Ultra wideband is a wireless technology to realize high speed communications which is performed in wideband. In this paper the wideband dipole antenna is designed.
The document describes a project to design a 2x2 MIMO antenna that can operate at 2.45 GHz for wireless applications. It aims to reduce the resonating frequency of the antenna using multiple-input multiple-output technology combined with complementary split-ring resonators etched onto the antenna's ground plane. The antenna was simulated using Advanced Design System electromagnetic simulation software to validate that it can resonate at the desired 2.45 GHz frequency for industrial, scientific and medical band applications, while maintaining compact dimensions suitable for wireless devices.
Design & Study of Microstrip Patch Antenna.The project here provides a detailed study of how to design a probe-fed Square Micro-strip Patch Antenna using HFSS, v11.0 software and study the effect of antenna dimensions Length (L), and substrate parameters relative Dielectric constant (εr), substrate thickness (t) on the Radiation parameters of Bandwidth and Beam-width.
This document provides information on amplitude modulation (AM) including important formulas, example problems, and their solutions. Formulas are given for modulation index, carrier power, total power, sideband frequencies and power. Example problems cover calculating modulation index, carrier power, total power, sideband frequencies and power for various modulation percentages and modulation indices. The last few examples calculate percentage power savings when suppressing a sideband and carrier.
This document provides information about designing a microwave link between two sites in Pakistan for a semester project. It includes:
1) Details of the two sites and student information.
2) An introduction explaining microwave radio relay technology and how it is used to transmit signals over long distances using line-of-sight paths.
3) Technical explanations of key concepts in microwave communication systems like frequency, wavelength, free space loss, antenna gain, and how they relate to designing an optimal microwave link.
1) The document discusses 5G and its rapid rollout globally, with over 60 countries having launched commercial 5G networks by 2020 and over 170 countries having released national digital strategies emphasizing 5G and AI.
2) It outlines challenges around 5G deployment and building the 5G business ecosystem, and presents Huawei's solutions to address technical challenges through continuous innovation and help operators succeed in 5G business through ecosystem construction.
3) Huawei is committed to long-term technology leadership through the largest R&D investment in the industry and has developed 10 leading 5G product solutions to empower operators with 5G.
EC 8004 wireless networks -Two marks with answersKannanKrishnana
The document discusses various aspects of wireless networks including infrared transmission, spread spectrum techniques, issues in wireless local area networks (WLAN), applications of WLAN, IEEE 802.11 standard, medium access control in IEEE 802.11, wireless asynchronous transfer mode (WATM), high performance radio local area network (HIPERLAN), Bluetooth, mobile IP, ad hoc networks, dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP), session initiation protocol (SIP), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), and 4G and beyond technologies. Key topics covered are infrared and spread spectrum transmission methods, MAC functions in 802.11, requirements of HIPERLAN, states and modulation in Bluetooth, entities in mobile IP, characteristics
This document discusses vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation. VSB modulation is a compromise between single sideband (SSB) and double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation that overcomes some of the drawbacks of SSB. In VSB, one sideband and a vestige of the other sideband are transmitted together, requiring less bandwidth than DSB but more than SSB. VSB modulation is commonly used for television signal transmission to reduce the bandwidth requirement compared to DSB.
The document discusses smart antennas and their applications. It defines smart antennas as antenna arrays that use signal processing algorithms to identify spatial signatures like direction of arrival to calculate beamforming vectors and track antenna beams. It describes different types of smart antennas including adaptive arrays and MIMO. It also discusses beamforming techniques and direction of arrival estimation algorithms. Applications of smart antennas mentioned include vehicles, where arrays can form adjustable beams to cover all azimuth angles.
The document describes a project to design a 2x2 MIMO antenna that can operate at 2.45 GHz for wireless applications. It aims to reduce the resonating frequency of the antenna using multiple-input multiple-output technology combined with complementary split-ring resonators etched onto the antenna's ground plane. The antenna was simulated using Advanced Design System electromagnetic simulation software to validate that it can resonate at the desired 2.45 GHz frequency for industrial, scientific and medical band applications, while maintaining compact dimensions suitable for wireless devices.
Design & Study of Microstrip Patch Antenna.The project here provides a detailed study of how to design a probe-fed Square Micro-strip Patch Antenna using HFSS, v11.0 software and study the effect of antenna dimensions Length (L), and substrate parameters relative Dielectric constant (εr), substrate thickness (t) on the Radiation parameters of Bandwidth and Beam-width.
This document provides information on amplitude modulation (AM) including important formulas, example problems, and their solutions. Formulas are given for modulation index, carrier power, total power, sideband frequencies and power. Example problems cover calculating modulation index, carrier power, total power, sideband frequencies and power for various modulation percentages and modulation indices. The last few examples calculate percentage power savings when suppressing a sideband and carrier.
This document provides information about designing a microwave link between two sites in Pakistan for a semester project. It includes:
1) Details of the two sites and student information.
2) An introduction explaining microwave radio relay technology and how it is used to transmit signals over long distances using line-of-sight paths.
3) Technical explanations of key concepts in microwave communication systems like frequency, wavelength, free space loss, antenna gain, and how they relate to designing an optimal microwave link.
1) The document discusses 5G and its rapid rollout globally, with over 60 countries having launched commercial 5G networks by 2020 and over 170 countries having released national digital strategies emphasizing 5G and AI.
2) It outlines challenges around 5G deployment and building the 5G business ecosystem, and presents Huawei's solutions to address technical challenges through continuous innovation and help operators succeed in 5G business through ecosystem construction.
3) Huawei is committed to long-term technology leadership through the largest R&D investment in the industry and has developed 10 leading 5G product solutions to empower operators with 5G.
EC 8004 wireless networks -Two marks with answersKannanKrishnana
The document discusses various aspects of wireless networks including infrared transmission, spread spectrum techniques, issues in wireless local area networks (WLAN), applications of WLAN, IEEE 802.11 standard, medium access control in IEEE 802.11, wireless asynchronous transfer mode (WATM), high performance radio local area network (HIPERLAN), Bluetooth, mobile IP, ad hoc networks, dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP), session initiation protocol (SIP), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), and 4G and beyond technologies. Key topics covered are infrared and spread spectrum transmission methods, MAC functions in 802.11, requirements of HIPERLAN, states and modulation in Bluetooth, entities in mobile IP, characteristics
This document discusses vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation. VSB modulation is a compromise between single sideband (SSB) and double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation that overcomes some of the drawbacks of SSB. In VSB, one sideband and a vestige of the other sideband are transmitted together, requiring less bandwidth than DSB but more than SSB. VSB modulation is commonly used for television signal transmission to reduce the bandwidth requirement compared to DSB.
