Cellular Transport Mechanisms

Cellular Transport
One type of cellular transport is osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of a solvent through a
selectively permeable membrane until the cell reaches stability or osmotic equilibrium. When there
is no cell wall, such as in animal cells, solute concentration gradient and membrane permeability are
taken in account for tonicity, the ability to gain or lose water. When a cell becomes isotonic, there is
no movement across the membrane because the volume of the cell is stable and has reached osmotic
equilibrium. If the cell becomes hypertonic, the cell is losing water to the environment around it
causing the cell to shrivel and die. A hypotonic cell is when the solvent from the environment enters
the cell faster than it is leaving, causing the cell to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Facilitated diffusion is the movement of molecules from higher to lower concentrations. Polar
molecules and ions embedded in the lipid bilayer diffuse passively with the help of transport
proteins that span the membrane. The layer is selectively permeable, meaning they transport some
substances but not others. Within active transport there are two types of transport proteins, channel
and carrier. Channel proteins provide a hydrophilic passage for a specific molecule or ion to the
cross the membrane. The passageways for these proteins allow water molecules or small ions to
flow very quickly from one side of the membrane to the other. Despite the small size of water
molecules, movement through the phospholipid bilayer is still slower because of the polarity of the
water. Another type of channel proteins is the aquaporins. Aquaporins facilitate the amounts of
diffusion that occur in plant and animal cells. Another example of channel proteins are ion channels,
many of which are gated channels, which open or close in response to stimuli. The stimuli can be
electrical or chemical. One example of this is the nerve cell, its stimuli is the electric message sent
from the brain and responds depending on the stimuli sent. Carrier proteins undergo a subtle change
in the shape that somehow translocates the solute–binding site across the membrane. These changes
in shape may be triggered by binding and release of the transported
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Facilitated Diffusion In Your Body
A very large percentage of our body is composed of fluids. The most basic and widely known fluid,
water, is essential daily to maintain life. Other fluids in our body also broadly include serum,
cerebrospinal fluid, albumin, and urine to name just a few. There is a very critical balance of these
fluids that we must maintain for homeostasis; otherwise we could have an excess or deficit. There
are two main fluid compartments within your body, being the intracellular and extracellular
compartments. (McLaffert, Johnston, Hendry, & Farley, 2014) One–third of your body consists of
the extracellular space which is found on the outside of cells. The compartment of extracellular can
be further broken down into intravascular, or plasma and interstitial. ... Show more content on
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Tonicity is the osmolality of a solution or "the concentration of solutes" (Trakola, 2015, pg.337).
Solutes can be either crystalloids, which are "salts that dissolve readily into true solutions", or
colloids that are "substances such as large protein molecules that do not readily dissolve into true
solutions" (Trakola, 2015, p.337). Because of a solutions tonicity, it can be hypertonic, hypotonic, or
isotonic. Hypertonic solutions cause cells to shrink from osmosis because it has "a higher
concentration of electrolytes compared with body cells" (McLafferty et al., 2014). Hypotonic is the
complete opposite so it makes the cells swell because it has "a low concentration of electrolytes
compared with body cells" (McLafferty et al., 2014). Isotonic is equal in electrolyte concentration to
the body so it acts as a fluid replacement. Listed in table 1 are different major IV fluids and what
type of tonicity they're categorized

Investigation Of The Cell Membrane Essay
Mustafa Elgabry
October 17, 2016
Period 3
Egg Lab
Introduction: The cell membrane benifits the cell in many different ways and is composed of many
different parts which help the membrane execute what it is supposed to practice. A model that
represents these parts is called the fluid mosaic model. The model contains proteins and
carbohydrates within a phospholipid bilayer that consists of hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic
heads. All of the components within the bilayer play a role in the function of the cell membrane. For
example the carbohydrates practice cell to cell recognition while the proteins transport molecules in
the cell and back out. Proteins also have alternate functions such as intercellular joining and
extracellular matrix. When molecules transport in and out of the cell through the membrane, there
are two types of transport, passive and active transports. Passive transport occurs when molecules
move with the concentration gradient. One example is simple diffusion, where the molecules
transport through the cell membrane effortlessly moving from a high to low concentration. Then
there is facilitated diffusion where the molecules such as glucose move with the concentration
gradient but have to use a protein to pass through the membrane. Osmosis, however, is the diffusion
of water molecules across the membrane, but the water molecules also need to pass through a
protein because the inside of the lipid bilayer consists of hydrophobic tails. The purpose

Diffusion And Osmosis Lab Report
Lab Report
Diffusion & Osmosis Experiment
Sydney Mask
INTRODUCTION All cells in the human body are surrounded by a plasma membrane made up of
lipids and proteins which form a barrier. The proteins and lipids in the membrane occupy different
roles. The lipids create a semipermeable barrier and the proteins are part of a cross membrane
transport. To pass through the membrane a substance goes through a transport known as diffusion.
Diffusion is movement of molecules from a high area of concentration to an area of low
concentration. There are two different forms of diffusion. One example of diffusion is known as
simple diffusion, an unassisted movement of dissolved substances through a selectively permeable
membrane (Marieb pg. 54). The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More specifically for the experiment we will need four deshelled eggs, four beakers and distilled
water with a certain percentage of sucrose, a timer, and a scale to weigh the eggs. Using the process
of osmosis, we will determine the weight of the eggs after being soaked in the solution. The four
beakers each had distilled water in them with sucrose but all contained different amounts. One
beaker contained 0% sucrose. The other beakers contained 10%, 40%, and an "unknown" amount of
sucrose. Before placing the eggs into the solution, we are to weigh each egg separately to the nearest
0.1g and record this in table. Once that step has been completed, we then place one egg in each of
the beakers separately that was marked with the amounts of sucrose. At fifteen–minute intervals,
remove the deshelled egg from the water inside the beaker and wipe off all the excess water. After
that process has been completed, we will weigh each egg separately to see if they have gained or
lost their mass/weight. Once each egg has been weighed accurately, the recorded data is placed in
the table provided. This step goes on for an hour. The deshelled eggs in this experiment will increase
in mass in the different types of distilled water. This lab session provided the class with the evidence
that diffusion and osmosis occurs within the different types of solutions.
RESULTS

Active Transport
Active transport is the movement of molecule throughout the cell from the region of a lower
chamber into a chamber of higher concentration. This type of transport uses energy to transport
things to point A to point B. Active transport usually happen around the cell membrane, also there
are thousands of proteins contained in the cell lipid layer. These proteins does most of the work in
the transporting system. They are placed across the membrane so one part is inside of the cell while
another is on the outside. Only when they cross the bilayer they will be able to move molecules in
and out of the cell. The membrane proteins are very specific. One protein that will move glucose
will not move calcium ions. There are many types of membrane ... Show more content on
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For this process it is often only found when the particles or cells move down from their
concentration gradient from one area of higher concentration to an areas of lower standard. The
most common type of passive transport is known as Osmosis. This process is solely responsible for
moving water throughout a cell membrane. Other types of particles can also move throughout the
cell as well. They are frequently very small molecules such as oxygen and simple pass between the
spaces in the lipid bilayer of the cell's membrane. This is a very difficult or hard to understand
process. However, it is a very important process that all cells need to survive. One type of passive
transport is diffusion. This process is the process which it moves things from a higher concentration
to a lower concentration. The difference between the concentration between the two areas is often
called concentration gradient. Diffusion will continue until this gradient is terminated or no longer is
there. Since diffusion moves material from an area of higher concentration to an areas of low
concentration it is, identified as moving solutes "down the concentration gradient". However, in
many cases the moving forces of passive transport can not be identified to the simplified

