The document reviews various antenna designs for USB dongle applications that support multiple wireless standards. It discusses several types of antennas used in past research, including planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs), inverted-F antennas, monopole antennas, and more. It provides examples of specific studies on dual-band and multiband antenna designs for applications like LTE, WiFi, Bluetooth. The document also analyzes different techniques used to minimize antenna size and improve isolation between multiple antenna elements in a small USB dongle form factor.

1. www.ijeee-apm.com International Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering 5
IJEEE, Volume 2, Issue 1 (February, 2015) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
REVIEW OF ANTENNAS FOR USB
DONGLE APPLICATIONS
1
Akhil Sharma, 2
Abhishek Thakur, 3
Dr.Hardeep Singh Saini, 4
Rajesh kumar
1
Research Scholar, 2
Asstt. Professor, 3
Professor, 4
Asso. Professor,
1,2,3,4
Indo Global College of Engineering, Mohali-Punjab, India
1
akhilsharma0509@gmail.com, 2
abhithakur25@gmail.com, 3
hardeep_saini17@yahoo.co.in,
4
errajeshkumar2002@gmail.com
Abstract- In this era of wireless communication there is
an integration of more and more radios into a single
wireless platform enabling maximum connectivity The
multiband antenna approach using PIFA structure enables
size reduction, lowers SAR values, augments the
bandwidth. These can be obtained by implementing several
techniques for the modification of basic structure and use
of ground plane. PIFA is also a preferred choice to be
incorporated for LTE and WiMAX bands as it inhibits
polarization diversity effectively without any decrement in
the volume. Single band antenna supports a single
frequency of wireless service. And in this era several
wireless standards are supported by the equipments. Thus
several antennas are employed for each standard leading to
a huge space requirement in the handheld devices. Hence
the designing of a small PIFA antenna supports multiple
bands, small size, improve Gain and good radiation pattern
is the prime objective.
Index Terms- Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
antenna; USB Dongle; Isolation; Symmetric Slotted
Structure; Inverted-L Antenna; fractal; USB Dongle;
WLAN; Antennas; printed antennas; ultrawideband
antennas.
I. INTRODUCTION
The universal serial bus (USB) dongle has acquired
popularity for the wireless communication in short range. A
considerable amount of research on single band antennas
for USB dongle applications has been undertaken. As the
need for multiple services has enhanced, a USB dongle
integrated with a multiband antenna is very beneficial and
impressive for different applications. Till now, many
studies on multiband antennas for USB dongles operational
in the wireless local area network (WLAN) band have been
reported. The different categories are the monopole
antennas [1-3], the spiral antennas [4], and the inverted-F
antennas [5]. Currently,USB dongles integrated with an
ultra wideband (UWB) antennas have been in proposition
as a multiple services solution [6-8]. Further it [9], was also
proposed to use a single antenna for the applications in two
wide frequency bands, a lower band for the DCS1800
system operating from 1.71-1.88 GHz and a higher band
for the WLAN system operating at 5 GHz, for USB dongle
services. Recently, most built in antennas currently
incorporated in mobile phones include microstrip antennas,
inverted-F shaped wire form antennas (IFAs), and planar
inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) [1]-[4]. Microstrip antennas
are compact in size and light in weight. However, for
different mobile applications at lower band such as
GSM900 half-wavelength microstrip antennas are too large
to be incorporated into a mobile handset. Basic IFA and
PIFA elements, with a length equal to a quarter wavelength
of the middle frequency in the operational band, but at
operating frequency is narrow in bandwidth.
In the near future, it is likely that the LTE (long term
evolution) service [1] will become highly impressive for
the mobile users. With the LTE incorporated to the mobile
devices with the existing GSM/UMTS operation, the
provision of ubiquitous mobile broadband coverage is
becoming a reality. However, designing an embedded
antenna in the constrained space of the mobile phone and
covering all the LTE/GSM/UMTS bands for services has
become a challenging task. Here, we present a promising
small-size coupled-fed printed PIFA for the eight-band
LTE/GSM/UMTS operation.
