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- 2. Introduction “Studying psychology is a bit like sailing a small boat on the high seas.” Children should not be studied as embryonic adults, but in their essential child nature so as to understand their capacities and know how to deal with them ~John Amos Comenius
- 3. Definitions Psychology is both a field of study and also a means of improving the quality of life ~Kimble 1984 Psychology : science dealing with human nature , function and phenomenon of his soul in main Psychology can be defined as scientific study of behaviour and mental processes
- 4. Improvement in human learning Reducing internal tension Relieving the misery of any psychological disorders The main aim of studying psychology is to gain an increased understanding of why people respond as they do. “Child Psychology” “Is the science that deals with the study of child’s mind and how it functions, it also deals with the mental power or an interaction between the conscious and subconscious element in a child”
- 6. Different Theories Of Psychology Which Have An Application In Pediatric Dentistry Theories on personality Development o Psychoanalytic theory or psychosexual theory by Sigmund Freud o Psychosocial theory or Erikson’s model of Personality development Theory on Cognitive Development o Cognitive development theory by Jean Piaget
- 7. Theories on Learning and development of Behavior o Classical conditioning by Ivan Pavlov o Operant conditioning by B.F. Skinner o Social or Observational learning by Albert Bandura Other relevant theories o Separation-Individuation theory by Margaret S Mahler o Theory of Hierarchy of Needs by Abraham Maslow
- 8. Psychoanalytic theory or psychosexual theory by Sigmund Freud
- 9. Contents Introduction Biography of SIGMUND FREUD METHODS ADOPTED BY SIGMUND FREUD FREE ASSOCIATION DREAM ANALYSIS From- Freud S. The Interpretations of Dreams; 1900
- 10. 3 parts 1) Theory of personality dynamics Conscious, Unconscious 2) Theory of structure of personality Id, Ego, Superego 3) Theory of psycho sexual development Motives- Child at different stages of growth
- 12. Contents Introduction Biography of SIGMUND FREUD Sigmund Freud’s Iceberg diagram
- 13. Id (Pleasure Pain Principle) – Reflex Action Primary Process Thinking Ego (Reality Principle) – Secondary Process Thinking Super Ego – Ego Ideal Conscience PERSONALITY STRUCTURAL THEORY OF MIND
- 14. The it (Id ) “inherited reservoir of unrecognised drives” Resides in unconscious Pleasure principle Primary process of thinking
- 15. The I (Ego) The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality Conscious& unconscious Mental structure that interact with the real world to satisfy id demands “ Reality principle” Delayed gratification--the ego will eventually allow the behavior, but only in the appropriate time and place.
- 16. The over me (Super ego) The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society--our sense of right and wrong Conscience Superego provides guidelines for making judgments Superego to emerge at age five STRIVES FOR PERFECTION
- 17. According to Freud anxiety is a danger signal to the ego. Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source from themselves and others.
- 19. Denial is an outright refusal to admit or recognize that something has occurred or is currently occurring I FEEL SO GOOD!
- 20. • Primary defense mechanism in which unacceptable or unpleasant ID impulses are pushed back into the unconscious.
- 21. It is a reversion to immature patterns of the behaviour
- 22. DISPLACEMENT The expression of an unwanted feeling or thought, directed towards a weaker person instead of a more powerful one.
- 23. A defense mechanism considered healthy by Freud, in which a person diverts unwanted impulses into socially acceptable thoughts, feelings or behavior.
- 24. A defense mechanism in which people attribute their own inadequacies or faults to someone else.
- 25. works to reduce anxiety by thinking about events in a cold, clinical way
- 26. A defense mechanism whereby people justify a negative situation in a way that protects their self esteem.
- 27. Reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling, impulse or behavior
- 28. FREUD’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT Steven / Shelby / Adam / Abby 8th Period - AP Psychology Freud in 1921
- 29. AN OVERVIEW The Psychosexual Stages define how human personality develops from our birth up to early adulthood. Oral / Anal / Urethral / Phallic / Latency/ Genital Without a proper resolution following each stage, we may experience faults in our future personalities.
