Ijciet 06 09_015

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 6, Issue 9, Sep 2015, pp. 160-174 Article ID: IJCIET_06_09_015
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=6&IType=9
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication
PROSPECT OF PARTIAL UTILIZATION OF
WASTE GLASS POWDER AND WASTE
PAPER SLUDGE ASH IN CONCRETE
Mohammad Iqbal Mirza
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IUST, Awantipora
Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar Bashir, Umar
Chowdhary
Civil Engineering Graduate Student, IUST, Awantipora
ABSTRACT
This research examines the possibility of using waste glass as partial
replacement of fine aggregates and waste paper sludge ash as partial
replacement of cement in concrete. The fine aggregates were replaced
partially up to 40% by weight using waste glass powder and cement was
replaced partially up to 20% by weight using waste paper sludge. The normal
concrete of M 25 design mix was used as a reference standard. The cube
specimens of size 150 mm for all mixture compositions were tested for
compressive strength, light weight character, water absorption (durability)
and cylinder specimens of size 300mm length and 150 mm diameter were
tested for splitting tensile strength. The light weight tests and water absorption
tests were carried out at 28 days of age. The compressive strength and
splitting cylinder tests were carried out at 7, 28 and 60 days of age.
Key words: Waste Glass, Waste Paper Sludge Ash, Compressive Strength,
Durability, Light Weight.
Cite this Article: Mohammad Iqbal Mirza, Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad
Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar Bashir and Umar Chowdhary. Prospect of
Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash in
Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 6(9),
2015, pp. 160-174.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=6&IType=9
1. INTRODUCTION
The sustainability of concrete industry is under threat due to continuous consumption
of natural resources. Natural resources necessary for making concrete or ingredients
of concrete are limited in quantity. If they are used at the current pace in concrete
industry, the time is near when we will have to discard concrete as a construction
material which will create havoc. In order to make efficient use of natural resources in

Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In
Concrete
consideration to concrete industry, we have an option of shifting to use of waste
materials as constituents of concrete. This will not only ensure sustainability of
concrete industry, but will reduce production cost of concrete and finally be
environment friendly. Waste material generation is accompanied with disposal
problem and hazardous effects on environment. Moreover, most of the waste
materials have no use. Some wastes are non biodegradable thus occupying permanent
land area in today’s world when land is so much insufficient that people are planning
to reside on moon. If such waste materials are utilized in concrete industry as
ingredient of concrete after accessing their performance, it will be extremely
beneficial in making concrete industry sustainable, utilizing idle waste materials and
rendering concrete production economical.
An enormous quantity of waste glass is generated all around the world. In India,
0.7% of total urban waste generated comprises of glass [1]. UK produces over three
million tons of waste glass annually [2] Waste glass is crushed into specified sizes for
use as aggregate in various applications such as water filtration, grit plastering, sand
cover for sport turf and sand replacement in concrete [3]. The use of river sand as fine
aggregate leads to exploitation of natural resources, lowering of water table, sinking
of bridge piers and erosion of river bed. If fine aggregate is replaced by waste glass by
specific percentage and in specific size range, it will decrease fine aggregate content
and thereby reducing the ill effects of river dredging and thus making concrete
manufacturing industry sustainable. The amount of waste glass produced has
gradually increased over the recent years due to an ever growing use of glass
products. Most waste glass has and is being dumped into landfill sites. The land filling
of waste glass is undesirable because waste glass is non biodegradable which makes
them environmentally less friendly. Utilization of this waste is the need of the hour.
There is huge potential for using waste glass in the concrete construction sector.
When waste glasses are reused in making concrete products, the production cost of
concrete will go down [4]. In this research, waste glass was crushed using los
Angeles abrasion machine and then sieved through 1.18 mm Indian Standard sieve
and then used as partial replacement of fine aggregates. In addition, waste glass
seemed to positively contribute to the mortar micro-structural properties resulting in
an evident improvement of its mechanical performance [5]. Hence the size of waste
glass used was in the range 0-1.18mm so as to perform new research so as to
determine change in mechanical performance of concrete and of the fact that it was
later used in combination with waste paper sludge ash which would be a new research
area in future.
Another waste material brought into focus in this research is waste paper sludge
ash, a byproduct of paper recycling industry. Paper fibers can be recycled only a
limited number of times before they become too short or weak to make high quality
paper. It means that the broken, low- quality paper fibers are separated out to become
waste sludge. Paper mill sludge can be used as an alternative material applied as
partial replacement of fine aggregates in manufacturing fresh concrete intended to be
used for low cost housing projects [6]. About 300 kg of sludge is produced for each
ton of recycled paper. This is a relatively large volume of sludge produced each day
that makes making landfill uneconomical as paper mill sludge is bulky. In 1995, the
U.S. pulp and paper industry generated about 5.3 million metric tons of mill
wastewater-treatment residuals (on oven-dry basis), which is equivalent to about 15
million metric tons of dewatered (moist) residuals. About half of this was disposed in
landfills/lagoons, a quarter was burned, one-eighth was applied on farmland/forest,
one sixteenth was reused/recycled in mills, and the rest, one sixteenth, was used in

