The Theories And Techniques Of Psychoanalysis

The Theories And Techniques Of Psychoanalysis
Key Question 6 Sigismund Schlomo Freud was an Austrian neurologist, best known for developing
the theories and techniques of psychoanalysis. Freud was born in Freiberg on May 6th, 1856. Freud
and his family moved to Vienna when he was four years old. He lived and worked there for the
remainder of his life. After receiving his medical degree in 1881, he became engaged and later had 6
children of his own. His youngest daughter Anna, grew up to be a distinguished psychoanalyst
herself. After his graduation, Freud set up his own practise and began treating patients with various
psychological disorders. He considered himself a scientist rather than a doctor and he aspired to
understand the journey of human knowledge and experiences. Freud developed the psychosexual
theory and he believed there were five stages of development. Oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital.
The first stage, oral is from birth up until age one. In the first stage of personality development,
according to Freud, the libido is centered in a baby's mouth. The rooting and the sucking reflex is
very important. It gets much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its mouth to satisfy the
libido, and thus its id demands. Which at this stage in life are oral, or mouth orientated, such as
sucking, biting, and breast–feeding. Stage number two is anal which is from age one up until age
three. During this stage, Freud believed that the main libido focus was controlling bladder and
bowel movements. Success
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Erik Erikson 's Psychosocial Theory
Erik Erikson 's psychosocial theory and Sigmund Freud 's psychosexual theory are two well–known
theories of personality development with various similarities and differences. While Erikson was
influenced by Freud 's ideas, his theory differed in a number of important ways and was ultimately
created to be an improvement to Freud's personality development theory (Friedman & Schustack,
2012). Like Freud's psychosexual theory, Erikson agreed that personality progresses in a sequence
of predetermined phases. However, unlike Freud's theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson's theory
describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan (Hoare, 2005). According to
Freud's psychosexual theory, personality develops across 5 sexual stages while Erikson's develops
among 8 social stages. Freud's theory has fewer stages due to his belief that the last stage of identity
develops during adolescence, while Erikson's theory had more stages because he believed an
individual's identity continually evolved over their entire lifetime (Hoare, 2005). The 5 stages of
Freud's theory: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital, will be discussed, compared and contrasted
with Erikson's 8 stages: Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs.
Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, and
Integrity vs. Despair (Passer, Smith, Atkinson, Mitchell & Muir, 2011). Each stage in Erikson's
theory involves a

The Overall Growth And Development Of C.p
Introduction C.P. is a 14 year old male that this nursing student saw on January 19, 2016 who was
admitted to Renown Health's pediatric floor to determine the cause of his cyclical vomiting. C.P. has
a secondary diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder. In this paper, I will discuss the overall growth
and development of C.P. based on four developmental theorists and other children in his age range.
Overview of Growth and Development "Growth generally refers to an increase in the physical size
of a whole or any of its parts or an increase in the number and size of cell. Development is generally
considered to be a continuous, orderly series of conditions leading to activities, new motives for
activities, and patterns of behavior" (James, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
51). C.P. is fourteen years old, he is categorized in the adolescence stage and age grouping.
Parameters of growth provide information on how the child should normally grow. Data in the
determination of "normal" includes weight, height, and head circumference. It is suggested that
these should be measured at regular intervals throughout childhood to ensure the child is on track
for normal growth (James, et al, 2013, p. 51).
Factors influencing growth and development include genetics, environment, culture, nutrition,
health status, and family. Each factor contains information as to how the child's growth and
development can be affected (James, et al, 2013, pp. 52–54).
Developmental Theorists and Theories Freud's stages of psychosexual development. Freud believed
that early childhood experiences provide unconscious motivation for actions later in life (Freud,
1960). The basis of Freud's psychosexual theory is certain parts of the body assume psychological
significance as the focus of sexual energy throughout the development of the child (James, et al,
2013, p. 57). "Freud's work may help to explain normal behavior that parents may confuse with
abnormal behavior, and it also may provide a good foundation for sex education" (James, et al,
2013, p. 57). The stages of this theory include oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital (James, et al,
2013, p. 57). Oral stage from

The Summoner's Tale
I'm Sorry, Excuse Their Anal Behavior They Had Issues as Toddlers:
A Psychoanalysis of The Anal Stage of Development effects in "The Summoner's Tale".
Can one's experiences as a toddler affect their personalities later on in life? According to the
Freudian psychosexual stages of development this reigns true. The Anal stage of development plays
a huge role in defining why multiple characters like; John the Friar, Wife of Thomas act, Thomas,
and the Landlord's Wife act the way that they do within the tale. The characters within the tale
display either an anal expulsive personality or, an anal retentive personality, that personality is
explained by their behavior and thought process. However, some of the characters display a mixture
of both personalities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An anal expulsive character like Thomas's Wife has no filter in her actions and that makes her
happy, whereas a character like Thomas gets a great pleasure and sense of control from holding
things in. Meanwhile, John the Friar is both anal expulsive and anal retentive meaning that he too
holds nothing back verbally, however, other things, like his money, he withholds. Within Chaucer's
"The Summoner's Tale" the use of Freud's psychosexual concepts of anal expulsive and anal
retentive actions of multiple characters in the tale create a better breakdown of how their
personalities are shaped as characters and their personality reflects their individual. Each of the
character's behaviors within this tale can be better comprehended by understanding where they fall
in the psychosexual anal stage of development. This however, leaves the reader wondering what
may have happened to these characters in their childhood that caused them to be this way, and what
did not happen to the Landlord's Wife that allows her to be seemingly normal in her

The Five Stages Of Freud's Theory Of Development
Introduction
Theories of development provide a framework for thinking about human growth, development, and
learning. The psychosexual theory of development was proposed by the famous psychoanalyst
Sigmund Freud, this theory defines how personalities grow during childhood that can later be
reflected in the attitude and behaviors of adults. Freud believed there to be five stages of
psychosexual development: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent and Genital. At each of these stages, pleasure
is focused on a particular part of the body. Too much or too little pleasure in any one of these stages
caused a fixation which would lead to personality or psychological disorders. The purpose of this
assignment is to evaluate whether the students are able to apply ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At first Freud would likely recommend that parents encourage their children's natural tendencies to
focus on the above body parts and functions without allowing the children to overindulge. I think
most parents naturally try to guide their children toward control in all things, but of course, if you
believe
Freud's theories, it seems logical that parents will certainly be limited by their own fixations left
over from childhood, making it especially difficult for them to objectively steer their kids. I believed
that the most applicable part of Freud's psychosexual theory is said to be observed during the phallic
stage, concerning the Oedipus complex. Freud's theory states in psychology when a small child
develops an unusual attraction to one of their parents.
Conclusion
Now I can conclude that Freud's psychosexual theory only can explain and predict some of the
human development. In my opinion, Freud explained the oral, anal, latency and genital stage

