SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 9
Mental Health Monitor
NIKHIL PAL(RA2011033010178)
PRASOON GAUTAM (RA2011033010189)
using Facial Expression
Guide Name:Dr. S. Sadagopan
Department of Computational
Intelligence,
The project aims to develop a mental health monitoring system solely
utilizing facial expression analysis. This system will employ computer vision
techniques to analyze facial expressions and emotions as indicators of
potential mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, or stress. Deep
learning models will be utilized to extract relevant features from facial
images. To create this system, a dataset of facial images will be collected
from individuals with and without mental health issues, with annotations
indicating the presence or absence of these issues. The system's
performance will be assessed using various metrics to determine its
accuracy in identifying potential mental health concerns through facial
expressions. Successful implementation of this system could facilitate early
identification of individuals at risk of mental health issues, enabling timely
intervention and support from healthcare professionals and organizations.
Abstract
Introductio
n
Emotion recognition is being actively explored in Computer Vision research. With the recent rise and
popularization of Machine Learning and Deep Learning techniques, the potential to build intelligent systems
that accurately recognize emotions became a closer reality. However, this problem is shown to be more and
more complex with the progress of fields that are directly linked with emotion recognition, such as psychology
and neurology. Micro-expressions, electroencephalography (EEG) signals, gestures, tone of voice, facial
expressions, and surrounding context are some terms that have a powerful impact when identifying emotions
in a human . When all of these variables are pieced together with the limitations and problems of the current
Computer Vision algorithms, emotion recognition can get highly complex.
Facial expressions are the main focus of this systematic review. Generally, an FER system consists of the
following steps: image acquisition, pre-processing, feature extraction, classification, or regression
To ensure consistent data for analysis,
addressing rotation, scale, and noise is
essential. Rotation correction aligns facial
landmarks horizontally,standardizes ROI
sizes, and background removal filters out
irrelevant information.
Data augmentation (DA) expands the
training dataset, reducing the risk of
overfitting, while Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) aids in
dimensionality reduction, optimizing
feature representation
Face detection is the initial step in FER,
responsible for selecting the Region of
Interest (ROI).Most FER papers utilize the
Viola–Jones face detector due to its
effectiveness
Precise emotion recognition relies on
extracting crucial facial features, including
methods like LBP, OF, AAM etc. These
techniques enable accurate emotion analysis
by effectively capturing and representing
facial expressions.
Geometric Transformations Face Detection
Feature Extraction
Image Processing
Proposed System
Application
Automotive Safety and
Research Systems
For the safety of the driver and
passengers by recognizing the facial
expression of the driver
Medical Research into
Autism
Ability to read the facial expression of
people with autism and finding the
best solutions for
them.
Market Research
Facial expression marketing to help
get the necessary information
regarding respective
trends.
Security and Access
Control
Facial expression analysis can be
integrated into security systems for
access control.
Technical challenges
Emotion recognition shares a lot of challenges with detecting moving
objects in the video identifying an object, continuous detection,
incomplete or unpredictable actions, etc.
Data augmentation
As with any machine learning and deep learning algorithms, ER solutions
require a lot of training data. This data must include videos at various
frame rates, from various angles, with various backgrounds, with people
of different genders, nationalities, and races, etc.
Problems
Faced
Action Plan
Author Year Title Objective Methods Results
Anil et al. 2018
A Survey on Facial
Expression Recognition
Techniques
To survey the techniques used
for facial expression recognition,
along with the accuracies
measured on various databases.
A brief comparison was made between the 2D and
3D techniques. The standard classification was
done which consisted of algorithms falling into
the category of geometrical features, appearance-
based features, and hybrid features.
The results showed that the hybrid
features-based algorithms
achieved the best performance.
Shaul Hammed
et al.
2022
Mental Health
Monitoring System
Using Facial
Recognition, PEN Test
and IQ Test
To develop a mental health
monitoring system that uses
facial recognition, PEN test, and
IQ test to detect early signs of
mental health problems.
The system uses a combination of facial
expression recognition, text analysis, and
cognitive assessment to identify users who may
be at risk of mental health problems.
The system was able to identify
users with depression, anxiety, and
stress with an accuracy of 80%.
Zhang et al. 2023
A Deep Learning
Approach for Mental
Health Monitoring Using
Facial Expressions
To develop a deep learning
approach for mental health
monitoring using facial
expressions.
The approach uses a convolutional neural
network to extract features from facial
expressions. The features are then used to train a
classifier to identify different mental health
problems.
The approach was able to identify
users with depression, anxiety, and
stress with an accuracy of 90%.
Liu et al. 2023
A Mobile Mental Health
Monitoring System
Using Facial Expression
Recognition
To develop a mobile mental
health monitoring system that
uses facial expression
recognition to detect early signs
of mental health problems.
The system uses a smartphone camera to capture
facial expressions. The facial expressions are then
sent to a cloud server for analysis. The cloud
server uses a deep learning model to identify
different mental health problems.
The system was able to identify
users with depression, anxiety, and
stress with an accuracy of 85%.
Literature Survey
Reference
s
• Bishop, C.M. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
• LeCun, Y.; Bengio, Y.; Hinton, G. Deep learning. Nature 2015, 521, 436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• Coan, J.A.; Allen, J.J. Frontal EEG asymmetry as a moderator and mediator of emotion. Biol. Psychol. 2004, 67, 7–50.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
• Zafeiriou, S.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, Z. A survey on face detection in the wild: Past, present and future. Comput. Vis. Image
Underst. 2015, 138, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
• Perez, L.; Wang, J. The effectiveness of data augmentation in image classification using deep learning. arXiv 2017,
arXiv:1712.04621. [Google Scholar]
• Tian, Y.I.; Kanade, T.; Cohn, J.F. Recognizing action units for facial expression analysis. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach.
Intell. 2001, 23, 97–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
• Boser, B.E.; Guyon, I.M.; Vapnik, V.N. A training algorithm for optimal margin classifiers. In Proceedings of the Fifth
Annual Workshop on Computational Learning Theory, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 27–29 July 1992; ACM: New York, NY, USA,
1992; pp. 144–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
• Liu, W.; Wang, Z.; Liu, X.; Zeng, N.; Liu, Y.; Alsaadi, F.E. A survey of deep neural network architectures and their
applications. Neurocomputing 2017, 234, 11–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

