2. LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
1. Explain various volcano-related hazards;
2. Differentiate among different volcano hazards;
3. Recognize signs of an impending volcanic eruption;
4. Interpret different volcano hazard maps; and
5. Apply appropriate measures/interventions before,
during, and after a volcanic eruption.
3. WHAT IS A VOLCANO?
• A volcano is a mountain or hill,
typically conical, having a crater or
vent through which lava, rock
fragments, hot vapor, and gas are
being or have been erupted from the
earth's crust.
5. Volcanic hazards are volcanic activities that may harm the
subsystem on Earth suchas the biosphere, hydrosphere,
atmospheres and even geosphere.
Volcanic hazards are observable facts that are arising due to
volcanic activity suchas eruption. These have potential
threat, for seeable crisis that directly affect to human beings,
animals, properties, infrastructure, tourism, and even
politicalstability to mention some within a specific period of
time.
6. Volcanic eruption is one of the dangerous event
that may happen because it results to different
hazards such as: Ballistic projectiles, Ash fall,
Pyroclastic flows, Lavaflows, Volcanic gases,
Debris Avalanche or Volcanic landslide and even
Tsunami
7. LAHAR
• Lahar is an Indonesian term that
describes a hot or cold mixture of
water and rock
fragments flowing down the slopes
of a volcano and river valleys.
8. ASH FALL
2. Ash fall or Tephra fall are minute
volcanic particles such as pulverized
rock, minerals and silicon which has
fine to coarse grain. This is formed
during explosive volcanic eruption
when dissolve gages in magma escape
violently into the atmosphere.
9. 1.Endanger life and property
2.Kills organisms both on land and in water;
3.Causes respiratory tract problem to human
beings;
4.Ruins machines in the industries and aircrafts;
5.Can damage also roofing at home
6.Break power and communication lines, ash, and
very hot gases.
Negative effects:
10. PYROCLASTIC FLOW
Contain a highly-density mix of hot lava
blocks, pumice, ash and volcanic gases. They
move at very high speed down volcanic
slopes, typical following valleys. It consists
of two parts: a lower (basal) flow of coarse
fragments that moves along the ground,
and a turbulent cloud of ash that rises
above the basal flow (Quebral 2016).
11. BALLISTIC PROJECTILE
• Ballistic projectiles are rocks that an
erupting volcano may hurl into the air.
These blocks and bombs travel like cannon
balls and usually land within 2km of the
vent (but can travel as far as 5km, or even
further, if the eruption is very explosive.)
12. (1) the force of impact of falling fragments, but this occurs only close
to an eruption,
(2) loss of agricultural lands if burial is greater than 10 cm depth,
(3) producing suspensions of fine-grained particles in air and water
which clogs filters and vents of motors, human lungs, industrial
machines, and nuclear power plants, and
(4) carrying of noxious gases, acids, salts, and, close to the vent.
Ballistic projectiles endanger life and
property by:
13. VOLCANIC GASES
Magma contains dissolve gases which provides
the driving force that causes most volcanic
eruptions. As magma rises towards the surface
and pressure decreases, gases are released
from the liquid portion of the magma (melt)
and continue to travel upward and are
eventually released into the atmosphere
(Quebral 2016).
14. Negative Effects:
These gases are all potentially hazardous to all living things as well
as to agriculture and property.
The Carbon dioxide that is held at low-lying areas can be
detrimental to humans and animals. Sulfur dioxide is lethal also to
human beings; it irritates the eyes, skin and can cause respiratory
tract infection. In addition to this, Sulfur oxide, when it reacts
with water in the atmosphere, its product would be acid rain the
Hydrogen sulfide in a high concentration would be toxic too.
15. LAVA FLOW
Lava flows are streams of molten rocks that
are poured or oozed from an erupting vent
(Quebral 2016).
Lava flows rarely threaten human life
because it moves slowly. It is mostly
characterized as quite effusion of lava
(DRRR, TG, 2017).
16. Negative Effects:
It may instigate other types of hazards such as
pyroclastic flow. It damages the properties,
agricultural lands, and even human lives by
burying, burning everything in their path.
17. 1. Intensified steaming activity with a change of color from
white steam to gray. or to dark steam
2. Dried - up vegetation, streams and water wells
3. Ground movement or tremors due to volcanic
earthquakes
4. Crater glow at or near the crater or summit area
5. Increased frequency of landslides and rockfalls
б.Increased temperature in hot springs and crater lakes
near the volcano
Signs of an Impending Volcanic Eruption
20. Before a Volcanic Eruption
1. Each one should be aware of the dangers that
volcanic eruptions pose to lives and be prepared to
face whatever circumstances the eruption may bring.
2. Prepare all necessary things such as food, water,
light sources, masks, and batteries to bring once
evacuation is needed.
3. Prioritize the safety of kids before other things.
21. During a Volcanic Eruption
1. Avoid all low-lying place
2. Seek cover in case of ash falls and rocks falls.
3. Use masks and cover your mouth.
4. Close all doors and windows.
5. Always stays indoors/ evacuation center.
6. Keep watchful eye on the kids
22. After a Volcanic Eruption
1.Go back to your house but leave the kids.
2. Clean everything around and check all the
damages incurred.
3. Use masks while cleaning ash and other
debris.
4. Wait for the further announcements.
5. Make sure that your house is still safe for all
of you.