Psychoanalytical Theory Essays
Psychoanalytical Theory Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was the first person to initiate the thought of
psychoanalysis. According to Friedlander (1947), classical Freudian psychoanalytic explanations of
delinquency focus on abnormalities or disturbances in the individual's emotional development from
early childhood. Since then many people have amended his original writings and presently there are
numerous versions Freud's original psychoanalytical theory. Many of these recent versions are
similar to the original version with the exception that they are updated to current times. Few new
models are extremely different from Freud's theory. Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2004) describe the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
86). The psychoanalytical theory focuses on the development of personality, the stages of
development and the emotional problems reflecting some unconscious aspects of one's
psychological functioning. Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2004) base this theory on three principles.
First, "The actions and behavior of an adult are understood in terms of childhood development."
Second, "Behavior and unconscious motives are intertwined, and their interaction must be unraveled
if we are to understand criminality." Third, "Criminality is essentially a representation of
psychological conflict" (p. 86). Freud believes that criminality has a lot to do with the structural
model of the mind. He breaks the mind down into three categories; the Id, Ego, and the Superego.
"The Id is the unconscious seat of irrational, antisocial, and instinctual impulses which must be
controlled and shaped for social adaptation to life in society" (Akers, 1999, p. 50). When newborn
babies are born, they have biological drives that are unaffected by society. The Id can be considered
the instructional forces, which focuses around sexual desires or drives. This is now the time when
the infant knows nothing but the pleasure principle and when tension gets high it will only behave
according to the

Critique Of Sigmund Freud's Psychoosexual Development Theory
Psychosexual Development Theory
Sigmund Freud's psychosexual development theory states the role of parents with the basic sexual
desires of children in developing their personalities. This theory is concerned on the sexual pleasure
received from specific body parts and sexual activities. Ku, (2011) argues with Freud's
recommendation on encouraging children's tendencies stating that parents will try to guide children
toward moderation in all things.
Children who complete these stages successfully, grow to be calm and well centered adults (Ku,
2011). However, problematic behavior patterns are developed when fixations occur due to
frustration or indulge.
Freud also states that personality consists ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, poor sexual relationships, feeling on inadequacy and guilt about sexuality are also
developed due to fixations at this stage.
Critiques on Psychosexual Development Theory
Though this theory is being criticized, it is still important because many other theories are based on
this. According to Ku (2011), Freud's theory helped scientists to have a further look into human
behavior development. The major critique on this theory is that this theory is more focused on
human sexuality. Cherry (n.d.) states four major critiques to Freud's theory as follows:
 Freud was believed to have worked with troubled adults in developing this theory, rather than
working with children,
 Feminists criticize this theory as this is focused mainly on male development,
 Freud's theory is difficult to test scientifically as concepts like libido cannot be measured and
tested, and
 As there is a long time between childhood and adulthood, it cannot be said that childhood
experiences affects adult personality.
Conclusion
With much critics, psychosexual development theory is still considered important. Parents' role

Sigmund Freud 's Theory Of Personality, Cognitive...
Sigmund Freud; 1856– 1939, an Austrian doctor was one of the pioneers in studying the nature of
personality, cognitive development, and infancy, and also remarked how important the first years of
the individual's life are for future development of the mentioned characteristics (Coon & Mitterer,
2012). According to John W. Satrock behavior; as part of the psychoanalitic theories, is merely a
surface characteristic and a true and deep understanding of development is require to analize the
symbolic meaning of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind, and as an example, how
early experiences with parents extensively shape development in diferent areas (Santrock, 2011).
Doctor Freud believed that all thoughts, emotions, and actions, are determined. In other words,
nothing is an accident: If we probe deeply enough we will find the causes of every thought or
action. He also believed that unconscious processes (not external stimuli) were responsible. In
addition, Freud theorized that the core of personality is formed before age 6 and a series of
psychosexual stages, and believed that erotic urges in childhood have lasting effects on development
(Coon & Mitterer, 2012) Then, Freud formed five psychosexual stages; the oral, anal, latency, and
genital. At each stage a different part of the body becomes a child's primary erogenous zone, and
each area serves a main source of pleasure, frustration, and self–expression. He assumed that many
adult personality traits might be

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy And Person Centered Psychology...
The counseling profession has a broad spectrum of possibilities when it comes to choosing which
psychological approach to take. The field of counseling takes many forms and offers many career
options, from school counseling to marriage and family therapy. As there are numerous styles in
existence, it is important to be aware of the many approaches available to take. For my research two
psychological approaches, Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Person–Centered Psychology, will be
critically analyzed and discussed in depth in order to compare the techniques as well as
effectiveness of each.
Foundation of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy was developed by Sigmund Freud during the Victorian
Era in Vienna, Austria. Sigmund Freud's psychological works set the base for the profession of
psychology as well as the practice of modern psychotherapy. Freud believed human behavior was
motivated by "intrapsychic conflict" stemming from the three areas of the subconscious: id, ego, and
superego (Murdock, 2009).
Freud's psychoanalytic approach to therapy had more of a negative view of human nature that Carl
Rogers' view. Freud thought human dysfunction developed as a result of poor genetic make–up, as
well as deficits (fixations) caused by missed psychosexual developmental stages. In short, human
conflict came about as a result of struggles between the id (primal, instinctual urges), ego (role of
self in reality) and superego (conscience/critic), manifested in the

Sigmund Freud And The Psychosexual Stages Of Development
Sigmund Freud was a very well–known psychologist in the early 20th century. He began his career
in partnership with Joseph Breuer. Together they wrote and published the book Studies in Hysteria
in 1895, after studying patients with hysteria and developing the idea that most mental disorders
were caused by hidden traumatic experiences in the patients past. Freud began to put emphasis on
the sexual experiences of childhood and he lost the support of Breuer. Freud continued his work
alone and he published three more books. Freud's work was not well recognized because of his
emphasis on sex. In 1908, after the first International Psychoanalytical Congress, Freud's work
began to gain popularity and his psychoanalytic theory became well respected. He went on to
publish more than twenty theoretical volumes and clinical studies. He continued to develop his ideas
until he died of cancer in 1939. One of Freud's theories was the psychosexual stages of
development. It is important to recognize that Freud changed the meaning of sexuality to any form
of pleasure that can be or is gathered from the body. Freud based his theory on the thought that all
human instincts and drives were based on the desire to gain or increase bodily pleasure. Freud
thought that if a person did not resolve their conflicts during each stage this would be the cause of
any mental illness or phobia that they would have in their adult life. If one did resolve the conflict at
each stage, then libido, sexual drives or

