward to perhaps getting closer to some of the answers in regards to the metaphysical questions. This
now would not be the conclusion all of every kind of knowledge, nonetheless it would clarify the basic concept of everything that is around everyone.
To many, that is an
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17. Analysis Of The Landlady By Margaret Atwood
The interpretation of texts varies from person to person. Each reader approaches a piece of writing with their own personal biases. These biases,
based on factors such as societal influences or personal upbringing can have an effect on how readers assign meaning to words and actions. These
differences in interpretation are one of the explanations of how a religious group can have so many different religions branching out from it despite
following the same religious text. The words are all the same, it is what they mean to a person that is different. Although it is possible for any text
to be up for debate, good examples of differences in analysis can be found in poetry. "The Landlady" by Margaret Atwood is very specific yet the
descriptions provided of the landlady make the poem general enough to apply to any issue the reader may be facing. Someone facing issues such as
poverty may find that the poem is relatable in its depiction of a landlady whereas someone with depression could find that the landlady is a
personification of depression.
The poem itself describes the effects that a landlady has on their tenant. She is often described harshly with words that have strong negative
connotations. Examples of this can be seen in, "A raw voice" (Atwood 3) which can mean crude or gritty, a voice that is not very smooth. This term,
however, is one that is used mainly amongst singers and performers. Likely someone outside of this field would have a different interpretation. One may
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18. Quantum Mechanics Essay
Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Mechanics is the science of subatomic particles and their behavior patterns that are observed in nature. As the foundation of scientific
knowledge approached the start of the twentieth century, problems began to arise over the fact that classic physical ideas were not capable of
explaining the observed behavior of subatomic particles. In 1913, the Danish physicist Neils Bohr, proposed a successful quantum model of the atom
that began the process of a more defined understanding of its subatomic particles. It was accepted in the early part of the twentieth century that light
traveled as both waves and particles. The reason light appears to act as a wave and particle is because we are noticing the ... Show more content on
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This observance is what Werner Heisenberg refereed to as the principle of uncertainty, which commonly became known as Heisenberg's Uncertainty
Principle. We have the illusion that position and momentum can co–exist in large objects whose inherent action is huge compared to subatomic
particles. Heisenberg realized that the uncertainty relations had profound implications. Heisenberg set himself to the task of finding the new quantum
mechanics to explain what his theories observed. He relied on what can be observed, namely the light emitted and absorbed by the atoms. By July
1925, Heisenberg wrote his answer in a paper. The basic idea of Heisenberg's paper was to get rid of the orbits in atoms and to arrive at new
mechanical equations. Heisenberg's approached focused mainly on the particle nature of electrons. The mathematics Heisenberg used were tables
commonly used for multiplication of arrays of numbers–mathematical objects known as matrices. Using the mathematics of matrices, scientists had at
last a new mechanics for calculating the quantum behavior of particles. Heisenberg, and others showed that the new quantum mechanics could account
for many of the properties of atoms and atomic events.
Most physicists were slow to accept matrix mechanics because of its abstract nature. Erwin Schrodinger came up with a mathematical equation which
nicely described the wave nature of electrons. Scientists gladly
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19. The Controversy In Quantum Physics Circles
Quantum physics is mind–bending, counterintuitive, and close to impossible to understand. It's so complicated that a theory saying our reality is just
one of an infinite web of infinite timelines is one that's actually simpler than what most quantum physicists believe. That neat–and–tidy explanation is
known as the many–worlds interpretation, and it has caused plenty of controversy in physics circles.
In the 1950s, a student at Princeton University named Hugh Everett III was studying quantum mechanics. He learned about the Copenhagen
interpretation, which says that at the very, very smallest level–what we mean when we say quantum–matter exists not just as a particle and not just as a
wave, but in all possible states at once (all of those states ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Everett's theory, in this timeline, the object is a particle, but there's another timeline where it's a wave. Even more baffling, this implies
that quantum phenomena aren't the only things that split the universe into separate timelines. For everything that happens, every action you take or
decide not to take, there are infinite other timelines–worlds, if we may–where something else took place. That's the many–worlds interpretation of
quantum physics. It may not seem like it, but it's actually simpler than the Copenhagen interpretation–it doesn't strike an arbitrary line between the
quantum world and everything else, because everything behaves in the same way. It also removes randomness from the picture, which helps the math
work out nicely.