Diffusion And Osmosis And What They Are And How They Work
Diffusion and Osmosis
What they are and how they work
Sarah Trotter
Dr. Heath
Carl Albert State College
11/16/2016
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration or along a concentration gradient which is essentially the same. This continues until
the molecule has reached equilibrium and distribution is equal, yet the molecules are still moving.
For example, when a dye crystal is placed in water, it is condensed into one area. As it dissolves the
molecules moved from a higher concentration to a lower concentration and eventually the dye
molecules are equally distributed throughout the water in the container. In this case, the dye
molecule is the solute or the thing that is being dissolved and the solvent is what is able to dissolve
something and in this example it would be the water.
Diffusion allows for substances to pass through the cell membrane that is selectively permeable
which only allows for certain molecules to pass through the membrane.The plasma membrane
manages the crossing of molecules into and out of the cell. ... Show more content on
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Active transport mechanisms do require energy, and directly move food and nutrients from one
location to another. These mechanisms include mechanical efforts such as chewing and the digestive
contractions called peristalsis. Chemical transportation is another form of active transport. Some
nutrients or mechanical actions signal the release of chemicals that help to break down food and
move it to a specific location. Osmosis is essentially the same as diffusion only this deals with water
moving across as a differentially permeable membrane, moving down a concentration gradient. This
means that like diffusion the molecules move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
and until it has reached equilibrium as

The Effect The Molarity Of Sucrose Solution Has On Osmolarity
Title: The effect the molarity of sucrose solution has on osmolarity
Introduction: Passive transport occurs when substances move from high concentration areas to a
lower concentration region. Both Diffusion and Osmosis are examples of passive transport,
however, osmosis is when water molecules move across a selectively permeable membrane. The
plasma membrane, being a thin barrier to outside environment, is a selectively permeable
membrane. Thus, it only allows certain particles to enter or exit the cell. A selectively permeable
membrane is important because it protects the cell from certain materials that can potentially be
toxic to the cell by not allowing the cell to diffuse uniformly; this means that not all particles can
equally facilitate to the cell (encyclopedia ,n.d.). The movement of substance across a membrane is
caused by two factors, their size and charge (Pearson Education, 2008). If a substance is small and
nonpolar it can easily move but if it 's large and polar, it will have difficulty traveling across the
membrane. For example, the selectively permeable membrane allows water, which is known as
solvent, to move freely but prevents large molecules such as sugar molecules from passing through;
the sugar molecules are known as solute (BBC, 2014).
However, facilitated diffusion can help the molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane by
themselves. Facilitated diffusion can help these molecules due specialize proteins such as the
channel protein and

The Effect Of Osmosis Across A Semi Permeable Cell...
The effects of osmosis across a semi permeable cell membrane as modeled with dialysis bags
By: Thiago Lusvarghi
Student Number: 0311147
Partners Names: Carissa Laurin, Mutanga Alpho Kabiseba, Christa Myers
Course Code: BIOL 1506E
Lab Session: Tuesday 1:00 – 4:00pm
Date of Submission: Tuesday October 21st 2014 Abstract Osmosis is the process in which water
diffuses across a semi permeable membrane, and is the reason for cellular stability in a system,
generally a cell. The diffusion of water into and out of a cell is due to two main aspects; the
concentration of the dissolved substances in the cell, and the concentration of the dissolved
substances outside of the cell. This is due to the fact that osmosis is first and foremost a form of
diffusion meaning that it moves along a concentration gradient. In osmosis water will travel in and
out of a cell due to the cell 's tonicity towards the solution it has been placed in. The cell can either
be placed in a hypertonic solution where water will rush out of the cell, a hypotonic solution where
water will rush into the cell, or an isotonic solution, where there will be no net movement of water
in or out of the cell. In this lab the rate of osmosis will be examined by looking at the movement of
water in five different model cells, in order to determine the importance of osmosis to our bodies.
Introduction Diffusion in a cell is the process by which substances travel from areas of higher
concentration to areas of

Resistance Of Movement Of The Cell
If a cell is to perform its functions it must maintain a steady state in the midst of an ever changing
environment. This steadiness is maintained by the regulation of movement of materials into and out
of the cell. To achieve this control, cells are bounded by a delicate membrane that differentiates
between different substances, slowing down the movement of some while allowing others to pass
through. The membrane is said to be differentially permeable since not all substances penetrate
equally well. Selective permeability is a characteristic of healthy, intact cells. When a cell is
seriously damaged, the membrane becomes permeable to virtually to everything and substances can
move freely in and out of the cell. (Marieb 2013) Movement of ... Show more content on
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(Marieb 2013) Osmosis, is a special kind of diffusion, is defined as the diffusion of water through a
semi–permeable membrane from a higher concentration to that of a lower concentration. The
concentration of water is inversely related to the concentration of solutes. If the water can diffuse
across the membrane, both water and solutes will move down their concentration gradients through
the membrane. (Marieb 2012) There are three terms used to describe the concentrations of solute
particles of different solutions: Hypotonic– When compared to another solution of different
concentration, the solution contains the lower concentration of solute particles. Water moves across
a semi–permeable membrane out of a hypotonic solution. Hypertonic– When compared to another
solution of different concentration, the solution that contains the higher concentration of solute
particles. Water moves across a semi–permeable membrane into a hypertonic solution. Isotonic–
Having the same concentration of solute particles as another solution. There is no net flow of water
across the membrane. In animal cells, the movement of water is affected by the relative solute
concentration of the plasma membrane. As water moves out of the cell, the cell shrink and if water
moves into the cell, the cell swells and may even burst.
PURPOSE: The objective of this experiment is to

Fluid Concept Project Part 2
Fluid Concept Project Part 2
Shaneza Toro, SN
Scott and White College of Nursing
University of Mary Hardin–Baylor
Fluid Concept Project Part 2 Fluids and electrolytes are vital to human life. The concept of grasping
how they play a great role within the human body is complex and delicate; however, it is also
essential in determining what fluid does what and how exactly it effects the cells of the human body.
As Trakalo (2015) states, "water serves as a medium for metabolic reactions within cells; transports
nutrients, waste products, and other substances; acts as a lubricant; an insulator and shock absorber;
and regulates body temperature" (p.336). In this essay, the discussion will entail the major fluid
compartments of the body, the percentage of fluids contained in each compartment, active and
passive transport, osmosis and diffusion, filtration, hydrostatic and oncotic/osmotic pressure, a
description of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic fluids, the effects of fluid administration and the
classification of all major IV fluids and blood product tonicity.
Major Fluid Compartments and percentage of body fluids
First, it is essential to understand major fluid compartments in the body. There are two major fluid
compartments called: Intracellular fluid and Extracellular fluid. Both Intracellular and Extracellular
fluids are very vital to cell functioning. They contain solutes, which dissolve in liquid easily such as:
Oxygen, electrolytes and glucose and

