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Automatic Hydroponics Farming System with Image Processing Based Smart Nutrients System
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 06 | Jun 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 203 Automatic Hydroponics Farming System with Image Processing Based Smart Nutrients System Dhruvkumar Sanjaybhai Patel1, Prof. Harsh Shastri2 1 Student, Dept. of I.C Engineering, L.D college of Engineering, Gujarat, India 2 Assistant Professor, Dept. of I.C Engineering, L.D college of Engineering, Gujarat, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - This project presents an automated irrigation system for Hydroponic farmingbasedonIoTsensorswhich are integrated with plant lifecycle monitoring through image processing Hydroponic farming is the technique of plant cultivation without using the soil. This technique ensures that the plant receives all nutrientsfromthewater-solublenutrient solution and doesn't need to grow extensive root systems to obtain the nutrients they need are circulating hydroponic system can conserve up to 85% water compared to standard farming making it good for theenvironment. Irrigationsystem is integrated with nutrients system. To operate nutrients system, one should have expertise in botany science which is not available to local farmers so we are developing a software that used image processing to comment on plant lifecycle status based on controller will be decided to the amount of nutrients should supply this process makes the irrigation system and nutrients system automatic and can be done by ruler farmer without the need of learning botany in depth. Key Words: Automatic Hydroponic farming, IOT, PLC, Image Processing. 1.INTRODUCTION The Greek words "hydro" (which means water) and"ponos" (which means labour) are the roots of the word "hydroponics." A new farming method called hydroponics produces crops without the use of soil via nutrientsolutions. To survive, humans need a living environment, food, and water. Automatic hydroponics farming system with image processing-based smart nutrients system is an advanced approach to growing plants without the use of soil. Hydroponic systems are becoming increasingly popular due to their numerous advantages over traditional soil-based agriculture they offer precise control over environmental factors reduce water usage and can increase crop yield and quality. As developments in sensors and processors continue to present more chances to automate, automation has gaineda stronger foot hold around the world. The proposed system employs image processing to analyze the plant's growth and determine their nutrient requirements. A camera captures images of the plants at regular intervals and image processing algorithms analyze the images to identify various growth parameters such as plant height, leaf area, and color. Based on this analysis the system automatically adjusts the nutrient supply to ensure that the plants always receive optimal nutrition. The system is also fully automated reducing the need for manual intervention and making it ideal for large-scale commercial operations. The smart nutrient system ensures that the plants receive the nutrients they need when they need them resulting in healthier plants and higher yields. Automatic hydroponics farming system with image processing-based smart nutrients system is an innovative solution that combines the benefits of hydroponics with advanced technology to produce healthy, high-quality crops with minimal environmental impact. 1.1 What is hydroponics? Hydroponics is a branch of hydro culture, which is a method of growing plants without using soil i.e., replacing it with a controlled nutrient water source. The plants maybegrown with only their roots exposedtothe mineral solution or the roots Maybe supported by inert medium, such as NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium). In this project have focused on ways of conducting hydroponic farming using a compact modular setup with least possible methods of treatment. 2. RELATED WORK Hydroponics is a soilless cultivation technique that provides plants with a nutrient-rich water solution, allowing them to grow in a controlled environment. Several hydroponic systemsarecommonlyused,eachofferinguniqueadvantages and limitations. Here, we will review three popular hydroponic systems: Nutrient Film Technique (NFT), Deep Water Culture (DWC), and Drip Irrigation. Hydroponics is a type of agriculture that involves growing plants without soil, using nutrient-rich water instead. This method of farming has becomeincreasinglypopularinrecent
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 06 | Jun 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 204 years, particularly in urbanareas where space for traditional farming methods is limited. The concept of hydroponics has been around for centuries, with early examples dating back to the ancient Babylonians and Aztecs. However, it wasn't until the 20th century that modern hydroponic systems began to emerge, using advanced technology and techniques to optimize plant growth. Fig -1 : Hydroponic Farming System of Structure Design The main advantage of hydroponic farming is that it allows for precise control over growing conditions, including nutrient levels, pH, and temperature. This can lead to faster growth rates, higher yields, and better-quality produce compared to traditional farming methods. Additionally, hydroponic systems use less water than traditional farming methods and can be set up in a variety of locations, from urban rooftops to indoor facilities. Hydroponic farming has the potential to revolutionize the way we grow food, offering a sustainable and efficient solution to the challenges of modern agriculture. 