The document discusses smart antennas and their applications. It defines smart antennas as antenna arrays that use signal processing algorithms to identify spatial signatures like direction of arrival to calculate beamforming vectors and track antenna beams. It describes different types of smart antennas including adaptive arrays and MIMO. It also discusses beamforming techniques and direction of arrival estimation algorithms. Applications of smart antennas mentioned include vehicles, where arrays can form adjustable beams to cover all azimuth angles.
Wireless LANs (WLANs) allow computers to connect to a local network using radio transmissions rather than wires. They use technologies like Wi-Fi that transmit data over the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz radio bands. WLANs provide mobility within a limited range and can be used to avoid installing network cables. However, they have less range than wired networks and can experience interference from other devices.
This document discusses spectrum management. It begins by introducing radio spectrum and its importance for various applications. It then discusses trends driving increased spectrum demand, such as growth in mobile services and new technologies. This has placed pressure on regulators to balance competing spectrum needs. The document outlines the international, regional, and national frameworks for spectrum management, including the roles of the International Telecommunication Union and national regulatory administrations in allocating and assigning spectrum licenses. The objectives of spectrum management are to achieve technical and economic efficiencies while also meeting public policy goals.
This document discusses point to point microwave transmission. It describes the basic modules of microwave radio terminals including digital modems, RF units, and passive parabolic antennas. It also covers microwave radio configurations, applications, advantages, planning aspects like network architecture, frequency bands, and propagation effects. Key factors in microwave link engineering like link budgets, reliability predictions, and interference analysis are summarized.
This document discusses various applications of antennas in medical fields. It describes how antennas are used for wireless body area networks to transmit biomedical data from sensors on or inside the body to devices for diagnosis. Ingestible antennas inside capsules and wearable antennas on the body are discussed. Antennas are also used for medical imaging like MRI and microwave imaging. The document outlines how antennas can be designed and implemented for these diagnostic and therapeutic applications like thermal ablation treatment.
Waseela is a leading systems integrator that provides ICT solutions and services across the Middle East. It has over 325 regional clients, operates in 4 countries, and has delivered over $240 million worth of projects. It has 3 integrated business units focused on enterprise, smart cities, and telecom solutions. The document discusses Waseela's services such as consultation, integration, implementation, and maintenance for clients across industries. It also discusses how Waseela leverages technologies like cloud, IoT, 5G and more to create opportunities for clients through identification of synergies and differentiation.
Millimeter Wave mobile communications for 5g cellularraghubraghu
The next generation of wireless mobile communication is here know as 5G cellular which will revolutionize the way which see at wireless communication today !!!
3G UMTS is a 3rd generation mobile network standard that aims to provide improved voice quality, higher data speeds, and more capacity compared to previous 2G standards. It utilizes W-CDMA technology along with a packet-switched core network to support data rates up to 2Mbps. Key aspects of 3G UMTS include soft handovers between base stations, advanced cellular planning to optimize coverage and capacity, and global roaming capabilities. While offering benefits over 2G, 3G also presented challenges such as high infrastructure costs and lack of adoption from some existing mobile users.
Had the pleasure to introduce and discuss LoRaWaN unconference IoT 2018 and Smart IoT Product Managers Meetup in Tel Aviv. This presentation is a practical guide to LoRaWan and what it takes to build solutions with it.
This thesis focuses on mobile phones antenna design with brief description about the historical development, basic parameters and the types of antennas which are used in mobile phones. Mobile phones antenna design section consists of two proposed PIFA antennas. The first design concerns a single band antenna with resonant frequency at GPS frequency (1.575GHz). The first model is designed with main consideration that is to have the lower possible PIFA single band dimensions with reasonable return loss (S11) and the efficiencies. Second design concerns in a wideband PIFA antenna which cover the range from 1800MHz to 2600MHz. This range covers certain important bands: GSM (1800MHz & 1900MHz), UMTS (2100MHz), Bluetooth & Wi-Fi (2.4GHz) and LTE system (2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, and 2.6GHz). The wideband PIFA design is achieved by using slotted ground plane technique. The simulations for both models are performed in COMSOL Multiphysics.
The last two parts of the thesis present the problems of mobile phones antenna. Starting with Specific absorption rate (SAR) problem, efficiency of Mobile phones antenna, and hand-held environment.
Angle modulation techniques such as frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) were introduced. FM varies the carrier frequency according to the message signal, while PM varies the carrier phase. The chapter covered the concepts of instantaneous frequency, bandwidth of angle modulated signals, generation of FM signals through direct and indirect methods, and demodulation of FM signals using discriminators and phase-locked loops. Key advantages of FM over AM include improved noise immunity and resistance to interference at the cost of increased transmission bandwidth.
Single sideband modulation is more spectrally efficient than double sideband modulation by transmitting only one sideband. In single sideband modulation, there is a 90 degree phase offset between the sine and cosine signals. In practice, I/Q imbalance and carrier leakage are inevitable due to imperfections in the I/Q modulator and DC offsets. I/Q imbalance results in an undesired sideband and constellation distortion, degrading modulation accuracy. Carrier leakage arises from LO leakage and DC offsets, degrading SNR. Techniques like calibration circuits, balanced mixing, and adjusting I/Q gains/offsets can help minimize these impairments.
The OpenRAN architecture, empowered by intelligence and openness principles, is the foundation for building the virtualized RAN on open hardware and cloud, with embedded AI-powered radio control. The architecture is based on standards defined by O-RAN Alliance, which completely support and are complementary to standards promoted by 3GPP and other industry standards organizations.
This document discusses the Yagi-Uda antenna, which was invented in 1926 by Shintaro Uda and Hidesugu Yagi. It explains that the Yagi-Uda antenna is a directional antenna system consisting of an array of coupled parallel dipoles. The document covers the principle, construction, working, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the Yagi-Uda antenna. It is commonly used as a terrestrial TV antenna and is usually used at frequencies between 30MHz and 3GHz.
5G is designed to serve an unprecedented range of capabilities with a single global standard. With enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive IoT (mIoT), and mission-critical IoT, the three pillars of 5G represent extremes in performance and associated complexity. For IoT services, NB-IoT and eMTC devices prioritize low power consumption and the lowest complexity for wide-area deployments (LPWA), while enhanced ultra-reliable, low-latency communication (eURLLC), along with time-sensitive networking (TSN), delivers the most stringent use case requirements. But there exists an opportunity to more efficiently address a broad range of mid-tier applications with capabilities ranging between these extremes.
