This document describes the structures and organelles found within cells. It compares the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, and then defines and explains the functions of various cell organelles including the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, vacuoles, and lysosomes. The document concludes by explaining how cells work together in tissues, organs, and organ systems within multicellular organisms.
3. Take in nutrients
Store, produce, and breakdown
substances
Take in and use energy
4. Cell
Organization
Tough, rigid outer covering
Protects cells; gives them shape
Found in plants, fungi, most
bacteria
Made up mostly of cellulose
(threadlike fibers that allow
materials to pass through)
May also contain pectin and
lignin
CellWall
5. Pectin
Aids in cell growth
Development
Defense
Strength
Thick texture in
jams and jellies
Lignin
Compound
Makes cell walls
rigid
Help with support
6. Cell
Organization
Outermost covering of a cell (if
no cell wall)
Regulates interactions between
cell and environment
Allows nutrients to move into
cell, while waste products leave
Cell
membrane
7. Cell
Organization
Gelatin- like substance
Constantly flows inside cell
Most of cells life processes
occur here
Hereditary material here in
prokaryotic cells
Framework called cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
8. Thin, hollow tubes of protein combined with
solid protein fibers
Helps maintain shape
Helps some cells move
9. Organic molecules made up of amino acids
Part of cell membranes
Needed for chemical reactions in the
cytoplasm
Cells make protein on ribosomes---float
freely in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes receive directions from the
hereditary material on the manufacturing of
proteins
10. Cell
Organization
Usually the largest organelle in
the cell.
Directs all cell activities
Contains DNA (chemical that
contains the code for the cell’s
structure and activities.
Nucleolus inside—where most
ribosomes are made
Materials go in and out through
membrane
Nucleus
11. Cell
Organization
Organelle that process energy
Plant cell only
Contain green pigment called
chlorophyll
Chlorophyll captures light energy
used to make glucose.
The light energy is changed and
stored in glucose as chemical
energy.
Contain ribosomes and hereditary
material
Chloroplasts
12. Cell
Organization
Organelle that processes
energy
Energy is released when food is
broken down into carbon
dioxide and water.
Some cells have more
mitochondria than others
In animal cell
Contain ribosomes and
hereditary material
Mitochondria
13. Cell
Organization
ER
Series of folded membranes in
which materials can be processed
and moved around inside of cell
Process organelle
May be smooth or rough
Extend from nucleus to cell
membrane= takes up a lot of
space.
Ribosomes attach to rough ER
Smooth ER processes lipids and
other substances
Endoplasmic
reticulum
14. Cell
Organization
Stacked, flattened membranes
After proteins are made, they
are transferred here
Sort proteins and other
substances and package them
into vesicles.
Golgi
bodies
15. Cell
Organization
Deliver cellular substances to
areas inside the cell
Carry substances to the cell
membrane where they are
released to the outside of the
cell.
Vesicle
16. Cell
Organization
Membrane bound space
Temporary storage of materials
Stores water, waste products,
food, and other materials.
In plant cells it makes up most
of the cell’s volume
Vacuole
17. Cell
Organization
Organelle that recycles
Contain digestive chemicals that
help break down food molecules,
cell wastes, worn-out cell parts,
and viruses and bacteria that
enter
Membrane prevents chemicals
inside from leaking into the
cytoplasm and destroying the cell
Cell dies-membrane disintegrates
releasing digestive chemicals
…why?
Lysosomes
18. Cells in these organisms do not work alone
Each cell carries on life functions, while
depending on other cells
Tissue—group of similar cells that work
together to do one job
Tissues make up organs—like the heart
Organs make up an organ system—
cardiovascular system