Mohammad Iqbal Mirza, Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar
Bashir and Umar Chowdhary
other ways [7]. Pulp and paper mill residual solids (also called sludge) are composed
mainly of cellulose fibers, moisture, and papermaking fillers (mostly kaolinitic clay
and/or calcium carbonate) [8]. The material is viscous, sticky and hard to dry and can
vary in viscosity and lumpiness. It has an energy content that makes it a useful
candidate as an alternative fuel for the manufacture of Portland cement. Paper sludge
is currently in use as an alternative fuel. It is classified as Class 2 (liquid alternative
fuels) in the Cembureau classification of alternative fuels. After incinerating paper
sludge at approximately 800 0C, the resultant fly ash may contain reactive silica and
alumina (in the form of metakaolin) as well as lime (CaO) which contributes
chemically to the Portland cement ingredients. As wastepaper sludge ash contains
higher percentage of silicon dioxide SiO2, it may provide extra strength to concrete.
This project will try to study the design parameters of concrete on inclusion of waste
paper as partial replacement of cement both individually and in combination with
waste glass as partial replacement of fine aggregates.
2. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
Sustainability of concrete industry is currently a grave concern and in addition
efficient waste material management is gruesome problem. The focus of this study is
to assess the potential of using waste glass partially in place of fine aggregates and
waste paper sludge ash partially in place of cement both individually and in
combination in concrete. The resulting concrete is expected to promote sustainability
of concrete industry through simultaneous enhancements of material greenness and
infrastructure durability and above all utilization of environmentally unfriendly
wastes in concrete. In a shorter term this research is about green concrete.
3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Materials Used
The constituent materials used in this study are as follows:
 Cement: Khyber ordinary Portland cement of 43 grade confining to IS 8112 [9] was
used throughout the work.
 Aggregates: Fine aggregates used throughout the work comprised of clean river sand
with maximum size of 4.75mm conforming to zone II as per IS383-1970 [10] with
specific gravity of 2.6. Coarse aggregates used consisted of machine crushed stone
angular in shape passing through 20mm (0.787") IS sieve and retained on 4.75mm
(0.187") IS sieve with specific gravity of 2.7.
 Waste glass powder: Waste glass was collected from Trilok Glass House, Srinagar,
J&K, consisting of waste window glass (Soda Lime glass). It was pulverized in Los
Angeles abrasion apparatus and then sieved through 1.18mm (0.046") IS sieve. The
specific gravity of waste glass was found to be 2.42. Chemical composition of glass is
presented in TABLE 1. Fig.1 shows sieved glass powder.
 Waste paper sludge ash (WPSA): Waste paper sludge was obtained from JML waste
paper corporation, Pathankot, Punjab, India. It was then sun dried and incinerated so
as to convert it into ash. The ash was sieved through 90 micron (0.0035") Indian
Standard sieve. The specific gravity of waste paper sludge ash was found to be 2.6.
Chemical composition of paper sludge ash is presented in TABLE 2. Fig.2 shows
waste paper sludge ash placed on cement to present contrast.