3. METHODOLOG 3.1 Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) is a type of hydroponic farming system that is popular for growing crops with short growth cycles, In an NFT system; plants are grown in channels or troughs that are slightly tilted to allow athinfilm of nutrient-rich water to flow over the roots of the plants. NFT is a hydroponic system where a thin film of nutrient solution continuously flows over the roots of the plants. The roots are placed in channels or gutters with a slight downward slopeto allow the nutrientfilmtoflow.Theexcess solution is collected, reoxygenated, and recalculated to maintain a constant flow. Fig -2: Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) The nutrient solution flows over the roots; it delivers the necessary nutrients to theplantswhilealsoprovidingoxygen and removing wasteproducts. Theexcessnutrientsolutionis collected at the end of the channel and returned to the reservoir for recirculation. NFT systems require careful monitoring of the nutrient solution pH and electrical conductivity (EC) to ensure that plants receive the correct balance of nutrients. Temperature and humidity levels must also bemaintainedwithinaspecific range to promote optimal plant growth. The Nutrient Film Technique is a popular and effective hydroponic farming system for producing high yields of healthy and nutritious plants. Advantages Water and nutrient efficiency: NFT systems are highly efficient in their use of water and nutrients. Space-saving: NFT systems can be set up in small spaces, making them ideal for users who have limited land or indoor space. This makes them suitable forurban farmingand other situations where space is at a premium. Reduced use of pesticides: Since NFT systems are typically grown indoors or in controlled environments, they are less susceptible to pests and diseases. This means that users can reduce their use of pesticides and other harmful chemicals. Low maintenance: NFT systems require less maintenance compared to traditional farming methods. They do not require tilling, weeding, or other labor-intensive tasks, making them easier to manage for users. Efficient use of water and nutrients: The thin film of nutrient solution provides a highly efficient nutrient uptake for the plants. Oxygenation of roots: The exposed roots in the film receive ample oxygen, promoting healthy growth.
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 06 | Jun 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 205 Suitable for smaller plants: NFT is ideal for smaller plants with shallow root systems, such as lettuce and herbs. Space-efficient: The design of NFT systems allows for high plant density, making itsuitable forcommercialapplications. Limitations Limited crop selection: They may not be as effective for crops that require longer growing periods or have deeper root systems. Nutrient balance: The nutrient solution in NFT systems must be carefully monitored and adjusted to ensure that the plants receive the correct balance of nutrients. Nutrient imbalances: The continuous flow of nutrient solution canlead to pH and nutrient imbalances if notclosely monitored and managed. Power supply: NFT systems require a reliable source of electricity to power the water pump and other components. Susceptibility to system failures: If the flow of the nutrient film is disrupted, it can cause rapid plant stress and damage. Limited suitability for larger plants: NFT may not provide sufficient support for larger plants with extensive root systems. 3.2 Deep Water Culture (DWC) DWC is a hydroponic system in which plant roots are submerged in a nutrient-rich solution. The roots are supported by floating platforms or net pots, allowingthemto access the solution. An air pump or diffuser provides oxygenation to the solution to prevent root rot. OxygenationiscriticalinDWCsystems,as plants require oxygen to survive and grow. Air stones or other aeration devices are typically used to ensure that the nutrient solution is properly oxygenated. Fig -2 : Deep Water Culture (DWC) Deep Water Culture is a simple and efficient hydroponic farming system that is well-suited for home gardeners and hobbyists. With proper maintenance and monitoring, DWC systems can produce high yields of cropsina relativelysmall space. However, it is important to beawareofthelimitations of the system and select crops that are well-suited for this type of hydroponic farming. Advantages Efficient nutrient uptake: DWC systems allow plants to directly access a nutrient-rich solution, resulting in faster and more efficient nutrient uptake. This can lead to faster growth rates and higher yields compared to traditional soil- based farming methods. Optimal oxygenation: DWC systems provide optimal oxygenation to the root zone, which is critical for plant growth and development. Low water usage: DWC systems uselesswatercomparedto traditional soil-based farming methods, making them more environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Low maintenance: DWC systems do not need soil preparation or ongoing monitoring, hence they require less maintenance than conventional soil-based farming techniques. Lower lab our expenses and more profitability may result from this. Simple setup: DWC systems are relativelyeasytosetupand require minimal equipment. Excellent oxygenation: The roots are constantly immersed in oxygenated water, promoting rapid growth and high yields. Suitable for a wide range of plants: DWC can accommodate both smaller and larger plants, making it versatile for various crops. Good water and nutrient retention: The large volume of water in DWC systems helps maintain stable nutrient concentrations. Limitations Increased risk of root diseases: If the oxygenation is insufficient or water quality is poor, root diseases can occur. Challenging pH and nutrient management: The nutrient solution in DWC systems requires frequent monitoring and adjustment to maintain optimal pH and nutrient levels. High water usage: DWC systems may require more water compared to other hydroponic systems due to the large volumes required to immerse the roots.