Conventional universal serial bus (USB) dongles are
feasible for providing plug and play functionality in several
mobile communication devices such as laptops. The
upcoming wireless USB dongles must have the capability
of accommodating enhanced data rates to provide several
multimedia applications. However, it is extremely difficult
to place multiple antennas within a small USB dongles and
simultaneously maintaining a good isolation between the
antenna elements as antennas can be strongly coupled with
each other along with the ground plane by sharing the
surface currents distributed on the ground plane. Till now,
many studies for multi antenna systems using various
techniques have been conducted with the aim of
improvement in the isolation between the antenna elements.
The universal serial bus (USB) is a very renowned
and adopted wired connectivity technology in the personal
computer market and has a number of applications for
consumer electronics and mobile devices. The presence of
the cables is a vital constraint of the USB technology. Ultra
wideband (UWB) becomes the vehicle for the unwiring
USB through the wireless USB.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
In [1], the design of a dual-band antenna for universal
serial bus (USB) dongle applications in the 2.4 GHz
wireless local area network (WLAN) and 3.5-GHz
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
(WiMAX) systems is presented. There are two folded

2. International Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering 6 www.ijeee-apm.com
inverted-F radiating elements in the antenna. One inverted-
F element generates a 2.45-GHz band for the WLAN band
(2.4-2.484 GHz), and both inverted-F elements
simultaneously resonate at around 3.5 GHz to develop a
wide frequency band for the WiMAX system (3.3-3.8
GHz). The designing of the antenna is done on a 25×70
mm2 printed-circuit board (PCB), same size of an USB
dongle PCB. The fabrication of a prototype is done for the
verification and measurement of simulation results.
Measured results show that the antenna has two impedance
bandwidths, 2.39-2.5 GHz and 3.24-3.8 GHz, for the
WLAN and WiMAX applications, respectively. The
simulation and measurement radiation patterns, efficiencies
and gains of the antenna are all presented.
In [2], work presents an Inverted-L antenna design
using the fractal geometry for dual band WLAN
(2.4/5.2GHz) USB dongle application. The proposed
antenna has several benefits such as compact size, wide
operation bandwidth and easy fabrication. The
experimental results show that it has a S11<-10 dB
bandwidth from 2.25 to 2.60 GHz and 5.06 to 5.62 GHz.
The radiation performances of the proposed antenna in free
space and when connected to a laptop computer were also
analyzed during the research. Furthermore the proposed
antenna was designed and optimized by using Ansoft HFSS
V13.
In [3], compact dual-band MIMO antenna using a
symmetric slotted structure is proposed for next generation
USB dongle applications. The MIMO antenna described
here consists of two printed dual-band PIFAs with a
symmetric slotted strip. The first resonance frequency here
is controlled by the total length of the main radiating strip
with coupling slot (W1 = 2 mm and W2 = 2 mm) has a
length of 70 mm, which is about 0.18 wavelengths at 0.77
GHz, but it can easily generate a resonant mode to cover
LTE band 13 (LTE Band 13; 0.746-0.787 GHz) and the
second one is tuned by the width of the slot (W1 and W2)
and the position of the port 1 and 2 (P1 and P2) to cover
mobile world interoperability for microwave access band
(M-WiMAX Band; 2.5-2.69 GHz). In order to improve the
isolation characteristic at the LTE and MWiMAX bands, a
symmetric slotted structure and the jointed shorting line are
applied to reduce the interaction between the two PIFAs.
The proposed MIMO antenna has an isolation of
approximately 20 dB at LTE band 13 and the envelope
correlation coefficient (ECC) of the two antennas is less
than 0.2 over the entire LTE band 13. For the evaluation of
the performance of the proposed antenna, the different key
performance parameters such as the total efficiency, ECC,
mean effective gain (MEG), MEG ratio and actual diversity
gain are analyzed.