More Related Content

Similar to Mental Health Monitor using facial expression

Analysis on techniques used to recognize and identifying the Human emotions
Analysis on techniques used to recognize and identifying  the Human emotions Analysis on techniques used to recognize and identifying  the Human emotions
Analysis on techniques used to recognize and identifying the Human emotions
IJECEIAES
 
The Quantification of Human Facial Expression Using Fuzzy Logic
The Quantification of Human Facial Expression Using Fuzzy LogicThe Quantification of Human Facial Expression Using Fuzzy Logic
The Quantification of Human Facial Expression Using Fuzzy Logic
IJCSIS Research Publications
 
Face Recognition Based Attendance System with Auto Alert to Guardian using Ca...
Face Recognition Based Attendance System with Auto Alert to Guardian using Ca...Face Recognition Based Attendance System with Auto Alert to Guardian using Ca...
Face Recognition Based Attendance System with Auto Alert to Guardian using Ca...
ijtsrd
 

Similar to Mental Health Monitor using facial expression (20)

IRJET- Age Analysis using Face Recognition with Hybrid Algorithm
IRJET-  	  Age Analysis using Face Recognition with Hybrid AlgorithmIRJET-  	  Age Analysis using Face Recognition with Hybrid Algorithm
IRJET- Age Analysis using Face Recognition with Hybrid Algorithm
 
DETECTING FACIAL EXPRESSION IN IMAGES
DETECTING FACIAL EXPRESSION IN IMAGESDETECTING FACIAL EXPRESSION IN IMAGES
DETECTING FACIAL EXPRESSION IN IMAGES
 