Nature Vs Nurture : Culture And Personality
Tanasia Pearson SSC 101 November, 2014 Nature vs Nurture. Culture and Personality. The concept
of nature versus nurture, culture and personality are major concepts in the social sciences. Nature is
things that are products of "biological inheritance" (Santrock 122) and beyond anyones control.
Nurture is the treatment given which in turn encourages a specific behavior. Culture is the things
that are installed in you by your family and those surrounding you. Personality is all about your
decisions and how you react to things based on what you learned. These concepts are incredibly
significant because, the amount of nature and nurture you receive impacts the life of human beings
drastically. According to simplypsychology.org, "nature focuses on genetic, hormonal, and
neurochemical explanations of behaviors". I also grasped the understanding that all behaviors are
learned through the the environment and conditioning, calling this nurture. Without any nurture, in
my opinion you'll just be cold–hearted and without any understanding of others. Culture and
personality are key concepts as well. Unlike personality, "culture is created by the individuals within
the culture" (Colander 138). "Personality is the total organization of the inherited and acquired
characteristics of an individual as evidence by the individual's behavior" (Colander 138). In other
word, the culture is already created and the person must now obey and learn the rules and practices.
With a person's

Sigmund Freud's Theory Of Phychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist best known for developing the theories and techniques
of psychoanalysis. Freud was the founding father of psychoanalysis which is a method through
which an analyst unpacks unconscious conflicts based on the free association, dreams and fantasies
of the patient. Sigmund Freud was greatly influenced by the work of his friend and colleague Josef
Breuer. Together the two published their theories and findings in Studies of Hysteria. Eventually the
two parted ways because of different ideas. Freud's theories were and still are some of the most
influential academic concepts.
Freud believed that a humans most basic drive is the sex drive. Sigmund Freud developed the theory
known as the Psychosexual stages ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The third stage in this theory is the phallic stage. The phallic stage lasts from three to six years of
age. During this stage the sexual energy is focused on the genital, and boys and girls develop "the
family romance." Boys imagine marrying their mother when they grow up and girls do the same
with their father. Children must learn to give up these desires and begin to identify with the parent
of the same sex. Between the age six and twelve a child moves to the latency stage. Freud believed
that during this stage the sex drive goes underground. Children move from the fantasies of marrying
one of their parents to a new realization that must learn to become a grownup. At this age children
transfer their interest from parents to peers. At the age of twelve the separation of sexes begins to
change. This stage is the genital stage. At this point the sexual energy becomes focused on the
genitals and sexual interest amongst peers begins to occur.
Sigmund Freud is one of the most famous psychologist which gives reason for why all of his
theories are highly recognized. His stages of psychosexual are no exception. This theory may even
have more recognition considering it is so controversial even to this day.
Freud's Psychosexual Stages are not exactly direct within the educational system. Unlike John B.
Watson's Classical Conditioning Theory which is seen throughout the school and is learned, the
Psychosexual Stages Theory is more developed by

Essay about Explanations of Personality Development
Explanations of Personality Development
According to Sigmund Freud, what we do and why we do it, who we are and how we became this
way are all related to our sexual drive. Differences in personalities originate in differences in
childhood sexual experiences. In the Freudian psychoanalytical model, child personality
development is discussed in terms of "psychosexual stages". In his "Three Essays on Sexuality"
(1915), Freud outlined five stages of manifestations of the sexual drive: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency,
and Genital. At each stage, different areas of the child's body become the focus of his pleasure and
the principal source of sexual arousal. Differences in satisfying the sexual urges at each ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The superego is the Freudian structure of personality that is the moral branch of personality. The
superego takes into account whether something is right or wrong. The superego as what we often
refer to as our "conscience."
During the oral stage (birth to 18 months), the child if focused on oral pleasures (e.g. sucking). Too
much or too little gratification can result in an Oral Fixation or Oral Personality, which is evidenced
by an obsession with oral activities. This type of personality may have a stronger tendency to
smoke, drink alcohol, over eat, or bite his or her nails. Personality wise, these individuals may
become overly dependent upon others, gullible, and group followers. On the other hand, they may
also fight these urges and develop negative personalities and aggression toward others.
In the Anal Stage (18 months to three years), the child's focus of pleasure is on eliminating and
retaining faeces. Through society's pressure, mainly via parents, the child has to learn to control anal
stimulation. In terms of personality, after effects of an anal fixation during this stage can result in an
obsession with cleanliness, perfection, and control (anal retentive). On the opposite end of the
spectrum, they may become messy and disorganized (anal expulsive).
The pleasure zone in Phallic Stage (ages three to six) switches to

Psychosexual Stages And Societal Structure
Psychosexual Stages and Societal Structure
Nathanael D. Evans
Montana State University – Billings Abstract
This paper assumes that Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual stages in childhood development
is accurate. Given the information we have on Freud's idea of fixations, and their causes, I will
explore how societal structure would need to shift towards an acute focus on childhood in order to
eliminate as much abnormality as possible from the adulthood of all individuals that make up a
society. I will also speculate on ideas for streamlining childhood development, by treating it as an
assembly line process. My points will be highly figurative, as the implementation of the ideas
contained herein would not be possible without removing rights from the populace. However, we
must assume, in the spirit of this exercise, that implementation can occur, and that the theories being
examined are accurate in all cases of abnormality. Psychosexual Stages and Societal Structure
If we are to assume that the earliest experiences of an individual influence their later personality
traits, then it should be assumed that the structure of our society should revolve around a universal
set of guidelines for child–rearing, so as to avoid abnormality in the individual in later life. On the
larger scale, if all individuals are raised in identical fashion, societal structure would be uniform.
Sigmund Freud referred to the stages of childhood development as psychosexual stages. Freud
believed

Compare And Contrast Sigmund Erikson's Psychosexual Theory...
Compare and contrast Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory of development and
Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development.
According to Dance–Schisse, child development is the process through which human beings
typically grow and mature from infancy through adulthood. It is changes in the body abilities which
develops physical skills, social and emotional, speech and language, cognitive and intellectual
abilities. Child development is embedded in developmental theories. Sigmund Freud's psychosexual
theory and Erik
Erikson's psychosocial theory are two well–known theories of development. The main aim of this
essay is to compare and contrast Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory of development and Erik
Erikson's
psychosocial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the first five months if the caregiver does not meet the needs of the child an "Oral passive"
character will develop. According to Heffner, 2014 too much or too little gratification can result in
an "Oral Fixation". The first stage of Erikson is trust versus mistrust. In Erickson's reasoning, sex
was not the driving need of the child. In comparison, both views of this stage show that the sense of
touch is the primary mode of conveyance to the child (Heffner, 2014). Erickson believes that
psychosocial development occurs during the first year of life. If a child successfully develops trust,
he or she will feel safe and secure in the world. If the caregiver is unavailable, it contribute to the
feeling
Zoona Ibrahim / 5870 0765 of mistrust and will develop fear and believe that world is inconvenient
(Cherry, 2015). In both theories, the carelessness of the caregiver is the primary compound for
future problems.
The second stage of Freud is "Anal stage" Freud's anal stage is equivalent of Erikson's second stage.
In
Freud's theory the child focus of pleasure is on eliminating and retaining feces and via parents child