Passive Transport
The two big sections that all forms of cellular transportation fall into are passive transport and active
transport. Passive transport is the moving of material along a concentration gradient (a high
concentration to a low concentration). Passive transport requires no use of energy because there is
nothing that you need to use energy to work against. Active transport is the moving of material
against a concentration gradient (a low concentration to a high concentration). Active transport
requires the use of energy because the movement of the material is going against the flow.
Passive Transport The types of passive transport are simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and
osmosis.
Diffusion– The net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a ... Show more
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Hypertonic– Higher concentration of solutes on the outside of the cell than the inside of the cell.
Water travels out of the cell towards the outside of the cell where the less pure solution is. The cell
is all shriveled up.
Hypotonic– Lower concentration of solutes on the outside of the cells than the inside of the cell.
Water travels toward the inside of the cell where the less pure solution is. The cell is all bloated up.
Isotonic– The concentration of solutes on the outside of the cell and the concentration of solutes on
the inside of the cell are the same. There is no net movement of water and the cell maintains steady
balance of water inside of itself.
Active Transport The different types of active transport are the Sodium–Potassium pump, and
Endocytosis Exocytosis.
Sodium–Potassium Pump– A structure known as a cell–membrane pump that uses energy to
transport sodium and potassium ions in and out of the cell. Has a vital role in maintaining cell

Active and Passive Transport of Molecules Through Plasma...
The movement of molecules have two forms of transport through the plasma membrane: active
transport and passive transport. Active processes require energy, such as ATP, in order for the
molecules to be transported. In active transport, the cell administers ATP.i Within passive processes
no energy is required and changes n pressure and concentration are the driving forces. Processes
such as simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration are characterized as passive
transport, while solute pumps are a form of active transport. Each of these form of transports occur
in the cells of all living organisms and are essential to life.
The process of diffusion occurs in and out of a cell when molecules travel from areas of higher ...
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iii Due to the fact that water can move freely in and out of most membrane pores, it is also
considered a passive process.
Filtration is the process of which both water and solutes permeate a membrane from a region of
higher fluid (hydrostatic) pressure to an area of lower fluid pressure. iv Due to the fact that filtration
is based on pressure and the size of membrane pores, it is a passive process. Within the human body
filtration occurs in the kidney and encompasses both blood and the fluid in the kidney tubule
pressures.
Active transport is a process that requires ATP in order for molecules to move. There are several
reasons why active transport is required as oppose to passive transport: substances may be too large
to pass through the membrane, substances may move against the concentration gradient as oppose to
with it, or some substances may not be lipid soluble. v Amino acids and some sugars are transported
into cells by solute pumps. An example of a solute pump is a sodium–potassium pump. Within a
sodium–potassium pump, both K+ and Na+ are pushed into opposite regions across the cell
membrane. Other processes that require ATP are pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Both pinocytosis and
phagocytosis occurs when the cell membrane descends beneath the material in order to create a
small vesicle, then pinches off into the cell. vi Phagocytosis is the process of cell eating, and
phagocytic cells work

The Membrane Of The Cell Membrane
1.0 Introduction
1.1 The Cell Membrane Biological cells have a membrane that separates the contents of the cell
from its exterior environment and serves a number of functions. The membrane is partially
permeable, facilitating and controlling what materials pass into and out of the cell. The membrane
can produce different compartments within the cell in addition to allowing electrical signals to pass
along them, playing a role in cell signalling and creating attachment sites for enzymes and
molecules involved in the metabolism (Keeton, 1983, p. 71).
1.2 The Phospholipid Bilayer
The membrane of the cell is composed of a Phospholipid Bilayer with various protein molecules
floating within it phospholipids are fats and are constructed of two fatty acid tails that are
hydrophobic and a Phosphate head that is hydrophilic. The heads orientate themselves towards the
water molecules outside of the cell with the hydrophobic tails pointing away from the water
molecules. A second tier of phospholipids forms a mirror image with the heads pointing towards the
water molecules inside the cell itself. These two tiers of Phospholipids form the Phospholipid
Bilayer (Keeton, 1983, p. 71). Figure 1 Phospholipid Bilayer
1.3 The Fluid Mosaic Model
The Fluid Mosaic Model (Keeton, 1983, p. 71) shows that within the Phospholipid Bilayer are a
number of proteins that float freely and form a 'mosaic' pattern. These proteins can be intrinsic and
exist through the complete thickness of the membrane

Facilitated Diffusion
On October 13, 2013, three Americans won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The three
Americans who discovered and won a Nobel Prize are James E. Rothman who was 62 at the time
and attended Yale University, Randy W. Schekman who was 64 at the time and attended the
University of California, Berkeley; and Dr. Thomas C. Südhof who was 57 at the time and attended
Stanford University. Their basic research solved the mystery of how cells, which are factories
producing molecules, organize a system to the discovery of the machinery that regulates how cells
transport major molecules in a cargo system that delivers them to the right place at the right time.
They created an understanding on how molecules such as hormones, transport proteins, or ... Show
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Molecules move around the cells through vessels. There are three different ways that molecules
enter the cell diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport. Diffusion is when a molecule
moves from high concertation to low concentration. Facilitated diffusion is when the molecules goes
through a plasma membrane. Active transport is when an organism uses energy to move molecules.
The three scientist discovered the different aspects to make sure and understand the research of
making sure that the right cargo is shipped to the correct destination at exactly the right time. The
scientist use the example of a pancreas. The pancreatic cells make insulin and release it in the blood.
Chemical signals called neurotransmitters are sent from one nerve cell to another, this allow humans
to have some of the functions they have today. The discoverers discovered that the molecules move
at a fast pace within the cell and also they used the comparison of rush hour traffic to the molecules
moving within the cells. Dr. Schekman discovered a set of genes that were required for vesicle
traffic. To discover better research on this experiment he compared two cells, one that was normal
and one that was mutated. Dr. Rothman discovered protein machinery that allows vesicles to join
with their targets to go through with the transfer of cargo. Proteins on the vesicle bind to specific
distinguished proteins on the target membrane, to make sure that the vesicle joins at the specific
location and that cargo molecules are delivered to the correct destination. Dr. Südhof revealed how
signals give orders to vesicles to release their cargo with precision. He studied how signals are
directed to one nerve cell to another. He also discovered how calcium controls this process and that
it controls certain things at the

