teaching present perfect tense in English Book 1 in Shahed high school in Darab

2. ‫ماضی نقلی ) حال کامل(‬

3. ‫ماضی نقلی ) حال کامل(‬
‫‪Have /has +pp‬‬

6. ‫اگر بخواهیم نشان دهیم کاری در گذ شته نامشخصی انجام شده‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ویاکاری در گذشته شروع شده و تاکنون ادامه دارد از فعل ماضی‬
‫نقلی استفاده می شود .در زبان انگلیسی ماضی نقلی را حال کامل می‬
‫نامند . در هر صورت ماضی نقلی یک نوع ارتباط با زمان حال را با‬
‫خود دارد.‬

8. ‫صفت مفعولی + پسوندهای ام ، ای ، است ،ایم ، اید و اند‬ ‫‪‬‬

9. ‫‪ ‬صفت مفعولی + پسوندهای ام ، ای ، است ،ایم ، اید و اند‬
‫رفته ام- رفته ای-رفته است-رفته ایم-رفته اید-رفته اند‬

10. ‫‪ ‬صفت مفعولی + پسوندهای ام ، ای ، است ،ایم ، اید و اند‬
‫رفته ام- رفته ای-رفته است-رفته ایم-رفته اید-رفته اند‬
‫‪ ‬برده ام – بردهای- برده است -برده ایم -برده اید -برده اند‬

11. ‫‪ ‬صفت مفعولی + پسوندهای ام ، ای ، است ،ایم ، اید و اند‬
‫رفته ام- رفته ای-رفته است-رفته ایم-رفته اید-رفته اند‬
‫‪ ‬برده ام – بردهای- برده است -برده ایم -برده اید -برده اند‬
‫‪ ‬گفتهام -گفتهای -گفته است - گفته ایم -گفته اید -گفته اند‬

12. ‫‪ ‬صفت مفعولی + پسوندهای ام ، ای ، است ،ایم ، اید و اند‬
‫رفته ام- رفته ای-رفته است-رفته ایم-رفته اید-رفته اند‬
‫‪ ‬برده ام – بردهای- برده است -برده ایم -برده اید -برده اند‬
‫‪ ‬گفتهام -گفتهای -گفته است - گفته ایم -گفته اید -گفته اند‬
‫‪ ‬خواندهام -خواندهای -خوانده است‬

13. ‫• صفت مفعولی + پسوندهای ام ، ای ، است ،ایم ، اید و اند‬
‫رفته ام- رفته ای-رفته است-رفته ایم-رفته اید-رفته اند‬
‫• برده ام – بردهای- برده است -برده ایم -برده اید -برده اند‬
‫• گفتهام -گفتهای -گفته است - گفته ایم -گفته اید -گفته اند‬
‫• خواندهام -خواندهای -خوانده است‬
‫• -خوانده ایم - خوانده اید - خوانده اند‬

15.  Have / has + Past Participle ( PP)

16. ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Have / has‬‬ ‫+‬ ‫)‪Past Participle ( PP‬‬
‫‪ have /has‬فعل کمکی هستند که برای سوالی کردن و منفی‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫کرن هم به کار می روندو معادل پسوندهای سازنده ماضی نقلی در‬
‫فارسی هستند‬

17. ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Have / has‬‬ ‫+‬ ‫)‪Past Participle ( PP‬‬
‫‪have / has‬فعل کمکی هستند که برای سوالی کردن و منفی‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫کرن هم به کار می روندو معادل پسوندهای سازنده ماضی نقلی در‬
‫فارسی هستند و‬
‫‪ p astparticiple‬هم اسم مفعول فعل یا به فارسی صفت مفعولی‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫است‬

18. ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Have / has‬‬ ‫+‬ ‫)‪Past Participle ( PP‬‬
‫‪ have /has‬فعل کمکی هستند که برای سوالی کردن و منفی‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫کرن هم به کار می روندو معادل پسوندهای سازنده ماضی نقلی در‬
‫فارسی هستند و‬
‫‪ p astparticiple‬هم اسم مفعول فعل یا به فارسی صفت مفعولی‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫است .‬
‫فعل کمکی ‪ has‬برای فاعل سوم شخص مفرد‬ ‫‪‬‬

19. ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Have / has‬‬ ‫+‬ ‫)‪Past Participle ( PP‬‬
‫‪have / has‬فعل کمکی هستند که برای سوالی کردن و منفی‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫کرن هم به کار می روندو معادل پسوندهای سازنده ماضی نقلی در‬
‫فارسی هستند و‬
‫‪ p astparticiple‬هم اسم مفعول فعل یا به فارسی صفت مفعولی‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫است‬
‫. فعل کمکی ‪ has‬برای فاعل سوم شخص مفرد و‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ have‬برای سایر اشخاص به کار می رود‬ ‫‪‬‬

20. ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Have / has‬‬ ‫+‬ ‫)‪Past Participle ( PP‬‬
‫‪have / has‬فعل کمکی هستند که برای سوالی کردن و منفی‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫کرن هم به کار می روندو معادل پسوندهای سازنده ماضی نقلی در‬
‫فارسی هستند‬

21. ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Have / has‬‬ ‫+‬ ‫)‪Past Participle ( PP‬‬
‫‪ have /has‬فعل کمکی هستند که برای سوالی کردن و منفی‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫کرن هم به کار می روندو معادل پسوندهای سازنده ماضی نقلی در‬
‫فارسی هستند‬
‫در نتیجه ‪ has‬به معنی پسوند "است" و‬ ‫‪‬‬

22. ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Have / has‬‬ ‫+‬ ‫)‪Past Participle ( PP‬‬
‫‪ have /has‬فعل کمکی هستند که برای سوالی کردن و منفی‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫کرن هم به کار می روندو معادل پسوندهای سازنده ماضی نقلی در‬
‫فارسی هستند‬
‫در نتیجه ‪ has‬به معنی پسوند "است" و‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ have‬به معنی پسوندهای ام ، ای ، ایم ، اید و اند می باشد .‬ ‫‪‬‬

23. Have / has + Past Participle ( PP)
I have + PP

24. Have / has + Past Participle ( PP)
I have + PP , we have + PP

25.  Have / has + Past Participle ( PP)
I have + PP , we have + PP
you have + PP

26.  Have / has + Past Participle ( PP)
I have + PP , we have + PP
you have + PP , you have + PP

27.  Have / has + Past Participle ( PP)
I have + PP , we have + PP
you have + PP , you have + PP
He has + PP

28.  Have / has + Past Participle ( PP)
I have + PP , we have + PP
you have + PP , you have + PP
He has + PP , they have + PP

29.  Have / has + Past Participle ( PP)
I have + PP , we have + PP
you have + PP , you have + PP
He has + PP , they have + PP
She has + PP

30.  Have / has + Past Participle ( PP)
I have + PP , we have + PP
you have + PP , you have + PP
He has + PP , they have + PP
She has + PP
It has + PP

31.  Have / has + Past Participle ( PP)
I have gone , We have gone
You have gone , You have gone
He has gone , They have gone
She has gone
It has gone

33. “What are you looking for?”“I’ve lost my
keys.”

34. “What are you looking for?”“I’ve lost my
keys.”
 Jim has gone to Canada.

35. “What are you looking for?”“I’ve lost my
keys.”
 Jim has gone to Canada.
 Have you washed your hair ?

36. “What are you looking for?”“I’ve lost my
keys.”
 Jim has gone to Canada.
 Have you washed your hair ?
 Has your brother done his homework ?

37. “What are you looking for?”“I’ve lost my
keys.”
 Jim has gone to Canada.
 Have you washed your hair ?
 Has your brother done his homework ?
 She’s cleaned her room very carefully.

38. “What are you looking for?”“I’ve lost my
keys.”
 Jim has gone to Canada.
 Have you washed your hair ?
 Has your brother done his homework ?
 She’s cleaned her room very carefully.
 He’s seen him in the cinema.

39. “What are you looking for?”“I’ve lost my
keys.”
 Jim has gone to Canada.
 Have you washed your hair ?
 Has your brother done his homework ?
 She’s cleaned her room very carefully.
 He’s seen him in the cinema.
 Why have you broken the window ?

40.  We’ve spoken to him about the exams .

41.  We’ve spoken to him about the exams .
 They’ve built a house for their son.

42.  We’ve spoken to him about the exams .
 They’ve built a house for their son.
I haven’t read this story book.

43.  We’ve spoken to him about the exams .
 They’ve built a house for their son.
I haven’t read this story book.
 Where have you been these days?