Developmental Theories, Erikson And Freud Essay
What is development? Development is "A progressive increase in the function of the body." (growth
and development book) As a nurse it is vital to understand what development means and how people
develop, especially children. In this essay I will talk about two very important developmental
theories, Erikson and Freud. In addition, compare their similarities and their differences. Erikson
was a psychologist who was greatly influenced by Freud. Although influenced by Freud there are
some differences in there developmental stages. Erikson believed that development in an individual
was molded by society, culture, and environment. While Freud's belief was that development is in
some way is influenced by the fixation of sexual interest of different areas of the body. The stages in
Erikson's development theory outline how important social experiences can shape us. While Freud's
theory is mainly based on ones sexuality. Additionally the other significant difference between
Erikson's and Freud's theories is the outcome of a particular stage. Erikson believed that the
outcome of a certain stage was not permanent and that it could be changed later on in life. While
Freud presumed that if an individual became fixated on a stage problems associated with that stage
would be carried on through life. On the other hand, there are many similarities between the two
developmental theories. Both Erikson and Freud believed that each task must be completed or the
conflict must be resolved in

Sigmund Freud 's Theory Of Psychology
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist, also known as the founding father of Psychoanalysis.
Freud discovered psychoanalysis by organizing ideas and information from different theories and
clinical observations. Psychoanalysis is
A method of analyzing psychic phenomena and treating mental and emotional disorders that is
based on the concepts and theories of Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes the importance of free
association and dream analysis, and that involves treatment sessions during which the patient is
encouraged to talk freely about personal experiences and especially about early childhood and
dreams (Merriam–Webster).
From Freud's psychoanalysis theories psychologists were given one possible insight as to how the
conscious and unconscious mind works. Freud believed that there is a constant unconscious drive in
humans to seek pleasure, which he called the libido. He argued that the human personality can be
divided into three different parts which are the id, the ego and the superego. Freud established new
methods to better understand the psychosexual development. He proposed that psychological
development in childhood takes place in a series of five fixed stages, which include oral stage, anal
stage, phallic stage, latent stage and genital state.
Sigmund Freud Psychosexual Development Research Paper
Psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory, that
human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido that develops in

Psychosocial Stages In The Film Girl, Interrupted
The film Girl, Interrupted focused on an eighteen year old girl by the name Susanna that was
admitted into a private mental hospital after being accused of a suicidal attempt. The movie follows
Susanna on her journey in the institution as she encounters women with different admittance stories.
The one who intrigues Susanna the most is Lisa. Lisa is thought to be a sociopath with the way she
manipulates those around her to get her way. She is constantly in and out of the institution causing
those around to fear, yet admire her. My main focus will be on Lisa and although it was not
specified in the film just how old she is, she seemed to be around the same age group as Susanna.
This means that, according to Erikson's Psychosocial Stages, she is on stage five or six. Stage five
happens during adolescence where ones primary task is their identity versus their own role in
society whereas stage six happens in young adulthood and one faces intimacy versus isolation. The
article incorporated gives more insight on how Erikson's stages play hand in hand with one another
and can potentially affect the mental state of someone if not successfully fulfilled. There is also a
possibility that, with the 'symptoms' of a sociopath, Lisa could have had past problems during what
Sigmund Freud considered the anal stage of her childhood. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the film, Lisa is mentioned to constantly be in and out of the hospital. This shows that she could
be struggling in not knowing what she is supposed to be doing with her life especially being
someone who is labeled as a sociopath. Stage six of the psychosocial stages has to do with young
adulthood which faces the intimacy versus isolation tasks. There is one particular scene in the film
that perfectly portrays Lisa struggling through stage six in her life when she is having a one on one
conversation with Susanna before Susanna was released from the

Sigmund Freud's and Carl Rogers' Differing Concepts of...
This essay is to describe Sigmund Freud's and Carl Rogers' differing concepts of human psychology
concerning determinism. Freud is known to be a determinist. This means that he believes that
humans don't have free will, that there are forces beyond the individuals control which control their
actions and underlying reasons behind behaviours. (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/determinism–
causal/). Rogers is known as a non–determinist. This is the belief that humans have free will, that
they control their own behaviours, desires and are not bound by laws
(http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/free–will?q=free+will). However a new idea
which mostly stems from the cognitive approach has been created called "Soft – Determinism." This
is the idea that people have a degree of free will. That our behaviours and desires are mostly
determined however we can choose specific ways to act in particular situations.
Freud created the Psychodynamic Approach to explain behaviour. Within it, he describes that there
are 3 components of the human mind: The conscious, Pre–conscious and Unconscious. The
conscious is the part of the mind which is in our awareness; it contains behaviours and desires
which we are aware of. The pre–conscious is the part of the mind between the conscious and
unconscious, it contains items such as memories and desires which we are not currently thinking
about but can easily bring to conscious awareness. Lastly is the unconscious. This part of the mind
is

Freud 's Theory Of Personality
Freud gave counseling a unique and powerful way to look at the human mind by observing and
taking note of the conscious and unconscious mind and how those thoughts could reflect human
behavior. Freud also emphasized the importance of early life experiences and how they shape the
human mind and behaviors. In my opinion, I believe that Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of
Personality would be the most practical approach for me to utilize in a counseling situation. His
theory identifies many aspects of the conscious and unconscious while exploring different defense
mechanisms people often attribute to reduce or cope with anxiety. Freud also stresses the
psychosexual stages of development and how those experiences could affect a person's conscious,
preconscious or subconscious being. According to Freud, there are three separate yet autonomous
parts of the mind that are important to understanding a person. The three parts of the mind, as
described by Freud are the conscious, preconscious and the subconscious mind. The conscious
mind, or the Ego, is the conscious mind that is at the surface of a person's personality and could
readily be accessible to to draw out what a person is thinking about. The conscious mind is also a
persons personality which is automatic and constructed of the superego's balance of the animal–like
instincts of the ID. An example could be when a counselor would ask the client what his favorite
color would be. The person's response to this type of question is

Classical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning
In this booklet you will find an overview of all the different approaches to psychology. This will
consist of the key assumptions, examples of the relevant psychologists and examples of their work,
as well as an exploration into the advantages and disadvantages that some of these approaches
possess.
Behaviourism is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviours are attained through
conditioning. Behaviourists believe conditioning occurs when we interact with the environment and
that the environment we are in determines the way we respond to a stimulus. The behaviourist
approach believes we learn behaviours through association between response and consequence. For
instance, by touching a hot iron you will feel pain. Therefore, we learn from this, and know not to
touch a hot iron as we associate feeling pain as a consequence of this action. There are two forms of
conditioning within the behaviourist approach; classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Behaviourists believe that individuals are born without built–in mental content, known as a 'blank
slate' and that all behaviours arise from experience or perception.
Classical conditioning says that we learn behaviours by associating the response to the stimulus. An
example of this can be found from the work of Ivan Pavlov. In the 1890s Pavlov, a Russian
physiologist, carried out some experiments with a dogs. He noticed that when a dog eats food, they
salivate: this is an unconditional response to an