Not all physicists subscribe to this theory–a recent poll found that the majority are Copenhagen all the way–but a growing minority do. Sean Carroll,
for one. He explains that many objections to the theory arise because people come at it from a classical physics point of view. "In classical
mechanics...it's quite a bit of work to accommodate extra universes, and you better have a good reason to justify putting in that work," he writes. "That
is not what happens in quantum mechanics. The capacity for describing multiple universes is automatically there. We don't have to add
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20. The Discovery Of The Atom
An Atom is the the basic building block of all matter. Atoms are made up of Particles, called: Protons, neutrons and Electrons. Protons carry a positive
charge, the neutron carry 's a neutral charge and the electron carry's a negative charge. The Atom has two main parts the Nucleus and the Electron
Shell. The Nucleus contains the Protons and Neutrons. The electron Shell Contains the The electrons.
There are many Scientist that contributed in the investigation of the atom which are:
1–John Dalton
2–Sir William Crookes
3–Wilhelm Rontgen
4–J.J Thomson
5–Max Planck
6–Albert Einstein
7–Ernest Rutherford
8–Neils Bohr
9–James Chadwick
10–Otto Hahn
The Discovery of the Atom first came from the Greeks which made a theory "The idea that all matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles, or
atoms, is believed to have originated with the Greek philosopher Leucippus of Miletus and his student Democritus of Abdera in the 5th century B.C.
(The word atom comes from the Greek word atomos, which means "indivisible.")" (InfoPlease Atomic theory)
After that theory scientists started Wondering about this theory and a lot of Scientists made up Models and conducted Experiments to Explain this
Theory. In this report we will put our self's inside Each scientist's Shoe and see What has he discovered.
John Dalton
John Dalton, a British chemist and physicist, that was born on the 6th of September 1766. His study of gases led Dalton to wonder about what these
invisible substances
22. An Extraordinary Man From Demark
On October 7, 1885, an extraordinary man from Demark was born. A baby boy, who was yet to find out the impact he would have on this world. This
man was Niels Bohr, and he made fundamental contributions in the way one can understand the atom 's structure. In addition to the structure, he also
had an impact in the early development in quantum mechanics. His impact not only made a change in history, but also changed the way people looked
at the atom's structure. We can now build and learn fromNiels Bohr and his foundations.
Originating from Denmark, reigns an intelligent man from a well–educated family. Neil 's Bohr is the son of Christian Bohr, who was a professor of
physiology at The University of Copenhagen. Bohr 's mother, Ellen, came ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With this remarkable paper, he was the recipient of the medal from the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences. According to Oppenheim, his research
topic was based on his analysis of vibrations of water, due to surface tension. After this, he completed his doctorate in 1911, under the physicist
Christian Christiansen. For his post–doctoral education, Bohr moved to England. He conducted his experiments at Trinity College, and then moved on
to the University of Manchester. While at the University of Manchester, he began his interest in the structure of the atoms. He wanted to know what
was going on inside an atom. Bohr studied the way atoms behaved and came up with a model that gave an explanation.
In addition, Bohr studied the models of the atom that were already used by scientists and improved on them with a new model. This model would give
better explanations on how atoms worked. His new model, Bohr, was named after him. In the Bohr model, positively charged protons and neutral
neutrons are securely detained in the nucleus of the atom. Negatively charged electrons move around the nucleus in defined orbits. The motion of the
electrons in the Rutherford model was not reliable due to the classical mechanics and electromagnetic theory. These theories state, any charged particle
moving on a curved path releases electromagnetic radiation. Therefore, the electrons would lose energy and coil into the nucleus. Bohr modified the
Rutherford model and stated that the electrons move in
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23. Why Measure Consciousness Transmigration?