- 30. THE ORAL STAGE (0 - 1½ Y) Organization of the psyche through approximately the first 18 months of life Thirst, hunger, pleasurable tactile stimulations evoked by the nipple or its substitute and also sensations relating to swallowing Mouth experiences most tension and requires the most tension-reducing stimulation
- 31. THE ORAL STAGE (0 - 1½ Y) Objectives: •Trusting dependence on nursing and sustaining objects, •To establish comfortable expression and gratification of oral needs without excessive conflict or ambivalence from oral sadistic wishes
- 32. FIXATION Both insufficient and forceful feeding can result in fixation in this stage. Symptoms of Oral Fixation : Smoking Constant chewing on gum, pens, pencils, etc. Nail biting Overeating
- 33. Begins near the age of 1 The erogenous zone shifts from the oral cavity to the anal region. Maturation of neuromuscular control occurs The conflicts lead to develop an EGO Realize he cannot always do what he wants
- 34. FIXATION Anal-Expulsive Personality: If the parents are too lenient, the child will derive pleasure and success from the expulsion . Are excessively sloppy, disorganized, reckless, careless, and defiant. Anal-Retentive Personality: If a child receives excessive pressure and punishment, the child will experience anxiety over bowel movements. Very careful, stingy, withholding, obstinate, meticulous.
- 35. URETHRAL STAGE Transition between anal & phallic. Derives pleasure by exercising control over urinary sphincter. Objectives similar to anal stage.
- 36. THE PHALLIC STAGE (3-6Y) The most intricate of the stages; erogenous zone shifts from the anus to the genitals. Freud developed his theory from the male perspective (thus, “phallic” = “penis”). Males have the potential to develop an Oedipal Complex, while females may develop an Electra Complex.
- 37. Oedipus Complex Freud introduced the term ’Oedipus complex’ in his ‘INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS’ in 1899. This concept is a desire for sexual involvement with the parent of opposite sex, which produces a sense of competition with the parent of the same sex. There is a simple positive & negative Oedipus complex in a boy.
- 40. THE LATENCY STAGE (8-13Y) •Lasts from 7yrs to Puberty •The social environment around them, other people, culture, values and their own skills, capacities and interests. •Children transfer there interest from parents to peers •Separation of sexes begins to change at age 12, when young adolescents enter the Genital Stage
- 41. THE LATENCY STAGE (8-13Y) Transitioning period between the Phallic and Genital stages. Focuses on areas like academics and athletics, etc. Same-sex friendships develop during this time .
- 42. THE GENITAL STAGE ( 11-13Y) • Extends from onset of puberty 11-13 years of age until young adulthood. • Primary objectives are ultimate separation from dependence on & attachment to parents & establishment of mature relations. • Child makes contact and form relationships with members of opposite sex • SUPEREGO undergoes further development and become more flexible
- 43. Dental/ clinical applications of freud’s theory
- 45. o This term was introduced by Freud to describe a syndrome of general irritability, anxious expectations, anxious attacks ,breathlessness, chest pain.
- 46. o Patients are overwhelmed by an intense & irrational fear of some animal, object, social situation or disease. o For e.g.- White coat fear – when only by looking at a doctor, the child starts crying. .
- 47. Fixation is a failure of the development in which the individual continues to seek a particular kind of gratification. Fixation to ORAL STAGE can lead to : • Thumb sucking • Chewing habits • Smoking • Drinking
- 48. Criticisms of Freud’s theory According to Freud, sexuality is pervasive factor behind personality, which many of them strongly disapproved. Oedipus complex was not as universal as Freud believed First five yrs of life are not as powerful in shaping adult personality as Freud thought Ego and conscious thought process play dominant role in our personality than Freud gave them credit.
- 49. Ultimately the significance of Freud’s contribution to psychology can be seen as threefold: 1. First, in the therapeutic approach, which continues to evolve & provoke research and debate. 2. Second, in focusing the attention of clinical psychology on personality & emotion, on the unconscious mind & on the significance of sexuality in human development. 3. Finally, he has provided in psychoanalysis an incredibly ambitious, psychological theory.
