Water is an important natural resource, which forms the cause of all life. Water is one of the most requisite materials in our day to day life. It is a key resource in all economic activities ranging from agriculture to industries. Only a minimal fraction of the planet’s plentiful water is available to the living beings as fresh water. About 97% is found in the oceans and is very salty for drinking, irrigation, or industry. The remaining 3% is fresh water. About 2.997% of it is arrested in ice caps or glaciers or is concealed so deep that it costs too much time & money to extract. Only about 0.0035 of Earth’s total volume of water is easily available to us as soil moisture, exploitable ground water, water vapor, rivers, lakes and streams. In this present study by a systematic sampling has been carried out to find the water quality parameters of the Lake, by collecting samples from Six different positions, which covering entire area of the lake, and the stations were distributed covering the periphery of the entire tank, and also considering the inflow and the discharges and to suggest required management techniques to make water free from the pollution

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 02, February 2019, pp. 152–158, Article ID: IJCIET_10_02_018
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=2
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
©IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT
OF LAKE WATERS: A CASE STUDY
S. Ramesh Babu
Research Scholar, Department of Environmental Sciences,
College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
P.V.V. Prasada Rao
Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Environmental Sciences,
College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
M.V. Raju
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Vignan’s Foundation for Science
Technology and Research, Deemed to be University, Andhra Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Water is an important natural resource, which forms the cause of all life. Water is
one of the most requisite materials in our day to day life. It is a key resource in all
economic activities ranging from agriculture to industries. Only a minimal fraction of
the planet’s plentiful water is available to the living beings as fresh water. About 97%
is found in the oceans and is very salty for drinking, irrigation, or industry. The
remaining 3% is fresh water. About 2.997% of it is arrested in ice caps or glaciers or
is concealed so deep that it costs too much time & money to extract. Only about
0.0035 of Earth’s total volume of water is easily available to us as soil moisture,
exploitable ground water, water vapor, rivers, lakes and streams. In this present study
by a systematic sampling has been carried out to find the water quality parameters of
the Lake, by collecting samples from Six different positions, which covering entire
area of the lake, and the stations were distributed covering the periphery of the entire
tank, and also considering the inflow and the discharges and to suggest required
management techniques to make water free from the pollution
Key words: Water, Lake, Physico-Chemical, Quality Parameters, Pollution.
Cite this Article: S. Ramesh Babu, P.V.V. Prasada Rao and M.V. Raju, Physico-
Chemical Quality Assessment of Lake Waters: A Case Study, International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 10(2), 2019, pp. 152–158.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=2

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1. INTRODUCTION
Lakes, ponds and streams constitute fresh water habitats, which harbor aquatic life. They are
subjected to various natural processes taking place in the environment like the hydrologic
cycle. They are also the natural sources for all kinds of chemical reactions. In the presence of
sunlight, wind, convection currents of water and the potential energy of the stream will mix
and stir the water of the water bodies. With unprecedented developmental activities, human
beings are responsible for choking several lakes to death. Storm water runoff, discharge of
sewage and industrial effluents into the lakes are few of the common causes where various
toxic compounds enter the aquatic ecosystems resulting in the deterioration of lake water
quality. This loss of water quality is causing health hazards, death of aquatic lives and crop
failures. Under such conditions, the need to study and monitor the condition of lakes has
become very critical. The ever-increasing importance and threat to long term sustainability of
the lakes due to industrialization makes the present study highly relevant
2. DISCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
Rudraram Cheruvu, it’s co es under village of rudrara panchayat in Snagareddy District of
Telangana State. India. And it coordinates 17.5630
N 78.1670
E. Rudraram Lake, the point
source observed is essentially the industries and the nonpoint source is the agricultural runoff.
A point to be taken care of is that all the industries are on the elevated side and waters have
natural tendency to flow towards the lake. Keeping in view of the quality assessment lake are
very importance to satisfy the demand and of the present research work has been taken up
with the following objectives. Study area of sampling locations Map shown in Figure 1
Figure 1 Location of the Study Area Map with Sampling Locations
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
 Physico-Chemical Water Quality Assessment of lake water
 To suggest suitable bio-remedial methods for the resurrection of the Lake