In [4], paper a small and compact MIMO antenna for
USB dongle application is presented. The proposed MIMO
antenna consists of two PIFA antennas that operate at the
same frequency band at around 2.4 GHz for applying at
WLAN band (2.4 to 2.484 GHz). An inverted-E element
between the PIFAs and a meandered neutral line on the
back side are used to improve isolation between the PIFAs,
which is higher than 15 dB over the operational band. Two
connected holes are used to connect the neutral line and the
two PIFAs. The antenna portion of 20 mm x 8 mm and
overall dimension of 20 mm x 55 mm can be easily applied
in the USB dongle.
In [5], miniature ultra wideband (UWB) antenna for
wireless universal serial bus (USB) dongle applications is
demonstrated. The proposed antenna consists of a half-
circular quasi-self-complementary structure along with a
triangular cut on a bent microstrip feed line. As a
consequence of its simple geometry and compact size, the
antenna can be easily integrated and printed on wireless
USB dongle printed circuit boards. The dimension of the
proposed antenna is only 16 mm × 16.1 mm whereas the
footprint size of the dongle board is 16 mm × 60 mm,
similar to that of a conventional USB flash disc. The
simulated and measured results depict that the antenna can
achieve a UWB 10 dB impedance bandwidth with
reasonable radiation properties. It also exhibits a much-
reduced ground plane effect comparative to the stand-alone
design. Furthermore, a parametric study is performed to
provide insights into the antenna operating mechanism.
In [6], printed planar antenna covering
GSM850/900/1800/1900/UMTS2100 and
LTE700/2300/2500 operating frequency bands for wireless
USB dongle applications is presented, designed, and
manufactured. The presented antenna consists of a large
patch and a matching network in order for the bandwidth
enhancement. The upper operating bands including
GSM1800/1900/UMTS2100 /LTE2300/2500 are primarily
attributed to the large patch. Meanwhile, the lower resonant
modes covering LTE700/ GSM850/900 bands are
developed physically by ground planes of the USB dongle
circuit board and the laptop board together. There is an
improvement in impedance matching over all bands by the
matching network. The antenna demonstrated here
occupies an imperceptible size of mm and can be easily
printed on a 0.8-mm-thick FR4 substrate of conventional
dimensions of mm, making it promising for wireless USB
dongle applications.
In [7] Body-centric wireless communications (BCWCs)
have received augmented attention due to its potential
services in different fields such as E-health systems, home
care, security, and entertainment. A compact and low-
profile wearable planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) with
tuning function is described for BCWCs in this paper. A
two-thirds muscle-equivalent phantom is used to model the
human’s arm. With a proper tuning of the capacitance of
the proposed antenna, the industrial, scientific and medical
(ISM,2.40-2.48 GHz), wireless broadband (WiBro,2.3-2.39
GHz) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS, Rx 2.1-2.17 GHz) and meanwhile lower band can
also cover 950-956 MHz.
In [8], achievement of the high data rates proposed by
the fourth generation (4G) technology using a small-size
antenna on a compact device has always remained as a
major technical challenge. This paper is focused on
surveying of the ongoing experimentation on antenna
designs for USB dongle supporting Long Term Evolution
(LTE). The advantages and disadvantages of the
alternatives are analyzed here. It includes the small
monopole antenna design such as meandered line antenna,
inverted-L antenna, inverted-F antenna, planar inverted-F
antenna, and multiband antenna composed of different
types of radiators for providing multifunctional operations
for LTE-USB antennas. Based on isolation techniques,
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques

3. www.ijeee-apm.com International Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering 7
implemented has been categorized and analyzed. The
conclusion is that the existing work focused on the wire or
3D antennas and still there are voids for researchers to
improve the low cost, and simple profile printed antenna
designs. LTE MIMO throughput measurement for
characterization of antenna terminal performance study is
missing from all reviewed papers contained in this study.
