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IRJET- Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Wax Melting
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IRJET- Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Wax Melting
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 8109 COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF WAX MELTING S.Rajkumar1, P.Venugopal2, P.Vinoth kumar3 , M.Tamilvanan4,R.Vishnukumar5. 1Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KSR Institute for Engineering and Technology, Tiruchengode. 2UG Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KSR Institute for Engineering and Technology, Tiruchengode. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - In the present numerical study and analysis a three dimensional sphere with hallow section is considered as test section. The grid independent test and time independent test are performed and chosen the appropriate grid size for numerical study. The diameterofhallowsectionofsphereis 84 mm. The aluminium wall thickness is 1 mm. The isothermal boundary condition is taken for numerical simulation. The three different PCMs (Paraffin wax, Sodium acetate tri- hydrate and Lauric acid) are tested for energy storageandfor performance analysis. TheenergystoredbyPCMsiscompared. The melt fraction contour and temperature contour are also analysed at different time of simulation. Key Words: (Evacuate tube; Phase Change Material; Paraffin Wax; Melting Process.) 1.INTRODUCTION In the modern world with improved lifestyle the energy demands of human beings have increased. We all know that our conventional energy resources (fossil fuels) are limited in quantity and are being used up at higher rate. The use of fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum poses a large number of problems due to their high cost, emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and oil security. So it becomes important to conserve these fossil fuels and to protect our environment from the harmful effects of environmental pollution. We all know that most of our fossil fuels are used in power plant and transportation sector, which are not much efficient in terms of energy use. There are huge amount of energylosses in these systems. Most of these energy losses are in the form of heat loss. If we take the example of an automobile about 30-40% of the energy produced by burning fuel is lost as waste heat, which reduces the range of automobile. Also we have HVAC systems in our automobile. A heating system of about 5kW is used in i-MiEV of MITSUBISHI Motors. This excess need of energy reduces the driving range of such vehicles by about 10-65%. So it becomes importanttodothe proper thermal management of such systems to increase their efficiency which can help us in achieving our goal of conserving fossil fuels and protecting the environment. The use of thermal energy storage (TES) systems is an emerging technology used nowadays for thermal management. These systems are designed to store thermal energy. This can be done with various modes such as by storing it as sensible heat, latent heat and thermochemical process. The latent heat storage (LHS) system makes the use of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage. 1.2 Phase change material PCMs are the materials which are used for storing latent heat energy. These are the materials which changes its one state to another when heat energy is supplied or extracted away from them. They can change from solid to liquid state by absorbing latent heat of fusion and vice versa or they can change their state from liquid to gaseous byabsorbinglatent heat to vaporization and vice versa or they can change their state from solid to gaseous by absorbing latent heat of sublimation and vice versa at constant temperature. The solid to liquid phase change mode is most widely used for LHS. The fig -1 shows the phenomenon of phase change for solid to liquid phase change mode. The shaded regionshows the total heat energy stored during phase change of a material from solid to liquid. The total energy stored is the sum of sensible heat in solid state, latent heat during phase change at constant temperature and sensible heat in liquid state. Fig- 1: Heat storage during phase change of material
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 8110 2.THERMO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PARAFFIN WAX Table 2.1:Thermo-physical properties of paraffin wax Property Value Density (kg/m3) 870 at T =300k 780 at T =340k Specific heat (J/Kgk) 2900 Thermal conductivity (W/mk) 0.24 at T =300k 0.22 at T =340k Viscosity (Ns/m) 0.0057933 Latent heat (J/Kg) 190000 Solidus temperature (k) 331 Liquidus temperature (k) 3318 3.MATERIAL SELECTION Paraffin waxes come directly from the vacuum distillationof petroleum crude. Paraffin waxes can be refined, formulated, modified with additives and are offered in packaged slabs, powder, chips, etc. Petroleum crudeistherawmaterial used to obtain paraffin waxes among other derivatives. The other hydrocarbons can also be found within its composition: • Normal & Branched Paraffin’s • Naphthenic • Aromatic Paraffin waxes are made up of a blend of saturated hydrocarbons (alkenes) with a chainlengthfromC20toC60. Depending on the structural shape of the chain, two different types of paraffin exist • Linear Paraffin Wax. • Branched Paraffin Wax. Table 3.1: Properties of Paraffin Wax Levels of Refinement Oil Content (% of weight) Fully Refined <1 Semi Refined 1-3 Petrolatum 3 Macrocrystallin e Microcrystallin e Melt Point Medium(50- 70 ) High(70-90 ) MolecularWeig ht MediumC19- C42 HighC25->C50 Crystals Large and regular Small & Irregular Flexibility Low High Aspect Brilliat Opaque 3.1 LIST OF COMPONENTS 3.3.1 PARAFFIN WAX Paraffin wax is a soft colourless solid, derived from petroleum, coal or shale oil, that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms. It is solid at room temperature and begins to melt aboveapproximately37 °C(99 °F)and its boiling point is >370 °C (698 °F). THE GENERAL FORMULA PARAFFIN WAX : CnH2n+2. PROPERTIES • It is mostly found as tasteless, odourless and waxy solid. • It ismelting point is 46 and 68o C (115 and 154oF). • Paraffin wax is an excellent material for storing heat, with a specific heat capacity of 2.14– 2.9 J g−1 K−1. • And its heat of fusion is 200–220 J g−1. 3.1.2 ALUMINIUM Aluminium or aluminiumisa chemical elementwith symbol AI and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. PROPERTIES • Density of aluminium is 2700 kg/m3.