Egg Osmosis Lab Report
How Do Different Concentrations of Sucrose Influence Osmosis of a De–Shelled Egg
10/14/2017
BIOL 2110L
Professor Rollins
By: Autumn Maxey
Lab Partners: Joanna Galan, Karena Newell, Allyson Clark Introduction: Osmosis by definition is
the process of diffusion in which a fluid moves from an area of less concentration a hypotonic
solution, of dissolved particles to a region of higher concentration or hypertonic solution, of
dissolved particles across a semi–permeable membrane (a membrane that only allows specific
membranes to pass through it). Because there is a difference in the concentration gradient, the
dissolved particles are free to move across the semi–permeable membrane from the higher
concentration to the lower concentration. In order to study the transfer of liquid across the plasma
membrane, in this experiment a de–mineralized egg was examined. Upon receiving the eggs they
had already previously been soaked in a vinegar solution for several days, dissolving the eggs shells
thus leaving a thin semi–permeable membrane exposed, which is representative of the cells in our
bodies. In this experiment the process of osmosis is being observed and the different conditions in
which osmosis occurs. In the egg osmosis experiment kinetic energy is used making this process a
passive transport 'in passive processes concentration or pressure differences drive the movement
(Marieb,Smith, 2007)' since ATP is not required which is called facilitated diffusion.

Osmosis and Diffusion on Different Concentrations of...
1. Provide the aim and background information
2.1. Diffusion is the spontaneous kinetic movement by which molecules move from an area of a
high concentration to an area of low concentration. Diffusion continues until it reaches equilibrium.
Osmosis is similar to Diffusion but it's the process in which water moves across a semi–permeable
membrane and goes to the higher concentration of solute.1
2.2. Important factors to Osmosis and Diffusion include Temperature, Concentration and Surface
area to volume ratio. Temperature can affect the rate in which a solute dissolves in a solution, higher
temperature faster rate of Osmosis. This is caused by the molecules movements being faster in
higher temperatures. Concentrations are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The results from the experiment have shown that an increase in sodium chloride solution increases
the rate of osmosis and diffusion until the percentage reaches an amount that is near the
concentration of solutes inside the eggs membrane.
4.14. The accuracy of the data is dependent on the correct controls being in place, Ensuring
temperate stays the same throughout all solutions, making sure that the solutions are correct that the
weight and size of the eggs are the measured correctly and that when the eggs are removed they are
removed at the same time. Some of the eggs were not completely submerged in the solution this
may cause some errors in the experiment and may have caused varying results. The eggs were of
different sizes this also will cause the results to vary, Gathering eggs of exact size and weight would
have ensured the results were correct. The eggs may not have been dried enough also causing results
to vary; this can be fixed by ensuring that the eggs are thoroughly dried. The eggs were taken out at
a time around about 24 hours, having an exact time to remove the eggs would have eliminated
errors.
4.15. The purpose of this investigation was to use our knowledge on osmosis and diffusion and
apply it to a de–shelled egg and see how it reacts being submerged in a sodium chloride solution.
The hypothesis was that the egg would expand and increase in both size and weight this is proven
correct in the table of

Applied Behavior Analysis: Facilitated Communication
Introduction
Facilitated Communication (FC) is a technique used by some caregivers in an attempt to help those
with severe communication disabilities. Rosemary Crossley, the originator of FC, came up with this
technique in the late 1970's and it was originally used for individuals with cerebral palsy. A little
over a decade later, FC made its way to the U.S. by way of Douglas Biklen and he extended it to
autism. Biklen argued that we had it all wrong and that autism is primarily a motor, not mental,
disorder. For that reason, many used FC, or supported typing as it is called today, as a means to
communicate with autistic individuals who have severe communication disabilities. FC requires two
people, the individual with autism and the facilitator. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After attending a workshop on FC, Janyce decided that it was a solution to their problems with
Betsy. Once skeptical about FC, she was becoming a strong believer in its influence and began
trusting that the words that Betsy was typing were Betsy's actual thoughts. Janyce interpreted
Betsy's hitting and scratching during their facilitated sessions as reenactments of abuse at home.
Reluctant to report the incidents in the beginning, she finally gave in a reported them to the
Department of Human Services. Betsy and her brother were removed from their home and the
brother was also implicated. The parent's attorney hired Howard Shane of the Boston Children's
hospital to conduct testing of authorship of the messages Betsy seemed to type. Through double
blind testing, Shane determined that it was Janyce, not Betsy, who authored the messages obtained
through FC. This was eye–opening for

Osmosis Lab Report
osmosis diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane depending on the
concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane
isotonic solution in cells, a solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances in the
solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside a cell
hypertonic solution in cells, a solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances outside
the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to shrink as water leaves the
cell
hypotonic solution in cells, a solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in
the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell; causes the cell to swell and
possibly burst as water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
phase of photosynthesis where light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP;
results in the splitting of water and the release of oxygen
light– independent reaction phase of photosynthesis where energy from light– dependent reactions
is used to produce glucose and additional ATP molecules
pigment molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight
electron transport chain series of proteins embedded in a membrane along which energized electrons
are transported; as electrons are passed from molecule to molecule, energy is released
NADH+ electron carrier molecule
Calvin cycle series of reactions during the light– independent phase of photosynthesis in which
simple sugars are formed from carbon dioxide using ATP and hydrogen from the light– dependent
reactions
cellular respiration chemical process where mitochondria break down food molecules to produce
ATP; the three stages are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain
anaerobic chemical reactions that do not require the presence of oxygen

aerobic chemical reactions that require the presence of oxygen
glycolysis in cellular respiration, series of anaerobic chemical reactions in the cytoplasm that breaks
down glucose into pyruvic acid; forms a net profit of 2 ATP molecules
citric acid

The Effect Of Osmosis In Gummy
In this internal assessment the effect of osmosis in gummy bears placed in sugar, salt and water
solutions will be examined.
In order for organism to survive, they need to be able to move particles through the cell. Particles
can move through cell membrane by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis or active
transport. Simple diffusion is when particles passes through the membrane without membrane
protein, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. When bigger particles,
which cannot diffuse through phospholipids, can still pass through with the help of protein channel
in plasma membrane. The channel helps to pass particles through membrane from higher
concentration to lower concentration and therefore is

Osmosis Lab
Lab Objective: The purpose of this experiment is to test the membrane dynamics of different solutes
when placed in unique solutions and the effect this has on diffusion rate, osmosis, and membrane
permeability.
Hypothesis: When observing molecule size in relation to diffusion rate, we expect smaller particles
to farther along the agar because the size of a particle and rate at which it diffuses correlates
negatively. In the osmosis and dialysis experiment, water should move down its concentration
gradient. The sucrose dialysis bag is hypertonic compared the DI water, so it will gain volume; and,
the dialysis bag containing DI water is hypotonic compared to the sucrose solution of the beaker, so
the bag will lose volume. Lastly, because Iodine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Active transport can be broken down into two categories as well: primary active transport and
secondary active transport. Primary active transport begins with ligand binding to an integral protein
that can act as a transporter as well as an enzyme. As the ligand binds to the receptor, ATP
hydrolyzes, changing the configuration of the protein so the particle can transfer (Tandy 2016).
Secondary active transport pushes one substance against its concentration gradient in order to move
another substance as well. The energy created from the first substance moving provides energy to
move the second substance (Tandy 2016). When the two substances move in the same direction, this
is called cotransport, while countertransport refers to when they move in opposite directions
(Usenko