In the field of quantum mechanics, we observe and investigate the motion and interaction of discrete quantities of energy, but we do not discover
any variation in the quantity of matter. For example, if we were to burn a piece of coal, collect all the ashes and smoke, it would amount to the exact
same weight. As a dense form of energy, matter merely changes its form, but how, where and when does have its reasons and consequences by
default. In view of the previous example, every single time we burn coal, the emitted particles rise up into sky. As they are unable to escape our
atmosphere, they begin to accumulate, waiting to be absorbed by flora and fauna that is becoming non–existent. The more fossil fuels we consume, the
more toxic our air... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The question is not if consciousness transmigrates, but how. We know where disembodied consciousness travels after death, but we have no tangible
proof. Numerous physicists and scholars all, including Fred Alan Wolf, state that we return to the astral plane. Mountains of case studies conducted by
dedicated researchers tell us approximately for how long, but also that the time between incarnations may vary, dependent on the manner of death. (And
yes, ghost exists, we'll get to that part later) Khazasthan University research even indicates an encoded extraterrestrial signal can be re–identified after
birth, but let us start at the
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24. Robert Frost Ambiguity
In the poems "The Road Not Taken", "The Courage To Be New", and "The Fear of Man", Robert Frost uses ambiguity to capture and entice his
audience. Throughout each poem, Frost writes phrases which may be interpreted differently. The possibility of the different meanings of one line a
positive aspect of his poems. By using motifs, tone and mood, ambiguity allows different interpretations of the poem to their own accord, and this
results in the production of many themes. In the poem "The Road Not Taken", just like the title states, is physically about the persona questioning the
road he had not taken. The poem starts off with two roads split by a forest and ends off with the reflection of the choosing of one of the roads. The
overall theme of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The poem starts off a female going home after midnight. With the little light and located in the middle of the city, it is easy to guess what the poem is
about. However, at the end of the poem, there was a theme which is different than the title suggests: perspectives are often misunderstood. The title has
two important words, "fear" and "man". The definition of man can mean two things "an adult male person" or more general "the human individual as
representing the species, without reference to sex; the human race; humankind" (Definition). Both definitions are crucial, and more importantly, they
contradict each other. The first definition would lead to the fear of an adult male and the other definition would lead to the fear of mankind,
regardless of gender. One definition leads to the typical fear of males, while the other definition is the fear of every single person. One defines for
one section of humans while the other represents all. Man often connotes for the typical male, and due to the female in the beginning of the poem, it
can be easily interpreted the female is scared for her safety because of the males in the city. However, it could be interpreted the female plainly just
trusts no one. Both interpretations are different due to the audience it affects. One targets the male readers while the other targets all readers. However,
it is more plausible for the latter
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25. The Physics Of An Experiment
In 1964, John Bell set out to test the arguments originally described in the EPR paper and later more eloquently describe by David Bohm. In the paper
by Bohm, he shows how one could conceive of an experiment to mirror the conceptual situation put forth in the EPR paper, by examining the
dissociation of a diatomic molecule whose total spin angular momentum is zero. For example, the hydrogen molecule into two hydrogen atoms. In the
experiment, the hydrogen atoms would separate after interaction, in different free directions. It is here that an experimenter would measure the spin
components whose values are anti–correlated after dissociation. If we define our axis of measuring as the one at right angles to the particles flight,
then we can have a consistent measurement. If the measure of hydrogen atom one yields spin– up, measurement along the same axis for the other atom
would yield spin–down, to be consistent with total spin equal to zero. This is an interesting experiment because of the incompatibility of spin
components makes it analogous to position and momentum conjugates. Bohm eventually went on to publish a more sophisticated paper with plausible
instrumentation to test his theories with Yakir Aharonov in 1957. A thought experiment that is discusses the ideas of Bell's inequalities are as follows.
Consider two observers that are initially together and agree that they will be given red or green balls at regular intervals, from this they conclude that
only red or green 4
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26. Quantum Mechanics and Islam Essay
Introduction
Quantum mechanics or also known as quantum physics is a field of science which studies the behaviour of particles at sub–atomic level. This theory
tells us that short–lived pairs of particles and their antiparticles are constantly being created and destroyed in an apparently empty space.
In quantum mechanics the weird behaviour of electrons are not accurately explained and until now not a single theory is acceptable by the whole
scientific community to postulate the phenomena. The electrons become linked, or entangled, such that changing one invariably affects the other, no
matter how far apart they are; something Einstein called "spooky action at a distance". Quantum stuff can also exist in several places at once, or spin ...
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The inadequacy and weaknesses of modern science is thus manifested as a result of its ignorance on other sources of scientific knowledge such as
metaphysical and spiritual knowledge which is proven successful by previous Muslim scientists during the period of medieval Islam.
In Islamic science, cosmology plays an important role as a link between pure metaphysics and the particular sciences and acts as a source of
conceptual framework for the unity of science and spiritual knowledge. There are a number of cosmological principles in Islamic science which are
formulated based on the relevant Qur'anic verses, prophetic traditions and intuitive knowledge of famous traditional Muslim scholars. In this study, the
principles and ideas of quantum mechanics are presented in a simplified manner for easy understanding of the subject matter, followed by the
application of the principles in Islamic science wherein the relevant issues are discussed accordingly.