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 8111 • Melting point of aluminium is 660oC. • Thermal conductivity of aluminium is 204 W/mk. • Specific heat capacity of aluminium is 940 J/kg oC. 3.3.3 EVACUATED TUBE Evacuated Tubes are the heart of the Apricus AP solar collector, responsible for absorbing sunlight and converting it into usable heat. Tube Design. The tube is essentially two glass tubes that are fused at the top and bottom. The inner tube has a solar absorbing coating, and the space between the two tubes is evacuated to form a vacuum. PROPERTIES • They have normal reflective of 0.04. • The maximum temperature upto 430oC. • The outer and the inner emisivity of evacuated tube is 0.9 and 0.35. Sample paragraph Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable. After the text edit has been completed, the paper is ready for the template. Duplicate the template file by using the SaveAs command, andusethenamingconventionprescribedbyyour conference for the name of your paper. In this newly created file, highlight all of the contents and import your prepared text file. You are now ready to style your paper. 4. 3D MODELING CREATING 3D MODEL BY USING CREO SOFTWARE By draw the hollow sphere for using some commends in creo software List below, Circle, extrude and assemble Fig 5.1 Isometric view Fig 5.2 Front view Fig 5.3 Side view
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 8112 5.RESULT AND CALCULATION 5.1:Time interval 150 seconds FIG:5.1 temperature distribution FIG:5.2 mass fraction FIG:5.3 net result Thefigureshowsthetemperaturedistribution over the entire length of the pipe that is obtained in a time interval of 150 seconds. The variations in temperature at various layers of the pipe were shown above. It is seen that the temperature at outer wall is maximum and the heat is gradually transfered to the center fluid. The volume of the phase change material is 0.84199585 m3 and it is the net volume of the material. And the inlet and outlet temperature of the liquid is 300 k and 315.83737 k respectively. And the inlet and outlet temperatureof the phasechangematerialis507.68057kand 509.10217 k respectively. . And net temperature during 250 second is 451.21429 k. 5.2:Time interval 200 seconds FIG:5.4 mass fraction FIG:5.5 temperature distribution FIG:5.6 net result Thefigureshowsthetemperaturedistribution over the entire length of the pipe that is obtained in a time interval of 200 seconds. The variations in temperature at various layers of the pipe were shown above. It is seen that the temperature at outer wall is
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 8113 maximum and the heat is gradually transfered to the center fluid. The volume of the phase change material is 0.7608106 m3 and it is the net volume of the material. And the inlet and outlet temperature of the liquid is 300 k and 315.13235 k respectively. And the inlet and outlet temperature of the phase change material is 506.15582 k and 507.64978 k respectively. . And net temperatureduring 200 second is 450.04974k. 5.3 Time interval 250 seconds FIG:5.7 mass fraction FIG:5.1 temperature distribution FIG:5.9 net result Thefigureshowsthetemperaturedistribution over the entire length of the pipe that is obtained in a time interval of 250 seconds. The variations in temperature at various layers of the pipe were shown above. It is seen that the temperature at outer wall is maximum and the heat is gradually transfered to the center fluid. The volume of the phase change material is 0.68081147 m3 and it is the net volume of the material. And the inlet and outlet temperature of the liquid is 300 k and 314.70621 k respectively. And the inlet and outlet temperatureof the phasechangematerialis503.02301kand 506.36932 k respectively. And net temperature during 250 second is 448.41171 k. 5.4 CALCULATIONS 5.4.1 Heat transfer diameter of inner aluminium plate d1=35mm , r1=17.5mm =0.0175m diameter of outer aluminium plate d2=36mm, r2=18mm =0.018m diameter of inner evacuated tube d3=84mm, r3=42mm =0.042m diameter of outer evacuated tube d4=85mm, r4=42.5mm=0.0425m aluminium thermal conductivity k1=204w/mk paraffin wax thermal conductivity k2=0.24w/mk evacuated tube thermal conductivity k3=1w/mk outer temperature Tb=393.1k inner temperature Ta=509.4k heat transfer Q = Toverall/R T= ta-tb =509.4-393.1 T =116.3K [refer hmt data book pg.no.43&45] R=1/2 l[ln(r2/r1)/k1+ln(r3/r2)/k2+ln(r4/r3)/k3]
