Thermo-Elastic Stress Behavior On Beams

Thermo-Elastic Stress Behavior on Beams
A Chakraborty et al [1] have studied the thermo–elastic behavior of functionally graded beam structures based on the first–order shear deformation
theory and these properties are varying along its thickness. The governing differential equations are used to construct interpolating polynomials for the
element formulation. To determine various stresses, both exponential and power–law variations of material property distribution are used. Thermal
behaviors of functionally graded beam (FGB) by taking the distribution of material properties in exponential function were analyzed by GH Rahimi and
AR Davoodinik [2]. The steady state of heat conduction with exponentially and hyperbolic variations through the thickness were consider for the use of
thermal loading. They found that thermal behavior of both isotropic beam and functionally graded beam depend up on the temperature distribution. J N
Reddy et al. [3] have investigated the dynamic thermo–elastic response of functionally graded cylinders and plates. A finite element model of the
formulation was developed for the formulation of thermo–mechanical coupling. They solved are the heat conduction and the thermo–elastic equations
for a functionally graded axisymmetric cylinder subjected to thermal loading and thermo–elastic boundary value problem using the first–order shear
deformation plate theory. Both problems are studied by varying the volume fraction of a ceramic and a metal using a power law distribution. B.V.
Sankar [4] has
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Statement Of Purpose Of River Padma
Name: Sharat Chandra Paul, Ph.D. applicant
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cleveland State University.
Statement of Purpose
River Padma, the biggest and most raging river of Bangladesh, is only twenty kilometers from the village where I grew up hearing about the sinking of
locally manufactured launch which regularly took a toll of thousands of lives. I just always asked myself why this type of accident happens. As the
Padma has alienated the southern part of our country from the other regions, it is a must for people in those areas to cross the river to reach the capital
city, Dhaka. In the year of 2008 when I first came to Dhaka, I had a bitter experience of observing such accident. Horrible scene of hundreds of people
dying in front of me made me seriously rethink– how can we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, following the classification societies' rulebooks is the conventional way to design a safe vessel. But sometimes due to design inadequacy,
which class rules do not instruct, some weaker points remain over the structure, and those can result in severe structural failure during operation life of
the vessel. With the help of advanced technology, it's possible to make the structure more reliable without making any significant change. Through
graduate studies, based on my academic and current research skills, I firmly believe that I will be able to work on some gaps. I feel strong interests to
carry out studies in the field of Finite Element Method, Stress based structural investigation, Computational Solid Mechanics and also in Mechanics of
materials. While my undergraduate studies provided me a solid foundation, I need to study deeper on these subjects to explore researching on structural
engineering and also to mark an impact on the further research

A Study On Traumatic Brain Injury
parindent{ }Traumatic brain injury is a significant health problem in the United States that is estimated to occur in 1.6–1.8 million persons annually
(citealt{faul2010}). Diffuse axonal injury is %the most frequently occurring a common type of traumatic brain injury primarily characterized by
damage to the axons (citealt{smith2000, Gennarelli1982}). An improved understanding of the pathophysiology of diffuse axonal injury is needed to
develop improved diagnostic tools, protective measures and rehabilitation treatments(citealt{Giordano2014}). Many techniques have been developed to
help elucidate the injury mechanism associated with diffuse axonal injury over years. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is one such technique where the
mesoscale structural information is studied to investigate the diffuse axonal injury. Finite element models have also provided a means to investigate
diffuse axonal injury. Several finite element head models have been developed and reported in the literature
(citealt{shugar1977,ward1980,hosey1982,Ruan1991,mendis1992,bandak1995,kang1997,al1999,Zhang2001,Kleiven2002,brands2002,takhounts2003,hor
These models have demonstrated that over time, the structural resolution of the head models, including advancements in constitutive laws, anatomical
resolution, and injury descriptions were improved. Previous studies have shown that the brain tissue is anisotropic