In 5G NR Release 17, 3GPP introduced a new tier of reduced capability (RedCap) devices, also known as NR-Light. It is a new device platform that bridges the capability and complexity gap between the extremes in 5G today with an optimized design for mid-tier use cases. With the recent standards completion, NR-Light is set to efficiently expand the 5G universe to connect new frontiers.
Download this presentation to learn:
• What NR-Light is and why it can herald the next wave of 5G expansion
• How NR-Light is accelerating the growth of the connected intelligent edge
• Why NR-Light is a suitable 5G migration path for mid-tier LTE devices
This document provides an overview of key concepts in radio frequency (RF) technology for wireless communication systems. It defines terms like dBm for measuring power, and modulation schemes like amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK) for encoding digital signals onto radio carriers. The document also outlines considerations for selecting an appropriate low-power wireless solution, including radio spectrum and network types.
This presentation summarizes multicarrier modulation techniques OFDM and FBMC.
It begins with an overview of multicarrier modulation and its uses of multiple closely or non-orthogonally spaced carriers to avoid interference. It then provides details on OFDM including its system model of serial to parallel conversion, modulation, IDFT/DFT and parallel to serial conversion.
FBMC is then introduced as an evolution of subband processing that addresses some limitations of OFDM like cyclic prefix overhead. It utilizes analysis and synthesis filter banks at the transmitter and receiver.
The presentation concludes with a comparison of OFDM and FBMC, noting FBMC's advantages of higher spectral efficiency and better frequency localization but also its increased complexity,
This document discusses Nyquist's criterion for distortionless transmission of binary signals over a baseband channel. It states that intersymbol interference (ISI) can be eliminated by choosing a transmit filter response P(f) that satisfies the Nyquist criterion. An ideal rectangular pulse shape meets the criterion but is physically unrealizable. A more practical raised cosine pulse is proposed, which introduces a rolloff factor to trade off excess bandwidth for slower decay. The full-cosine case provides additional zero-crossings that aid synchronization but doubles the bandwidth.
The document discusses different types of microwave phase shifters. It describes that a phase shifter is a two-port device that provides a fixed or variable phase shift of an RF signal with minimal attenuation. It then focuses on ferrite phase shifters, which use ferrite materials to provide a variable phase shift by changing the bias field of the ferrite. The document also discusses distributed phase shifters, active vs. passive phase shifters, analog vs. digital phase shifters, and fixed vs. variable phase shifters.
AM – Frequency spectrum – vector representation – power relations – generation of AM – DSB, DSB/SC, SSB, VSB AM Transmitter & Receiver; FM and PM – frequency spectrum – power relations : NBFM & WBFM, Generation of FM and DM, Armstrong method & Reactance modulations : FM & PM frequency.
Current Approaches for Extending Range of Wi-Fi Networkijsrd.com
Nowadays, Wi-Fi networks have numerous emerging applications, ranging from backbone Wi-Fi networks, last-mile wireless networks and Wi-Fi direct networks. We can categorize the application into two types: (1) indoor wireless networks and (2) outdoor wireless networks. Indoor Wi-Fi networks include wireless networks and Wi-Fi direct networks, which usually have shorter links than outdoor wireless networks. Compared with indoor wireless networks, outdoor Wi-Fi networks attend as the network backbone or the infrastructure for Internet connection and usually have a longer transmission range. Besides, a data transmission usually traverses through multiple expectancy in outdoor wireless networks while it often takes only one expect in indoor wireless network. The distance limitations and data rates with Wi-Fi networks are more arduous to calculate due to varying data rates, capacity, interference, etc. In this paper, we discuss the various methodologies for increasing range of Wi-Fi network.
This paper presents the idea of recent developments and advancements in the field of wireless technology to realize high speed communications which is performed in wideband technology .In this paper the wideband patch antenna is designed and fabricated.
Wireless LANs (WLANs) allow computers to connect to a local network using radio transmissions rather than wires. They use technologies like Wi-Fi that transmit data over the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz radio bands. WLANs provide mobility within a limited range and can be used to avoid installing network cables. However, they have less range than wired networks and can experience interference from other devices.
This document discusses spectrum management. It begins by introducing radio spectrum and its importance for various applications. It then discusses trends driving increased spectrum demand, such as growth in mobile services and new technologies. This has placed pressure on regulators to balance competing spectrum needs. The document outlines the international, regional, and national frameworks for spectrum management, including the roles of the International Telecommunication Union and national regulatory administrations in allocating and assigning spectrum licenses. The objectives of spectrum management are to achieve technical and economic efficiencies while also meeting public policy goals.
This document discusses point to point microwave transmission. It describes the basic modules of microwave radio terminals including digital modems, RF units, and passive parabolic antennas. It also covers microwave radio configurations, applications, advantages, planning aspects like network architecture, frequency bands, and propagation effects. Key factors in microwave link engineering like link budgets, reliability predictions, and interference analysis are summarized.
This document discusses various applications of antennas in medical fields. It describes how antennas are used for wireless body area networks to transmit biomedical data from sensors on or inside the body to devices for diagnosis. Ingestible antennas inside capsules and wearable antennas on the body are discussed. Antennas are also used for medical imaging like MRI and microwave imaging. The document outlines how antennas can be designed and implemented for these diagnostic and therapeutic applications like thermal ablation treatment.
Waseela is a leading systems integrator that provides ICT solutions and services across the Middle East. It has over 325 regional clients, operates in 4 countries, and has delivered over $240 million worth of projects. It has 3 integrated business units focused on enterprise, smart cities, and telecom solutions. The document discusses Waseela's services such as consultation, integration, implementation, and maintenance for clients across industries. It also discusses how Waseela leverages technologies like cloud, IoT, 5G and more to create opportunities for clients through identification of synergies and differentiation.
Millimeter Wave mobile communications for 5g cellularraghubraghu
The next generation of wireless mobile communication is here know as 5G cellular which will revolutionize the way which see at wireless communication today !!!
3G UMTS is a 3rd generation mobile network standard that aims to provide improved voice quality, higher data speeds, and more capacity compared to previous 2G standards. It utilizes W-CDMA technology along with a packet-switched core network to support data rates up to 2Mbps. Key aspects of 3G UMTS include soft handovers between base stations, advanced cellular planning to optimize coverage and capacity, and global roaming capabilities. While offering benefits over 2G, 3G also presented challenges such as high infrastructure costs and lack of adoption from some existing mobile users.