A Brief History of Quantum Mechanics
Quantum theory began to take shape in the early 20th century, when classical ideas failed to explain some observations. Previous theories allowed
atoms to vibrate at any frequency, leading to incorrect predictions that they could radiate infinite amounts of energy; a problem known as the
ultraviolet catastrophe. Max Planck in 1900 solved this problem by assuming the vibrations of atoms at specific or
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27. The Theory Of Classical And Quantum Mechanics
If one thought that time and its direction reduce to some reductive base in fundamental physical science one would encounter a perceived barrier viz.,
the fact that the underlying dynamical laws of fundamental physical theory do not privilege the past or the future. If those laws permit certain physical
processes to be future directed or oriented, then they also allow for those self–same processes to be past directed or oriented. The dynamical laws are
time–reversal invariant. As Roger Penrose stated, ...the dynamical equations of classical and quantum mechanics are symmetrical under a reversal of
the direction of time! As far as mathematics is concerned, one can just as well specify final conditions, at some remote future time, and evolve... Show
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Moreover, we have experimentally confirmed a violation of time reversal invariance in B0 meson systems. Weakly interacting systems are anomalous
for this reason. I will have more to say about how to understand such systems in the context of discussing the arrow of time. For now, let's unashamedly
affirm that the fundamental dynamical laws are time–reversal invariant, deliberately suppressing worries about weakly interacting systems for the
purposes of deliberation. Even though the dynamical laws of our fundamental physical theories are time–reversal invariant, there appear to be
macroscopic energetically isolated processes that are temporally irreversible. So the microphysics is such that it suggests temporal symmetry, though
macroscopic goings–on suggest temporal asymmetry. To make things worse, given an appropriately robust reductionist story in the background,
macroscopic phenomena depend in some strong sense on underlying microphysical phenomena. We should now ask: "what could be the source
of...[the]...widespread temporal bias in the" macroscopic "world, if the underlying" microphysical "laws are so even–handed?" This is the puzzle of
the arrow of time. Why isn't the temporal handedness accounted for by the phenomenon of weakly interacting systems previously discussed? Answer:
That phenomenon does not occur frequently enough to serve as
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28. Quantum Mechanics Made Easy Analysis
In "The Garden of Forking Paths" by Jorge Luis Borges, a Chinese man named Yu Tsun is obligated to spy for the German Leader. Yu Tsun wants to
kill a man named Stephen Albert to reveal a crucial location of the war. In "Quantum Mechanics Made Easy," Sean Carroll explains the Many Worlds
Theory of quantum mechanics to explore how the world is governed. The theory describes a universal wave function that includes all possible
outcomes from any actions that occur. This means that there are many worlds that exist that host every single event, so events that do not happen in
one world occur in some other world. Although Yu Tsun seems to be motivated by his desire to prove himself, he really kills Stephen Albert because he
learns of the "many worlds" theory. Carroll's text supplements the idea that Yu Tsun essentially experiences the "many worlds" theory of quantum
mechanics through intuition. He does not know the concrete definition of quantum mechanics, but he learns that there are infinite outcomes and many
worlds in which all events occurs. What he does not do today will occur in another world, so he wholeheartedly kills Albert with utmost care. Thus,
although it seems like Yu... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I know that it was a terrible thing to do. I did not do it for Germany" and he even expresses disgust at Germany because they "forced me to the
ignominy of spying" (Borges, 120–121). Yu Tsun is angry, but he still helps Germany. He is somehow blatantly ready to kill despite being so fearful
before. Yu Tsun even introduces a direct statement about his motives saying, "I did it because I sensed that the Leader looked down on the people of
my race. I wanted to prove to him that a yellow man could save his armies" (Borges, 121). Tsun was thinking about the problem at hand and described
why he wanted to help the German Leader. He wants to preserve his honor and prove the German Leader wrong. These contrasting viewpoints
demonstrates that Yu Tsun is
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29. Touchy Feely: Can We Touch Anything?
The purpose of this essay to answer the question "Can we touch anything?" To do this, I have studied the research of other physicists on subjects such
as the Pauli Exclusion Principle and electron repulsion. Topics like these are explored throughout the essay to help fully understand this particular
concept. Through my research, I came to the conclusion that it is not actually possible to touch anything. This, of course, can lead to many questions,
some of which are answered in the discussion section of the essay. Afterwards, I describe what I would potentially do if it were possible to continue
my research.
Touchy Feely
Introduction to the Problem Can we touch anything? The simplest answer to the question would be "yes," but is it actually possible to come into
literal physical contact with anything? For the purposes of this research essay, it is important to redefine the meaning of the word "touch." This part is
crucial because it helps to understand what this research essay is about and how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As in, if two electrons have matching values of all four quantum numbers, they do not exist within the same quantum system. Atoms are made up of
three particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons. Subatomic particles are infinitesimally small. This means that it is so small that it has a value
incomprehensibly small approaching zero. Since the electron (a negatively charged particle) clouds orbit around the nucleus (made up of
protons–positively charged–and neutrons–neutrally charged), they act almost as a force field for the atom, and prevents other atoms from coming into
close proximity. Atoms are made up of less than .001% actual mass, which means it's mostly empty space. The work of Israelachvili and Cowan are
two important researches that have greatly help this
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30. Rick And Murty Analysis
Rick and Morty is an animated sci–fi sitcom created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon for Adult Swim. It follows a cynical, irresponsible, drunken
mad scientist named Rick Sanchez and his somewhat naive grandson Morty while they travel through space and between dimensions using Rick's
portal gun. It's basically Back to the Future except they travel through the multiverse rather than time (and no one ever awkwardly dates their mom).