44.  We’ve spoken to him about the exams .
 They’ve built a house for their son.
I haven’t read this story book.
 Where have you been these days?
 Has the children’s father let them watch TV?

45.  We’ve spoken to him about the exams .
 They’ve built a house for their son.
I haven’t read this story book.
 Where have you been these days?
 Has the children’s father let them watch TV?
 The old men haven’t arrived yet.

46.  We’ve spoken to him about the exams .
 They’ve built a house for their son.
I haven’t read this story book.
 Where have you been these days?
 Has the children’s father let them watch TV?
 The old men haven’t arrived yet.
 I think he hasn’t stopped smoking yet.

47. • We’ve spoken to him about the exams .
• They’ve built a house for their son.
I haven’t read this story book.
• Where have you been these days?
• Has the children’s father let them watch TV?
• The old men haven’t arrived yet.
• I think he hasn’t stopped smoking yet.
• I haven’t seen him since last month.

49.  I’ve = I have

50.  I’ve = I have
 You’ve = You have

51.  I’ve = I have
 You’ve = You have
 He’s = he has

52.  I’ve = I have
 You’ve = You have
 He’s = he has
 she’s = she has

53.  I’ve = I have
 You’ve = You have
 He’s = he has
 she’s = she has
 It’s = it has

54.  I’ve = I have
 You’ve = You have
 He’s = he has
 she’s = she has
 It’s = it has
 We’ve = we have

55.  I’ve = I have
 You’ve = You have
 He’s = he has
 she’s = she has
 It’s = it has
 We’ve = we have
 They’ve = They have

57. ‫: کلمات ‪ just‬و‪ already‬با ماضی نقلی به کار می روند ‪just‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫تاکید می کند که کاری تازه انجام شده و ‪ already‬نشان می دهد‬
‫کاری زودتر تراز موعد مقرر انجام کرفته است .‬

58.  “ Would you like something t eat? “ “No,
thanks, I’ve just had lunch.”

59.  “ Would you like something t eat? “ “No,
thanks, I’ve just had lunch.”
 Hello, have you just arrived ?

60.  “ Would you like something t eat? “ “No,
thanks, I’ve just had lunch.”
 Hello, have you just arrived ?
 “ Don’t forget to post the letter, will you ?” “
I’ve already posted it.”

61.  “ Would you like something t eat? “ “No,
thanks, I’ve just had lunch.”
 Hello, have you just arrived ?
 “ Don’t forget to post the letter, will you ?” “
I’ve already posted it.”
 “When is Tom going to start his new job? “ “
He has already started it.”

63. ‫‪ ever‬و‪ yet‬با ماضی نقلی به کار می روند ‪ ever‬در سوال و ‪yet‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫در سوال و جمله منفی .‪ yet‬نشان می دهد گوینده انتظار دارد چیزی‬
‫اتفاق بیافتد.‬

64.  This is the most interesting film that I have
ever seen .

65.  This is the most interesting film that I have
ever seen .
 Have ever been in Tehran ?
 No, I’ve never been there.

66.  This is the most interesting film that I have
ever seen .
 Have ever been in Tehran ?
 No, I’ve never been there.
 Has it stopped raining yet?

67.  This is the most interesting film that I have
ever seen .
 Have ever been in Tehran ?
 No, I’ve never been there.
 Has it stopped raining yet?
 I haven’t told them about the accident yet.

69. ‫با عباراتی مثل ‪this morning / this evening / today‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ … // this week / this year‬به شرط اینکه این دوره ها‬
‫در لحظه صحبت هنوز تمام نشده باشند ماضی نقلی به کار می رود.‬

70.  Has Ann had a holiday this year ?

71.  Has Ann had a holiday this year ?
 I haven’t seen Tom this morning.

72.  Has Ann had a holiday this year ?
 I haven’t seen Tom this morning.
 Ron hasn’t studied very much this term.

74. ‫کاربرد:‬ ‫‪‬‬

75. ‫کاربرد:‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ماضی نقلی استمراری درباره کاری که در گذشته شروع شده و الن‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫هم ادامه دارد صحبت می کند یا تازه متوقف شده و اثر آن باقی است‬