In [9], meandered PIFA antenna with two curved strips
extended from ground plane is proposed for WLAN USB
dongle application. The meandered PIFA excites a resonant
mode at 2.4 GHz while the lower curved strip (strip B)
operates two higher modes for 5.2 and 5.S GHz bands. The
extension of PIFA’s current path is done by the curved
strip (strip A) with a rectangle stub on top of it and shift the
2.4 GHz band. The upper strip also augments the
impedance bandwidth of the higher band. From the
simulated and measured S11, the -10 dB operating bands
cover the IEEES02.11 all WLAN applications. As per the
dimensions the proposed antenna occupies a very small
area of 36.5 mm x 10 mm that can be easily incorporated in
portable wireless devices. In addition, the antenna portion
having only 10 mm x 10 mm is relatively small as
compared to the published printed antenna.
III. SMALL ANTENNA TYPES
This section categorizes all reviewed papers based on
antenna geometric shape and then analyses its advantages
and disadvantages and their contributions to reduce the size
and to increase antenna efficiency, bandwidth, and number
of LTE covered bands. Figure 1 shows the geometry of
various types of antennas. The antenna categories are
discussed in the following subsections.
A. Planar inverted-L antenna (PILA):
All modern wireless communication applications in the
700 MHz ~ 2.6 GHz frequency range, the /4 monopole is
magnificent for USB device size integration [2]. Reduction
in height (and fixed frequency) creates short, straight-wire
monopole antenna which has a high capacity and meager
radiation resistance leading to an increment in voltage
standing wave ratio (VSWR), loss, and a decrement in
radiation efficiency. Creation of monopole resonant
frequency and thereby matching it to the desired
characteristic impedance is easily accomplished by
modifying the short monopole in an inverted-L shape [2].
Reference [3] shows antenna on a supporter with three
faces in a plane. The overall size of a printed circuit board
is 7× 11× 46 mm3. It covers octabands LTE 700/GSM
850/GSM 900/DCS 1800/PCS 2010/LTE 2300/LTE 2500.
The measured gains of the low band are 1.1 ~ 2.2 dBi, and
of the high band are 0.55 ~ 4.95 dBi. The design here
generates the highest number of application bands
(octabands) by the antenna among all other reviewed
papers covered in the entire study.
B. Meandered line antenna (MLA):
Meandered antenna is an alternative configuration of
L-antenna. Tuning of monopole antenna capacitive
reactance, or the total feeding point reactance equal to zero,
can be achieved by meandering the horizontal part of wire
in any geometric configuration to compress the antenna
overall diameter, with a possibility of enhancing the length
but at the same time keeping the same height (h) where h
<< � as small antenna. Meandering does not necessarily
have a considerable effect on the resonant frequency [2].
LTE requires 100 MHz of bandwidth or at least 40 MHz of
bandwidth to cover the downlink and uplink channels
which have been achieved in [4] in which the bandwidth of
the proposed meander antenna is 100 MHz in a total size of
23.5 × 43 mm2. Reference [5] shows bandwidth of 500
MHz at frequency of 2.6 GHz through a meander antenna
which has a compact size of 10 mm × 20 mm (6 and 12
times lower in corresponding dimension than the operating
wavelength).A meander line antenna constricts the
electrical length of a conventional monopole or dipole
antenna by folding its length back and forth and thus form a
structure with multiple turns. This technique is preferred
for antenna with a low frequency of operation since it will
reduce the size of the antenna significantly [5]. The paper
describing the meandered antenna design depicted that
meandered antennas are differentiated by wide bandwidth
compared to its alternative shapes.
C. Planar Inverted–F Antenna (PIFA):
Inverted-L configuration antenna have low resonant
resistance (RA << ZCH), so impedance matching to ZCH
can be obtained by using parallel inductance connected
directly in the feed point which develops the inverted-F
antenna (IFA). But when a comparatively small value of
parallel inductance connected at the feed point, there is a
significant change of the antenna’s total feed point, tuning
or adjustment of the match frequency can be accomplished
by adjustment of the connection point and the overall wire
antenna length as depicted by papers that introduced IFA.
To augment the insufficient bandwidth of the inverted–F
antenna, the horizontal conductor can be kept in planar
configuration as a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) [2].