The science in the show is often just an excuse for some wonderfully geeky humor. Rick and Morty references enough scientific concepts to do
dozens of these videos but today we're going to use this show as a vehicle to take a look at quantum mechanics. Be sure to check out the sources,
which are in the description... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A Geiger counter and tiny bit of some radioactive element are in the room. Within some time, say one day, one of the radioactive element's atoms
might decay, or there may be no decay. The Geiger counter can measure whether or not any decay has occurred. If it measures decay, it will release a
poison, which will kill the cat. If it doesn't, it won't. The cat may be thought of as simultaneously both alive and dead, a state known as a quantum
superposition, as a result of being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur. This thought experiment helps us understand both the
Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and the problem that Schrödinger saw in it. If the Copenhagen interpretation suggests the
radioactive material can have simultaneously decayed and not decayed in the sealed environment, then it follows the cat too is both alive and dead
until the box is opened. Common sense tells us this is not the case, and Schrödinger used this to highlight the limits of the Copenhagen interpretation
when applied to practical situations. The cat is actually either dead or alive, whether or not it has been observed. In the many worlds interpretation, the
cat would be both alive and dead until observed. After that, the universe would split into two timelines. One where cat is alive and another where the
cat is
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31. Alice In Quantumland 2014
Alice in Quantumland, speaks about a law of the quantum world, which shows that electrons have no distinguishing features except for their spin. This
law being all electrons are identical, except that some spin–up, whereas others spin–down. The electrons even spin at the same speed. This allows them
to interact harmoniously with each other and to find pairs within their space based only on each other 's spins. In the novel, Alice noted that nearby
was another similar looking figure to the electron, to which the new acquaintance explained was a different electron. In the story, this principle is
illustrated by some electron–beings carrying umbrellas which are either pointed up, and some electron–beings carrying their umbrellas pointed... Show
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The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that no particle can have "well–defined" clear values for both position and speed; consequently, no particle
can be stationary because any stationary particle would have a clearly defined speed value of zero. In the analogy presented by Gilmore, electrons are
able to obtain loans of energy from their local bank, allowing them to exist. The energy they are loaned becomes their rest mass energy. This principle,
perhaps, is the most difficult to compare to the macro world. The idea that there exists a quantity or measurement––for lack of a better word––that
cannot be measured is difficult to reconcile with the average human mind. Though there exist equal realms of ambiguity and no definite in the
macro world, such as justice and legality, or emotion and rationality (as provided by Gilmore), the notion of an immeasurable quantity is one many
cannot grasp. This places the Heisenberg uncertainty Principle most at odds with the macro world, as in the real world, humans go about their
existence with definite: For example, the bus will arrive to take a man to work at 09:05; a day is 24 hours long, America gained its independence in
the year 1776, and there are 8 periods in our school day. That is to say, humans take solace in the definite of numbers––as a source of definite when all
else is seemingly variable and perhaps even more so when everything
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32. Consciousness Is Not An Illusion
Consciousness poses the most baffling challenges in scientific realm of the mind. There's nothing with which we share an intimate relation than
conscious experience, but there's nothing so strenuous or demanding to explain. Perhaps no other aspect of mind is more puzzling than this mystifying
experience that we encounter in our every day life. There's a widespread disparity amongst individuals regarding the existence of this entity. Some
might argue that consciousness is not more than a foolish idea, though there are some stances where investigations over its existence hadn't yield
anything to prove it's very existence in nature, while others have held an opposite view, and contended that its very existence can be explained in
empirical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This all is required for me or any other conscious being to wholly establish the reality of consciousness. Therefore, according to me, it's the one thing in
this vast ocean of universe that cannot be an illusion for sure.
Saad 2
Rene Descartes, a French philosopher mostly known for his Meditations, argued that consciousness is self–evident because we cannot logically deny
the existence of our mind at the same time using it to do the denying. "I think, therefore, I am"– Rene Descartes
Therefore, in relation to his citing, I cannot think of myself as an objective being doing the denying unless my mind is not aware of it. In other words,
one cannot think of doing anything if he's not in a state of consciousness.
Neurological Approach to Consciousness
We all are very familiar with the very perplexing nature of this entity "consciousness". We can tell when we are awake, when we are thinking, when
we are pondering over the world, but to explain this nature of consciousness can be somewhat grueling. However as our understanding and
comprehension of the brain is escalating, we are able to tackle this subject to an extent.