Eigenface based recognition of emotion variant faces
Eigenface based recognition of emotion variant facesEigenface based recognition of emotion variant faces
Eigenface based recognition of emotion variant faces
 
Face recognition a survey
Face recognition a surveyFace recognition a survey
Face recognition a survey
 
HUMAN FACE RECOGNITION USING IMAGE PROCESSING PCA AND NEURAL NETWORK
HUMAN FACE RECOGNITION USING IMAGE PROCESSING PCA AND NEURAL NETWORKHUMAN FACE RECOGNITION USING IMAGE PROCESSING PCA AND NEURAL NETWORK
HUMAN FACE RECOGNITION USING IMAGE PROCESSING PCA AND NEURAL NETWORK
 
Analysis on techniques used to recognize and identifying the Human emotions
Analysis on techniques used to recognize and identifying  the Human emotions Analysis on techniques used to recognize and identifying  the Human emotions
Analysis on techniques used to recognize and identifying the Human emotions
 
The Quantification of Human Facial Expression Using Fuzzy Logic
The Quantification of Human Facial Expression Using Fuzzy LogicThe Quantification of Human Facial Expression Using Fuzzy Logic
The Quantification of Human Facial Expression Using Fuzzy Logic
 
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
 
Research on Multidimensional Expert System Based on Facial Expression And Phy...
Research on Multidimensional Expert System Based on Facial Expression And Phy...Research on Multidimensional Expert System Based on Facial Expression And Phy...
Research on Multidimensional Expert System Based on Facial Expression And Phy...
 
STRESS DETECTION USING MACHINE LEARNING
STRESS DETECTION USING MACHINE LEARNINGSTRESS DETECTION USING MACHINE LEARNING
STRESS DETECTION USING MACHINE LEARNING
 
IRJET- Prediction of Human Facial Expression using Deep Learning
IRJET- Prediction of Human Facial Expression using Deep LearningIRJET- Prediction of Human Facial Expression using Deep Learning
IRJET- Prediction of Human Facial Expression using Deep Learning
 
PRE-PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR FACIAL EMOTION RECOGNITION SYSTEM
PRE-PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR FACIAL EMOTION RECOGNITION SYSTEMPRE-PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR FACIAL EMOTION RECOGNITION SYSTEM
PRE-PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR FACIAL EMOTION RECOGNITION SYSTEM
 
Face Recognition Based Attendance System with Auto Alert to Guardian using Ca...
Face Recognition Based Attendance System with Auto Alert to Guardian using Ca...Face Recognition Based Attendance System with Auto Alert to Guardian using Ca...
Face Recognition Based Attendance System with Auto Alert to Guardian using Ca...
 
Machine Learning.pptx
Machine Learning.pptxMachine Learning.pptx
Machine Learning.pptx
 
IRJET - Survey on Different Approaches of Depression Analysis
IRJET - Survey on Different Approaches of Depression AnalysisIRJET - Survey on Different Approaches of Depression Analysis
IRJET - Survey on Different Approaches of Depression Analysis
 
Face recognition system
Face recognition systemFace recognition system
Face recognition system
 
Facial expression recognition using pca and gabor with jaffe database 11748
Facial expression recognition using pca and gabor with jaffe database 11748Facial expression recognition using pca and gabor with jaffe database 11748
Facial expression recognition using pca and gabor with jaffe database 11748
 
A Literature Review On Emotion Recognition System Using Various Facial Expres...
A Literature Review On Emotion Recognition System Using Various Facial Expres...A Literature Review On Emotion Recognition System Using Various Facial Expres...
A Literature Review On Emotion Recognition System Using Various Facial Expres...
 
Ijariie1177
Ijariie1177Ijariie1177
Ijariie1177
 
depression detection.pptx
depression detection.pptxdepression detection.pptx
depression detection.pptx
 

Recently uploaded

SPLICE Working Group: Reusable Code Examples
SPLICE Working Group:Reusable Code ExamplesSPLICE Working Group:Reusable Code Examples
SPLICE Working Group: Reusable Code Examples
Peter Brusilovsky
 

Recently uploaded (20)

diagnosting testing bsc 2nd sem.pptx....
diagnosting testing bsc 2nd sem.pptx....diagnosting testing bsc 2nd sem.pptx....
diagnosting testing bsc 2nd sem.pptx....
 