Unit 3 Types Of Cell Essay
6. The gradient across the membrane represents potential energy because the gradient plays a major
role of triggering whether diffusion is needed or not, and diffusion is after all, fueled by energy. For
example, if there is an imbalance in the cell and the cell environment, then the concentration
gradient has the "potential" to trigger diffusion (energy change because of moving molecules) to
occur and create an equilibrium state.
7. Osmosis is the process in which water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane. The
three types of cell environment include a hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic. In a hypertonic
environment, the cell environment have more solute concentrations outside than inside of the cell,
which results in more water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Four ways that large molecules and substances are transported across a membrane include
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor–mediated endocytosis and receptor proteins. During
phagocytosis, the cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia around the particle and packing
the particle within the food vacuole (membranous sac). Once the food vacuole integrates with a
lysosome (w/ hydrolytic enzyme), the particle will be digested. The second way is pinocytosis, in
which the cell takes in "droplets" of extracellular fluid and packs it into tiny vesicles; after this, the
tiny vesicles are then transported into the cell because the molecules dissolved in the droplets are the
main factors that the cells need. The third process is known as receptor–mediated endocytosis which
the cells takes in large quantities of specific substances of all concentration in the Extracellular (EC)
fluid; the membranes of the cell vesicle are embedded with proteins that has certain receptor sites
that are exposed to the EC fluid in which ligand binds to. Then, the last step is that the receptor
proteins cluster in regions of the membrane known as coated pits which contain fuzzy layer of coat
proteins on the exterior; then, each coated pit forms a vesicle which contains the ligand molecules
and after the ingested material is released from the vesicle, the vesicles then recycle the receptors to
the plasma

Osmosis Lab Report
INTRODUCTION: If a cell is to perform its functions it must maintain a steady state in the midst of
an ever changing environment. This steadiness is maintained by the regulation of movement of
materials into and out of the cell. To achieve this control, cells are bounded by a delicate membrane
that differentiates between different substances, slowing down the movement of some while
allowing others to pass through. The membrane is said to be differentially permeable since not all
substances penetrate equally well. Selective permeability is a characteristic of healthy, intact cells.
When a cell is seriously damaged, the membrane becomes permeable to virtually to everything and
substances can move freely in and out of the cell. (Marieb 2013) ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Marieb 2013) Osmosis, is a special kind of diffusion, is defined as the diffusion of water through a
semi–permeable membrane from a higher concentration to that of a lower concentration. The
concentration of water is inversely related to the concentration of solutes. If the water can diffuse
across the membrane, both water and solutes will move down their concentration gradients through
the membrane. (Marieb 2012) There are three terms used to describe the concentrations of solute
particles of different solutions: Hypotonic– When compared to another solution of different
concentration, the solution contains the lower concentration of solute particles. Water moves across
a semi–permeable membrane out of a hypotonic solution. Hypertonic– When compared to another
solution of different concentration, the solution that contains the higher concentration of solute
particles. Water moves across a semi–permeable membrane into a hypertonic solution. Isotonic–
Having the same concentration of solute particles as another solution. There is no net flow of water
across the membrane. In animal cells, the movement of water is affected by the relative solute
concentration of the plasma membrane. As water moves out of the cell, the cell shrink and if water
moves into the cell, the cell swells and may even burst.
PURPOSE: The objective of this

Cells Make Up Every Living Thing
Cells make up every living thing. They are mandatory to life and its functions. The cell allows us to
do our functions, while doing its own (Cobb, ed., 2009). Inside cells, there are organelles that carry
out functions for the cell to live. They have many different kinds of organelles, such as the golgi
body, endoplasmic reticulum, and the nucleus ("Cellular Transport," 2009). They all have different
jobs to allow the cell to function, but the cell membrane has a job that that is done in various
different ways. Cell membranes are critical to transporting particles for organelles of the cell.
The cell membrane is the exterior layer of the mammalian cell and one of the plant's outer layers, is
a phospholipid bilayer that keeps ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It goes from high to low. Passive transport requires no energy to do it. Some particles, such as
carbon and water, can pass through with no effort on the cell's part. There are three types of passive
transport, such as facilitated diffusion, diffusion, and osmosis. Diffusion has to do with going with
the concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion is diffusion using a protein to help. Osmosis
involves water and a selectively permeable membrane. Water is diffused in and out the membrane
(Liu, Amagai, & Chelen, n.d.). Diffusion is the process of molecules moving from an area of high
concentration of the kind of molecule to one of a low concentration (Liu, Amagai, & Chelen, n.d.).
They are trying to achieve dynamic equilibrium. Dynamic equilibrium is when the concentration
outside and inside are equal to one another. An example of diffusion is when someone sprays
perfume on in a corner. The perfume will travel to every corner of the room until it is spread evenly
across it. Diffusion's purpose is to have a particle be spread evenly by moving to a high to low
concentration (Liu, Amagai, & Chelen, n.d.). Facilitated diffusion is diffusion, but has protein to
help larger molecules move through the membrane. While it may seem to use energy due to it using
a protein, it actually doesn't require energy. The large particles are going to a lower concentration
than what is on the other side of the cell ("Cellular Transport," 2009). The

Explain How The Membrane Controls What Turns Into And Out...
Cell Process Assignment
The membrane controls what passes into and out of cell. According to OpenStax College (2013),
states that the membrane allows substances to enter and leave a cell (OpenStax College, 2013). The
membrane is selectively permeable and the process by which molecules pass through the cell
membrane can be accomplished by diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport and active transport.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high concentration to a region of low concentration
(OpenStax college, 2013). Osmosis is the process by which water pass through a semi–permeable
membrane. Facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion is the movement of particular
molecules down a concentrated gradient. Active transport is the process in which ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each process plays a very important role within an organism.
There are some similarities between diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport and active transport.
One way in which they are all similar is that they all transport substance across two different regions
to and from the cell membrane that is essential to the cell being able to sustain itself. Diffusion
transports gases, such oxygen and carbon dioxide. Osmosis transports water. Facilitated transports,
transports water, glucose and amino acids. Lastly active transport, transports ions, sugar and amino
acids. Another similarity is that diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transports are all passive
transport. Which means that each process doesn't need energy to pass molecules through a cell.
According to OpenStax College (2013), states that it is a natural occurrence that doesn't require
energy to achieve movement (OpenStax College, 2013).
Even though there are some similarities between the different processes there are some difference.
Diffusion requires no energy to transport materials across membranes and within cells. It goes from
a