Sociology and Culture Universal Culture
SOCIOLOGY derived from the word socio comes from the latin word socius which means
companion with others and logy comes from the greek word logos which means study of.
AUGUSTE COMTE father of sociology. Make him a pioneer – used the method of positivism. – he
used techniques in observation, comprehension and experimentation. HARRIET MARTINEAU she
translate everything the Comte wrote into English. She fought for women's liberation religious
toleration emancipation of slaves. HERBERT SPENCER society is like an organism (organismic
view) which means society has part that has specific function. EMILE DURKHEIM the behavior of
a person must be understood by a context content. Contribution: study of suicide i. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not judging. VALUE – is something good. Standards. Important. Beautiful. VALUES
FORMATION 1. PRE CONDITIONAL STAGE: Childhood – Ideas imposed/taught by people who
have power over us. 2. CONVENTIONAL STAGE: Youth – Identify with our peers. 3. POST
CONVENTIONAL STAGE: Adulthood – Internalizes what values are good for him. FILIPINO
VALUES 1. CLOSE FAMILY TIES – family is the most important unit of society. Source of
strength. 2. SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE – to be recognized/acknowledge by others. a. PAKIKISAMA
– to get along with others. b. EUPHEMISM – stating an unpleasant truth so not to offend others c.
USE OF GO–BETWEEN – to preserve smooth interpersonal relationship. d. PAKIKIRAMDAM 3.
PERSONALISM – importance of person with whom we have face to face interaction. a.
NEPOTISM – employment of people who are related 4. NONRATIONALISM – tendency to see
things as sacred. a. ANIMISM – belief the spirit pervade us. b. FATALISM – having matters as they
are because nature will take its course. 5. BAYANIHAN – helping with one another and friendship
with one another. 6. UTANG NA LOOB – "infinite responsibility". Unending gratitude extended to
you. 7. HOSPITALITY – warmly open their homes even to strangers. Warm welcomes.
CLASSIFICATION OF GROUPS I.

Psychology: Analysis of Lindsay Lohan's Personality
Lindsay Lohan: Personality Analysis
I will present a brief biography of Lindsay Lohan and then examine her personality from the
perspective of Freud‟s Psychoanalytic Theory
Biography
Lindsay Morgan Lohan was born on July 2, 1986, the daughter of Donata (Sullivan) and Michael
Douglas Lohan. Followed by the birth of Lindsay were two brothers, Michael and Dakota, and a
sister, Aliana. .The start of Lindsay‟s career began as a Ford Model at three years old. In 1996 she
obtained her first major role in the television soap opera, Another World, and then moved on to
Disney‟s motion picture The Parent Trap and she went to do many movies as a young adult Lohan‟s
childhood was professionally exciting and personally difficult. For the most part ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lohas unconscious mind is still trying to get attention from an absent father by abusing drugs,
driving erratically, engaging in problematic relationships, and stealing.
Id, Ego, and Superego
The id, the ego, and the superego are parts of the mind that work together to create behavior and
personality. There is always an ongoing conflict between the id and the superego that the ego has to
negotiate. The id is the "child" part of one's personality. This is the little voice that says "I want it
now." When people do things on impulse or think only about receiving satisfaction, the id is in
control. The egos function in the mind is reasoning and can be considered the "adult" part of the
brain. The superego is the "moral" part of the mind that strives for perfection and enforces parental
and societal rules. All three parts of personality, id, ego and superego, need to be well–balanced to
have good mental health.
According to Freuds theory, the unconscious part of Lohans mind where the id, ego and superego
interact, drives her behaviors, though she is unaware of these underlying influences. Lohan‟s
conscious mind works with her superego and considers the effects of what could happen when she
participates in delinquent behaviors. However, she is driven by her id, the child in her, which

Case Study Of Sigmund Freud's Theory On Psychoosexual...
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), was an influential Austrian psychologist and the founder of
psychoanalysis. Freud went on to produce several theories, such as his theory on psychosexual
development, which will be the focus of this assignment. Using the case study of a six–year–old
patient, I will discuss the key principles of Freud's theory on psychosexual development. Including,
comprehensive definitions of the concepts used, and the stages of Freud's psychosexual
development. Lastly using Freud's theory, I will explain how the patient's current behaviour, could
impact her behaviour in adulthood.
The case study presents; Jane, a six–year–old female, whom has recently, started to suck her thumb,
habitually. This behaviour overlaps, with the birth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regression is one of the defence mechanisms identified by Freud. According to Freud there are
times when people are faced with circumstances that make them feel at such unease and threatened,
that they cannot deal with it and they protect themselves, by retreating to an earlier stage of
development. Many children who use regression as a defence mechanism, may begin to suck their
thumb again.
Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development
Freud identified five stages of psychosexual development, namely: The oral stage, anal stage,
phallic stage, latency stage and genital stage.
The oral stage of development, begins at birth (even prenatally) and ends approximately, when the
child is one–year old. The source of libido or pleasure and conflict, is the mouth. The child will
enjoy sucking, feeding, and putting things in their mouth. The psychological theme here is
dependency. Babies can do very little for themselves, and this would be the time where they are
cared for deeply by their mothers and their most intimate bonding time. When a child is deprived of
this and his/ her needs are not properly fulfilled it can lead to an oral fixation or overindulgence in
their later life. Fixation in this stage could lead to problems such as smoking, nail biting, pen
chewing, overeating, alcoholism, sarcasm and verbal hostility. (Sammons,

Comparing Erickson's Theories Of Success Or Failure
In 1905 Sigmund Freud theorized that childhood development happens in stages, which are called
"Psychosexual Development Stages." In 1950 Erik Erikson developed "Psychosocial Stages," which
are greatly influenced by Freud's theories. Freud's theory centers on psychosexual energy or the
libido. Erickson's theory centers on issues and tasks being met at specific ages. Even though we are
sexual beings, our developmental stages do not focus entirely on sexual pleasures. Both theories do
show that personality develops in stages. Although, Erickson's theory is the better theory.
A few differences, is Freud's theory focuses on sexual pleasure, and when failure occurs the
individual becomes fixated on that failure, which could lead to ... Show more content on
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The success of this stage is measured by the feeling of safety and security of our world. This will set
the child up for success for the rest of their life. The other side is failure that would lead mistrust and
the feeling of insecurity of the world around them. This will set them up to have issues especially in
relationship. McLeod mentions, "For example, if the care has been harsh or inconsistent,
unpredictable and unreliable then the infant will develop a sense of mistrust and will not have
confidence in the world around them or in their abilities to influence events" (McLeod 19).
The second stage is age's one through three. Freud called this stage the Anal Stage. The children
start to potty training and learn that they control how and when they go. This the only area that they
can fully control. This can develop two different personalities. Anal retentive can develop when
potty training is done too early or is too harsh. McLeod wrote, "Early or harsh potty training can
lead to the child becoming an anal–retentive personality who hates mess, is obsessively tidy,
punctual and respectful of authority" (McLeod 14). The second personality is anal expulsive, where
the potty training was too lenient. The child shares with everyone around them. This is also where
they can develop either a good or bad relationship with authority. Erikson calls this stage Autonomy
vs. Shame and Doubt. This is where the child will be