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4. METHODOLOGY
Glassware
All the glassware used in the present study was PYREX Quality, Manufactured by BOROSIL
Glassware Ltd, Mumbai.
Water
Distilled Water was used for all the experiments in the laboratory, withPH
7.0 - 7.2 and
electrical conductivity 10 mho / cm.
Chemicals
Analytical Reagent (AR) grade chemicals were used for the present Study.
Reagents
Reagents were prepared from Analytical Grade chemicals, using double Distilled water.
Equipment/Instruments
The instruments used for carrying out the present study included Digital pH Meters (MKVI
Systronics) for pH measurement and Conductivity meters (Systronics 304) for conductivity
measurements, UV –Visible Spectrophotometer (analytikjena SPEKOL 1200), Microscope
(Olympus, USA), Kjeldhal Assembly (kjel plus, India), hot air oven, muffle furnace, Hach –
COD Reactor for COD measurement, ,Laminar Air Flow (Clas, India) etc. and chemical used
for analysis shown in Table 1. And methods used for analysis shown in Table 2
Table 1 List of Chemicals
Sl.No Name of the Chemical Molecular Formula Purity
1. Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 98.08%
2. Ammonium Chloride NH4Cl 99%
3 Sodium thioSulphate Na2S2O3 99%
4. Sodium Hydroxide NaOH 97%
5. Ammonia NH3 95%
6. Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (FeNH4 )2 (SO4)2 98%
7. Potassium Dichromate K2Cr2O7 99%
8. Mercuric Sulphate HgSO4 99%
9. Silver Sulphate AgSO4 98.5%
10. Silver Nitrate AgNO3 99%
11. Potasium Chromate K2CrO7 99%
12. Iso-propyl Alcohol (CH3)3CHOH 99%
13. Hydrochloric Acid HCl 99%
Table 2 Methods used for Physico-chemical methods & equipment used in the study
S.No Parameter Method Instrument/Equipment
(A) Physico-chemical
1 pH Electrometric pH meter
2 Conductivity Electrometric Conductivity meter
3 TDS Gravimetric -
4 Alkalinity Titration by H2SO4 -
5 Total Hardness Titration by EDTA -
6 Ca hardness Titration by EDTA -
7 Mg hardness Titration by EDTA -
8 Chlorides Argentometric -
9 Sulphates Turbidimetric UV-Visible Spectrophotometer

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5. RESUTS AND DISCUSSION
Rudraram Cheruvu is the one of the largest wetlands of this study compared to other lake
presents in surrounding region., and for the purpose of the water quality assessment, six
sampling stations were selected as shown in Fig. 1, and the stations were distributed covering
the periphery of the entire tank, and also considering the inflow and the discharges, Water
quality assessment was made twice year, Pre-monsoon (April-May) and Post-monsoon
(September-October) periods. The results of the physico -chemical parameters like pH,
electrical Conductivity, Alkalinity, Chlorides, Total hardness, Calcium hardness, Magnesium
hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical oxygen demand,
Phosphates, Sulphates, Nitrates, Fluorides, Total dissolved solids, Sodium, Potassium,
Ammonia, Nitrogen and Nitrite are given and shown in Table 4 and Table 5. And Drinking
Water Standards of BIS shown in Table 3
Table 3 Drinking Water Standards of BIS (IS: 10500: 1991)
S.No Parameter Desirable limits (mg/l) Permissible limits (mg/l)
1 pH 6.5-8.5 No relaxation
2 Conductivity - -
3 TDS 500 2000
4 Alkalinity 200 600
5 Total Hardness 300 600
6 Ca hardness 190 500
7 Mg hardness (Mg) 120 410
8 Chlorides 250 1000
9 Sulphates 200 400
10 Phosphates 5 5
11 Nitrates 45 100
12 Sodium - -
13 Potassium - -
14 Total COD Nil Nil
15 Dissolved COD Nil Nil
16 BOD Nil Nil
17 Arsenic 0.05 No relaxation
18 Copper 0.05 1.5
19 Cadmium 0.01 No relaxation
20 Chromium 0.05 No relaxation
21 Lead 0.05 No relaxation
22 Iron 0.3 1.0
23 Manganese 0.1 0.3
24 Mercury 0.001 No relaxation
25 Zinc 5.0 15
Note: All the parameters are expressed in mg/l except pH.
10 Phosphates Stannous chloride method UV-Visible Spectrophotometer
11 Nitrates UV Spectrophotometric UV-Visible Spectrophotometer
12 Nitrites Colorimetric method UV-Visible Spectrophotometer
13 Kjeldhal ammonia Kjeldhal method Kjel plus
14 Kjeldhal nitrogen Kjeldhal method Kjel plus
15 Sodium Flame emission Flame photometer
16 Potassium Flame emission Flame photometer
17 COD
Digestion followed by
titration using FAS
Reflux method
18 DO Iodometric -
19 BOD
5 days incubation followed
by titration
BOD incubator