6.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 8114 =1/2 (0.5)[ln(0.018/0.017)/204+ln(0.042/0.018)/0.24+ ln(0.043 /0.042)/1] R= 1/2 l[0.00028+3.5+1.012] For l=500mm, l=0.5m. =1/2 (0.5)[4.51228] =1.4363mk/W Q=Ta-Tb/R =(509.4-393.1)/1.4363 Q =80.97W/m 5.4.2 AREA A=2 rl Area of inner sphere (aluminium) A=2 rl =2 (17.5)(500) =54.977x103mm Area of outer sphere(aluminium) A1=2 rl =2 (18)(500) =56.548x103mm Area of inner sphere(evacuated tube) A2=2 rl =2 (42)(500) =131.946x103mm For the area of evacuated tube is A3=A2-A1 =131.946x103-56.548x103 A3 =75.398x103mm 5.4.3VOLUME /3 Volume of water /3 V = 22.449x103mm3 For reducing aluminium thickness V1 /3 = 24.429x103mm3 Volume of paraffin wax V2= /3 = 310.339x103mm3 For get volume of paraffin wax V=V2-V3 = (310.339X103)-(24.429X103) V = 285.91X103mm3 6.CONCLUSION In this numerical work, melting of paraffin wax to achieve the vaporization of water in by low cost when comparing another glycolic acid like Sodium acetate tri- hydrate and Lauric acid. Paraffin wax is phase change material to transfer the heat. And the heat transfer rate is Q =80.97W/m. It have thermal conductivity of 0.24 W/mk at the temperature of 300K. Temperature distribution curve is change in after addition of 50s. 7. REFERANCE [1] A. Hasan, Phase change material energy storage system employing palmitic acid, Solar Energy 1994, pp143–154. [2] B. Gibbs and S. Hasnain, DSC study of technical grade phase change heat storage materials for solar heating applications. In: Proceedings of the 1995 ASME/JSME/JSEJ
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 8115 International Solar Energy Conference, Part 2, 1995. [3] G. A Lane. Encapsulation of heat of fusion storage materials. In: Proceedings of 2nd Southeastern Conference on Application of Solar Energy,p.442–50.1976. [4] G. A. Lane. Low temperature heatstoragewith phase change materials. Int J Ambient Energy; 1:155–68. 1980. [5] Y. Hong, G. Xin-shi, Preparation of polyethylene–paraffincompoundsasa form-stable solid–liquid phase change material. Solar Energy Mater Solar Sells 2000; 64:37–44. [6] Z.Gu, H. Liu, Y. Li, Thermal energy recovery heat recovery system calculation and phase change material development. Applied Thermal Engineering 24: (2004) 2511–2426. [7] H. Hong, S. K. Kim, Y. S. Kim, Accuracy improvement of t-history method for measuring heat of fusion of various materials. International Journal of Refrigeration 27: (2004) 360–366. [8] J. P. Trelles, J. P. Duffy, Numerical simulation of porous latent heat thermal energy storage for thermoelectric cooling. Applied Thermal Engineering 23: (2003) 1647–1664. [9] M.Ravikumar,P.S.S.Srinivasan,Phasechange material as a thermal energy storage material for cooling of building, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology (2005) 503-512. [10] A. Felix Regin, S. C. Solanki, J. S. Saini, An analysis ofa packed bedlatentheatthermal energy storage system using PCM capsules: Numerical investigation, Renewable Energy 34 (2009)1765– 1773. [11] A. Mahmud, K. Sopian, M. Alghoul A. Mat Sohif, Using a Paraffin wax- Aluminum compound as a thermal storage material in a solar air heater, ARPN Journal of Engineering andAppliedSciences, vol. 4, no. 10, December2009. [12] F. demirbas, Thermal Energy Storage and Phase Change Materials: An Overview, Energy Sources, Part B, 1:85–95, 2006. [13] N. A. Mohd Amin, Martin Belusko, Frank Bruno, Optimisation of A Phase Change Thermal Storage System, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 56 (2009). [14] S. A. Karaipekli, Thermal conductivity and latent heat thermal energy storage characteristics of paraffin/expanded graphite compositeasphase change material, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume27,Issues8-9,June2007,Pages1271-1277. [15] Z. Zhang, X. Fang, Study on paraffin/expanded graphite composite phase change thermal energy storage material , Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 47, Issue 3, February 12006, Pages 303-310.
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