Imagine the distinction of the image of an apple between your brain and a digital camera. The raw image is the same whether it's created by the
camera or in your head. However, the camera treats each pixel autonomously but does not recognize the object. Your
34. Physics : Physics And Physics
In short, quantum mechanics is 'a mathematical framework that plays a huge role in modern physics and chemistry'. It was interpreted in many ways,
however the Copenhagen Interpretation was the most widely held view, largely developed by Danish physicist Neils Bohr who worked in
Copenhagen. The framework can be applied to different scientific phenomena and can be used to investigate the behaviour of the building blocks of
the universe, all elementary particles. The complex mathematics is useful for these particles as they act in ways classical physics cannot explain. [1]
Classical physics is the study of physics which describes the activity of matter and energy on a scale that is relative to human experience, including
astronomical bodies, thus examining the macrophysics of the world around us. However towards the end of the 19th century, scientists such as Thomas
Kuhn began to find phenomena in both macro and microphysics that classical physics could not explain. His analysis of the philosophy of science, The
Structure of Scientific Revolutions influenced two major revolutions in the development of physics that created a shift in the original scientific models
of the theory of relativity ¬¬and the development of quantum mechanics.
Wave Particle Duality [6]
The word quantum describes the smallest amount of any physical energy interaction. Certain characteristics of matter can only take discrete values.
Light behaves in a way that differs from the norm – it displays some
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35. The Real World During Quantum-Mechanical Experiments
We've already discussed some of the experimental phenomena that inspire competing interpretations or theories of what's going on in the real world
during quantum–mechanical experiments. (In brief: Observing microscopic particles seems to either: cause them to randomly take one result or the
other; create a branching world for every possible outcome; or require hidden variables and allow for faster–than–light, nonlocal communication.
Particles seem not to take one path, not the other, not both, and not neither, and even act as if they "know" when we're observing them.)
In this final installment of a three–article series, we'll look in very broad strokes at some of the philosophical implications of these views of quantum
mechanics.
I. Logic
Standard logic is two–valued. That just means that each sentence in the logic is true or false, not both, and not neither. 'My cat's breath smells like cat
food' is either true or false; it can't both smell that way and not smell that way at the same time to the same person, and surely it either does or it
doesn't. But as we've seen, some interpretations of quantum mechanics might suggest adding in a new value.1 Perhaps Copenhagen–style
interpretations indicate that we should have a value of neither–a truth–value "gap"–and Copenhagen and many–worlds interpretations indicate that we
should have a value of both: a truth–value "glut."2 As it happens, there are independent philosophical reasons to explore three– or four–valued logics
(and
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36. Quantum Neural Network Essay
Chapter 1
Quantum Neural Network
1.1 Introduction and Background
The eld of articial neural networks (ANNs) draws its inspiration from the working of human brain and the way brain processes information. An ANN is
a directed graph with highly interconnected nodes called neurons.Each edge of the graph has a weight associated with it to model the synaptic eciency.
The training process involves updating the weights of the network in such a way that the network learns to solve the problem.
The neurons in the network work together to solve specic problems.
The network can be trained to do various tasks like pattern recognition, data classication,function approximation etc. ANNs are widely used in the elds
of computer vision ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This has been demonstrated by many quantum
1.2. QUANTUM MECHANICS AND ANN 3
Figure 1.2: Quantum analogies for dierent concepts of articial neural networks algorithms such as Grover's search algorithm, Shor's factorisation
algorithm etc. We can use this property and our knowledge of classical neural net– works to create a new computing paradigm called quantum neural
networks
(QNNs). There are many ways of using building a QNN. Figure 1.2 has been taken from [2], which shows various approaches to achieving
For the purpose of this chapter will will consider only the Menneer and
Narayanan model. This model is based on the parallel universe interpreta– tion of Quantum mechanics.
1.2.1 The parallel universe interpretation
The parallel universe interpretation or the many world interpretation of quantum mechanics was proposed by Hugh Everett in the year 1957 [3].
4 CHAPTER 1. QUANTUM NEURAL NETWORK
It says that there exists an innite number of coexisting universes and each possible outcome of an event occurs in a parallel universe. According to the
theory superposition states of a wavefunction lies in dierent universes and the quantum system interacts with itself in dierent universes. Any act of
measurement sees the state only in one universe.
This interpretation can help in better understanding of the eld of quan– tum information.