How To Create Editable Tree View in Odoo 17
How To Create Editable Tree View in Odoo 17How To Create Editable Tree View in Odoo 17
How To Create Editable Tree View in Odoo 17
 
DEMONSTRATION LESSON IN ENGLISH 4 MATATAG CURRICULUM
DEMONSTRATION LESSON IN ENGLISH 4 MATATAG CURRICULUMDEMONSTRATION LESSON IN ENGLISH 4 MATATAG CURRICULUM
DEMONSTRATION LESSON IN ENGLISH 4 MATATAG CURRICULUM
 
TỔNG HỢP HƠN 100 ĐỀ THI THỬ TỐT NGHIỆP THPT TOÁN 2024 - TỪ CÁC TRƯỜNG, TRƯỜNG...
TỔNG HỢP HƠN 100 ĐỀ THI THỬ TỐT NGHIỆP THPT TOÁN 2024 - TỪ CÁC TRƯỜNG, TRƯỜNG...TỔNG HỢP HƠN 100 ĐỀ THI THỬ TỐT NGHIỆP THPT TOÁN 2024 - TỪ CÁC TRƯỜNG, TRƯỜNG...
TỔNG HỢP HƠN 100 ĐỀ THI THỬ TỐT NGHIỆP THPT TOÁN 2024 - TỪ CÁC TRƯỜNG, TRƯỜNG...
 
ANTI PARKISON DRUGS.pptx
ANTI         PARKISON          DRUGS.pptxANTI         PARKISON          DRUGS.pptx
ANTI PARKISON DRUGS.pptx
 
Andreas Schleicher presents at the launch of What does child empowerment mean...
Andreas Schleicher presents at the launch of What does child empowerment mean...Andreas Schleicher presents at the launch of What does child empowerment mean...
Andreas Schleicher presents at the launch of What does child empowerment mean...
 
An overview of the various scriptures in Hinduism
An overview of the various scriptures in HinduismAn overview of the various scriptures in Hinduism
An overview of the various scriptures in Hinduism
 
OS-operating systems- ch05 (CPU Scheduling) ...
OS-operating systems- ch05 (CPU Scheduling) ...OS-operating systems- ch05 (CPU Scheduling) ...
OS-operating systems- ch05 (CPU Scheduling) ...
 
SPLICE Working Group: Reusable Code Examples
SPLICE Working Group:Reusable Code ExamplesSPLICE Working Group:Reusable Code Examples
SPLICE Working Group: Reusable Code Examples
 
BỘ LUYỆN NGHE TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS CẢ NĂM (GỒM 12 UNITS, MỖI UNIT GỒM 3...
BỘ LUYỆN NGHE TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS CẢ NĂM (GỒM 12 UNITS, MỖI UNIT GỒM 3...BỘ LUYỆN NGHE TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS CẢ NĂM (GỒM 12 UNITS, MỖI UNIT GỒM 3...
BỘ LUYỆN NGHE TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS CẢ NĂM (GỒM 12 UNITS, MỖI UNIT GỒM 3...
 
male presentation...pdf.................
male presentation...pdf.................male presentation...pdf.................
male presentation...pdf.................
 