Healthcare
Assignment Brief Subject | Human Physiology | Unit | CELLS 3–RH33–058 | Tutor Name | David
Funge | Assignment Title | Assignment 1 (Nursing groups) | Deadline–as shown on Moodle |
I declare that this is my own work. I understand that copying and/or plagiarism will result in
rejection of the work with no opportunity for resubmission
Student Name _____________________________________________
Student Signature ____________ Date _____________________
I declare that this is my own work. I understand that copying and/or plagiarism will result in
rejection of the work with no opportunity for resubmission
Student Name _____________________________________________
Student Signature ____________ Date ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* 40% sugar solution when the potato was placed into it and the mass was measured from time 5
minutes the mass was low then decreased greatly at a faster pace from time 10 minutes to 25
minutes * From time 60% the mass of the potato was low at time 5minutes which kept decreasing
sharply from time 10 minutes to 25 minutes
4. Identify and suggest reasons for any anomalies (if none write "none)
An anomaly will be that when the mass of the potato was measured for 6% of sugar solution, the
mass at time 5minutes was high then it decreased sharply at times 10 minutes to time 20 minutes
this shows that the pressure with which the potato shrunk made the potato less rigid which made the
cell membrane of the potato start shrink from the cell itself therefore causing the mass to decrease,
also from 20% to 60% of sugar solution was used the mass of the potato decreased sharply as time
went on which also shows that the cell membrane of the potato has plasmolysed which shows that
the cell membrane has pulled away from the cell which shows with the shrinkage of the potato.
5. Explain the trends observed in the group's data: The trends showed that with distilled water the
mass increased within a time range which showed that osmosis was taking place so the cell were
rigid and the weight of the potato increased then it started decreasing in mass which shows that it
started losing water but then after 25mins it regained its rigidity by absorbing more

Physioex 9.0 Cell Transport Mechanisms
For Learning Centre use only
Activity 1: Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion) Lab Report
Review Sheet Results
1. 2. Describe two Variables that affect the rate of diffusion.
The two variables that affect the rate of diffusion are:
A. The size of the molecule. The larger molecule will diffuse more slowly than the smaller
molecule. B. The nature of plasma membrane. If the membrane is composed of lipid portion., only
lipid soluble molecules can pass through while water molecules cannot.
3. Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through 20 MWCO? How well did the results
compare with your predictions?
The urea was not able to diffuse through 20 MWCO because the size of the pores of 20 MWCO was
too small to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Explain the effect that increasing the Na+ Cl– concentration has on osmotic pressure and why it has
this effect. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Increasing the Na+ Cl– concentration in the left beaker while keeping the size of MWCO at 20
would result in an increase in osmotic pressure (Run No.2). This was because the high concentration
of Na+ Cl– in the right side of membrane gives a increased force to water (in left beaker) to move
towards the solution with the highest concentration of solutes. Therefore, there was an increase in
osmotic pressure.
However, when the membrane was changed to from 20 MWCO to 50 MWCO, the Na+ Cl–
molecules were able to diffuse through the membrane, the equilibrium would be reached and no
osmotic pressure was generated. If the concentration of Na+ Cl– of both size are equal, the osmotic
pressure would be zero.
I obtained the results from the experiment supported my predictions because as the the
concentration Na+ Cl– was increased from 5 mM to 10 mM (by adding more Na+ Cl–), the osmotic

pressure also increased. However, after the membrane was changed to 50 MWCO, the Na+ Cl–
molecules could diffuse easily through the membrane and did not caused an increase in osmotic
pressure.
2. Describe on way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and on way in which is different.
One way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion is that both mechanisms are

Experimentation Essay
Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 2: Simulated Facilitated
Diffusion Lab Report Pre–lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions
correctly. 1. Molecules need a carrier protein to help them move across a membrane because You
correctly answered: d. they are lipid insoluble or they are too large. 2. Which of the following is true
of facilitated diffusion? You correctly answered: c. Movement is passive and down a concentration
gradient. 3. Examples of solutes that might require facilitated diffusion include You correctly
answered: d. all of the above. 4. Which of the following would not affect the rate of facilitated
diffusion? You correctly answered: a. the amount of intracellular ATP ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
You correctly answered: d. both a and b 2. For facilitated diffusion, increasing the concentration of
glucose on one side of the membrane is the same as You correctly answered: b. making the
concentration gradient steeper 3. When all of the membrane carriers are engaged, or busy, we say
they are You correctly answered: a. saturated. 4. Na+ Cl– had no effect on glucose transport because
You correctly answered: b. sodium is not required for glucose transport in the simulation.
08/30/12
page 3
Review Sheet Results 1. Explain one way in which facilitated diffusion is the same as simple
diffusion and one way in which it is different from simple diffusion. Your answer: Simple diffussion
moves molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower without an input of energy.
facilitated follows the same rule but uses protein carrier molecules to allow substance that are fat
solubles to diffuse through the cell membrane. 2. The larger value obtained when more glucose
carriers were present corresponds to an increase in the rate of glucose transport. Explain why the
rate increased. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Your answer: My prediction
was wrong the glucose transport rate would increase 3. Explain your prediction for the effect Na+
Cl– might have on glucose transport. In other words, explain why you picked the choice that you
did. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Your

Osmosis, Active Transport, And Facilitated Diffusion
The 3 types of cellular transport that I am including are Osmosis, Active Transport, and Facilitated
Diffusion. Osmosis allows water to move from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of
higher solute concentration until both sides are equal. During Osmosis, only water molecules can
pass through, and sugar molecules cannot pass through the membrane. This process requires no
energy from the cell. An example of osmosis is in an hypotonic red blood cell, which will cause the
cell to burst due to the cell having too much water. Cells can regulate water concentrations through
osmoregulation. Active transport requires energy because it pumps solute against its concentration
gradient. Energy for this work is usually supplied by ATP. To

Facilitated Diffusion Research Paper
Facilitated diffusion is a process of passive transport across a biological membrane. Passive
transport is the diffusion of substances across a membrane. This is a spontaneous process and
cellular energy is not expended. Molecules will move from where the substance is more
concentrated to where it is less concentrated.
The cell membrane of eukaryotic cells is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. These phospholipids
are composed of a polar head, made up of a phosphate group, and two non–polar fatty acid tails.
This amphipathic nature of phospholipids creates a semi–permeable membrane, fluid enough to
allow for the growth and movement of the cell but solid enough to hold the shape of the cell. The
phospholipids of the membrane are arranged tail to tail which create a protective, hydrophobic
region in between the bilayer. This hydrophobic area prevents many types of molecules from
entering the cell including large, polar or charged molecules. This is an important feature for the
regulation of substances and concentrations inside and outside the cell. However, it can become a
problem because most vital molecules are unable to pass through the membrane through simple
diffusion. For example, water is essential for a cells survival. Water is also a polar molecule. The
cell allows water to pass in and out by using the process facilitated diffusion. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two types of bulk transport: exocytosis and endocytosis. These both require ATP.
In exocytosis, materials are exported out of the cell through secretory vesicles. In this process, the
Golgi complex packages macromolecules into transport vesicles that travel to and fuse with the
plasma membrane. This fusion causes the vesicle to spill its contents out of the cell. This is
important in expulsion of waste materials out of the cell and in secretion of cellular products such as
hormones or digestive

