3. This method is also used to skin friction values
which is used to determine the length of the
piles
The cone is pushed only by thrust and not by
driving
In order to find out the cone resistance , the
cone alone is pushed
Later the cone and sleeve is pushed together
to find out the combined frictional and point
resistance of the cone.
Hydraulic gauges are used for measuring
pressure developed
4. Frictional resistance = Combined resistance –
Cone resistance
Modified Cone penetrometer is known as
Refined Dutch Cone
Cone penetration resistance is denoted as qc
in kN/m2
Unlike SPT, this method is also suitable for
clayey deposits
Unsuitable for gravels and dense sand. For
such soil dynamic Cone penetration is used
5. Point cone resistance Vs SPT
Correlation
Type of Soil Qc (kN/m2) Vs
SPT ‘N’
Gravel 800 to 1000
Sands 500 to 600
Silty sands 300 to 400
Silts and clayey silts 200
7. Dynamic Cone Penetration Test
IS 4968 –part I and II 1976
Cone is Driven by means of hammer blows
No. of blows required for every 100 mm penetration is
measured
No. of blows required for 300mm penetration is taken
as dynamic cone penetration resistance
Height of Fall of hammer : 750 mm
Weight of Hammer : 65 kg
Cone Diameter : i)50mm (without Bentonite
slurry)
ii)65mm (with Bentonite
slurry)
10. For 50 mm Diameter
Depth Ncr Vs SPT ‘N’(50 mm
Dia)
3m 1.5 N
3m to 6m 1.75 N
> 6m 2.0 N
11. For 65 mm Diameter
Depth Ncr Vs SPT ‘N’(50 mm Dia)
Upto 4m 1.5
4 to 9 m 1.75
>9m 2N
12. Geophysical methods
Geophysical methods are used for
preliminary investigations, are quick and
results are obtained rapidly.
Seismic Refraction
Electrical Resitivity
13. Seismic refraction method
Shock waves are created either using sledge
hammer or using small explosives
These shock waves travel through the ground and
are picked up by the detector called geophones
Geo phones are the devices that detects
vibrations and converts them into measurable
electric signals.
The travel time of elastic waves are automatically
recorded by seismograph
The waves which travel along the ground surface
are called primary waves or direct waves. These
arefirst recorded at the geophones
14. The waves which travel to the inner surface will
get refracted if the inner layers are denser. These
waves are called refracted waves
As the distance between the source and the
geophones increases and if the inner layers are
denser, the waves are refracted fast and they
reach the geophones earlier
The distance at which both the direct and
refracted waves reach the geophones
simultaneously is known as critical distance which
depends on depth and velocity ratio
18. A graph is plotted between distance and the time. The
reciprocal of slope of the curve gives velocity
There is a break in the graph which shows critical
distance after which the graph becomes flatter
The thickness H1 of the top layer is given by, if V1 and
V2 are the velocities of upper and lower layer and dc is
the critical distance.
20. Limitations
This method can not be used in the case
where hard layer overlies a soft layer
This cannot be applicable for concrete or
asphalt pavements, irregular surfaces, surface
with discontinunities like faults, joints etc and
for frozen surfaces
21. Electrical Resitivity method
Electrical resistivity is the property of the material
to hinder the passage of electricity. It differs based
on the nature of the material and percentage of
water content
Dry soil and rocks possess more resistivity than
saturated sand
The Wenner configuration with four equally
spaced electrodes is popularly used.
Four electrodes are placed at definite spacing in
the ground. Electric current of 50 to 100
milliamperes is passed between the two outer
electrodes.
The potential drop is measured between the two
inner electrode using volt meter
24. Typical Values of Electrical Resistivity of Soils and
Rocks
(1 to 8 from IS: 1892-1979 Appendix B)
25. Electrical profiling and Electrical sounding are
the two types of field procedure
Electrical profiling are used for establishing
boundaries between different types of
materials
Electrical sounding are used to find variation
of soil strata with depth
The potential drop at each electrode is plotted
against spacing. A change in the curve
indicates the change of strata
27. Applications
This method is used to find the depth of water
table. This has practical application in
prospecting for sand and gravel deposits or
ore deposits.
This is useful in soil investigation for major civil
Engineering construction.