This technical note is recapitulation of the work carried out by researchers round the globe on characterization of waste paper sludge based on physical, chemical and mineralogical properties, activation mechanisms, pozzolanic reactivity, reaction kinematics and durability; for its possible utilization in construction industry as supplementary cementitious material, mineral admixture, partial replacement of binders in concrete, raw material for clay brick manufacturing, production of ceramics, soil stabilization in road works, reduction in carbon-dioxide emission etc., in order to en-cash various socio-economic and environmental benefits.

1. In partial completion of course on
Recent Advances in Construction Materials (CEL768)
Submitted by
Sandeep Jain (2014CET2226)
Submitted to
Dr. Shashank Bishnoi
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi
A PRESENTATION ON
“UTILIZATION OF WASTE PAPER SLUDGE IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY”

2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE
 Introduction
 Background
 Characterization
 Physical Properties
 Chemical Composition
 Mineralogical Composition
 Utilization in Concrete Production
 Utilization in Structural Ceramic and Clay Brick production
 Denouement
 References

3. INTRODUCTION
 Need: The mother of all discoveries
 Exponential population growth
 Greater demand for construction
 Increasing pressure on utilization natural resources and their depletion
 What is Waste Paper Sludge ?
 Industrial by-product from paper manufacturing
 Also known as:
 Paper De-inking sludge (García et al., 2007)
 Wastepaper Sludge Ash (Segui et al., 2012)
 Hypo-Sludge (Pitroda et al., 2013)

4. INTRODUCTION
Fig. 1. Global Paper Production 2013 (By Region) (Source: PPI)
 Manufacturing of 1 ton of paper = 300Kg dry sludge (Bajpai P., 2015 )
 3-8 cycles of possible recycling (García et al., 2007)
 Present use of residual sludge:
a). In landfill
b). Incineration for energy recovery

5. INTRODUCTION
 A vast horizon of possibilities :
 High volume of waste, Potential for re-use
 Solution of waste management problem
 New resource for construction industry
 Reduction in CO2 emission
 Supplementary Cementitious Material
 Mineral Admixture
 Partial replacement of binders in concrete
 Raw material for clay brick manufacturing
 Production of ceramics,
 Soil stabilization in road works,

6. BACKGROUND
 In this study:
 Characterization of waste paper sludge
 Activation mechanisms
 Pozzolanic reactivity
 Reaction kinetics
 Effect on durability
 Other possible re-uses of waste paper sludge.
 Foremost use in Concrete production
 Varying Composition

7. CHARACTERIZATION
 Physical Properties
 Specific Gravity = 2.5 to 3 g/cm3 (Hydrostatic weighting in kerosene )
 Fineness = varying results from 3000 to 6000 cm2/g (Blaine Apparatus)
 Particle size distribution = highly inconsistent and dependent on
grinding
 Color = Light to medium gray and may vary as per raw composition.
 SEM Results = Highly Porous Structure, agglomeration
 High water and plasticizer demand
 Workability issues

8. CHARACTERIZATION
Fig. 2a and 2b. SEM Observation for Waste Paper Sludge by Segui et al. (2012) and García et al. (2007)

9. CHARACTERIZATION
 Chemical Composition:
 chemical composition is dependent on the temperature and time of
calcination
 Calcium oxide (CaO)
 Silica (SiO2)
 Alumina (Al2O3)
 constituting to about 40-50% of total
 Significant amount of loss on ignition (LOI)

10. CHARACTERIZATION
Oxide (%) CaO SiO2 Al2O3 MgO Fe2O3 TiO2 Na2O SO3 K2O P2O5 LOI
Frías et al. (2014)
700˚C/2h
40.2 22.3 14.6 2.4 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 18.52
Gluth et al. (2013)
*
44.18 22.33 11.97 2.42 0.59 0.36 0.24 3.64 0.40 - 13.34
Segui et al. (2012)
850˚C
45.5 28.0 13.2 4.0 1.3 0.7 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.4 5.7
García et al. (2007)
700˚C/2h
47.1 13.9 8.3 1.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 - 0.3 0.2 26.7
Table 1: Chemical Composition of Waste Paper Sludge
Some traces of chloride ions and other metals like zinc; copper; lead; barium
and chromium may also be present sometimes depending upon the industrial
whitening method used.

11. CHARACTERIZATION
 Mineralogical Composition
 Organic: Cellulose (C12H20O10)
 Crystalline mineral compounds
 calcite (CaCO3)
 kaolinite (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O)
 free lime (CaO),
 quartz (SiO2)
 talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) (Frías et al., 2014)
 Gluth et al. (2013) and Segui et al. (2012) also detected gehlenite
(Ca2Al2SiO7) as main crystalline mineral phase
 Presence of portlandite (Ca(OH)2) is confirmed by Gluth et al. (2013)

12. CHARACTERIZATION
Fig. 3. Ternary diagram for Waste Paper Sludge (Segui et al., 2012)

13. CHARACTERIZATION
Fig. 4. XRD patterns showing mineralogical composition Waste Paper Sludge at different
calcination temperature (Frías et al., 2014)

14. CHARACTERIZATION
Fig. 5a. XRD patterns for un-hydrated Waste Paper Sludge. T: talc, CH: portlandite, Q: quartz,
Cc: calcite, G: gehlenite, C: lime, C3A: tricalcium aluminate, C2S: belite (Gluth et al., 2013)