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 06 | Jun 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 206 4. Image Capture Robotic Structure At the top of the system, there is a robotic structure made of aluminum and iron sticks. This structure incorporates pulleys on two sides, along with silicon packing, which ensure smooth movement. Fig -3: Working of Image Capture Robotic A fibred rope is bound with the robot using an aluminum sliding door mechanism that enables free sliding along the railing. The movement of the rope is actuated by a 12 RPM, 12-volt DC motor connected individually with a power adapter. This one-axis robot is controlled by an ESP32 CAM, which provides the necessary functionalityforcontrollingits movement. Hardware Setup: Connect the camera module to the ESP32- CAM board using the camera interface. Ensure that the connections are secure. Programming: Write the firmware or code for the ESP32 microcontroller. You can use the Arduino IDE or ESP-IDF to program the ESP32. The code should include instructions to initialize the camera module and configure it for capturing images. Image Capture: Once the firmware is uploaded to theESP32, it can start capturing images. You can trigger image capture by sending a command to the ESP32 or by setting up a specific interval for capturing images automatically. Image Processing: After capturing an image, the ESP32 can perform various processing tasks such as image filtering, resizing, or applying algorithms for image recognition or object detection. The processing capabilities depend on the complexity of the algorithms implemented and theavailable resources on the ESP32. Image Transmission: Once the image is captured and processed, it can be transmitted over the Wi-Fi connection. You can choose to send the image to a remote server, save it on an SD card, or stream it to a connected device such as a Google drive and computer. Control Mechanism: Depending on the design of your robot, you may have additional components such as motors or sensors. These components can be controlled by the ESP32 to move the robot, adjust the camera angle, orperformother actions based on the captured images. 4.1. Output of google drive image 5. MicroLogix 1200 PLC Controllers for working This project, we have used Allen Bradley MicoLogix 1200 trainer kit as PLC Controller. The Allen-Bradley M 1200 is a compact and modular programmable logic controller (PLC) manufactured by Rockwell Automation. It belongs to the Micro800 series and is designed for small to medium-sized industrial applications. Fig -4: PLC Trainer Kit The M 1200 features a compact design that allows it to fit into tight spaces. It offers modular expansion options, enabling users to customize their system configurationsand accommodate future upgrades.ThePLCsupportsa varietyof
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 06 | Jun 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 207 embedded I/O modules, including digital, analog, and specialty options, facilitating connectivity with sensors and actuators. Program the controller using the Allen-Bradley programming software, the MicroLogix 1200 controller is programmed to monitor the sensor data and control the system accordingly. The programming can be done using ladder logic, function block diagrams, or structured text. The automated hydroponic farming system is monitored regularly to ensure that it is functioningcorrectly.Anyissues that arise are addressed promptly to avoid damage to the plants or system. 5.1 Control Panel The MicroLogix 1200 PLC Controllers can be used as the central control unit for the hydroponic farming system's control panel. The control panel typically includes a combination of input devices, such as toggle switches, push buttons, and sensors, and output devices, such as relays, lights, and motors. The PLC program can be designed to read input signalsfrom the various input devices and process them to control the output devices. For example, the program can read the sensor values to determine the nutrient levels and adjust the nutrient dosing accordingly using the output relays. Similarly, the program can control the water flow to the plants by turning the water pump on/off based on the input from the water level sensor. The PLC Controllers for the hydroponic farming system's control panel can provide a flexible and efficient solutionfor controlling and monitoringthevariousaspectsofthesystem. Fig -5: Control Panel The code of the plc is based on timers, MOV instruction, LIM instruction, toggle switch and push buttons as the input. 5.2 PLC Control Panel specifications INPUT NO. INPUT OUTPUT NO. OUTPUT I0 Stop Hydroponics O0 Green Light I1 Start Hydroponics O1 Motor I6 Stop (Expansion) O6 Yellow Light I7 Start (Expansion) O7 Light Yellow Light I8 Master Reset O8 RED Light I 12 Float Switch O9 Buzzer I 13 Bypass Buzzer Table 1: Control Panel 5.3 PLC Code Explanation In this PLC program, each input and output have a specific purpose and function. Input Signals I0: "Stop Hydroponics" - This input is used to signal theneed to stop the hydroponics system. I1: "Start Hydroponics" - When activated, this input initiates the start of the hydroponics system. The System runs for 30 minutes ON and 30 minutes OFF, and the system runs until and unless resented using I0. I6: "Stop (Expansion)" - This input is associated with stopping an expansion module or additional functionality. I7: "Start (Expansion)" - When activated, this input starts an expansion module or additional functionality. I8: "Master Reset" - This input triggers a master reset, typically used to reset the entire system. I12: "Float Switch" - This input is connected to a floatswitch, which detects the liquid level or presence of liquid. If the water level is less than defined value a buzzer is runged I13: "Bypass Buzzer" - This input indicates whether to bypass or disable the buzzer function. Output Signals O0: "Green Light" - This output activates a green light as an indicator when the hydroponics system is running