PIFA proposed by many references as [1, 6-8] and [7]
[9][12][13]. Three dimensional multiband antenna has been
designed by authors in [6] is made up of a main radiator in
an irregular shape, a rectangular slot, shorting walls and
ground plane as a wire PIFA. It has extremely miniature
dimensions and physically thin. It covers a frequency band
in the range of 1.5-6.8 GHz for the three application bands:
UMTS, m-WiMAX and WLAN with radiation efficiencies
of 70.12%, 60.29% and 66.24% respectively. The
frequency-S parameters graph presents a completely
independent control of the entire three bands without
affecting the other two bands. It is a big challenge to
change the dimensions of a radiator (antenna element)
without altering the current distribution on the other
radiators. The procedure of changing the dimensions of
each
radiator independently is not included in the analysis. Such
mechanism acts as a major parameter in LTE antenna
solution because the switching unit creates an impact on the
antenna parameters. Author in [8] proposed printed dual-
band antenna. The first resonance frequency is under the
control of the total length of the main radiating strip with a
slot length of 70 mm, which is about 0.18 wavelength at
0.77 GHz. It can also easily generate a resonant mode to
cover LTE band 13 (LTE Band 13; 0.746-0.787 GHz) and
the second one is tuned by the width of the slot and the
position of the port covering mobile world interoperability
for microwave access band (M WiMAX Band; 2.5-2.69
GHz). In [1] a dual band antenna is proposed in which the
radiating portion of the antenna is a simple two-strip PIFA.

4. International Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering 8 www.ijeee-apm.com
The smaller strip has a length of about 12 mm, which is
about 0.1 wavelength at about 2.0 GHz and can easily
develop a wide resonant to cover WCDMA operation in the
2.05 GHz band. The longer strip with an impeded chip
inductor of 15 nH has a total length of about 34 mm, which
is about 0.08 wavelength at about 0.77 GHz.
D. Patch antenna:
Patch antennas confronts narrow bandwidth constraint
[2] as observed in [10]. Authors in [10] affirmed that
creation of slots on the patch antenna develops multiband
antenna, the length of the patch determines the central
frequency in the single band. The slot position and
dimensions determine the center frequencies of the
multiband antenna. Thus two C slots on two parallel
patches of dual band antenna have been proposed and
designed [10]. It is connected through two switches (PIN
diode) with the feeding line to obtain an antenna mode
selection. The possible modes are (OFF ON, ON OFF and
ON ON) where these three modes cover narrowband
services such as the WLAN and WiMAX and wideband
operations in the frequency range from 5 to 7 GHz for other
wireless standards.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(f)
Figure 1: Geometry of: (a) inverted-L wire antenna, (b)
Meandered antenna (PCB-MLA), (c) inverted-F wire antenna, (d)
planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA), and (e) slotted planar inverted-
F antenna.
Single band antenna supports a single frequency of
wireless applications. And in this era more & more wireless
standards are supported by the equipments. Thus several
antennas are employed for each standard. This leads to
huge space requirement in the handheld devices. Thus an
antenna supporting almost all wireless standards is
perquisite today and the various specifications for such
antennas are:
Multiband Support (DCS, PCS, GSM, UMTS, LTE,
WiMax), small size, improve gain and good radiation
pattern. For the designing of a small PIFA antenna
supporting multiple bands, reduced size, improved gain and
good radiation patter we need to make a selection of the
design parameters, modeling of Antenna structure,
Simulating & Optimizing Design Parameters [11] [12].
TABLE I: SMALL ANTENNA DESIGNS
Antenna
Type/
Parameters
Slot Microstrip
Patch
PIFA
Radiation
Pattern
Roughly
Omnidire
ctional
Directional Omnidirectional
Gain Moderate High Moderate to
high
Modeling &
Fabrication
Fabricati
on on
PCB can
be done.