15. CHARACTERIZATION
Fig. 5b. XRD patterns for Waste Paper Sludge. α: calcium silicate, c: calcite, g: gehlenite,
L: free lime, m: merwinite, M: mayenite (Segui et al., 2012)

16. UTILIZATION IN CONCRETE PRODUCTION
 As supplementary cementitious material, or as partial replacement of
binder or as hydraulic mineral admixture
 Calcination temperature and time period = 650-750ºC/2 hours
 García et al. (2007)
Fig. 6. Pozzolanic activity of calcined Waste Paper Sludge with commercial metakaolin
(García et al., 2007)

17. UTILIZATION IN CONCRETE PRODUCTION
Fig. 7. Comparison of Compressive Strength (García et al., 2007)

18. UTILIZATION IN CONCRETE PRODUCTION
 Segui et al. (2012): experimented on utilization of waste paper sludge as
hydraulic binder by preparing a paste with water with water to binder ratio
of 0.5
 Setting and hardening of paste
 lime gets hydrated to calcium hydroxide resulting in favorable alkaline
environment for other phases to react to form C-S-H gel.
 Expansion due to metallic aluminium
 Unsoundness due to free lime

19. UTILIZATION IN CONCRETE PRODUCTION
 Gluth et al. (2013): extensive research on reaction products and strength
development of waste paper sludge activated with water and alkalis (NaOH
and KOH)
 monocarboaluminate (CO3-AFm) is the principle reaction production in
both cases
Fig. 8. Strength of Waste Paper Sludge mortars: (a) Compressive (b) Flexural (Gluth et al., 2013)

20. UTILIZATION IN CONCRETE PRODUCTION
 Frías et al. (2014):
Fig. 9. Pozzolanic reactivity of Waste Paper Sludge (Frías et al., 2014)

21. UTILIZATION IN CONCRETE PRODUCTION
 Frías et al. (2014):
Fig. 10. Initial setting time variation for 10% blended cement (Frías et al., 2014)

22. UTILIZATION IN CONCRETE PRODUCTION
 Frías et al. (2014):
Fig. 12. Improved resistance to freeze-thaw cycles for blended cement
with Waste Paper Sludge (Frías et al., 2014)

23. UTILIZATION IN STRUCTURAL CERAMIC
AND CLAY BRICK PRODUCTION
 Cusidó et al. (2015): confirmed that clay brick production with partial
addition of waste paper sludge is a technically feasible solution.
 binary mixture of clay and waste paper sludge under various formulations
 Outcomes
 improvement in the thermal and acoustical insulation-can be attributed to the
porous structure.
 Compressive Strength >10MPa with avg. of 39MPa, but overall decrease,
fragility compensated by improved ductility
 With increase in % replacement-thermal conductivity decrease by 38%, drastic
increase in water absorption (300% increment)
 No VOC emission

24. DENOUEMENT
 Highly varying chemical and mineralogical composition
 primarily contains calcium oxide (CaO), silica (SiO2), and alumina (Al2O3) and
presence of other mineral and metal oxides depends on raw material, processing
technique, grade of paper, quality and quantity of recycled paper used.
 Porous structure : attributed to free lime and alumina
 Causes workability issues, increased water & plasticizer demand, high LOI
 Enables soil stabilization in road works, improved thermal and acoustic
insulation, expansion
 Activation: Highly dependent on Temperature & Time period of
calcination
 Shows high hydraulic and pozzolanic reactivity( both for water-activated
and alkali-activated) comparable to commercial MK, SF, FA

25. DENOUEMENT
 Presence of portlandite
 Possible use in ternary blends as activator
 Improved compressive strength: For judicious use up to 10-20%
 Accelerated setting time: attributed to presence of organic matter
 Improved resistance to aggressive chemical environment and
resistance against freeze-thaw cycles
 Socio-economic and environmental benefits

26. REFERENCES
 Bajpai, P. (2015) “Generation of Waste in Pulp and Paper Mills”, Springer
International Publishing Switzerland (2015) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-11788-1_2
 Cusidó, J.A.; Cremades, L.V.; Soriano, C.; Devant, M. (2015) “Incorporation of
Paper Sludge in Clay Brick Formulation: Ten years of Industrial Experience”,
Applied Clay Science, Vol. 108 (2015) 191–198
 Frías, M.; Rodríguez, O.; Sánchez de Rojas, M.I. (2014) “Paper Sludge, an
Environmentally Sound Alternative Source of MK-based Cementitious Materials. A
review”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 74 (2015) 37–48
 Gluth, J.G.G.; Lehmann, C.; Rübner K.; Kühne H. (2013) “Reaction Products and
Strength Development of Wastepaper Sludge Ash and the Influence of Alkalis”,
Cement & Concrete Composites, Vol. 45 (2014) 82–88
 Segui, P.; Aubert, J.E.; Husson, B.; Measson, M. (2012) “Characterization of
Wastepaper Sludge Ash for its Valorization as a Component of Hydraulic Binders”,
Applied Clay Science, Vol. 57 (2012) 79–85
 García, R.; Vigil de la Villa, R.; Vegas, I.; Frías, M.; Sánchez de Rojas, M.I. (2007)
“The Pozzolanic Properties of Paper Sludge Waste”, Construction and Building
Materials, Vol. 22 (2008) 1484–1490

27. THANK YOU !