Nurture Theory
Scenario: A Person Robs a Store Sixteen–year–old Zanine walked into a local store, slamming the
door shut. She was greeted with a smile and a loud "hey there" by the owner, but this went
unacknowledged. Other customers turned away as she passed them due to the stench of garbage
coming off her clothes in thick waves. One could almost say she lived on the street. With a cigarette
in one hand, she slipped a can of Redbull and a bunch of chocolates into her worn out bag and was
swiftly out the store with no one noticing. The owner, having reviewed the security tapes after
noticing missing inventory, caught her stealing and confronted her the next time she came. She
became aggressive in response, due to which the owner called the authorities. As the authorities sat
Zanine down in the cop car, one of the cops said, "you're just like your mom and sisters," as he put
out the cigarette he was smoking under his shoes. To this, she replied, "really dad? Just take me
home please." Nurture Theory The nurture theory is based on the upbringing of the person. In this
scenario, the cop at the end said that Zanine's mother and siblings are just like her. She may have
grown up in an environment where simple things such as closing the door politely or replying to a
greeting were not taught to her. Furthermore, she had a cigarette in her hands which suggests she
may have been brought up in a household where it was okay to smoke or in an area of the
neighbourhood where smoking was not looked

Psychodynamic vs Behaviourist Theory
Psychology is not just philosophical speculation and reasoning over the years it has evolved and it is
now also recognised as a science, to understand what psychology is all about it is necessary to know
it's origins and the theorist who brought it out of obscurity, Sigmund Freud. He developed the
Psychodynamic or Psychoanalytical perspective to enable better understanding of human behaviour
these concepts will be discussed further later in this study. After Freud opened the gateway other
perspectives and approaches have been developed, now with five main areas of psychology –
Cognitive, Behaviourist, Biopsychology and Humanist approaches. For a comparison with the
Psychodynamic theory, Behaviourist Theory will be discussed. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Oedipus and Electra complex in which the child unconsciously wishes to posses the parent of the
opposite sex and rid themselves of the parent of the same sex. The result of this desire in boys
would experience castration anxiety which would drive them to identify with their fathers. If there is
no male figure in this stage of a child's development it is thought that the child will have problems
with authority figures later in life as he has never had the chance to conclude this stage. Freud's
explanation for the female development claiming that they would experience penis envy (a
realisation they do not have a penis) they would eventually overcome by achieving motherhood and
having their own baby. Latency stage from six years through puberty here the child will develop
their confidence and mastery of the world around them. He believed that during this stage their
experiences and excitations of previous stages are repressed and children develop infantile amnesia
being unable to remember much of their earlier years. The Genital stage from twelve years upwards
to adulthood is the culmination of the psychosexual development and the fixing of sexual energy in
the genitals. This eventually directs humans towards sexual intercourse and the beginnings of the
next cycle of life (Breger, 2009).
John Watson a theorist who rejected the idea of introspection and every part of the psychodynamic
theory, suggested the Behaviourist view is an

Evaluate the Extent to Which Freud's Theory of...
Evaluate the extent to which Freud's theory of psychosexual development can help us to understand
a client's presenting issues
Introduction
Freud's approach to understanding human behaviour – psychoanalysis – has had a profound effect
on psychology. His approach is one of many that share some common assumptions, while differing
fundamentally in others. Contemporaries of Freud, such as Jung and Adler were inspired by
Freudian theory, but emphasised different issues in human development and experience.
Collectively these theories are described as "psychodynamic" because they emphasise the factors
that motivate behaviour (i.e. the dynamics of behaviour). They challenged the biomedical view that
mental disorders had physical origins. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example children who fail to identify with their parents during the phallic stage will find it
impossible to develop a conscience and will be at risk of developing antisocial personality disorder
(a lack of consideration for the rights and feelings of others) and an absence of guilt or remorse.
Early experiences – the immature ego is not developed fully enough to deal with external events
such as maternal absences, parental shortcomings or competition with siblings. Traumatic or
confusing events in childhood, therefore, are pushed into the unconscious – a process Freud called
repression – because they are too painful for the ego to bear, or because the child hasn't developed
sufficient knowledge of the world to make sense of the event. Distressing feelings around traumatic
events do not disappear, however, simply because they are repressed. They find expression in
dreams and irrational behaviour and may eventually erupt and express themselves in psychological
disorders such as depression.
Psychosexual stages of development Another key aspect of Freud's theory is the claim that people
move though a series of developmental stages. Each of the stages in the table below is characterised
by a focus on a different region of the body. Freud believed that an individual's libido is fixated on a
part of the body

Freud 's Psychosexual Stages Of Development
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist born on the sixth of May in 1856. He began his
researches of the human mind in 1881, while America and Europe reformed insane asylums and
became more fascinated with unnatural psychological states. He first studied nervous diseases
examining fish and simultaneously attaining his degree at the University of Vienna, and in the late
nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Freud explored the human psyche far more than
other neurologists during his time, which earned him the title of the founding father of
psychoanalysis. Eventually he explored conflicts from a person's adolescence and how they had an
astounding effect on adulthood and created what became known to be his Psychosexual Stages of
Development.
Freud's psychosexual stages of development is a concept derived from the belief that any problems
that occurred through adulthood were the primary result of experiences in early childhood
matriculation. He gathered that the human species went through five stages of psychosexual
development, and that during each stage of this development, experienced a sense of euphoria in a
particular body part more than others. The areas of our bodies that felt this sensation were known as
erogenous zones, which were specific parts of the human anatomy such as the mouth, the anus, and
the genitals, that contained vigorous pleasure emitting qualities at specific stages of development in
accordance with personality development focused on the

Toddler Observation Report
Toddler Analysis
Christine E. Aguilar
Our Lady of the Lake Worden School of Social Services
Prior to completing observation, I spoke with mother and explained school assignment in which I
was to observe the interaction between her and her toddler approximately 45 minutes. I explained I
would write a paper on my observations, that no real names would be used, and that the information
would only be used for educational purposes. I further explained I would adhere to NASW code of
ethics as a Social Worker and that she had the right to withdraw the permission at any time. I went
over consent form in which it states that it would be my responsibility to report any suspected abuse
or neglect for anyone in the household in which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first thing I observed was that Jorge was wearing only a diaper as mother states he is now in the
habit of undressing himself and it as becomes lots of work constantly dressing him. He is not yet
potty trained and he is tall making him look older than he is really is. I too recall this with my own
children at that age. According to Angie Loya, a colleague and occupational therapist who works
with young children, states children usually start undressing themselves around 18 months old.
According to Parents magazine I get monthly, "A child being able to dress herself is such an
important psychological and emotional milestone because children are driven to be independent. It
further states that without opportunities to experience being independent, the less confident a child
will feel." Motor skills included in undressing and dressing include gross motor which is lifting
arms and legs in specific coordinated motions into shirt sleeves and pant legs, and balancing to take
off shoes and pants, fine motor which is being able to use fingers to manipulate small objects such
as zippers, buttons, buckles, and laces.
Jorge is a friendly toddler who seems to be very self–assured and walks around the home
independently although the home has lots of barriers created by child proof gates. A gate blocks the
living room from other areas of the house. Jorge is allowed to walk around the living room area only
as mother states he often gets into