Membrane Fluidity EXCEPT
are covalently attached to the surface of the membrane are loosely associated with the surface of the
membrane may penetrate the membrane partially never interact with the surface of the membrane
All of the following can cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion EXCEPT?
O2 ethanol CO2 glucose All of the following factors affect membrane fluidity EXCEPT?
temperature cholesterol cis/trans–configuration of double bonds all of the above affect membrane
fluidity
Which of the following is true when comparing facilitated diffusion to simple diffusion?
facilitated diffusion does not occur down a concentration gradient, only simple diffusion does
facilitated diffusion is faster than simple diffusion energy in facilitated diffusion is supplied

The Cell : Transport Mechanisms And Cell Permeability
The Cell: Transport Mechanisms and Cell Permeability
Hunter Dockery
Biology 2101
Derek Draper
September 15, 2016
Introduction
Cells are a highly complex entity and is both structurally and functionally the basic unit of all living
things. Cells are an important and vital part in order to sustain life. Cells are highly diverse and their
specific roles are dependent on shape and internal composition. Cells are what carry out functions to
promote life, including: reproduction, nutrient digestion, and metabolism. The cell has many
components including the nucleus, cytoplasm, many organelles, and a plasma membrane. The
nucleus contains all of the genetic material and genes, which are found in the DNA. The nucleus is
the control center of the cell as it is key for cell reproduction. The nucleus is surrounded in a
membrane called the nuclear envelope for protection and regulation of materials in and out of the
nucleus. Cytoplasm is what all of the cell contents is referred to outside of the nucleus. This includes
all the high specific metabolic machinery called organelles. A list of organelles include: Ribosomes,
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and centrioles.
Ribosomes are free floating spherical bodies of RNA and proteins which are the site for protein
synthesis. Endoplasmic reticulum is broken into two structures, the rough and smooth endoplasmic
reticulum. Rough ER provides area for storage and transport of proteins

Deshelled Egg Lab
Introduction:
Students have grouped together in their Anatomy Lab using three different types of Sucrose Bathing
Solutions and three different deshelled chicken eggs. Students will learn the permeability of the cell
membrane by studying the ability of a shell–less chicken egg to absorb the various sucrose bathing
solutions. Students can see how membranes can regulate a cell's interaction with its environment.
The deshelled egg is semi–permeable, meaning that some molecules easily move across the cell
membrane, some cannot. A cell membrane can transport materials through two general forms:
Simple diffusion and Facilitated diffusion. Principles of Medical Physiology states "Facilitated
diffusion, it is generally much faster than simple diffusion. Glucose and other large uncharged
hydrophilic molecules have extremely slow rates of simple diffusion across the lipid bilayer but they
cross the membrane much faster through facilitated diffusion." Osmosis can be defined as the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After gently blotting, weigh all three eggs separately inside their own individual weigh boats to the
nearest 0.1g and record the weights in Table 1 at time 0. Place eggs 1, 2, 3 into separate culture
dishes containing solutions of distilled water (0% sucrose), 14% sucrose, and 40% sucrose
respectively. The sucrose must cover the entire egg inside the culture dish before proceeding to the
next step. Place a napkin down on the lab counter, at 15–minute intervals, remove the eggs from the
dishes with large spoon; place on napkin and wipe off all excess water each weigh boat must be
clean as well before weighing; and again, weigh each egg separately. Record the weight in Table 1:
Weight of Eggs vs. Time (minutes). Replace the egg in the dish for the next interval. After the
experiment is complete, return the eggs to their container and each solution to its labeled container.
Clean the dishes and weigh boats and return all materials to the setup

Osmosis And Diffusion Lab Report
Molecule Properties that Allow Passive Transport Across the Membrane
There are certain properties of a solute that affects how easily it can pass through the plasma
membrane. In passive transport, all substances move from an area of high concentration to an area
or low concentration which does not cause for the use of energy, also known as adenosine
triphosphate (ATP). Diffusion and osmosis are two mechanisms of passive transport. Diffusion is
the process in which small molecules compatible with the plasma membrane can pass from the
extracellular fluid that is outside the cell to the intracellular fluid, cytoplasm inside the cell, easily
and without guidance. Molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body pass through the
cells of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike the smaller oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules, water molecules and salt molecules are
large, polar molecules that are not lipid soluble, so they need the assistance of integral proteins.
(VanPutte, Regan, and Russo, 2017, p. 63–68) The dishwashing liquid in cup 3 parts the oil of in the
cup similar to the way integral proteins part the lipid bilayer, allowing the salt to pass through by
facilitated diffusion and the water by osmosis. Other factors such as the temperature of the
constructed lipid bilayer could have sped up or slowed down the rate of diffusion through the
bilayer. The higher the temperature of the water and oil, the easier salt would have dissolved. While
smaller molecules seep through the membrane with zero trouble, larger substances struggle and
need

Osmosis And Diffusion Lab : Experiment
Osmosis and Diffusion Lab
Saagar Chitale
10/13/14
AP Bio Pd.5
Introduction:
The first part of this three part lab was an investigation that examined the relationship between rate
of diffusion and the surface area to volume ratio. To simulate this, we used an agar cube with NaOH
and phenolphthalein mixed in, and dropped it in an HCl solution. As the HCL diffused in and
reacted with the phenolphthalein, we were visually able to see diffusion at work.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules in a system from an area of higher concentration to lower
concentration. This action keeps going until an equilibrium of molecules/ solutes is reached such
that the overall movement of molecules through the barrier/membrane is 0. This however, does not
mean that nothing is moving across the membrane. Though diffusion is often viewed as an orderly
function of molecules moving from a high concentration gradient to a lower one, it is actually quite
the opposite. The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy– the randomness of
molecular movement in the universe is infinitely increasing. This, in relation to diffusion in the cell
means that if on one side of a membrane there is a high concentration gradient; there will be low
entropy and less randomness of molecular movement. The 2nd law of thermodynamics suggests that
the system will inherently try to increase the randomness. To do this, the side with the higher
concentration will have to diffuse molecules to the other side of