76. ‫تشابه:‬ ‫‪‬‬

77. ‫تشابه:‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫هم ماضی نقلی وهم ماضی نقلی استمراری برای صحبت درباره‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫چیزی که در گذشته شروع شده و بر زمان حال اثر می گذارد به کار‬
‫می رود‬

78. ‫تفاوت:‬ ‫‪‬‬

79. ‫تفاوت:‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ماضی نقلی استمراری بر کاری تمرکز می کند که ممکن است تمام‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫شده باشد یا تمام نشده باشد ، اما ماضی نقلی بر اثریک کار یا حادثه یا‬
‫واقعیتی که حاصل شده است )تمام شده است( تمرکز می کند.همچنین‬
‫ماضی نقلی درباره کاری که در گذشته نامشخصی انجام شده صحبت‬
‫می کند.‬

80.  1-She ‘s been living in Australia for a long
time.

81.  1-She ‘s been living in Australia for a long
time.
 2- The ground is wet. It’s been raining.

82.  1-She ‘s been living in Australia for a long
time.
 2- The ground is wet. It’s been raining.
 3- Look ! Nothing is seen. It’s been
snowing all night.

83.  1-She ‘s been living in Australia for a long
time.
 2- The ground is wet. It’s been raining.
 3- Look ! Nothing is seen. It’s been
snowing all night.
 4- They’ve been talking about the
program for hours.

84.  1-She ‘s been living in Australia for a long
time.
 2- The ground is wet. It’s been raining.
 3- Look ! Nothing is seen. It’s been
snowing all night.
 4- They’ve been talking about the
program for hours.
 5- I have been watching for an hour.

86. ‫برای اینکه بگوییم کاری چه مدت در حال انجام است کلمات ‪since‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫به معنی "از" و ‪for‬به معنی "به مدت" را به کار می بریم‬

87. ‫برای اینکه بگوییم کاری چه مدت در حال انجام است کلمات ‪since‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫به معنی "از" و ‪for‬به معنی "به مدت" را به کار می بریم‬
‫‪ since‬برای گفتن شروع زمان و‬ ‫‪‬‬

88. ‫برای اینکه بگوییم کاری چه مدت در حال انجام است کلمات ‪since‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫به معنی "از" و ‪for‬به معنی "به مدت" را به کار می بریم‬
‫‪ since‬برای گفتن شروع زمان و‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ for‬برای نشان دادن دوره یا مدت انجام کار.‬ ‫‪‬‬

89.  since 8 o’clock , half past seven , 1:00 , …

90.  since 8 o’clock , half past seven , 1:00 , …
 since Saturday , Sunday , Monday , …

91.  since 8 o’clock , half past seven , 1:00 , …
 since Saturday , Sunday , Monday , …
 since January , February , March , ...

92.  since 8 o’clock , half past seven , 1:00 , …
 since Saturday , Sunday , Monday , …
 since January , February , March , ...
 since 24 April , first July , 15 September ,…

93.  since 8 o’clock , half past seven , 1:00 , …
 since Saturday , Sunday , Monday , …
 since January , February , March , ...
 since 24 April , first July , 15 September ,…
 since 1977 , 2010 , 1388 , 1390 , …

94.  since 8 o’clock , half past seven , 1:00 , …
 since Saturday , Sunday , Monday , …
 since January , February , March , ...
 since 24 April , first July , 15 September ,…
 since 1977 , 2010 , 1388 , 1390 , …
 since Christmas , Norooz , …

95.  since 8 o’clock , half past seven , 1:00 , …
 since Saturday , Sunday , Monday , …
 since January , February , March , ...
 since 24 April , first July , 15 September ,…
 since 1977 , 2010 , 1388 , 1390 , …
 since Christmas , Norooz , …
 since lunchtime , we arrived , …

96.  since last (Sunday) …

97.  since last (Sunday) …
 since last (July) … ,

98.  since last (Sunday) …
 since last (July) … ,
 since last week , month , year , night …

99.  since last (Sunday) …
 since last (July) … ,
 since last week , month , year , night …
 since yesterday , the other day ,

100.  since last (Sunday) …
 since last (July) … ,
 since last week , month , year , night …
 since yesterday , the other day ,
 since (an hour) ago , 2 days ago , 6 months
ago ,…