Mattingly "AI and Prompt Design: LLMs with NER"
Mattingly "AI and Prompt Design: LLMs with NER"Mattingly "AI and Prompt Design: LLMs with NER"
Mattingly "AI and Prompt Design: LLMs with NER"
 
Including Mental Health Support in Project Delivery, 14 May.pdf
Including Mental Health Support in Project Delivery, 14 May.pdfIncluding Mental Health Support in Project Delivery, 14 May.pdf
Including Mental Health Support in Project Delivery, 14 May.pdf
 
e-Sealing at EADTU by Kamakshi Rajagopal
e-Sealing at EADTU by Kamakshi Rajagopale-Sealing at EADTU by Kamakshi Rajagopal
e-Sealing at EADTU by Kamakshi Rajagopal
 
OSCM Unit 2_Operations Processes & Systems
OSCM Unit 2_Operations Processes & SystemsOSCM Unit 2_Operations Processes & Systems
OSCM Unit 2_Operations Processes & Systems
 
PSYPACT- Practicing Over State Lines May 2024.pptx
PSYPACT- Practicing Over State Lines May 2024.pptxPSYPACT- Practicing Over State Lines May 2024.pptx
PSYPACT- Practicing Over State Lines May 2024.pptx
 
Improved Approval Flow in Odoo 17 Studio App
Improved Approval Flow in Odoo 17 Studio AppImproved Approval Flow in Odoo 17 Studio App
Improved Approval Flow in Odoo 17 Studio App
 
ĐỀ THAM KHẢO KÌ THI TUYỂN SINH VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH FORM 50 CÂU TRẮC NGHI...
ĐỀ THAM KHẢO KÌ THI TUYỂN SINH VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH FORM 50 CÂU TRẮC NGHI...ĐỀ THAM KHẢO KÌ THI TUYỂN SINH VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH FORM 50 CÂU TRẮC NGHI...
ĐỀ THAM KHẢO KÌ THI TUYỂN SINH VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH FORM 50 CÂU TRẮC NGHI...
 
The Liver & Gallbladder (Anatomy & Physiology).pptx
The Liver &  Gallbladder (Anatomy & Physiology).pptxThe Liver &  Gallbladder (Anatomy & Physiology).pptx
The Liver & Gallbladder (Anatomy & Physiology).pptx
 
Observing-Correct-Grammar-in-Making-Definitions.pptx
Observing-Correct-Grammar-in-Making-Definitions.pptxObserving-Correct-Grammar-in-Making-Definitions.pptx
Observing-Correct-Grammar-in-Making-Definitions.pptx
 