- 50. REFERENCES A Primer Of Freudian Psychology Calvin S. Hall A Textbook Of Psychology Morgan & King Textbook Of Pedodontics Shobha Tendon Theories Of Personality Calvin S. Hall
- 51. References Feldman RS. Understanding psychology. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2011. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Synopsis of psychiatry. 10th ed. Philadelphia; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins:2010. Miller PH. Theory of developmental psychology. United States Of America; WH Freeman and Company:1989
- 52. Grunbaum A. A century of psychoanalysis: Critical retrospect and prospect. Int Forum Psychoanal.2001; 10:105-112. Gammelgaard J. The unconscious A re-reading of the Freudian concept. Scand. Psychoanal.Rev.2003;26:11-21 Segrist DJ. What’s going on in your professor’s head? demonstrating the id, ego, and superego. Teach Psychol. 2009;36:51-54.
- 53. T H A N K Y O U Dreams are often most profound when they seem the most crazy. Sigmund Freud
Editor's Notes
- Start: Psychology is an extremely exciting and challenging field of knowledge, which has enormous potential and offers us the hope of understanding and improving our lives, our communities and our planet. Scientific – study of psychology is based on information collected through a set of systematic procedures known as “scientific method.” Behaviour – any activity that can be observed, recorded and measured, it also includes physiological or bodily changes For example: smiling, sucking and sleeping – are behaviours commonly seen in babies Mental processes – includes thoughts, memories, emotions, motivations, dreams, perceptions and beliefs.
- Start: Through application of psychology we have achieved improvement in human learning and memory, reducing internal tension, relieving the misery of any psychological disorders and treating the young children and old with greater sensitivity and humanity. 2. The main aim of studying psychology is to gain an increased understanding of why people respond as they do. 3.Early scientific studies of children, concentrated on specific areas of child behaviour, such as speech, emotions or play interests and activities. The name given to this new branch of psychological research was “Child Psychology”- a label which suggested that interest was centered on the psychological phenomena of the preschooler and school-age child
- free association – inviting his patients to say whatever came into their minds and without censoring their thoughts. Freud observed that when these conditions prevail, the patient eventually begins to talk about memories of early childhood experiences. These memories provided Freud with his first real insight into the formation of the personality structure and its subsequent development. Interpretation of dreams Freud noted that his patients frequently reported their dreams in the process of free association; he noticed an intimate connection between dream content and unconscious memories or fantasies that were long repressed, so he concluded that dream is a disguised fulfilment of an unconscious childhood wish that is not readily accessible to conscious awareness in waking life. This lead to “Interpretation of dreams” in 1900, which was one of the Freud’s greatest works.
- Freud’s conception of the mind is often compared to an iceberg that has most of its mass hidden beneath the water’s surface. He believed hat the unconscious (the mass below the surface) is much larger than the conscious or preconscious. The conscious mind includes everything that we are aware of. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally. It’s a highly fugitive state as thoughts can easily slip back and forth between the preconscious and unconscious state. Freud called this ordinary memory the preconscious. The unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences. The entire id resides in unconscious, if mind ia an iceberg, most of it remain hidden. With increasing age, preconscious and conscious occupy more and more mental territory, but unconscious has the largest area.
- According to this the psychic apparatus is divided into three groups of function-
- ID: The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. ID can be defined as “inherited reservoir of unrecognised drives. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality. The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. The id is very important early in life, because it ensures that an infant's needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are met.
- Start:- The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality. According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. The ego functions in both the conscious,preconscious, and unconscious mind. The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. In many cases, the id's impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification--the ego will eventually allow the behavior, but only in the appropriate time and place.