Easier to
fabricate
and model
Easier
fabrication
using PCB
Applications Radar,
Cell
Phone
base
stations
Satellite
Communica
tion,
Aircrafts
Internal
antennas of
Mobile phones
Merits Radiation
characteri
stics
remains
unchange
d due to
tuning,
Design
simplicity
Low cost,
Low weight,
Easy in
integration
Small size, Low
cost, Reduced
backward
radiation for
minimizing
SAR
Problems Size
constraint
for
mobile
handheld
devices
No
bandpass
filtering
effect,
surface-area
requirement
Narrow
bandwidth
characteristic
IV. CONCLUSION
This review paper has focused on the most recent
trends incorporated by the researchers for WLAN, LTE,
WiMAX user equipment antenna design. Many researchers
have contributed towards printed antennas. The antennas
fabricated by various researchers as specified in this paper
have mostly aimed on the wire or 3D antennas for
acquiring the multiband characteristics and diversity in
MIMO applications. On the contrary there are still rooms
for researchers to ameliorate the design and functioning of
the printed antenna designs, which among several others
have the pluses of imperceptible cost for manufacturing an
easy integrated profile for the integration with wireless
communication equipment, and high conformability with
planar or non-planar surfaces.
REFERENCES
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[2] W. C. liu and Y. L. Chen, "Compact Strip Monopole
Antenna for WLAN Band USB dongle application,"
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[3] A. Jamil, M. Z. Yusoff, N. Yahya and M. A. Zakariya, "A
Compact Multiband Hybrid Meander-Koch Fractal Antenna

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[5] Y. Yu and J. Choi, "Compact Internal Inverted-F Antenna
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[6] D. D. krishna, m. Gopikrishna, C. K. Aananda, P. mohanan
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[7] C. M. Wu, Y. L. Chen and W. C. Liu, "A Compact
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[8] H. C. Tang and K .H. Lin, "Miniaturized Asymmetrical
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AUTHORS
1
Akhil Sharma, Research Scholar, in Electronics and
Communication Engineering from Punjab Technical
University in Indo Global College of Engineering, Mohali-
Punjab-140109 (India).
Email: akhilsharma005@hotmail.com
2
Abhishek Thakur M. Tech. in
Electronics and Communication
Engineering from Punjab Technical
University, MBA in Information
Technology from Symbiosis Pune, M.H.
Bachelor in Electronics (B.E.) from
Shivaji University Kolhapur, M.H. Five years of work
experience in teaching and one year of work experience in
industry. Area of interest: Digital Image and Speech
Processing, Antenna Design and Wireless Communication.
International Publication: 7, National Conferences and
Publication: 6, Book Published: 5 (Microprocessor and
Assembly Language Programming, Microprocessor and
Microcontroller, Digital Communication and Wireless
Communication). Working with Indo Global College of
Engineering Abhipur, Mohali, Punjab, since 2011.
Email: abhithakur25@gmail.com
3
Dr. Hardeep Singh Saini obtained his
Doctorate degree in Electronics &
Communication Engineering in 2012.
He holds Master’s degree in Electronics
& Communication Engineering from
Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar
passed in 2007. His total experience is
15 years, presently working as Professor
(ECE) and Associate Dean Academic at Indo Global
College of Engineering, Abhipur, (Mohali), and Punjab
(India) since June-2007. His area of expertise includes
optical communication. He is author of 6 books in the field
of Electronics &Communication Engineering. He has
presented 34 papers in international/national conferences
and published 33 papers in international journals. He is a
fellow and senior member of various prestigious societies
like IETE (India), IEEE and he is also editorial member of
various international journals.
Email: hardeep_saini17@yahoo.co.in
4
Rajesh Kumar Associate Professor at Indo Global
College of Engineering, Abhipur, Mohali, Punjab. He is
pursuing research on very large scale integrated circuits on
nanotechnology based systems. He has done his M.Tech
and B.Tech. in electronics and communication engineering
from Kurukshetra university. He has 11 years of academic
experience. He has authored many books like refresher on
digital signal processing and linear control systems. He has
contributed many research papers in reputed international
journals, International and National conferences. His areas
of interest are VLSI, Microtechnology, control systems,
digital speech and image processing.
Email: errajeshkumar2002@gmail.com
.