Had the pleasure to introduce and discuss LoRaWaN unconference IoT 2018 and Smart IoT Product Managers Meetup in Tel Aviv. This presentation is a practical guide to LoRaWan and what it takes to build solutions with it.
This thesis focuses on mobile phones antenna design with brief description about the historical development, basic parameters and the types of antennas which are used in mobile phones. Mobile phones antenna design section consists of two proposed PIFA antennas. The first design concerns a single band antenna with resonant frequency at GPS frequency (1.575GHz). The first model is designed with main consideration that is to have the lower possible PIFA single band dimensions with reasonable return loss (S11) and the efficiencies. Second design concerns in a wideband PIFA antenna which cover the range from 1800MHz to 2600MHz. This range covers certain important bands: GSM (1800MHz & 1900MHz), UMTS (2100MHz), Bluetooth & Wi-Fi (2.4GHz) and LTE system (2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, and 2.6GHz). The wideband PIFA design is achieved by using slotted ground plane technique. The simulations for both models are performed in COMSOL Multiphysics.
The last two parts of the thesis present the problems of mobile phones antenna. Starting with Specific absorption rate (SAR) problem, efficiency of Mobile phones antenna, and hand-held environment.
Angle modulation techniques such as frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) were introduced. FM varies the carrier frequency according to the message signal, while PM varies the carrier phase. The chapter covered the concepts of instantaneous frequency, bandwidth of angle modulated signals, generation of FM signals through direct and indirect methods, and demodulation of FM signals using discriminators and phase-locked loops. Key advantages of FM over AM include improved noise immunity and resistance to interference at the cost of increased transmission bandwidth.
Single sideband modulation is more spectrally efficient than double sideband modulation by transmitting only one sideband. In single sideband modulation, there is a 90 degree phase offset between the sine and cosine signals. In practice, I/Q imbalance and carrier leakage are inevitable due to imperfections in the I/Q modulator and DC offsets. I/Q imbalance results in an undesired sideband and constellation distortion, degrading modulation accuracy. Carrier leakage arises from LO leakage and DC offsets, degrading SNR. Techniques like calibration circuits, balanced mixing, and adjusting I/Q gains/offsets can help minimize these impairments.
The OpenRAN architecture, empowered by intelligence and openness principles, is the foundation for building the virtualized RAN on open hardware and cloud, with embedded AI-powered radio control. The architecture is based on standards defined by O-RAN Alliance, which completely support and are complementary to standards promoted by 3GPP and other industry standards organizations.
This document discusses the Yagi-Uda antenna, which was invented in 1926 by Shintaro Uda and Hidesugu Yagi. It explains that the Yagi-Uda antenna is a directional antenna system consisting of an array of coupled parallel dipoles. The document covers the principle, construction, working, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the Yagi-Uda antenna. It is commonly used as a terrestrial TV antenna and is usually used at frequencies between 30MHz and 3GHz.
5G is designed to serve an unprecedented range of capabilities with a single global standard. With enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive IoT (mIoT), and mission-critical IoT, the three pillars of 5G represent extremes in performance and associated complexity. For IoT services, NB-IoT and eMTC devices prioritize low power consumption and the lowest complexity for wide-area deployments (LPWA), while enhanced ultra-reliable, low-latency communication (eURLLC), along with time-sensitive networking (TSN), delivers the most stringent use case requirements. But there exists an opportunity to more efficiently address a broad range of mid-tier applications with capabilities ranging between these extremes.
In 5G NR Release 17, 3GPP introduced a new tier of reduced capability (RedCap) devices, also known as NR-Light. It is a new device platform that bridges the capability and complexity gap between the extremes in 5G today with an optimized design for mid-tier use cases. With the recent standards completion, NR-Light is set to efficiently expand the 5G universe to connect new frontiers.
Download this presentation to learn:
• What NR-Light is and why it can herald the next wave of 5G expansion
• How NR-Light is accelerating the growth of the connected intelligent edge
• Why NR-Light is a suitable 5G migration path for mid-tier LTE devices
This document provides an overview of key concepts in radio frequency (RF) technology for wireless communication systems. It defines terms like dBm for measuring power, and modulation schemes like amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK) for encoding digital signals onto radio carriers. The document also outlines considerations for selecting an appropriate low-power wireless solution, including radio spectrum and network types.
This presentation summarizes multicarrier modulation techniques OFDM and FBMC.
It begins with an overview of multicarrier modulation and its uses of multiple closely or non-orthogonally spaced carriers to avoid interference. It then provides details on OFDM including its system model of serial to parallel conversion, modulation, IDFT/DFT and parallel to serial conversion.
FBMC is then introduced as an evolution of subband processing that addresses some limitations of OFDM like cyclic prefix overhead. It utilizes analysis and synthesis filter banks at the transmitter and receiver.
The presentation concludes with a comparison of OFDM and FBMC, noting FBMC's advantages of higher spectral efficiency and better frequency localization but also its increased complexity,
This document discusses Nyquist's criterion for distortionless transmission of binary signals over a baseband channel. It states that intersymbol interference (ISI) can be eliminated by choosing a transmit filter response P(f) that satisfies the Nyquist criterion. An ideal rectangular pulse shape meets the criterion but is physically unrealizable. A more practical raised cosine pulse is proposed, which introduces a rolloff factor to trade off excess bandwidth for slower decay. The full-cosine case provides additional zero-crossings that aid synchronization but doubles the bandwidth.
The document discusses different types of microwave phase shifters. It describes that a phase shifter is a two-port device that provides a fixed or variable phase shift of an RF signal with minimal attenuation. It then focuses on ferrite phase shifters, which use ferrite materials to provide a variable phase shift by changing the bias field of the ferrite. The document also discusses distributed phase shifters, active vs. passive phase shifters, analog vs. digital phase shifters, and fixed vs. variable phase shifters.
AM – Frequency spectrum – vector representation – power relations – generation of AM – DSB, DSB/SC, SSB, VSB AM Transmitter & Receiver; FM and PM – frequency spectrum – power relations : NBFM & WBFM, Generation of FM and DM, Armstrong method & Reactance modulations : FM & PM frequency.