- The Superego The last component of personality to develop is the superego. The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society--our sense of right and wrong. The superego provides guidelines for making judgments. According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five. this element of personality structure is developed under the training and influence of the environment
- Start:- Because of anxiety provoking demands created by the id, superego and reality, the ego has developed a number of defense mechanisms to cope with anxiety. Although we may knowingly use these mechanisms, in many cases these defenses work unconsciously to distort reality. The arousal of anxiety is a crucial event in Freud’s theory of personality functioning. Anxiety is distressing, so people try to rid themselves of this unpleasant emotion any way they can. Because anxiety is unpleasant, Freud believed that people developed a range of defense mechanisms
- Denial is probably one of the best known defense mechanisms, used often to describe situations in which people seem unable to face reality or admit an obvious truth (i.e. "He's in denial."). Denial is an outright refusal to admit or recognize that something has occurred or is currently occurring. Drug addicts or alcoholics often deny that they have a problem, while victims of traumatic events may deny that the event ever occurred. Denial functions to protect the ego from things that the individual cannot cope with. While this may save us from anxiety or pain, denial also requires a substantial investment of energy. Because of this, other defenses are also used to keep these unacceptable feelings from consciousness.
- According to Freud, the most basic, powerful and widely used defense mechanism is repression. It pushes unacceptable id impulses out of awareness and back into the unconscious mind. People tend to repress desires that make them feel guilty, conflicts that make them anxious, and memories that are painful. Repression has been called “motivated forgetting.” If you forget a dental appointment or the name of someone you don’t like, repression may be at work. For example, a person who has repressed memories of abuse suffered as a child may later have difficulty forming relationships.
- it is a reversion to immature patterns of the behavior. When anxious about their self-worth, some adults respond with childish boasting and bragging. For example, a child, who is frightened by the first day at school, may indulge in infantile behaviour, such as weeping, sucking the thumb, hanging onto teacher etc, an adult has a temper tantrum when he doesn’t get his way.
- Have ever had a really bad day at work and then gone home and taken out your frustration on family and friends? Then you have experienced the ego defense mechanism ofdisplacement. Displacement involves taking out our frustrations, feelings and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening. Displaced aggression is a common example of this defense mechanism. Rather than express our anger in ways that could lead to negative consequences (like arguing with our boss), we instead express our anger towards a person or object that poses no threat (such as our spouse, children or pets).
- Sublimation is a defense mechanism that allows us to act out unacceptable impulses by converting these behaviors into a more acceptable form. For example, a person experiencing extreme anger might take up kick-boxing as a means of venting frustration. Freud believed that sublimation was a sign of maturity that allows people to function normally in socially acceptable ways. Freud felt that sublimation was extremely important for civilized existence and social achievement
- Projection is a defense mechanism that involves taking our own unacceptable qualities or feelings and ascribing them to other people. For example, if you have a strong dislike for someone, you might instead believe that he or she does not like you. Projection works by allowing the expression of the desire or impulse, but in a way that the ego cannot recognize, therefore reducing anxiety.
- Intellectualization works to reduce anxiety by thinking about events in a cold, clinical way. For example, a person who has just been diagnosed with a terminal illness might focus on learning everything about the disease in order to avoid distress and remain distant from the reality of the situation.
- Example:- student might blame a poor exam score on the instructor rather than his or her lack of preparation. Rationalization not only prevents anxiety, it may also protect self-esteem and self-concept. When confronted by success or failure, people tend to attribute achievement to their own qualities and skills while failures are blamed on other people or outside forces.
- Reaction formation reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling, impulse or behavior. An example of reaction formation would be treating someone you strongly dislike in an excessively friendly manner in order to hide your true feelings. Why do people behave this way? According to Freud, they are using reaction formation as a defense mechanism to hide their true feelings by behaving in the exact opposite manner.
- Freud believed that our most basic drives is the sex drive. He outlined five stages in child and adolescent development, which he called psychosexual stages, each involving special adjustment problems and each contributing to child behavior.
- 2. Freud believed that children experience unconscious sexual fixations as they grow older. These sexual urges change drastically after each stage.