1.3 Quantum Neural Network
We will try to
38. Cixin Liu's The Three-Body Problem
In a world overflowing with uncertainty, people search for meaning in life through different outlets and activities. Playing on sports teams, working for
corporations, and joining sororities and fraternities grant purpose to people's existence. Cixin Liu, in his Hugo award–winning novel, The Three–Body
Problem, addresses the universal habit of belonging to a larger group; these groups can benefit characters, as it leads to an expanded wealth of
knowledge– a group of minds is smarter than one mind– but can also lead people astray when they prioritize the group's needs in place of their own.
The book follows numerous characters through countless time jumps, dating from China's Cultural Revolution to modern–day Earth and space, but Liu
dedicates most of the story to Wang Miao, a nanomaterials... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wang remains level–headed and alert in all scenes but other characters subscribe to ideals too strongly and pay the price, all stemming from the horrors
of the Cultural Revolution. Liu highlights the dangers of subscribing and holding on to an idea too tightly, resulting in a lapse of judgment and
definitive consequences. The novel opens in the midst of the Cultural Revolution, a battle between China's intellectual population and the rest of the
Communist country. Ye Zhetai, a physics professor at Tsinghua University, finds himself caught in the crosshairs of the Revolution when he remains
steadfast in his teaching methods. His wife, Shao Lin, who, "could feel the political winds shifting in academia and prepared [herself]" and "explained
to [her] students that all scientific accomplishments resulted from the wisdom of the working masses, and those capitalist academic authorities only
stole these fruits and put their names
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39. On Truth And Lies In A Nonmoral Sense Summary
Friedrich Nietzsche essay "On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense" articulates his reason to seek truth. Nietzsche explores the individual's motivation
for finding the truth by analyzing the reward for discovering the truth; before concluding that the search for truth translates the world for those who
don't fully understand. Nietzsche finds that these reasons are flawed.
Pride becomes an incentive to seek the truth. Riding a bullet train and looking outside of the window will cause the view outside to blur. The objects
outside the train become "forms" since the eyes aren't able to fixate on the true nature of the object. Only glances over the stimuli are permitted since
the "senses nowhere lead to truth"(Nietzsche). A tree stands as a green object outside the window of the train; knowing a tree stands outside brings a
sense of pride.The pride presents bliss and a blind fog. Pride, according to the author, will deceive "them concerning the value of existence"(Nietzsche);
thus pride lies. Knowing causes an illusion to govern, instead of reality. The desire to escape the illusion will motivate truth seeking. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Being witty will allow for the discovery of a liar amongst a community since having a liar will be harmful to the community. In the world of the
emerald city, the citizens believed in a great and powerful Oz. Oz declared he has great power, but he didn't. Oz lie placed the citizens in an illusion.
Four travelers needed assistance from Oz; instead Oz tricked the travelers into committing murder. Therefore, the an investigator of truth fears "the
unpleasant, hated consequences of certain sorts of deception"(Nietzsche). Liars create these deceptions at the cost of others suffering, which serves as
an excellent motivator to uncovering the truth. An individual will focus heavily on the surroundings to detect the
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40. Multiverse
Multiverse
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Multiverse (disambiguation).
Physical cosmology
Universe В· Big Bang
Age of the universe
Timeline of the Big Bang
Ultimate fate of the universe
[show]Early universe
[show]Expanding universe
[show]Structure Formation
[show]Components
[show]Timeline
[show]Experiments
[show]Scientists v d e
The multiverse (or meta–universe, metaverse) is the hypothetical set of multiple possible universes (including the historical universe we consistently
experience) that together comprise everything that exists: the entirety of space, time, matter, and energy as well as the physical laws and constants that
describe them. The term was coined in 1895 by the American ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Level III they live on another quantum branch in infinite–dimensional Hilbert space." Similarly, all level II bubble universes with different physical
constants can in effect be found as "worlds" created by "splits" at the moment of spontaneous symmetry breaking in a level III multiverse.[4]
Related to the many–worlds idea are Richard Feynman's multiple histories interpretation and H. Dieter Zeh's many–minds interpretation.
[edit]Level IV: Ultimate Ensemble
The Ultimate Ensemble hypothesis of Tegmark himself. This level considers equally real all universes that can be defined by mathematical structures.