Comparing Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Person-Centered...
Comparing Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Person–Centered Psychology
The counseling profession has a broad spectrum of possibilities when it comes to choosing which
psychological approach to take. The field of counseling takes many forms and offers many career
options, from school counseling to marriage and family therapy. As there are numerous styles in
existence, it is important to be aware of the many approaches available to take. For my research two
psychological approaches, Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Person–Centered Psychology, will be
critically analyzed and discussed in depth in order to compare the techniques as well as
effectiveness of each.
Foundation of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The psychosexual stages of development played an important role in human development also.
Freud believed it was vital for every human to experience each stage fully; otherwise the
consequences of the missed stage(s) would manifest later in the life cycle–a defense mechanism
called "fixation." Fixation occurs when there is conflict at a certain stage in psychosexual
development. There are five psychosexual stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and
genital. The first psychosexual stage of development, the oral stage, begins in infancy and lasts
throughout the first year. During this stage, infants are performing oral exercises such as sucking
and learning to create noise with their mouths and will be expected to wean themselves from their
mother's breasts/bottles. If fixation occurs at this psychosexual stage, the individual is likely to have
difficulty forming healthy relationships, as well as regulating their optimism and pessimism.
The second stage, the anal stage, occurs from the first year to year and a half until age 3. The child
is learning the technique of controlling both their bladder and their bowels, as well as learning toilet
training. When fixation occurs in the anal stage, it is manifested in the individuals' personality.
These anal–fixated individuals are the "anal–retentive" and "anal expulsive" population. They are
always either late or messy, or they suffer from obsessive

True Feelings in Billy Collins' Taking Off Emily...
True Feelings in Billy Collins' Taking Off Emily Dickinson's Clothes
Upon first look, Billy Collins "Taking Off Emily Dickinson's Clothes" seems to be a wild fantasy
for Emily Dickinson that he is entertaining. Upon closer examination, however, the poem reveals his
subconscious desire to have sex with his mother and his frustration about his inability to do so,
resulting in the displacement of his sexual desires onto Dickinson.
From the beginning, Collins is very detailed with his description. In fact he is quite anal retentive in
explaining everything about the encounter. He starts from her outside clothing, "first, her tippet
made of tulle" (1) and on through her mass of clothing until finally reaching her "corset" ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The "mother–of–pearl buttons on the back" (7–8) of the dress can be seen as an unconscious
"Freudian slip" which reveals Collin's true sexual feelings toward his mother. He could have
referred to the buttons as any color, but he chooses to use the term "mother–of–pearl" (7). Collins
then says that he buttons are "so tiny and numerous that it takes forever before [his] hands can part
the fabric" (9–10). He seems to be very methodical in his act of undressing Dickinson. He is the one
doing the undressing, he is the one in charge, and it is he who is in control of every detail. The
simile "like a swimmer dividing the water, and slip inside" (11–12) might refer to Collins slipping
into his unconscious and thinking about his mother, forgetting about Dickinson.
The fourth stanza begins with the line "You will want to know that she was standing by an open
window in an upstairs bedroom" (13–15) This seems to be more of Collin's anal retentiveness trying
to prove that he is in control. Se is "motionless, a little wide–eyed" (16), which demonstrates her
innocence and how helpless she seems to be in this whole situation. By her lack of participation and
his over zealous control, one would think that it is more of a rape than a sexual encounter. The
phrase "looking out at the orchard below" (17) seems to be a phallic symbol. Dickinson is

Child 's Ability Of Conservative Thought
Homework Assignment #2 Jean Pigiat, a Swiss psychologist and philosopher, theorized that
children all go through cognitive developmental stages. These stages differed by age as well as
cognitive reasoning. The Sensorimotor Stage, 0–2 years, focused on the child's ability or lack of
rather to understand object permanence. The second stage, described as the Preoperational Stage,
focused on children of the spanning the ages of 2–7 years old. In this group the children understood
object permanence however could not transform those images or ideas in their mind. The Concrete
Operations stage occurred between the ages of 7 and 11 years old and was defined by the child's
ability of conservative thought. These children developed the capacity to ... Show more content on
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If you were to try to explain it to them, the child may become frustrated and angry as their stage
may not allow that concept. As any parent can attest, children at the age of three all have one
distinct personality trait in common; ego. They are completely egocentric and are unable to
understand the needs of others because it does not relate to their own. A child at this age may look at
their own plate at dinner and see a full plate. Then, gazing upon another, notice it not as full as their
own. Since their own needs have been met, the child will assume that the needs of others have also
been taken care of. Another example of this egocentric personality is during a movie when the child
is jumping from seat to seat. While they can see the screen, other movie goers may not. Building on
this egocentric behavior, the child may also exhibit bad behavior to achieve attention. By throwing
tantrums, crying and getting "hurt" she will be doted on and her ego will be sustained until she
desires more attention. The child may also show separation anxiety if her parents are away. Her
thought process would not allow her to understand that, although she is of the utmost of importance
to her family, they may have other obligations. This anxiety could overwhelm her with thoughts of
being abandoned and never seeing her family again. Today, Piaget's theories remain valuable
however those that came after are building their own

A Comparison Between Freud and Erikson Essay
Developmental psychology is an area of research dedicated to the understanding of child–
development. Throughout history many theories have been used to attempt to explain the complex
process. Two of those theorists, Freud and Erikson, were instrumental in creating a foundation for
child–psychology to build on. From a Freudian perspective, human development is centered on
psychosexual theory. Psychosexual theory indicates that maturation of the sex drives underlies
stages of personality development. Alternatively, Erikson is considered a neo–freudian scholar who
developed psychosocial theory. In Erikson models there are eight major conflicts that occur during
the course of an individual's life.
Developmental psychology is an area of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It allows an individual to regulate standards, embrace moral values and decides whether or not the
ego has implemented problem–solving strategies that are acceptable (Shaffer et al, 2010; Wedding
& Corsini, 2014). Ultimately, Freud believed that sex was the most important instinct influencing
personality and any mental disturbance revolved around sexual conflicts that were suppressed from
childhood. Furthermore, Freud believed that parents permitting too much or too little gratification of
sexual needs led to a fixation on that activity throughout their lifetime (Shaffer et al., 2010). This
fixation can eventually lead to a regression in behaviour. Regression can determine whether or not
the behaviour is psychopathological in nature depending on intensity and changes within their
personality (Kerig & Wenar, 2006; Lothane, 2006).
Freud created five stages of psychosexual development that includes the oral, anal, phallic, latency,
and genital phases. The oral stage begins at birth and lasts until approximately age one. Throughout
the first phase, Freud believed that, the sex instinct was centered on the mouth. Often infants derive
pleasure from oral activities such as chewing, sucking, biting, or feeding activities. Moreover, Freud
thought that if a child was weaned off the mother's breast too early their adult personality
characteristics might crave close contact and become an overly dependent spouse