Concrete
Specimen Preparation
The concrete mix design was proposed by using IS 10262 [11]. The grade of concrete
used was M-25 with water to cement ratio of 0.45. Normal M 25 concrete specimens
were casted so as to act as standard for test results when comparing with concrete
specimens containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash.
Concrete containing waste glass
Waste glass was used as partial replacement of fine aggregates. The mixture
proportions used in laboratory for experimentation are shown in TABLE 3.
Concrete containing waste paper sludge ash
Waste paper sludge ash was used as partial replacement of cement. The mixture
proportions used in laboratory for experimentation are shown in TABLE 4.
Concrete containing both waste glass and waste paper sludge ash
Waste glass and waste paper sludge ash was simultaneously used in concrete in
varying composition. The mixture proportions used in laboratory for experimentation
are shown in TABLE 5.
PLAN OF EXPERIMENTS
Tests on fresh concrete
Slump Test: The workability of all concrete mixtures was determined through slump
test utilizing a metallic slump mould. The difference in level between the height of
mould and that of highest point of the subsided concrete was measured and reported
as slump. The slump tests were performed according to IS 1199-1959 [12].
Tests on hardened concrete
From each concrete mixture, cubes of size 150mm (5.90") and 300mm (11.81")
length and 150mm (5.90") diameter cylinders have been casted for the determination
of compressive strength and splitting tensile strength respectively. The concrete
specimens were cured under normal conditions as per IS 516-1959 [13] and were
tested at 7 days, 28days and 60 days for determining compressive strength as per IS
516-1959 and splitting tensile strength as per IS 5816-1999 [14].
Water absorption test
The average dry weight of cube specimens after removing from moulds was measured
and the average weight of cube specimens after submerging in water for curing was
measured at 28 days of age. The percentage of water absorption was measured for
each concrete specimen and it gave indirect measure of durability.
Light weight character
The average dry weight of concrete cube specimens for all combinations of waste
glass and waste paper sludge ash was compared with average dry weight of normal
M-25 concrete cube specimens and the percentage decrease in dry weight was
measured.

4. RESSULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results are described in view of the experiments conducted as:
4.1. Fresh Concrete
4.1.1. Concrete containing waste glass (WG)
Slump test: The slump values of all the mixtures are represented in TABLE 3. The
slump increased with the increase in waste glass content. Waste glass particles
absorbed less water as compared to sand and thus improving the workability of
concrete mix. Slump was maximum for the concrete mixture containing 40% waste
glass in place of fine aggregates. The variation of slump with waste glass content is
depicted in Fig. 3.
4.1.2. Concrete containing waste paper sludge ash (WPSA)
Slump test: The slump values of all the mixtures are represented in TABLE 4. The
slump decreased with the increase in waste paper sludge ash content. Waste paper
sludge ash particles absorbed more water as compared to cement and thus decreasing
the workability of concrete mix. Slump was maximum for the concrete mixture
containing 5% waste paper sludge ash in place of cement. The variation of slump with
waste paper sludge ash content is depicted in Fig. 4.
4.1.3. Concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in combination
(WG + WPSA)
Slump test: The slump values for mixtures containing waste glass (WG) and waste
paper sludge ash (WPSA) in combination increased continuously and was found to be
maximum for mixture containing 5% WPSA and 30% WG. WPSA particles absorb
moisture while glass particles do not which enhances the workability of concrete.
TABLE 5 and Fig. 5 depict slump values of mixture containing WG and WPSA in
combination at varied percentage contents.
4.2. Hardened Concrete
The compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests are presented in
TABLE 6. Compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests were carried
out at 7, 28 and 60 days. An increase in compressive strength was observed up to 30%
replacement of fine aggregates by waste glass and there after decreasing. The
maximum compressive strength measured was 25% more than that of reference mix at
28 and 60 days corresponding to concrete mix containing 20% waste glass in place of
fine aggregates. Compressive strength for concrete mix with 40% waste glass content
was found to be less than that of reference mix. Splitting tensile strength decreased
with increasing waste glass content. Fig. 6 present compressive strength of all
mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively. Fig. 7 present splitting tensile strength of
all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively.
TABLES 7. Compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests were carried
out at 7, 28 and 60 days. An increase in compressive strength was observed at 5%

Concrete
replacement of cement by waste paper sludge ash and there after decreasing. The
maximum compressive strength measured was 15% more than that of reference mix at
28 and 60 days corresponding to normal M 25concrete mix. Compressive strength for
concrete mix with 10%, 15% and 20% waste paper sludge ash content was found to
be less than that of reference mix. Splitting tensile strength was found to be more than
that for reference mix at 5% cement replacement. Splitting tensile strength decreased
with increasing waste paper sludge ash content. Fig. 8 present compressive strength of
all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively. Fig. 9 present splitting tensile strength
of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively.
(WG + WPSA)
TABLE 8. Compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests were carried
out at 7, 28 and 60 days. An increase in compressive strength was observed up to 30%
replacement of fine aggregates by WG and 5% replacement of cement by WPSA and
thereafter decreasing. The maximum compressive strength measured was 28% more
than that of reference mix at 28 and 60 days corresponding to concrete mix containing
20% replacement of fine aggregates by WG and 5% replacement of cement by
WPSA. Compressive strength for concrete mix with 10% WPSA and 30% WG
content was found to be less than that of reference mix. Splitting tensile strength
decreased with increasing WG and WPSA content. Fig. 10 present compressive
strength of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively. Fig. 11 present splitting
tensile strength of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively.
4.3. Water Absorption
Water absorption test was carried out for all mixtures and percentage water absorption
was measured as:
The percentage water absorption decreased with increase in waste glass content. The
lowest value of water absorption was found for concrete mix with 40% waste glass
content. TABLE 9 depicts the percentage water absorption for all mixtures.
The percentage water absorption increased with increase in waste paper sludge ash
content. The lowest value of water absorption was found for concrete mix with 5%
waste paper sludge ash content. TABLE 10 depicts the percentage water absorption
for all mixtures.
(WG + WPSA)
The percentage water absorption increased with increase in WPSA content. The
lowest value of water absorption was found for concrete mix with 5% WPSA and
30% WG content. TABLE 11 depicts the percentage water absorption for all
mixtures.