6.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 06 | Jun 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 208 O1: "Motor" - When activated, this output controls a motor that is part of the hydroponics system. O6: This output activates a YellowLightasanindicatorwhen the additional system is running. O7: This output activates a Light-YellowLightasanindicator when the additional system is Stopped. O8: This output activates a RED Light as an indicator when the system is resented. O9: This output activates a Buzzer as an indicator when the water level is low. 6. Results Fig -6: Final Image Capture 6.1 Calculation of leaf area by image processing method and plotting a growth graph Fig-7: Leaf area Calculator GUI Fig -8: View of The Leaf and Its area Fig -9: Plot of area calculated of sample leaf
7.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 10 Issue: 06 | Jun 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 209 7. Conclusion In conclusion, the implemented automatic hydroponics farming system, featuring a PLC controller, an automatic robot for image capture, and a Python-based application for leaf area calculation and graph plotting, presents a comprehensive solution for monitoring and managing plant growth. The integration of hydroponics methodologyallows for efficient water and nutrient delivery, ensuring optimal plant development. The PLC controller acts as the central control unit, orchestrating the water and nutrition supplyto the plants, as well as providing essential measurements and adjustments to maintain an ideal growing environment.The inclusion of an automatic robot equipped with a camera further enhances the system's capabilities. By capturing photos of the plants at regular intervals and uploading them to Google Drive, the system enables remote monitoring of plant growth. This integration of the InternetofThings(IoT) technology adds convenience and accessibility to the monitoring process. The Python-based applicationservesas a powerful tool for data analysis and visualization. By calculating the leaf area from the captured images, it provides valuable insights into plant growth and system efficiency. The generated graphs offer a clearrepresentation of the growth trends, aiding in decision-making and performance evaluation. Looking ahead, the suggested future enhancement of incorporating machinelearningforreal-timemonitoringand area calculation of the entire plant bush holds tremendous potential. By leveraging live camera feeds and advanced algorithms, the system can offer up-to-the-minute information on plant growth and health, facilitating proactive decision-making and precisesystemmanagement. Overall, this implemented system demonstrates the successful integration of multiple technologies to create an automated hydroponics farming solution. It showcases the benefits of combining robotics, IoT, and data analysis for effective plant cultivation and optimization of agricultural practices. With further advancements and refinements, this system has the potential to revolutionize modern farming methods and contribute to sustainable agriculture. 8. REFERENCES 1.Goldstein, H. The green promise of vertical farms [Blueprints for a Miracle]. IEEE Spectrum2018,55,50–55.3. Rose, D.; Chilvers, J. Agriculture 4.0:BroadeningResponsible Innovation in an Era of Smart Farming. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 2018, 2, 87. 2.Liu, Y.; Ma, X.; Shu, L.; Hancke, G.; Abu‐Mahfouz, A. From Industry 4.0 to Agriculture 4.0: Current Status, Enabling Technolo‐ gies, and Research Challenges. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2021, 17, 4322–4334. 3.Misra, N.; Dixit, Y.; Al‐Mallahi, A.; Bhullar, M.;Upadhyay,R.; Martynenko, A. IoT, big data, and artificial intelligence in agri‐ culture and food industry. IEEE InternetThingsJ.2020, 1. 4.De Clercq, M.; Vats, A.; Biel, A. Agriculture4.0: Thefutureof farming technology. In Proceedings of the World Government Summit, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 11–13 February 2018. Availableonline:(Accessedon20September 2020). 5.Barbosa, G.; Gadelha, F.; Kublik, N.; Proctor, A.; Reichelm, L.; Weissinger, E.; Wohlleb, G.; Halden, R. Comparison of Land, Water, and Energy Requirements of Lettuce Grown Using Hydroponicvs.Conventional Agricultural Methods.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 6879–6891. 6.EI‐Kazzaz, A. Soilless Agriculture a New and Advanced Method for AgricultureDevelopment:AnIntroduction.Agric. Res. Technol. Open Access J. 2017, 3, 63–72. 7.Goodman, W.; Minner, J. Will the urban agricultural revolution be vertical and soilless?Acasestudyofcontrolled environment agriculture in New York City. Land Use Policy 2019, 83, 160–173.
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