- Start: Definition: The earliest stage of development, in which the infant’s needs, perceptions, and modes of expression are primarily centered in the mouth, lips, tongue, and other organs related to the oral zone, hence known as oral stage. The oral zone maintains its dominant role in the organization of the psyche through approximately the first 18 months of life. 2. Oral sensations encountered during this period are thirst, hunger, pleasurable tactile stimulations evoked by the nipple or its substitute and also sensations relating to swallowing. The oral triad consists of the wish to eat, to sleep, and to reach the relaxation that occurs at the end of sucking just before the onset of sleep. 3. It is the period during which mouth experiences most tension and requires the most tension-reducing stimulation. Id component of personality which operates during this period tries to gratify/reduce tension in and around the mouth by sucking, even on a thumb or pacifier.
- Objectives: To establish a trusting dependence on nursing and sustaining objects, to establish comfortable expression and gratification of oral needs without excessive conflict or ambivalence from oral sadistic wishes.
- Definition: the child enters the Anal stage, during this stage the locus of gratification changes from oral region to anal region. 3. In this stage the bowel movements become a source of pleasure to the child As the sphincter muscles mature in the second year of life, infants acquire the ability to withhold or expel faecal material at will The child may defecate often to achieve this pleasure. This would bring him into conflicts wth his parents. The conflicts lead to develop an EGO The child comes to realize that he cannot always do what he wants. He learns that there are certain times when it is appropriate to expel the waste and other times when it is inappropriate
- Shame, competitiveness & ambition.
- Definition: The phallic stage of sexual development begins sometime during the third year of life and continues approximately till the end of the fifth year/ sixth year. During this period genitals become most sensitive area and the child derives pleasure from manipulating them, due to which they end up in a conflict with parents who try to curb their behaviours such as masturbation or at least confine them to private settings.
- This term named after the name of Greek mythical figure who was the son of king Laius & queen Jacosta, who killed his father & married his mother. He views that all human behavior are motivated by sex or by instincts which in his opinion are of neurological origin.
- This term was coined by CARL JUNG . Freud thought that the notion of the feminine Oedipus complex was sufficient. Term drawn from Greek myths & plays where, Electra helps her bother Orestes kill his mother, Clytemnestra, in order to win his father’s love. Girls begin to become attracted to their fathers, and fall into a “penis envy” period (in contrast to castration anxiety). Failure to resolve either of the complexes can lead to fixation in this stage. Phallic character: recklessness, resoluteness, self-assuredness, and narcissism.
- Start:- This period extends through late childhood to puberty. 2. During this period there are no major unconscious drives that press ego for satisfaction. Children may learn about the social environment around them, other people, culture, values and their own skills, capacities and interests. 3. There is little pressure from the id and little internal conflict and this latency stage lasts for five to six years, till puberty upon which they become capable of reproduction, and the sexuality is reawakened 4. The sex drives provides energy for learning that must take place but is not expressed overtly. Children transfer htere interes from parents to peers
- It is the longest of the five stages. It lasts seven years from ages 11 to 18.this period is similar to Anal stage, and there is renewed interest and pleasure derived from excretory activity 3. In the beginning of the genital stage, the person seeks association with members of his own sex, however as the age advances child makes contact and forms relationship with members of opposite sex.
- When the Oedipal & Electra conflict are left unresolved, it leads to fixation. In dental set up , when a child comes for treatment, Male child- would want his mother to be around him. Girl child – would want her father to be around. Similarly the male child would want to get his treatment done by a female dentist (mother-like figure). Conversely, Female child would want to get her treatment done by a male dentist.
- During the dental treatment – For example- during extraction the patient might & become very anxious & start complaining of breathlessness, irritation
- In this state, patients are overwhelmed by an intense & irrational fear of some animal, object, social situation or disease. Fear of injection- even the sight of injection can cause fear in child
- Freudian theory needs to be given a fresh look. Though considered outdated by some, it has a lot to offer to modern theories of consciousness. Insights from Freudian theory are relevant to modern day concepts of consciousness in cognitive neuroscience. Consciousness and unconsciousness are both independent and interdependent phenomena and their study will yield a different perspective on the evolution of conscious phenomena.