4.4. Light weight character
Average dry weight of cube specimens of each mixture as compared to reference mix
was studied as:
It was observed that density decreased with increase in waste glass content. The
results showed 5% reduction in dry weight of concrete cube specimens for concrete
mix with 40% waste glass content as compared to reference mix. Thus, waste glass
concrete is light weight in nature. TABLE 12 depicts the value of dry density and
percentage change in dry weight with respect to reference mix.
The weight density of WPSA concrete decreased with increase in waste paper sludge
ash content. The results showed 4.58% reduction in dry weight of concrete cube
specimens for concrete mix with 20% waste paper sludge ash content as compared to
reference mix. This reduction in density can be attributed to lesser specific gravity of
waste paper sludge ash as compared to cement. Thus, waste paper sludge ash concrete
is light weight in nature. TABLE 13 depicts the value of dry density and percentage
change in dry weight with respect to reference mix.
(WG + WPSA)
The density of concrete containing WPSA and WG decreased with increase in WPSA
and/or WG content. The results depicted 4.61% reduction in dry weight of concrete
with 10% WPSA and 30% WG content as compared to reference mix. The reduction
in density is the resultant of less denser WPSA and WG. Thus, concrete containing
WG and WPSA becomes light weight which is a positive result. TABLE 14 depicts
the value of dry density and percentage change in dry weight with respect to reference
mix.
5. TABLES AND FIGURES
Table 1 Chemical composition of waste glass
Oxides Percentage content
SiO2 70.4
Al2O3 1.9
Fe2O3 1.2
MgO 10.3
Na2O 14.0
K2O 0.4
Table 2 Chemical composition of waste paper sludge ash
Element Percentage Content
O 15.83
Ca 14.94
Si 60.57
Al 2.06
Mg 3.59
S 1.07
K 0.16
Fe 0.92

Concrete
Table 3 Mixture Proportion for concrete containing waste glass as partial replacement of fine
aggregates.
Waste
Glass
%
w/c
ratio
Water
(Kg/m3
)
Cement
(Kg/m3
)
Fine
Aggregate
(Kg/m3
)
Waste
Glass
(Kg/m3
)
Coarse
Aggregate
(Kg/m3
)
Slump
(mm)
0 0.45 191.6 425.8 543.5 0.00 1199.36 25
10 0.45 191.6 425.8 489.15 54.35 1199.36 29
20 0.45 191.6 425.8 434.80 108.70 1199.36 34
30 0.45 191.6 425.8 380.45 163.05 1199.36 40
40 0.45 191.6 425.8 326.10 217.40 1199.36 50
Table 4 Mixture proportion for concrete containing waste paper sludge ash as partial
replacement of cement
Paper
Sludge
Ash
%
w/c
ratio
Water
(Kg/m3
)
Cement
(Kg/m3
)
Fine
Aggregate
(Kg/m3
)
Paper
Sludge
Ash
(Kg/m3
)
Coarse
Aggregate
(Kg/m3
)
Slump
(mm)
0 0.45 191.6 425.80 543.5 0.00 1199.36 25
5 0.45 191.6 404.51 543.5 21.29 1199.36 24
10 0.45 191.6 383.22 543.5 42.58 1199.36 20
15 0.45 191.6 361.93 543.5 63.87 1199.36 16
20 0.45 191.6 340.64 543.5 85.16 1199.36 13
Table 5 Mixture proportions for concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash
in combination.
Paper
Sludge
Ash
%
Waste
Glass
%
w/c
ratio
Water
(Kg/m3
)
Cement
(Kg/m3
)
Fine
Aggregate
(Kg/m3
)
Paper
Sludge
Ash
(Kg/m3
)
Waste
Glass
(Kg/m3
)
Coarse
Aggregate
(Kg/m3
)
Slump
(mm)
0 0 0.45 191.6 425.80 543.50 0.00 0.00 1199.36 25
5 10 0.45 191.6 404.51 489.15 21.29 54.35 1199.36 27
10 10 0.45 191.6 383.22 489.15 42.58 54.35 1199.36 26
5 20 0.45 191.6 404.51 434.80 21.29 108.7 1199.36 33
10 20 0.45 191.6 383.22 434.80 42.58 108.7 1199.36 31
5 30 0.45 191.6 404.51 380.45 21.29 163.05 1199.36 35
10 30 0.45 191.6 383.22 380.45 42.58 163.05 1199.36 31
Table 6 Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength test results of concrete with waste
glass. For U.S. customary unit conversion (1 N/mm2
= 145.037 psi)
Waste
Glass in %
Cube compressive Strength (N/mm2
)
Cylinder splitting tensile strength
(N/mm2
)
7 days 28 days 60 days 7 days 28 days 60 days
0 21.48 28.07 29.78 2.12 2.55 2.74
10 24.29 33.69 35.93 2.08 2.48 2.67
20 24.73 35.11 37.49 2.02 2.30 2.46
30 22.37 30.82 32.00 1.80 2.16 2.21
40 18.07 25.69 27.21 1.63 1.91 2.01

