2. Why study the Byzantine Empire?Why study the Byzantine Empire?
The Byzantine Empire preserved the
classical knowledge created by the
Greeks and Romans (Greco-Roman
culture). Much of this knowledge was
“lost” to western Europe after the
decline and fall of the western empire.
3. Division of the Roman EmpireDivision of the Roman Empire
DiocletianDiocletian - Roman- Roman EmperorEmperor in 284 ADin 284 AD..
Remember him? He was the guy whoRemember him? He was the guy who
split the empire and took the wealthysplit the empire and took the wealthy
Eastern side for himself?Eastern side for himself?
Restored efficient governmentRestored efficient government to theto the
empireempire
This reorganizationThis reorganization of the fiscal,of the fiscal,
administrative, and military machinery ofadministrative, and military machinery of
the empirethe empire laid the foundationlaid the foundation for thefor the
Byzantine Empire in the East.Byzantine Empire in the East.
4. Constantine movedConstantine moved
the Roman capitalthe Roman capital
toto ByzantiumByzantium at theat the
entrance to theentrance to the
Black Sea. HeBlack Sea. He
renamed the city,renamed the city,
ConstantinopleConstantinople. It. It
was considered thewas considered the
““New RomeNew Rome”…”…
Rome #2!!!Rome #2!!!
Why would he moveWhy would he move
the capital there?the capital there?
Roman Empire:Roman Empire:
ConstantineConstantine
6. Constantinople was muchConstantinople was much
further away from thefurther away from the
Barbarian attacksBarbarian attacks of theof the
Germanic tribes.Germanic tribes.
MuchMuch easier to protecteasier to protect thanthan
RomeRome
– Easily fortified site on aEasily fortified site on a
peninsula with excellentpeninsula with excellent
harborsharbors
– Protection of eastern frontierProtection of eastern frontier
Why Constantinople?Why Constantinople?
FromFrom World History:World History:
Connections to TodayConnections to Today
Prentice Hall, 2003Prentice Hall, 2003
The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire wasThe capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was
changed to Constantinople because ischanged to Constantinople because is
offered political, economic and militaryoffered political, economic and military
advantages.advantages.
7. Center of trade
– Closer to Rome’s
trading partners.
– Connects Asia,
North Africa and
Europe.
Remained the HQ of
the Byzantine Empire
until conquered in
1453CE by Ottoman
Turks.
Why select Constantinople as theWhy select Constantinople as the
Eastern Roman Empire Capital?Eastern Roman Empire Capital?
FromFrom World History:World History:
Connections to TodayConnections to Today
Prentice Hall, 2003Prentice Hall, 2003
8. JustinianJustinian
The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire
initially controlled ainitially controlled a
small area around thesmall area around the
eastern Mediterraneaneastern Mediterranean
During the reign ofDuring the reign of
Justinian (Justinian (527527--565565), it), it
started to recover muchstarted to recover much
of theof the territory of the oldterritory of the old
Roman empireRoman empire. During. During
his reign, he doubled thehis reign, he doubled the
size of the Byzantinesize of the Byzantine
Empire.Empire.
10. The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire
Under JustinianUnder Justinian
Justinian was able to greatly improve the wealth andJustinian was able to greatly improve the wealth and
the power of the Byzantine Empire…How?the power of the Byzantine Empire…How?
By Expanding Trade!By Expanding Trade!
13. Write answers on your white board…Write answers on your white board…
1.1. If you traveled from Rome to Constantinople, inIf you traveled from Rome to Constantinople, in
what cardinal direction would you travel?what cardinal direction would you travel?
2.2. What seas are connected by the Dardanelles?What seas are connected by the Dardanelles?
MAPMAP
PRACTICEPRACTICE
14. QUICKQUICK CHECKCHECK
According to the map, which of the following landsAccording to the map, which of the following lands
werewere notnot part of the Byzantine Empire in 530?part of the Byzantine Empire in 530?
A AthensA Athens
B ConstantinopleB Constantinople
C SicilyC Sicily
D CyprusD Cyprus
15. QUICKQUICK CHECKCHECK
What is a reason why Constantinople was selectedWhat is a reason why Constantinople was selected
to become the capital of the Eastern Romanto become the capital of the Eastern Roman
Empire?Empire?
A Close proximity to Germanic TribesA Close proximity to Germanic Tribes
B Location on an island so it was easier to defendB Location on an island so it was easier to defend
C Good location to make trading easierC Good location to make trading easier
D Protection of warriorsD Protection of warriors
16. TradeTrade
The Byzantine Empire was wealthy
and produced gold, silk, grain,
olives and wine.
– It traded with countries as far away as
China and India along the Silk Road
trade routes.