Current Approaches for Extending Range of Wi-Fi Networkijsrd.com
Nowadays, Wi-Fi networks have numerous emerging applications, ranging from backbone Wi-Fi networks, last-mile wireless networks and Wi-Fi direct networks. We can categorize the application into two types: (1) indoor wireless networks and (2) outdoor wireless networks. Indoor Wi-Fi networks include wireless networks and Wi-Fi direct networks, which usually have shorter links than outdoor wireless networks. Compared with indoor wireless networks, outdoor Wi-Fi networks attend as the network backbone or the infrastructure for Internet connection and usually have a longer transmission range. Besides, a data transmission usually traverses through multiple expectancy in outdoor wireless networks while it often takes only one expect in indoor wireless network. The distance limitations and data rates with Wi-Fi networks are more arduous to calculate due to varying data rates, capacity, interference, etc. In this paper, we discuss the various methodologies for increasing range of Wi-Fi network.
This paper presents the idea of recent developments and advancements in the field of wireless technology to realize high speed communications which is performed in wideband technology .In this paper the wideband patch antenna is designed and fabricated.
This document summarizes a student project to design and characterize a microstrip patch antenna for single frequency operation at 1.2 GHz. The students designed an S-shaped patch antenna on an FR4 substrate with a ground plane. They used HFSS software to simulate the antenna and observed a usable bandwidth centered at 1.16 GHz with a return loss of -25 dB. The students concluded they successfully designed a single frequency microstrip antenna for communication applications at 1.2 GHz, but were unable to realize the hardware due to time constraints.
An antenna is a specialized transducer that converts radio-frequency (RF) fields into alternating current (AC) or vice-versa. ... At frequencies below 3 GHz, many different types of antennas are used. The simplest is a length of wire, connected at one end to a transmitter or receiver
hello readers i give my PPT presentation for about antenna and ther properties and working explain in this ppt
i hope you like it THANK YOU.......!!!!!!!
The document discusses different types of antennas used in wireless communication. It describes antennas such as dipole antennas, horn antennas, parabolic dish antennas, and antenna arrays. Dipole antennas are simple and widely used. They consist of two conductive elements that transmit and receive electromagnetic waves. Horn antennas guide radio waves into a beam but have limited directivity. Parabolic dish antennas have high gain and directivity due to their distinctive parabolic shape. Antenna arrays combine the radiation patterns of individual antenna elements to provide benefits such as high gain and directivity.
IRJET- Miniaturization of Patch Antenna using SRR and CSRRIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on miniaturizing a patch antenna using split ring resonators (SRR) and complementary split ring resonators (CSRR). It describes the design and simulation of several antenna prototypes. The first prototype incorporated a CSRR into the patch but only achieved a 15% size reduction. The second prototype placed the CSRR in the ground plane and capacitively coupled the feed, achieving a 91% size reduction down to 2x2 cm for operation at 2.4 GHz. Simulation results showed improved matching of -20 dB compared to the original antenna. In conclusion, the project goal of significantly miniaturizing the antenna was achieved through the use of metamaterials.
It was our first real life based designing experience on this platform. From the mentioned designed we tried to develop a prototype of Dipole antenna of 600 Mhz for practical uses. For the further development we’ve a got plan to use a simulation software like CST microwave studio or ADS to simulate our developed design in the long term . We had to work very hard to complete this design in time! But in the end, the challenge and learning experience were well worth it.
STUDY ON IMPROVED RADIATION PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF FRACTAL ANTENNA FO...vnktrjr
This document discusses a study on improving the radiation performance of fractal antennas for wireless applications. It begins with an introduction to wireless communication systems and the importance of antennas. It then discusses the basics of antenna theory, including key properties like gain, directivity, efficiency, input impedance, polarization, return loss, radiation patterns and beamwidth. Finally, it briefly describes common antenna types such as dipoles, monopoles, corner reflectors and Yagi antennas. The overall aim is to analyze how the performance of a microstrip fractal antenna can be improved by using an array configuration and electromagnetic band gap structure.
This document provides a comprehensive review of the developments in antenna engineering from dipole antennas to fractal antennas. It begins with a brief introduction of antennas and their history, discussing various antenna types including dipole, loop, aperture, microstrip, reflector and more. It notes the problems faced in antenna design and the need for compact, multiband antennas. The review then focuses on the evolution of fractal antennas, which are more compact and exhibit multiband/wideband characteristics useful for wireless applications. Simulation methods like FDTD and FEM have been used to analyze fractal antenna performance in terms of parameters such as return loss, bandwidth and gain. The results from various papers are discussed and tabulated to better understand the progression of
1) The document proposes a new design for a transponder antenna for low-frequency RFID systems that aims to be less directional than traditional designs using a cylindrical ferrite core.
2) Simulations and experiments on existing antenna designs show that coupling is strongest when a transponder coil is centered below a reader loop, and that using a ferrite core can increase coupling over 100 times compared to no ferrite core.
3) The proposed new design aims to provide more uniform sensitivity than traditional designs by alleviating the strong directionality imposed by a cylindrical ferrite core.
The document describes the design and construction of an active antenna that can amplify radio signals between 3-3000MHz. It includes an introduction that provides background on active antennas and their use. It then covers various chapters that discuss the objectives, significance, methodology, components, operation and recommendations for the active antenna project. The antenna is designed to amplify weak signals received by passive antennas to improve radio and television reception for users.
Microstrip Antenna Design For Ultra-Wide Band Applicationsinventionjournals
1) The document describes the design of a microstrip patch antenna for ultra-wideband applications. Slots are added to the patch and ground plane to enhance the bandwidth.
2) Simulation results show the antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth of 2.2-5.6 GHz with return loss less than -10 dB. The gain is up to 6.5 dB and radiation patterns are dipole-like in the E-plane and omnidirectional in the H-plane.
3) The antenna design achieves good performance across the UWB frequency range and could be suitable for applications such as wireless monitors and printers.
The document describes the design and analysis of a discone antenna. A discone antenna consists of a disc at the top connected to a cone below by an insulator. It has an operating frequency range of at least 10:1. The disc diameter should be 0.7 times the wavelength of the lowest frequency. The cone length is a quarter wavelength of the lowest frequency. The cone angle is typically 25-40 degrees. Simulation results showed that antenna gain varies inversely with cone length and varies with feed pin radius and gap between disc and cone. The wide frequency range makes the discone antenna suitable for various applications.
This document discusses transmission systems in satellite communications. It begins by defining a transmission line as a device that transmits or guides energy from one point to another. It then discusses how transmission lines carry alternating current and are used to connect radio transmitters and receivers. The document goes on to describe the key components of fiber optic and wireless transmission systems, including transmitters, receivers, optical fiber cables, antennas, and amplifiers. It explains how each component functions and its role in transmitting signals across long distances.