Table 7 Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength test results of concrete with waste
paper sludge ash. For U.S. customary unit conversion (1 N/mm2
= 145.037 psi).
Waste Paper
sludge ash in
%
Cube compressive Strength
(N/mm2
)
(N/mm2
)
0 21.48 28.07 29.78 2.12 2.55 2.74
5% 23.62 32.34 34.32 2.22 2.69 2.86
10% 20.15 26.29 27.85 2.16 2.51 2.63
15% 17.92 24.74 26.24 2.05 2.33 2.45
20% 15.14 22.147 23.48 1.77 2.12 2.22
Table 8 Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength test results of concrete waste glass
and waste paper sludge ash in combination. For U.S. customary unit conversion (1 N/mm2
=
145.037 psi).
Waste Paper
sludge ash in
%
Waste
Glass
%
Cube compressive Strength
(N/mm2
)
(N/mm2
)
0 0 21.48 28.07 29.78 2.12 2.55 2.74
5 10 22.82 33.78 35.83 2.08 2.51 2.64
10 10 22.15 32.73 34.72 2.01 2.39 2.50
5 20 26.07 36.14 38.34 1.91 2.26 2.39
10 20 23.77 33.62 35.61 1.80 2.15 2.28
5 30 23.33 32.00 33.93 1.84 2.26 2.36
10 30 20.67 26.90 28.54 1.91 2.33 2.48
Table 9 Water absorption test results for concrete with waste glass.
Waste
glass
content
Average dry
weight before
curing (g)
Average wet
weight after 28
days curing (g)
Water
Absorbed (g)
Percentage
Water
Absorption (%)
0% 8382 8480 98 1.169
10% 8343 8415 72 0.863
20% 8235 8295 60 0.729
30% 8130 8181 51 0.627
40% 7952 7993 41 0.516
Table 10 Water absorption test results for concrete with waste paper sludge ash.
S. No.
Paper Sludge
Ash
%
Dry weight of
cube (gm)
Wet weight of
cube (gm)
Water
absorbed
(gm)
Percentage
water
absorption
1 0 8382 8280 98 1.17%
2 5% 8352 8456 104 1.245%
3 10% 8225 8340 115 1.398%
4 15% 8115 8241 126 1.552%
5 20% 7998 8135 137 1.713%