101.  since last (Sunday) …
 since last (July) … ,
 since last week , month , year , night …
 since yesterday , the other day ,
 since (an hour) ago , 2 days ago , 6 months
ago ,…
 since Farvardin , Ordibehesht , …

102.  For 10 seconds(‫( , ثانیه‬

103.  For 10 seconds(‫( , ثانیه‬
 For 20 minutes , 45 minutes , … (‫( دقیقه‬

104.  For 10 seconds(‫( , ثانیه‬
 For 20 minutes , 45 minutes , … (‫( دقیقه‬
 For Half an hour , an hour , 2 hours , …(‫(ساعت‬

105.  For 10 seconds(‫( , ثانیه‬
 For 20 minutes , 45 minutes , … (‫( دقیقه‬
 For Half an hour , an hour , 2 hours , …(‫(ساعت‬
 For three days , 5 days , … (‫(روز‬

106.  For 10 seconds(‫( , ثانیه‬
 For 20 minutes , 45 minutes , … (‫( دقیقه‬
 For Half an hour , an hour , 2 hours , …(‫(ساعت‬
 For three days , 5 days , … (‫(روز‬
 For two weeks = a fortnight , 4 weeks , …
(‫(هفته‬

107.  For 10 seconds(‫( , ثانیه‬
 For 20 minutes , 45 minutes , … (‫( دقیقه‬
 For Half an hour , an hour , 2 hours , …(‫(ساعت‬
 For three days , 5 days , … (‫(روز‬
 For two weeks = a fortnight , 4 weeks , …
(‫(هفته‬
 For 6 months , a month , 2 months , …(‫(ماه‬

108.  For 10 seconds(‫( , ثانیه‬
 For 20 minutes , 45 minutes , … (‫( دقیقه‬
 For Half an hour , an hour , 2 hours , …(‫(ساعت‬
 For three days , 5 days , … (‫(روز‬
 For two weeks = a fortnight , 4 weeks , …
(‫(هفته‬
 For 6 months , a month , 2 months , …(‫(ماه‬
 For 5 years , 10 years , ….(‫(سال‬

109.  For a long time (‫(مدت طولنی‬

110.  For a long time (‫(مدت طولنی‬
 For a short time(‫( , مدت کوتاهی‬

111.  For a long time (‫(مدت طولنی‬
 For a short time(‫( , مدت کوتاهی‬
 For Ages (‫( ,دورانها‬

112.  For a long time (‫(مدت طولنی‬
 For a short time(‫( , مدت کوتاهی‬
 For Ages (‫( ,دورانها‬
 for a century , 2 centuries , …(‫(قرن‬

114. ‫وقتی می خواهیم با استفاده از کلمه پرسشی ‪ how long‬از مدت‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫انجام کار سوال کنیم و یا اینکه کاری چه مدت در حال انجام بوده‬
‫است اغلب از ماضی نقلی استمراری استفاده می کنیم.‬

115.  I haven’t seen Tom since Tuesday .

116.  I haven’t seen Tom since Tuesday .
 We haven’t spoken to him for two weeks.

117.  I haven’t seen Tom since Tuesday .
 We haven’t spoken to him for two weeks.
 I have waited for you for a long time .

118.  I haven’t seen Tom since Tuesday .
 We haven’t spoken to him for two weeks.
 I have waited for you for a long time .
 She’s been here for a long time.

119.  I haven’t seen Tom since Tuesday .
 We haven’t spoken to him for two weeks.
 I have waited for you for a long time .
 She’s been here for a long time.
 They have lived in that village since 10
years ago.

120.  I haven’t seen Tom since Tuesday .
 We haven’t spoken to him for two weeks.
 I have waited for you for a long time .
 She’s been here for a long time.
 They have lived in that village since 10
years ago.
 We’ve known each other since we were at
school .

121.  “How long has he been teaching English ?”
“He’s been teaching English for ten years.”

122.  “How long has he been teaching English ?”
“He’s been teaching English for ten years.”
 How long have you been waiting for me?

123.  “How long has he been teaching English ?”
“He’s been teaching English for ten years.”
 How long have you been waiting for me?
 How long have they been living next door
to you?