Mental Health Monitor using facial expression

  • 1. Mental Health Monitor NIKHIL PAL(RA2011033010178) PRASOON GAUTAM (RA2011033010189) using Facial Expression Guide Name:Dr. S. Sadagopan Department of Computational Intelligence,
  • 2. The project aims to develop a mental health monitoring system solely utilizing facial expression analysis. This system will employ computer vision techniques to analyze facial expressions and emotions as indicators of potential mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, or stress. Deep learning models will be utilized to extract relevant features from facial images. To create this system, a dataset of facial images will be collected from individuals with and without mental health issues, with annotations indicating the presence or absence of these issues. The system's performance will be assessed using various metrics to determine its accuracy in identifying potential mental health concerns through facial expressions. Successful implementation of this system could facilitate early identification of individuals at risk of mental health issues, enabling timely intervention and support from healthcare professionals and organizations. Abstract
  • 3. Introductio n Emotion recognition is being actively explored in Computer Vision research. With the recent rise and popularization of Machine Learning and Deep Learning techniques, the potential to build intelligent systems that accurately recognize emotions became a closer reality. However, this problem is shown to be more and more complex with the progress of fields that are directly linked with emotion recognition, such as psychology and neurology. Micro-expressions, electroencephalography (EEG) signals, gestures, tone of voice, facial expressions, and surrounding context are some terms that have a powerful impact when identifying emotions in a human . When all of these variables are pieced together with the limitations and problems of the current Computer Vision algorithms, emotion recognition can get highly complex. Facial expressions are the main focus of this systematic review. Generally, an FER system consists of the following steps: image acquisition, pre-processing, feature extraction, classification, or regression
  • 4. To ensure consistent data for analysis, addressing rotation, scale, and noise is essential. Rotation correction aligns facial landmarks horizontally,standardizes ROI sizes, and background removal filters out irrelevant information. Data augmentation (DA) expands the training dataset, reducing the risk of overfitting, while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) aids in dimensionality reduction, optimizing feature representation Face detection is the initial step in FER, responsible for selecting the Region of Interest (ROI).Most FER papers utilize the Viola–Jones face detector due to its effectiveness Precise emotion recognition relies on extracting crucial facial features, including methods like LBP, OF, AAM etc. These techniques enable accurate emotion analysis by effectively capturing and representing facial expressions. Geometric Transformations Face Detection Feature Extraction Image Processing Proposed System
  • 5. Application Automotive Safety and Research Systems For the safety of the driver and passengers by recognizing the facial expression of the driver Medical Research into Autism Ability to read the facial expression of people with autism and finding the best solutions for them. Market Research Facial expression marketing to help get the necessary information regarding respective trends. Security and Access Control Facial expression analysis can be integrated into security systems for access control.
  • 6. Technical challenges Emotion recognition shares a lot of challenges with detecting moving objects in the video identifying an object, continuous detection, incomplete or unpredictable actions, etc. Data augmentation As with any machine learning and deep learning algorithms, ER solutions require a lot of training data. This data must include videos at various frame rates, from various angles, with various backgrounds, with people of different genders, nationalities, and races, etc. Problems Faced
  • 8. Author Year Title Objective Methods Results Anil et al. 2018 A Survey on Facial Expression Recognition Techniques To survey the techniques used for facial expression recognition, along with the accuracies measured on various databases. A brief comparison was made between the 2D and 3D techniques. The standard classification was done which consisted of algorithms falling into the category of geometrical features, appearance- based features, and hybrid features. The results showed that the hybrid features-based algorithms achieved the best performance. Shaul Hammed et al. 2022 Mental Health Monitoring System Using Facial Recognition, PEN Test and IQ Test To develop a mental health monitoring system that uses facial recognition, PEN test, and IQ test to detect early signs of mental health problems. The system uses a combination of facial expression recognition, text analysis, and cognitive assessment to identify users who may be at risk of mental health problems. The system was able to identify users with depression, anxiety, and stress with an accuracy of 80%. Zhang et al. 2023 A Deep Learning Approach for Mental Health Monitoring Using Facial Expressions To develop a deep learning approach for mental health monitoring using facial expressions. The approach uses a convolutional neural network to extract features from facial expressions. The features are then used to train a classifier to identify different mental health problems. The approach was able to identify users with depression, anxiety, and stress with an accuracy of 90%. Liu et al. 2023 A Mobile Mental Health Monitoring System Using Facial Expression Recognition To develop a mobile mental health monitoring system that uses facial expression recognition to detect early signs of mental health problems. The system uses a smartphone camera to capture facial expressions. The facial expressions are then sent to a cloud server for analysis. The cloud server uses a deep learning model to identify different mental health problems. The system was able to identify users with depression, anxiety, and stress with an accuracy of 85%. Literature Survey
  • 9. Reference s • Bishop, C.M. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar] • LeCun, Y.; Bengio, Y.; Hinton, G. Deep learning. Nature 2015, 521, 436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] • Coan, J.A.; Allen, J.J. Frontal EEG asymmetry as a moderator and mediator of emotion. Biol. Psychol. 2004, 67, 7–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] • Zafeiriou, S.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, Z. A survey on face detection in the wild: Past, present and future. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 2015, 138, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version] • Perez, L.; Wang, J. The effectiveness of data augmentation in image classification using deep learning. arXiv 2017, arXiv:1712.04621. [Google Scholar] • Tian, Y.I.; Kanade, T.; Cohn, J.F. Recognizing action units for facial expression analysis. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 2001, 23, 97–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version] • Boser, B.E.; Guyon, I.M.; Vapnik, V.N. A training algorithm for optimal margin classifiers. In Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Workshop on Computational Learning Theory, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 27–29 July 1992; ACM: New York, NY, USA, 1992; pp. 144–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] • Liu, W.; Wang, Z.; Liu, X.; Zeng, N.; Liu, Y.; Alsaadi, F.E. A survey of deep neural network architectures and their applications. Neurocomputing 2017, 234, 11–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]