The Effect Of Diffusion On A Controlled Environment
Introduction:
Diffusion is defined as a type of passive transport and is the movement of particles across the
membrane of the cell. There are three types of diffusion. They are simple diffusion, facilitated
diffusion and osmosis. The type of diffusion that this experiment focuses on is osmosis. Osmosis
can be demonstrated in a controlled environment. A controlled environment is an environment in
which the conditions have specifically set by the experimenter. And vice versa, an uncontrolled
environment is one in which the conditions are not manipulated. Osmosis can be defined as the
movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. As mentioned in the article that was
excerpted from, "High flow porous membranes for separating water from ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Corn syrup converts over to a mixture of six Carbon, twelve Hydrogen and six Oxygen in addition
to one hydrogen and two oxygen which is shortened to the formula of C6H12O6 + H2O. The last
solution , isotonic, will be actually be demonstrated by all three solutions including the water, corn
syrup, and apple cider and white vinegar. This due to how all three solutions will become a
equilibrium, or balance in particles because of osmosis. But in order to perform this experiment the
shell of the three experimental eggs must be removed before the eggs can be placed in their
substances. This is done when calcium carbonate breaks down it creates carbon dioxide,water, and
calcium acetate thus dissolving the calcium carbonate shell. In which this information is vital in the
way that it must be done in order to conduct this experiment correctly. Therefore the research
question that is to be evaluated is "What is the effect of osmosis on cells in a controlled
environment?" This research question was significant to the researcher due to the fact that osmosis
is an essential in order to aid in research for the detection of new remedies for infectious diseases.
Additionally the hypothesis tested in this experiment will furthermore investigate the effect of
osmosis in a controlled environment. Osmosis is proven to be able to move across a semipermeable
membrane throughout this forthcoming experiment. In a controlled

Electrolyte Case Study
1. Pedialyte is an oral electrolyte solution designed to replace fluids and minerals that are lost when
a child who is vomiting or for a child that has diarrhea. The ingredients within pedialyte are water,
dextrose and less than 2% of the following: potassium citrate, salt, sodium citrate, citric acid, and
zinc gluconate. The purpose of the ingredients was to easily allow glucose into the cell by having it
enter the cell with Na+ through a co–transport, once inside the intensinial cell, the glucose could be
put in the blood through the capillaries and provides energy for more cells throughout the body. This
replaces any electrolytes lost during emesis and diarrhea, but more importantly it helps gliclose in
the drink to enter the intestinal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sodium potassium pump is a type of active transport because it uses ATP as energy to change
the shape of the channel. Co–transport with glucose is a type of active transport but could not be
possible without the indirect help of ATP to pump Na+ ions out to make higher concentration
gradient outside of the cell, so ATP is indirectly involved in co–transport. Protein channels are a
type of passive transport because they use facilitated diffusion to pass into cellular membrane which
is the process of a molecule usually a sugar or amino acid is placed on a binding site of that protein
which makes the protein change shape or open its channeling, which allows the molecule to enter
the cell otherwise facilitating the process, no ATP is involved in this process.
3. ATP is the molecule that is used for the energy source for active transport. The enzyme Na+/K+–
ATPase is used and uses ATP to function. The molecule transported across the cell membrane moves
from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration
4. If the sodium channels and pump transport are dysfunctional during a viral infection then a cell
must be forced to use the sodium co–transport mechanism because it is the only one that has not
been harmed by the virus. Since both the sodium channels don't work it means there is a low
concentration of Na+ ions in the cell and a high concentration outside of the cell provided by
pedialyte, which is perfect because as Na+ ions easily flow into the cell they

What Is The Difference Between Facilitated Diffusion And...
Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
Raegan R. Green
University of Southern Mississippi DIFFUSION, FACILITATED DIFFUSION, AND OSMOSIS
Diffusion is the movement of substances through the plasma membrane from a higher concentration
gradient to a lower concentration gradient, and it does not require a transport protein. Osmosis is the
diffusion of water. Diffusion and osmosis are similar because they are both types of passive
transport and they do not require any proteins to move items through the plasma membrane. The
mechanism of diffusion and osmosis is to transport substances, [water for osmosis], through the
plasma membrane. Diffusion and osmosis are important to all cells because certain things must be
transported in and out of the cell. Without diffusion and osmosis, our cells would not properly
function and all of our bodies would experience many dysfunctions.
Diffusion and facilitated diffusion both move items from higher concentration gradients to lower
gradients, facilitated diffusion is slightly different. Facilitated diffusion is the movement of
substances through the plasma membrane a from higher concentration gradient to a lower
concentration gradient and requires a transport protein called a channel protein. (Dasika, Kinsey,
Locke, 2011) Osmosis is the same as diffusion except it is only associated with water. Osmosis is
similar to diffusion and facilitated diffusion because osmosis also moves water from a higher
concentration gradient to a

Osmosis : Observing Elodea Leaves And Plasmolysis
Observing Elodea Leaves and Plasmolysis
In this lab we observed elodea leaves with different solutions on them using microscopes that
produced magnifications of 100 times and 400 times. We observed elodea leaves with drops of
water on them, we dropped a ten percent solution of salt and water on the elodea leaves, and we
later observed the elodea leaves with distilled water on them after the salt solution was washed off
the leaves. We observed changes in the plant cells when we dropped different solutions on the
leaves and watched the cell's shape change. We didn't learn about osmosis before doing this lab, so I
did not have any educated expectations of what would happen in the lab.
I observed the elodea cells with salt water on top of them and saw a gap between the cell wall and
the cell membrane that I did not see using tap and distilled water on the elodea leaves. Before salt
water was added to the elodea leaves and a drop of water was on the leaves I observed that the cells
were green, all cells were about the same sized rectangles and there was not a noticeable gap
between the cell wall and cell membrane. After adding two drops of salt water onto the elodea leaf I
saw green and rectangular cells and chloroplast under the magnification of 100. Although, under the
magnification of 400 I observed that there was a larger gap between the cell wall and the cell
membrane, called plasmolysis, and I was able to identify the chloroplast, cytoplasm, and the cell
wall. The cell

Comparing The Structure And Function Of The Cell Membrane
Task 2.1 Describe the structure and function of the cell membrane
Every living cell is surrounded by a thin layer known as the cell membrane or plasma membrane,
which controls the movement of substances in to and out of the cell. This membrane is also
responsible for maintaining the ultra–structure of the cell, and keeping its internal components
together. Organelles such as the nucleus, lysosomes, the Golgi body and mitochondria are also
bound by their own individual membranes.
The molecular structure of the plasma membrane is known as the fluid mosaic model; mosaic
because of the way in which proteins are scattered around and through the membrane, and fluid
because although the phospholipid bilayer forms a firm boundary around the cell, it allows
molecules and proteins to travel through it freely. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One end of a phospholipid is hydrophilic ("water–loving") and the other end is hydrophobic
("water–fearing"). The water–soluble hydrophilic heads form the two outer surfaces of the
membrane's bilayer. One layer is aligned on the outside of the cell toward the extracellular fluid, and
the other is aligned on the inside of the membrane, toward the intracellular fluid. The water–
insoluble hydrophobic tails are aligned inwards toward the middle of the bilayer, away from any
aqueous substances.
Within the phospholipid bilayer, many different types of proteins exist. These proteins are diverse in
shape, size and structure. Integral proteins are embedded within the bilayer, either partially or fully.
Peripheral proteins adhere to either side of the membrane's surfaces and transmembrane proteins
extend from one side of the membrane to the

Cellular Transport Mechanisms

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