Design and Implementation of A VHF Tri Loop Antenna for 2 Meter Amateur Bandijtsrd
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This document describes the design of a multi-purpose planar antenna that can operate in multiple frequency bands including DCS, WiBro, Bluetooth, wireless LAN, and ISM. The antenna was designed with an open-loop structure transformed from a monopole antenna. It has advantages like smaller size, lower cost, lighter weight, and higher gain than existing antennas. The antenna's resonance frequency and bandwidth can be adjusted by changing the gap and height of the open loop. Simulation results showed the antenna achieved bandwidths of 1.745-1.891GHz and 2.469-2.750GHz, making it suitable for the specified frequency bands. Radiation patterns and current distributions were also simulated.
This document describes the design of a multi-purpose planar antenna that can operate in multiple frequency bands including DCS, WiBro, Bluetooth, wireless LAN, and ISM. The antenna was designed with an open-loop structure transformed from a monopole antenna. It has advantages such as small size, low cost, light weight, and higher gain than existing antennas. The antenna's resonance frequency and bandwidth can be adjusted by changing the gap and height of the open loop. Measurement results showed the antenna achieved bandwidths of 1.745-1.891GHz and 2.469-2.750GHz, satisfying the needs of the target frequency bands. Radiation patterns and current distributions were also simulated.
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Analyzing the Different Parameters of Dipole Antenna
1. www.ijeee-apm.com International Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering 11
IJEEE, Vol. 1, Spl. Issue 1 (March 2014) e-ISSN: 1694-2310 | p-ISSN: 1694-2426
Analyzing the Different Parameters of
Dipole Antenna1
Amandeep Bath, 2
Abhishek Thakur, 3
Jitender Sharma , 4
Prof. Basudeo Prasad
1,2,3,4
Electronics & Communication Engineering Department,
Indo Global College of Engineering, Punjab, India
1
amandeep_batth@rediffmail.com, 2
abhithakur25@gmail.com, 3
er_jitender2007@yahoo.co.in
Abstract- Ultra wideband is a wireless technology to
realize high speed communications which is performed in
wideband. In this paper the wideband dipole antenna is
designed. The simulation is done using ANSOFT HFSS
simulation software.
Index Terms- Broad band, wide beam, circular
polarization, conducting wall, micro strip antenna, Wide-
Band, Omni directional radiation pattern smart grid, Wi Max
directive antennas, UWB antennas, Biotelemetry, capsule
endoscope, dipole antenna ,planar reflector antenna.
I. INTRODUCTION
In radio and telecommunications a dipole antenna also
known as doublet is the easiest and most commonly used
class of antenna. It is made up of two similar conductive
elements such as metal wires or rods which are generally
bilaterally symmetrical. The driving current from the
transmitter is given, or for receiving antennas the output
signal to the receiver is obtained and taken, between the two
halves of the antenna. Each side of the feedline to the
transmitter or receiver is joined to one of the conductors. This
is different with a monopole antenna, which is made up of a
single rod or conductor with one side of the feed line joined
to it, and the other side connected to some type of ground.
The best example of a dipole is the "rabbit ears" television
antenna which is found on broadcast television sets.
The most common type of dipole is two straight rods or wires
which are connected end to end on the same axis, with the
feed line connected to the two adjacent ends. This is the
easiest type of antenna from a theoretical point of view.
Dipoles are resonating antennas, meaning that the elements
serve as resonating elements, with standing waves of radio
current which flows back and forth between their ends. So the
length of the dipole elements is calculated by the wavelength
of the radio waves used. The most common type is the one
half wave dipole, in which both of the two rod elements is
approximately 1/4 wavelength long, so the complete antenna
is a half-wavelength long. Numerous different types of the
dipole are also used, such as the folded dipole, short dipole,
cage dipole, bow-tie, and batwing antenna. Dipoles may be
used as standalone antennas themselves, but they are also
used as feed antennas (driven elements) in many more
advanced antenna types, such as the Yagi antenna, parabolic
antenna, reflective array, turnstile antenna, log periodic
antenna, and phased array. The dipole was the oldest and
primitive type of antenna; it was invented by German scientist
Heinrich Hertz around 1886 in his advanced research of radio
waves
A dipole is a symmetrical antenna, as it is composed of
two symmetrical ungrounded elements. Therefore it works
best when fed by a balanced transmission line, such as a
ladder line. It happens because in that case the symmetry (one
aspect of the impedance complex, which is a complex
number) matches and therefore the power transfer is external.
When a dipole with an unbalanced feed line such as coaxial
cable which is generally used for transmitting the signal, the
shield side of the cable, in addition to the antenna, radiates.
RF currents are induced into other electronic equipment very
close to the radiating feed line, producing RF interference.
Furthermore, the efficiency of the antenna is very low
because it is radiating closer to the ground and its radiation as
well as the reception pattern may be asymmetrically distorted.
At very high frequencies, where the coax diameter is
generally more than the length of the dipole, this becomes a
more prominent problem. To remove this, dipoles fed by
coaxial cables have a balloon kind of structure between the
cable and the antenna, the unbalanced signal provided by the
coax is converted to a very balanced symmetrical signal for
the antenna.
Agile reconfigurable antennas for future communication
systems have attracted researchers around the globe.
Antenna's characteristics such as frequency, radiation pattern
and polarization are reconfigured to attain the demands for
agile radios. A lot of researches focus on frequency
reconfiguration as future communication systems such as
cognitive radio needs an antenna that can do spectrum sensing
and communication. In reconfigurable frequency antennas
development, recently a reconfigurable wide-band to agile
narrow frequencies, using a printed log periodic dipole array
antenna, was introduced. A wideband slotted multifunctional
reconfigurable frequency antenna for WLAN, WIMAX,
UWB and UMTS has been proposed in, a frequency
reconfigurable antenna, consisting of two structures; one is an
ultra-wide band (UWB) and other is a frequency
reconfigurable triangle shape antenna, is proposed for
cognitive radio communication
Ultra-wide band antennas have already been used in
areas such as satellite communication, remote sensing, and
ultra-wide band radar and so on. Currently, the wireless area
network (WLAN) in the 2.4-GHz (2.4-2.485 GHz) and 5-GHz
(5.l5-5.875 GHz) bands is the most popular networks for
accessing the internet the antenna for an AP not only requires
dual-band operation but also needs to have an appropriate
2. International Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering 12 www.ijeee-apm.com
radiation profile in both bands, namely similar gain, wide
beam width, and high front-to-back ratio. Wireless
communications continues to enjoy exponential growth in
Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band. The future
generation wireless networks require systems with broad-
band capabilities in various environments to satisfy several
applications as smart grid, personal communications, home,
car, and office networking .On the other hand, many modern
wireless communication systems such as radar, navigation,
satellite, and mobile applications use the circular polarized
(CP) radiation pattern. For the best UWB performance, the
transmitter and receiver (T/R) antennas should have flat and
high directive gain, narrow beam, low side and back lobes
over the operational frequency band; to attain the largest
dynamic range, best focused illumination area, lowest T/R
coupling, reduced ringing and uniformly shaped impulse
radiation.UWB has promised to offer high data rates at short
distances with low power, primarily due to wide resolution
bandwidth.