Concrete
Table 11 Water absorption test results for concrete with waste glass and waste paper sludge
ash in combination.
S.
No.
Paper Sludge
Ash
%
Waste
Glass
%
Dry weight
of cube
(gm)
Wet
weight of
cube (gm)
Water
absorbed (gm)
Percentage
water
absorption
1 0 0 8382 8280 98 1.17%
2 5% 10% 8318 8398 80 0.962%
3 10% 10% 8255 8343 88 1.070%
4 5% 20% 8180 8281 101 1.235%
5 10% 20% 8080 8195 115 1.423%
6 5% 30% 8025 8080 55 0.685%
7 10% 30% 7995 8058 63 0.788%
Table 12 Light weight test results for concrete cube specimens with waste glass.
Waste glass
Content
Average dry
weight of cubes (g)
Dry density
(KN/m3
)
Percentage change in
weight with respect to
reference M25 cubes
0% 8382 24.83 0%
10% 8343 24.72 - 0.456%
20% 8235 24.40 - 1.753%
30% 8130 24.10 - 3.006%
40% 7952 23.56 - 5.130%
Table 13 Light weight test results for concrete cube specimens with waste paper sludge ash.
Paper Sludge Ash
%
Avg. Dry weight of
cube (gm)
Avg. dry density of
cube (KN/m3
)
weight as compared to
reference (%)
0 8382 24.83 0%
5% 8352 24.75 - 0.358%
10% 8225 24.37 - 1.870%
15% 8115 24.04 - 3.185%
20% 7998 23.70 - 4.580%
Table 14 Light weight test results for concrete cube specimens with waste glass and waste
paper sludge ash in combination.
Paper Sludge
Ash
%
Waste Glass
%
Avg. Dry
weight of cube
(gm)
Avg. dry
density of cube
(KN/m3
)
weight as compared
to reference (%)
0 0 8382 24.83 0%
5% 10% 8318 24.65 - 0.763%
10% 10% 8255 24.46 - 1.515%
5% 20% 8180 24.24 - 2.490%
10% 20% 8080 23.94 - 3.600%
5% 30% 8025 23.78 - 4.260%
10% 30% 7995 23.69 - 4.610%

Figure 1 Sieved waste glass powder ready for usage.
Figure 2 Sieved waste paper sludge ash dark grey.
Figure 3 Variation of slump with waste glass content.

Concrete
Figure 4 Variation of slump with waste paper sludge ash content.
Figure 5 Variation of slump with waste glass and waste paper sludge ash content in
combination.
Figure 6 Compressive strength of concrete containing waste glass at 7, 28 and 60 days of age.

Figure 7 Splitting tensile strength of concrete containing waste glass at 7, 28 and 60 days of
age.
Figure 8 Compressive strength of concrete containing waste paper sludge ash at 7, 28 and 60
days of age.
Figure 9 Splitting tensile strength of concrete containing waste paper sludge ash at 7, 28 and
60 days of age.

Concrete
Figure 10 Compressive strength of concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge
ash in combination at 7, 28 and 60 days of age.
Figure 11 Splitting tensile strength of concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge
ash in combination at 7, 28 and 60 days of age.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of results obtained, following conclusions can be drawn:
1. 20% replacement of fine aggregates by waste glass showed 15% increase in
compressive strength at 7 days and 25% increase in compressive strength at 28 and
60 days.
2. Fine aggregates can be replaced by waste glass up to 30% by weight showing 9.8%
increase in compressive strength at 28 and 60 days.
3. With increase in waste glass content, percentage water absorption decreases and
average weight decreases by 5% for mixture with 40% waste glass content thus
making waste glass concrete light weight.
4. Workability of concrete mix increases with increase in waste glass content. Splitting
tensile strength decreases with increase in waste glass content.
5. Cement in concrete can be replaced by waste paper sludge ash up to 5% by weight
showing 15% increase in compressive strength and 5% increase in splitting tensile
strength at 28 and 60 days.
6. With increase in waste paper sludge ash content, percentage water absorption
increases, workability decreases and average weight decreases by 4.58% for mixture
with 20% waste paper sludge ash content thus making waste paper sludge ash
concrete light weight.

7. Simultaneous utilization of waste glass and waste paper sludge ash showed 28.7%
maximum increase in compressive strength for 20% waste glass and 5% waste paper
sludge ash combination.
8. Use of waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in concrete will eradicate the disposal
problem of waste glass and prove to be environment friendly thus paving way for
greener concrete.
9. Use of waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in concrete will preserve natural
resources particularly river sand and thus make concrete construction industry
sustainable.
REFERENCES
[1] Asoka Pappu, Mohini Saxena, and Shyan R. Asolekar. Solid Waste Generation in
India and Their Recycling Potential in Building Materials, Regional Research
Institute (CSIR) and IIT Bombay, India.
[2] P Turgut and E.S. Yahlizade, Research into Concrete Blocks with Waste Glass,
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1:4 2009.
[3] Carpenter, A. J. and Cramer, C.M, Mitigation of ASR in pavement patch concrete
that incorporates highly reactive fine aggregate, Transportation Research Record
1668, Paper No. 99-1087,pp. 60-67,1999.
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