The Id, Ego and Superego Shown in Frankenstein and Dr....
Frankenstein: the Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr.
Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson both show Freud's ideas of Id, Ego and Superego as well as of
innate desire. Frankenstein: the Modern Prometheus shows Freud's stages of psychosexual
development. Collectively both novels should be considered Freudian through these ideas. Jekyll
and Hyde works as a symbolic portrayal of the goodness and evil that resides in equal measure
within the soul of a man. It pre–empted Freudian psychoanalysis by twenty–five years and yet is
similar to some of his theories. In Frankenstein both the monster and Victor exemplify Freud's
developmental stages.
According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, ... Show more content on
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It is all at an end. And indeed he does not want my help; you do not know him as I do; he is safe, he
is quite safe; mark my words, he will never more be heard of (Stevenson 66).
Despite saying this Jekyll still succumbs to his Id and Hyde is drawn out again. Jekyll knows of the
evil that comes out when he transforms into Hyde. Jekyll says "This, as I take it, was because all
human beings, as we meet them are commingled out of good and evil: and Edward Hyde alone in
the ranks of mankind, was pure evil"(Stevenson 108). Here Jekyll clearly states that he knows Hyde
is evil yet he still cannot overpower his Id and then his Superego is overcome. By turning into Hyde,
Jekyll feels free and can do whatever he wants without the slightest hesitation. Following his innate
desires Hyde murders Sir Danvers Carew and tramples a young girl. These actions are done through
the Id and even though Jekyll is civilized law abiding man once the Id has taken over and he
transforms into Hyde, his dark side is unleashed. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are but one; one body but
two conflicting characters, the good and evil. In Frankenstein: the Modern Prometheus we see the
monster as the outward expression of Victor's Id or his demoniacal passions. Freud believed that
personality develops through a series of childhood stages during which the pleasure–seeking
energies of the id become focused on certain behaviors. These childhood stages are known as the
psycosexual developmental stages.

Nature Vs. Nurture : Nature And Nurture
For many years, there has been on the ongoing debate that is referred to as nature vs. nurture. It
poses a question that many theorists have contested. Do human personalities and behaviors relate to
our genetic makeup, or are we directly influenced by the environment and people that we are
subjected to? What is more important, genes or environment? While some theorists take either one
side over the other, some believe that both nature and nurture play an active role in human
development. What is the nature side of the debate? Nature mainly refers to genetic features that are
passed down to children from their parents or ancestors. Examples of these would be the height,
stature, eye color, hair color, and other physical features. Children's temperament is also due to
partially due to their genetic makeup. Does our genetic makeup affect an individual's personality or
behaviors, or are people simply products of their environment? The nurture side of the argument
states that infants are molded and influenced by those that surround us, and born lacking personality.
Nurture includes the development of children, physically due to nutrition, stress, intellectually, and
socially. According to this argument, a child who is very outgoing and talkative has learned this
behavior from those around him/her. Being influenced by one's environment can also have negative
effects. A child who witnesses his father abusing his mother is more likely to become a batterer of
women than a child

Sigmund Freud 's Theory Of Psychoanalysis Essay
Freud's theological perspective was termed Psychoanalysis. Freud believed people unconsciously
repressed information, and that this hidden information was the cause of their distress. The
unconscious is the space in your brain where thoughts, feelings, and desires are tucked away, and
cannot be readily drawn upon and available to the conscious mind. Because 99% of this
methodology is dealing with the unconscious, Freud believed that success could not be reached by
the individual alone, rather they need someone trained in the ways of Psychoanalysis to help them.
In contrast, the conscious mind is all of the things we are thinking and feeling now; it is information
that is easily accessible to us. There is also this idea of a preconscious, where while we are not
currently thinking of that information, if we want it, it is there and can be pulled up when we are
ready to attend to it. Psychotherapy was often a many year process where various methods and
theories within his theory of Psychoanalysis were considered and practiced. One of these theories is
that of psychosexual development.
Psychosexual Development
As one grows and develops it is often times clear they pass through difference stages of
development; for Freud, his focus was psychosexual development. This term refers to how sexual
energy, libido, is found and focused on different parts of the body throughout development. There
are five of these Freudian psychosexual stages, including oral, anal, phallic, latency, and

Human Papillomavirus : Common Sexually Transmitted...
Introduction
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection. HPV family of viruses
comprises many oncogenic and non–oncogenic types that cause anal, penile, and oropharyngeal
cancers and anogenital warts in men respectively. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at
particularly high risk for HPV infection and HPV–related disease (Markowitz et al., 2014). In one
study, oncogenic HPV types 16 and/or 18 were detected in 37% of MSM between ages 16 and 30
years (Glick et al., 2014). Anal cancer rates are more than 17 times higher among MSM compared
to their heterosexual counterpart (Daling et al., 2004, Joseph et al., 2008; Machalek et al., 2012).
Anal cancer rates are even higher among HIV–positive MSM (Silverberg et al., 2012). Moreover,
recent data revealed a rapid increase in HPV associated oropharyngeal cancers rates among men in
the United States (Charturvedi et al., 2011). Aside from cancer, HPV associated anogenital warts
negatively affect quality of life and are expensive to treat (Woodhall et al., 2011). Close to 7% of
gay and bisexual men report a history of genital warts. (Dinh et al., 2008)
While three FDA approved vaccines are available in the US, only Gardasil and Gardasil 9 are
approved for use in males. Gardasil and Gardasil 9 have been approved for males, ages 9 through 26
years and 9 through 15 years respectively, for the prevention of HPV–caused anal cancer,
precancerous anal lesions, and genital warts (NIH–NCI, 2015). HPV vaccines are

Sigmund Freud Is Responsible For The Creation Of...
Sigmund Freud is responsible for the creation of psychoanalysis, which at the time was a new
science based on mental causes rather than the typical physical model of human behavior. Freud was
the first to infer that mental disorders could be the result of individual history rather than physical
impairment and that childhood experiences influence an individual's behavior in the future. When
considering Freud's theory of personality, there are numerous correlations that can be observed with
regard to my own childhood experiences and the actions and emotions I experience today. Freud's
view on mental energy is that the body is the source of all mental energy, mental energy is
conserved due to the fact that we have a limited amount, it is the cause for all our behavior, and the
goal of our behavior is to reduce tension. One's mental energy is invested in impulses, which drive
human behavior. Freud proposed two basic impulses: sexual impulses and aggressive impulses.
Cathexis refers to the concentration of mental energy on one particular person, idea, or object;
excessive cathexis on a single object may lead to neurosis, which is a mild psychological disorder.
An example of cathexis in my own life is when I have a week filled with exams and big projects;
during this time, my mental energy is concentrated on getting a good grade on these projects and
exams; concentrating my mental energy on the idea of getting a good grade is almost as exhausting
as completing the projects

The Theories And Techniques Of Psychoanalysis

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The Theories And Techniques Of Psychoanalysis