Justinian also issued new
standardized coins to help trade.
17. Justinian Achievements
Justinian ruled as an
autocrat with the help of
Theodora.
Created Justinian’s Code
which organized all the
laws of ancient Rome.
Art and Architecture –
Including the creation of
the Hagia Sophia and
Hippodrome
Religion - Created a huge
Christian empire.
18. Justinian as an AutocratJustinian as an Autocrat
Justinian ruled as an autocrat with the help
of his wife, Theodora
Autocrat: person with
sole power or authority
He combined both political power and
spiritual authority.
19. Justinian’s Code of LawsJustinian’s Code of Laws
Laws were fairer toLaws were fairer to
women. They could ownwomen. They could own
property and raise theirproperty and raise their
own children after theirown children after their
husbands died.husbands died.
Children allowed toChildren allowed to
choose their own marriagechoose their own marriage
partners.partners.
Slavery was legal andSlavery was legal and
slaves must obey theirslaves must obey their
masters.masters.
Punishments werePunishments were
detailed and fit the crimedetailed and fit the crime
Codifying Roman Law into the Corpus of Civil Law or
“Justinian’s Code.”
This became the basis of most European legal systems.
20. Justinian VideoJustinian Video
http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/mhttp://www.cleanvideosearch.com/m
edia/action/yt/watch?edia/action/yt/watch?
videoId=D50IUZPGPqgvideoId=D50IUZPGPqg
21. How does this apply to you?How does this apply to you?
Why is it important to have classWhy is it important to have class
rules written and posted?rules written and posted?
22. Art and ArchitectureArt and Architecture
Inspiration provided byInspiration provided by ChristianChristian
religionreligion and imperial powerand imperial power
Icons (Icons (religiousreligious images)images)
MosaicsMosaics in public and religiousin public and religious
structuresstructures
DomedDomed buildingsbuildings
– Hagia Sophia (domed Church)Hagia Sophia (domed Church)
23. InspirationInspiration
Greek OrthodoxGreek Orthodox Christianity andChristianity and
imperialimperial patronage enabled thepatronage enabled the
Byzantine Empire to develop aByzantine Empire to develop a
unique style of art and architectureunique style of art and architecture
– ““Orthodox” translates from the Greek toOrthodox” translates from the Greek to
mean “correctlymean “correctly believingbelieving” or "correctly” or "correctly
glorifying"glorifying"
– Imperial patronage: Support of theImperial patronage: Support of the
EmperorEmperor
24. Icons - Religious ImagesIcons - Religious Images
•Byzantine icons areByzantine icons are sacredsacred
paintingspaintings (icons, frescoes and(icons, frescoes and
mosaics) of our Lord andmosaics) of our Lord and
Savior Jesus Christ, of theSavior Jesus Christ, of the
Most Holy Mother of God, andMost Holy Mother of God, and
of the Angels and Saints.of the Angels and Saints.
•The Virgin of VladmirThe Virgin of Vladmir
•Perhaps the most famousPerhaps the most famous
of Byzantine icons.of Byzantine icons.
•Notice the loss of aNotice the loss of a realisticrealistic
style.style.
25. MosaicsMosaics
Whereas Roman mosaics were mostly used as floors,
the Byzantines specialized in covering walls and
ceilings.
– Found in public places
– Religious nature
Often were icons and were worshipped themselves
– The smalti (small glass) were ungrouted and set at
slight angles, allowing light to reflect and refract
within the glass.
26. Domed BuildingDomed Building
Hagia Sophia 537CEHagia Sophia 537CE
It is one of the greatest surviving
examples of Byzantine architecture, rich
with mosaics, marble pillars and domed
ceiling. A true example on how imperial
patronage allowed art to flourish
27. Hagia SophiaHagia Sophia
•The original structure was destroyed severalThe original structure was destroyed several
times (fire, earthquakes) and rebuilt.times (fire, earthquakes) and rebuilt.
•When Constantinople was overrun byWhen Constantinople was overrun by
Muslims, four Muslim towers, called minarets,Muslims, four Muslim towers, called minarets,
were added to the corners of the building.were added to the corners of the building.
28. Hagia Sophia VideoHagia Sophia Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zxRjx4Z5uU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usp6GLrzdws
29. Hippodrome of ConstantineHippodrome of Constantine
U-shaped racetrack that was about 1,476 ft
long and 427 ft wide. Its stands were believed
to hold 100,000 spectators (later estimates
were closer to 33,000).
30. During the Byzantine era, the Hippodrome was
the center of the city's social life.
Only a few fragments of the original structure
remain today.
Hippodrome of ConstantineHippodrome of Constantine
32. Legacy of JustinianLegacy of Justinian
1. Preservation of Greek and Roman
traditions and knowledge in Byzantine
Libraries.