II. ANTENNA DESIGN AND CONFIGURATION
All The geometry and configuration of the proposed
antenna is shown in the figure. Initially the design properties
are selected by adjusting the local variables such as the
substrate height „l=25cm' and the radius 'a=0.5mm' and the
position as well. As shown in the figure the proposed antenna
consists of a cylindrical radiating substrate which is duplicate
d around the X axis with a rectangular lumped port excitation
between them. The duplicated substrate cylindrical antenna
element around the X axis is shown in the figure.
Fig. 1: Duplicated cylindrical substrate around the axis
Fig. 2: Rectangular radiating element between substrates
The material of the substrate is kept as pec with a bulk
conductivity of 1e+030 Siemens/m. The rectangular element
between the cylindrical substrates provides the lumped
excitation with a position 0,-.5,-2. The the integrating line is
drawn between the cylindrical substrates through the
rectangular element.
Fig. 3: Integrating line between the substrates
The structure is then covered by a vacuum box with the
position -100,-75,-75 mm and the other dimensions as X=200,
Y=150, Z=150mm. Also the transparency is adjusted as 0.76.
Further the faces of the vacuum box are individually selected
for assigning the radiation boundary. Before the final
validation check the solution frequency is adjusted as 300
MHz for the setup. Also for the same set up the frequency
sweep is adjusted by keeping the sweep type as fast and the
start and stop frequencies as 100 and 500Mhz respectively by
keeping the count as linear. Finally the design undergoes the
validation check for the errors.
Fig. 4: Air box over the dipole
III. DIPOLE CHARACTERISTICS
A. Frequency versus length
Dipoles that are very small even smaller than the
wavelength of the signal are called Hertz an, short, or
infinitesimal dipoles. These have a very low radiation
resistance and a high capacitive reactance, so they are not
very much efficient; though inefficient, they can be practical
antennas for long wavelengths. Dipoles whose length is half
the wavelength of the signal are called half-wave dipoles, and
are more efficient. In general radio engineering, the term
dipole usually means a half-wave dipole (center-fed).A half-
wave dipole is cut to length l for frequency f in hertz
according to the formula
3. www.ijeee-apm.com International Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering 13
Where λd is the wavelength on the dipole elements, λ0 is
the free-space wavelength, c is the speed of light in free space
(299,792,458 meters per second (983,571,060 ft/s)), and k is
called adjustment factor. The adjustment factor completely
compensates for propagation speed being somewhat less than
the speed of light. The dipole elements will have distributed
inductance and capacitance. The value of k is around 0.95.
For thin wires with the dimensions (radius = 0.000001
wavelengths), k is approximately 0.981; for thick wires
(radius = 0.01 wavelengths), k drops to about 0.915.The
above formula which is given is often shortened to the length
in meters = 143/MHz or the length in feet = 468/MHz; MHz is
the frequency in megahertz.
A. Elementary doublet
From a theoretical point of view, the dipole antenna is the
simplest antenna. An elementary doublet or Hertzian dipole as
shown in the figure is a small length of conductor δℓ (small
compared to the wavelength λ) carrying an alternating current
whose equation is:
Fig. 5: Elementary doublet.
Here ω = 2πf is the angular frequency (and f the
frequency), and i = √−1 is the imaginary unit, so that I is a
phasor. It is used in, for example, analytical calculation on
more complex antenna geometries. Note that physical
construction of the dipole is difficult because the current
needs somewhere to come from and somewhere to go to.
Actually, this small length of conductor will be just one of the
multiple segments into which we must divide a real antenna,
in order to calculate its properties. In the case of the
elementary doublet which is shown in the figure it is possible
to find exact, closed-form expressions for its electric field, E,
and its magnetic field, H. In spherical coordinates, they are
where r is the distance from the doublet to the point
where the fields are evaluated, k = 2π/λ is the wave number,
and Z = √μ/ε = 1/εc = μc is the wave impedance of the
surrounding medium (usually air or vacuum) and the
concerned equations are also shown .The energy associated
with the term of the near field flows alternately out of and
back into the antenna. The exponent of e accounts for the
phase dependence of the electric field on time and the
distance from the dipole. Often one is interested in the
antenna's radiation pattern only in the far field, when
r ≫ λ/2π. In this regime, only the 1/r term contributes, and
hence. The concerned equations are
The far electric field, Eθ, of the electromagnetic wave is
co-planar with the conductor and perpendicular with the line
joining the dipole to the point where the field is calculated. If
the dipole were placed in the center of a sphere with the axis
south-north, the electric field would be parallel to geographic
meridians and the magnetic field of the electromagnetic wave
would be parallel to geographic parallels
B. Dipole antenna techniques
Implementation of wideband antenna for smart grid
applications with a frequency bandwidth of 40% and gain of 3
to 4dbThe antenna design and simulation was carried out
using ANSYS‟ HFSS software which is the industry-standard
simulation tool for 3-D full-wave electromagnetic field
simulation. The total size of the antenna is 20mm x 10mm x
2mm. This new design offers a wide fractional frequency
bandwidth of about 40% with a gain from 3dB-4.3dB over the
frequency band (5GHz – 7.5GHz)
Using ultra wideband dipole antenna operating at 1.75 to 40
GHz .It is shown that the proposed antenna works well in
1.7GHz-40GHz frequency range and the main direction of the
radiation pattern keeps stable during the whole frequency
range. The H plane demonstrates an excellent Omni-
directional pattern.
A Dual-band Wide-beam width WLAN Access Point
Antenna with similar gain and wide beam width in both the
2.4- and 5-GHz WLAN bands. This paper describes a dual
band printed dipole antenna that has nearly identical radiation
patterns with similar gain and wide beam width in both the
2.4- and 5-GHz WLAN bands. The proposed design employs
two techniques to improve the radiation pattern. These
techniques are the use of an angle dipole and vertical copper
4. International Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering 14 www.ijeee-apm.com
plates arranged on the ground plane for improvement in the
radiation pattern of lower and upper bands, respectively .Ultra
band dipole antenna and circularly polarized antenna provides
the best Omni directional radiation pattern. Also the
techniques such as angled dipole and vertical copper plates on
ground plane are used for the further improvement of the
radiation pattern of the antenna.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section the lambda /2 dipole antenna is
constructed and the numerical and experimental results
regarding the radiation characteristics are presented and
discussed. The simulated results are obtained by using the An
soft simulation software high frequency structure simulator.