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Table 4. Physico-Chemical water characteristic of surface water of Study Lake (Post Monsoon)
S.No Parameter IS 10500 SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW5 SW6
1 pH 6.5-8.5 9.2 9.7 9.7 9.5 9.7 9.3
2 EC (µS/cm) - 3533 3719 3938 3782 3976 3897
3 TDS(mg/l) 500 2518 2488 2560 2532 2579 2578
4 Ca Hardness as Ca
(mg/l)
75
732 740 772 764 784 768
5 Mg Hardness as
Mg(mg/l)
30
60 91.2 81.6 79.2 84 79.2
6 Total Hardness(mg/l) 200 2110 2230 2270 2240 2310 2250
7 Dissolved
Oxygen(mg/l)
-
2.1 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.5
8 BOD(mg/l) - 26 20 15 30 25 30
9 COD(mg/l) - 840 600 580 720 640 680
10 Sodium(mg/l) - 255 267 301 293 306 302
11 Potassium(mg/l) - 122 126 126 83 136 122
12 Alkalinity(mg/l) 200 1030 1040 1055 1045 1090 1050
13 Chlorides(mg/l) 250 436 450 543 522 540 536
14 Fluorides(mg/l) 1.0 0.40 0.35 0.52 0.47 0.53 0.47
15 Sulphates(mg/l) - 100.3 105.6 96 83.5 103.2 92.6
16 Phosphates(mg/l) - 1.5 1.3 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.7
17 Nitrogen(mg/l) - 0.84 0.56 0.56 0.84 1.12 0.84
18 Ammonia(mg/l) 0.5 2.8 2.5 3.4 4.8 4.2 3.1
19 Nitrite(mg/l) - 0.1 0.08 0.11 0.2 0.19 0.1
20 Nitrates(mg/l) 45 29.1 34.1 29.8 29.1 28.5 28.5
Table 5. Physico-Chemical water characteristic of surface water of Study Lake (Pre Monsoon)
S.No Parameter IS
10500
SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW5 SW6
1 pH 6.5-8.5 8.5 8.7 8.6 8.5 8.8 8.7
2 EC (µS/cm) - 3330 3750 3655 3850 3871 3792
3 TDS(mg/l) 500 2319 2286 2362 2323 2369 2272
4 Ca Hardness as Ca
(mg/l)
75
631 642 668 661 672 658
5 Mg Hardness as
Mg(mg/l)
30
60 80.1 70.2 68.5 74 66.2
6 Total
Hardness(mg/l)
200
1998 2021 2012 2016 2107 2101
7 Dissolved
Oxygen(mg/l)
-
1.8 2.1 1.3 1.3 1.4 2.3
8 BOD(mg/l) - 35 26 18 20 28 30
9 COD(mg/l) - 790 548 640 622 770 920
10 Sodium(mg/l) - 232.8 240.6 280.6 260.4 280.2 270.8
11 Potassium(mg/l) - 111.6 112.8 108.8 60.2 112.8 106.8
12 Alkalinity(mg/l) 200 830 842 856 842 898 859
13 Chlorides(mg/l) 250 331 352.86 441.52 419.86 421.8 436.05
14 Fluorides(mg/l) 1.0 0.45 0.33 0.48 0.52 0.45 0.51
15 Sulphates(mg/l) - 80.2 86.5 87 63.4 93.6 82.6
16 Phosphates(mg/l) - 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.6
17 Nitrogen(mg/l) - 0.66 0.45 0.49 0.72 1.8 0.62
18 Ammonia(mg/l) 0.5 1.9 1.8 2.5 3.6 3.7 2.9
19 Nitrite(mg/l) - 0.1 0.07 0.09 0.1 0.10 0.1
20 Nitrates(mg/l) 45 19.4 22.6 18.9 20.4 21.6 22.5

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6. CONCLUSIONS
The present study is aimed at analyzing the water quality of by collecting water samples from
two seasons i.e. Water quality assessment was made twice year, Pre-monsoon (April-May)
and Post-monsoon (September-October) periods Further, it was intended to for physico-
chemical and biological parameters for the beneficial purposes
The important water quality parameters such as pH, electrical Conductivity, Alkalinity,
Chlorides, Total hardness, Calcium hardness, Magnesium hardness, Dissolved Oxygen,
Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical oxygen demand, Phosphates, Sulphates, Nitrates,
Fluorides, Total dissolved solids, Sodium, Potassium, Ammonia, Nitrogen and Nitrite were
analyzed from Six sampling location of the studied lake
It was found that the Total Hardness is very high both the seasons, not with in the
permissible levels. On human, High levels of calcium and magnesium can affect several
organs in the body and cause health problems. One of the most severe effects of hard water is
an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. And also that it has highly affects the survival
aquatic life. and also High of Ammonia , alkalinity during the both the seasons of the analysis
and it is confirmed that the water quality is poor and need to followed by various treatment
water softening technologies like Ion Exchange Process, Zeolite Process, Lime soda process
and other similar technologies. So that Necessary awareness must be provided to the public
regarding, judicial consumption of water, hygienic sanitation, adoption of a proper method to
reduce dumping of waste into water bodies
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