2. Continuation of those Greek and Roman
traditions.
3. Preservation of the Greek Language (in
contrast with Latin in Rome!)
4. Greek Orthodox Christianity.
5. Building of the Hagia Sophia
33. ChristianityChristianity
Up until now, there had only been
one Christian Church.
The church had been organized into
a hierarchy (pyramid of power).
Patriarchs
Bishops
Priests
34. Greek Orthodox ChristianityGreek Orthodox Christianity
The cultural and political differencesThe cultural and political differences
between the eastern and westernbetween the eastern and western
Roman Empire weakened the unity ofRoman Empire weakened the unity of
the Christian Church and led to itsthe Christian Church and led to its
division.division.
It all started with a little claim to theIt all started with a little claim to the
power…power…
35. Greek Orthodox ChristianityGreek Orthodox Christianity
The Roman bishop
known as the “Pope”
claimed his authority
was greater than the
emperor’s.
Over time, this Papal
authority was
accepted in the west
(Rome).
37. HierarchyHierarchy
Greek Orthodox Roman Catholic
Emperor was
responsible for
maintaining
correct religious
practice. The
emperor
appointed the
Patriarch
Papacy was the
most powerful
office in the
west. Popes
ranked higher
than kings.
Authority of
Pope accepted
in West
40. Proximity to the Seat of PowerProximity to the Seat of Power
GreekGreek
OrthodoxOrthodox
RomanRoman
CatholicCatholic
Close to theClose to the
emperoremperor
becausebecause
located inlocated in
ConstantinopleConstantinople
Rome is farRome is far
from thefrom the
emperor; moreemperor; more
independenceindependence..
41. Expectations of PriestsExpectations of Priests
GreekGreek
OrthodoxOrthodox
RomanRoman
CatholicCatholic
Priests werePriests were
allowed toallowed to
marrymarry andand
have childrenhave children
Priests barredPriests barred
from marriagefrom marriage
and wereand were
expected toexpected to
remainremain
celibatecelibate..
42. Liturgy (Religious Services)Liturgy (Religious Services)
GreekGreek
OrthodoxOrthodox
RomanRoman
CatholicCatholic
The mass wasThe mass was
performed inperformed in
GreekGreek
In the west,In the west,
the mass wasthe mass was
performed inperformed in
LatinLatin
43. Praying to IconsPraying to Icons
GreekGreek
OrthodoxOrthodox
RomanRoman
CatholicCatholic
Emperor bannedEmperor banned
praying to iconspraying to icons
citingciting
commandmentcommandment
against ‘against ‘gravengraven
imagesimages’’
Pope believesPope believes
icons helpicons help
people grasppeople grasp
teachingsteachings..
44. Common TraitsCommon Traits
MonotheisticMonotheistic
Shared belief inShared belief in JesusJesus as bothas both
GodGod andand sonson of Godof God
Belief in theBelief in the afterlifeafterlife
New TestamentNew Testament as the sacred textas the sacred text
Seven SacramentsSeven Sacraments
–Sacred rite recognized bySacred rite recognized by
church (i.e. baptism,church (i.e. baptism,
matrimony, confirmation)matrimony, confirmation)
45. Final Break aka The Great SchismFinal Break aka The Great Schism
All of these differences createdAll of these differences created
aa tensiontension which finally brokewhich finally broke
the two regions into twothe two regions into two
separate churches inseparate churches in 10541054..
In the east, the church becameIn the east, the church became
thethe Greek Orthodox ChurchGreek Orthodox Church
In the west, the church becameIn the west, the church became
thethe Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church
46.
47. QUICKQUICK CHECKCHECK
1. What was1. What was notnot an achievement of Justinian?an achievement of Justinian?
A Codification of Greek law (impact on EuropeanA Codification of Greek law (impact on European
legal codes)legal codes)
B Reconquest of former Roman territoriesB Reconquest of former Roman territories
C Expansion of tradeC Expansion of trade
D Preservation of Greco-Roman cultureD Preservation of Greco-Roman culture
2.2. What trait was used by both the Roman CatholicWhat trait was used by both the Roman Catholic
Church and Eastern Orthodox Church?Church and Eastern Orthodox Church?
A.A. PolytheisticPolytheistic
B.B. Icons were bannedIcons were banned
C.C. The New Testament as the sacred textThe New Testament as the sacred text
D.D. The Pope as the leader of the churchThe Pope as the leader of the church
48. The End of the Byzantine EmpireThe End of the Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire
drew to a close in 1453
when forces from the
Muslim Ottoman Empire
surrounded and
conquered
Constantinople.
The ancient Christian
city was renamed
Istanbul and became
the capital of the
Ottoman Empire.