This also includes those having physical laws different from our observable universe. Tegmark writes that "abstract mathematics is so general that any
Theory Of Everything (TOE) that is definable in purely formal terms (independent of vague human terminology) is also a mathematical structure. For
instance, a TOE involving a set of different types of entities (denoted by words, say) and relations between them (denoted by additional words) is
41. nothing but what mathematicians call a set–theoretical model, and one can generally find a formal system that it is a model of." He argues this
"implies that any conceivable parallel universe theory can be described at Level IV" and "subsumes all other ensembles, therefore brings closure to the
hierarchy of multiverses, and there cannot be say a Level V."[8]
JГјrgen Schmidhuber, however, says the
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42. A Break With The Past: An Analysis
Steven Weinberg said, "After you learn quantum mechanics, you are never really the same again." After reading through Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8 in In
Search of Schrodinger's Cat, this quote absolutely makes sense. Quantum Mechanics has greatly changed my general perception of a classical particle,
especially with the wave–particle duality. Aside from learning that a particle can exhibit wave–like behaviors and particle–like behaviors, there were
other interesting circumstances that quantum mechanics brought to my attention in the subject's rich history.
After reading the first paragraph in the section of the book entitled "A Break with the Past" it correlates to my initial reaction of finding out that Bohr's
model of the atom is not true. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These scientists either did not agree on fellow colleague's findings or just did not like each other, which I thought was hilarious. When Heisenberg
received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1932, he was very disgruntled that his colleague's Born and Jordan did not recieve a Nobel Peace Prize and even
more angry that Heisenberg received one before them. He made the comment that, "Heisenberg didn't even know what a matrix was until he (Born) had
told him, and writing to Einstein in 1953 'in those days he actually had no idea what a matrix was. It was he who repeated all the rewards of our work
together, such as the Nobel Prize." Not only does this show that that some of the scientists were greedy, but also it shows that they were very concerned
about concepts and theorys behind quantum mechanics. Schrodinger was another scientist that had a temper behind him. Schrodinger's hurdle was the
fact that he did not understand how the electrons were moving between energy states, referring to when electrons move to the next highest unoccupied
orbital. When he was working on defining what quantum mechanics actually entailed, he made the statement "damned quantum jumping." This was
interesting because even the brightest of scientists wants to scream when experiments or theories do not go as
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43. Essay On Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein family ,Hermann and Pauline Einstein, were merchants who lived in germany. Einstein was actually jewish, but not jewish
religion. When albert was born he was unusual, he had a large misshapen head and a big body even when his grandma saw him her first words
were too much fat, too much fat, how nice. Overtime he look normal, But his behavior changed like he would barely speak and he would say the
sentence to himself when he spoke. When he started to speak he would just ask question like when he first saw his little sister Maja he thought she
was a toy and he said "Where are the wheels." Also albert had a fierce temper his sister describe it like this "his face would turn pale and the tip of
his nose would turn white and he would lose control of himself." at the time Hermann's small electric and engineering company had not been doing
well so his younger brother jakob who was a engineer said that they moved to Munich and start an electrochemical business there together. So, they
moved there did the company Idea and business was good they even had a house together. As for the kids, there mom didn't pamper them but
encourage them to be independent. She let Albert walk alone in the streets at night, but watched him. Both of them learned musical instruments, his
sister learns how to play the piano and albert learned the violin, but hated it an one day got mad and threw a chair at his teacher. But his mother still
had him play the violin. As a kid albert keep to
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44. Science
Science serves to prove or debunk religion. In A Tale For The Time Being readers find evidence of spiritual practices and specific fields of science
that support them. Kierkegaard believed that to truly accept anything (more specifically religion) one would need to take a leap of faith, but in the
current state of the world people are not willing to. If science could provide evidence for one religion to be seen as fact there would be an
astronomical shift in the belief systems of many.
By speaking of time and relating the principles of science to those of Buddhism Ozeki provides readers with a new pathway to thought. A quote from
Zen Master Dogen is found in the text: "everything in the entire universe is intimately linked with each other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The superposition theory of quantum physics that "a particle can be in two or more places or states at once" (Appendix B), which means that Ruth
could have existed in her dimension as well as the new one she created. Although both of the aforementioned concepts can be considered abstract or
transcendental, when closely observed one corroborates with the other.
Ancients believed the crow to be a "harbinger that guides souls from the realm of the living into the afterlife", with this interpretation the
importance of the crow within Ruth's life is clear. In Haruki #1's second to last letter he speaks of the Crow Wars (presumably the war between the
U.S. and the Crow tribe of Montana in 1887) and says "'I am crow!'" to describe how he feels while flying in the sky (258). Could this then mean the
crow that appears daily in Ruth's life is Haruki #1 reincarnate? The crow is of Corvus Japonensis genus inhabits Tokyo, Japan which is were Nao
lived. If the crow is not Haruki #1 reincarnate, it could be a sign of the validity of Ruth's quest to find Nao and absorb what her diary has to offer.
Oliver showed his interest in the crow by his acknowledgment of its existence and then, pondering on its existence "'No it was. I think it was a
Jungle Crow. It sat there for a long time, studying me, so I got a really good look at it, too. I could swear it
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