The measured and simulated characteristics of the antenna are
shown and from the far field report the rectangular plot, the
3D polar plot and are drawn and the radiation characteristics
are also plotted.
Fig. 6: XY Rectangular Plot
Fig. 7: 3D Polar Plot
Unlike other antennas reported in the literature to date, the
proposed antenna displays a good omnidirectional radiation
pattern even at higher frequencies. The designed antenna has
a small size and good return loss and radiation pattern
characteristics are obtained in the frequency band of interest.
The simulated and experimental results show that the
proposed antenna could be a good candidate for UWB
applications. The radiation pattern is shown in the figure for
the dipole antenna.
Fig. 8: Radiation Pattern
Next the radiation pattern for a half wave dipole antenna is
shown along with the stacked XY plot
Fig. 9: XY stacked plot
Fig. 10: Electric fields (blue) and magnetic fields (red) radiated by a
dipole antenna
A. Radiation Pattern and Gain
Dipoles have a radiation pattern, shaped like a toroids
(doughnut) symmetrical about the axis of the dipole. The
radiation is maximum at right angles to the dipole, dropping
off to zero on the antenna's axis. The theoretical maximum
gain of a Hertzian dipole is 10 log 1.5 or 1.76 dBi. The
maximum theoretical gain of a λ/2-dipole is 10 log 1.64 or
2.15 dBi.
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
With the rapid progress of wireless technology in recent
years, various wireless systems such as GSM,
WCDMA/UMTS, Bluetooth, WLANs, and GPS have been
5. www.ijeee-apm.com International Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering 15
highly integrated into the mobile devices, and in order to
fulfill the RF system requirements using the different
frequency band, antenna technology is required to wideband
characteristics .On the other hand, many modern wireless
communication systems such as radar, navigation, satellite,
and mobile applications use the circular polarized (CP)
radiation pattern. The attractive advantages of the CP antenna
are existed as follows. Firstly, since the CP antennas send and
receive in all planes, it is strong for the reflection and
absorption of the radio signal. In the multi-path fading
channel environment, the CP antenna overcomes out of phase
problem which can cause dead-spots, decreased throughput,
reduced overall system performance. Additionally. Also
further improvements could be done by using antenna
substrates with higher dielectric constants in order to reduce
the size a broad band wide beam circular polarization micro
strip antenna. The configuration of the antenna is simple and
easy to fabricate compared with conventional micro strip
antenna, the radiation beam is broadened obviously. Further
research on circularly polarized wideband micro strip
antenna is required as it gives the best performance and
overall improvement of antenna parameters.
REFERENCES
[1] Gaboardi P., Rosa L., Cucinotta A., and Selleri S., “Patch Array
Antenna for UWB Radar Applications”, in 3rdEuropean
RadarConference, 2006, p.281-284.
[2] Yoann Letestu and Ala Sharaiha, “Size reduced multi-band
printed quadrifilar helical antenna,” IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propag., vol. 59, pp. 3138-3143, 2011.
[3] A. Siligaris et al., “A 65-nm CMOS fully integrated
transceiver module for 60-GHz Wireless HD applications,”
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3017, Dec. 2011.
[4] S. Manafi, S. Nikmehr, and M. Bemani, "Planar reconfigurable
multifunctional antennaforWLAN/wimax/UWB/pcsdcs/UMTS
applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C,
Vol.26, 123- 137, 2012.
[5] C. R. Medeiros, E. B. Lima, 1. R. Costa, and C. A.Fernandes,
"Wideband slot antenna for WLAN accesspoint, " IEEE
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[6] F. Ghanem, P. S. Hall and J. R. Kelly, “Two port frequency
reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radios”, Electronics
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[7] E. Ebrahimi, J. R. Kelly and P. S. Hall, “A reconfigurable
Narrowband antenna integrated with wideband monopole for
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[8] J. W. Baik, S. Pyo, T.H. Lee, and Y.S. Kim, “Switchable
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Journal, vol.31 2009,pp.318-320
[9] M. Sanad, "A Small Size Micro strip Antenna Circuit", IEEE
International Conference on Antenna and Propagation, vol. 1,
pp. 465-471, April1995.
[10] P. Suraj and V. R. Gupta, “Analysis of a Rectangular
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[11] M. N. Srifi, M. Meloui and M. Essaaidi, “Rectangular Slotted
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[12] Ansoft Corporations, HFSS V.12- Software based on the finite
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Aanandan, and K. Vasudevan, "Compact dual-band antenna for
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AUTHORS
First Author – Amandeep Batth:
M. Tech. in Electronics and
Communication Engineering from
Punjab Technical University, MBA
in Human Resource Management
from Punjab Technical University ,
Bachelor in Technology (B-Tech.)
from Punjab Technical University .
Six years of work experience in
teaching. Area of interest: Antenna
Design and Wireless Communication. International
Publication: 1, National Conferences and Publication: 4.
Working with Indo Global College of Engineering Abhipur,
Mohali, P.B. since 2008.
Email: amandeep_batth@rediffmail.com
Second Author– Abhishek Thakur:
M. Tech. in Electronics and
Communication Engineering from
Punjab Technical University, MBA
in Information Technology from
Symbiosis Pune, M.H. Bachelor in
Engineering (B.E.- Electronics)
from Shivaji University Kolhapur,
M.H. Five years of work experience
in teaching and one year of work
experience in industry. Area of interest: Digital Image and
Speech Processing, Antenna Design and Wireless
Communication. International Publication: 7, National
Conferences and Publication: 6, Book Published: 4
(Microprocessor and Assembly Language Programming,
Microprocessor and Microcontroller, Digital Communication
and Wireless Communication). Working with Indo Global
College of Engineering Abhipur, Mohali, P.B. since 2011.
Email: abhithakur25@gmail.com
Third Author – Jitender Sharma: M. Tech. in Electronics and
Communication Engineering from Mullana University,
Ambala, Bachelor in Technology (B-Tech.)from Punjab
Technical University . Five years of work experience in
teaching. Area of interest:, Antenna Design and Wireless
Communication. International Publication: 1 National
Conferences and Publication:6 and Wireless
Communication). Working with Indo Global college since
2008.
E-mail:er_jitender2007@yahoo.in