Numerical Modeling And Validation Of Neo Hookean Materials
Student number: s3378766
Project title: Numerical modelling and validation of Neo–Hookean materials in an automotive design application
1. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY
1.1 BACKGROUND
Cauchy elastic materials, also known as simple elastic materials are a type of material in which the stress at each point can only be determined from the
state of deformation in which it is currently in with respect to a arbitrary co–ordinate system [1]. The fact that these stresses depend solely on the state
of deformation means that these stresses, which cause work, can depend on the path in which the material deforms. This translates to the material being
conservative, also known as a hyperplastic material (e.g. rubber).
Hyper–elastic material, also know as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Generally, the hydraulics pressure is generated from either the geroter (generated rotor), or a rotary vane pump, which are driven by the engine of the
vehicle. The turning of the wheels is done by a hydraulic cylinder which has a force applied to it from a hydraulic cylinder, which is directly controlled
by valves allowing for flow according to the drivers steering. The more force applied by the driver allows for a grater flow in the hydraulic system thus,
allowing for a greater displacements of the steering heel, leading to an increased turning rate of the vehicle.
Considering hydraulic pumps are designed to in effect only during positive displacement the speed of the engine, directly relates to the flow rate of the
hydraulic pump meaning that at high speeds the cars steering operates easier and faster compared to low speeds.
FIGURE 2: Power steering unit layout [3].
The equivalent linear stiffness of the dust–boot covers is important for the feel of the steering, and the packaging constraints in that area are restrictive
so a trade–off needs to be found between the maximum diameter (minimum stiffness) of the concertina folded cover and the effect of the stiffness on
the steering.
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Thin wall structures comprised of hyper–elastic materials are commonly found throughout many engineering disciplines (i.e. mechanical and
biomechanical engineering). Such devices are utilized

The Modeling and Aero-Elastic Analysis Performed in MSc...
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
The modelling and aero–elastic analysis of a laminated hybrid composite plate with SMAs as an actuator is performed within MSc Nastran Finite
Element Software. The term aeroelasticity is the interaction of inertial, aerodynamic and elastic forces. The interaction of at least two of these forces
produces various aeroelastic phenomena such as divergence, flutter, and control reversal, buffeting and dynamic stability. However, for this paper is
only concentrate on the flutter analysis and to investigate the potential of SMAs for aeroelasticity improvement.
For acknowledgeable, a hybrid composite material is a combination of "hybrid" and "composite". The meaning of "hybrid" in hybrid composite
material itself is the hybridization in macroscopic structure in the metallographic scale. Researchers found that there are three new categories of
hybridization of materials, that is, hybrid materials. The categorizations of hybrid materials are structurally–hybridized materials, materials hybridized
in chemical–bond, and functionally–hybridized materials. The composite wings require more advanced treatment that must be based on a new
methodology which handles the modelling complexity arising mainly from the fibrous nature of anisotropic composites. The most popular hybrid
composite is carbon–Kevlar hybrid composite and this is because hybridization of carbon fibre–reinforced composites with Kevlar fibre results in a
significant positive hybrid

The Fundamental Concept Of The Finite Element Method
The fundamental concept of the finite element method is that a physical domain is discretised into a small number of sub–domains, known as elements,
over which a continuous field variable such as velocity, stress, pressure, or temperature can be approximated. These elements are connected at specific
points known as nodes or nodal points. Since the actual variation of the field variable is not known inside the domain, approximating functions are
needed to describe this variation. These approximating functions interpolate the values of the field variable at the nodal points of each element. Since
the geometric and the required material properties of each element are known, suitable field equations can be easily developed. From preliminary
design results, stress distribution in the turbine disc obtained using analytical method. This result has to be correlated with the Ansys results. Ansys is a
comprehensive FEA analysis tool for structural including linear and non–linear studies. In addition, Ansys Mechanical offers coupled physical
capabilities involving thermal– structural and thermal– electric analysis etc. 5.1 3D Model Generation Figure 5.1.1 Front and side View of Turbine Disc
At first, 3D model of the turbine disc has to be generated as shown in figure 5.1.1 and then a sector of turbine disc is cut for required angle using 3D
modelling software UniGraphics NX 8. The NX 8 is a integrated and advanced CAD software

Finite Element Results Of The Beams Model
5.7.7. Finite element results of the beams model: 5.7.7.1. Principal stress and principal strain for beam models: This section contains structural parts.
The F.E. results are mainly shown in graphics. They are also compared to the experimental results obtained in the laboratory. Figure (5.126), Figure
(5.127), Figure (5.128), Figure (5.129), Figure (5.130) and figure (5.131) show the principal stresses Ӏ for B1 up to B6. Figure (5.126): Principal
stresses Ӏ for B1 Figure (5.127): Principal stresses Ӏ for B2 Figure (5.128): Principal stresses Ӏ for B3 Figure (5.129): Principal stresses Ӏ for B4 Figure
(5.130): Principal stresses Ӏ for B5 Figure (5.131): Principal stresses Ӏ for B6 Figures from (5.132) to (5.137) show the principal stresses ӀӀ for B1, B2,
B3, B4, B5 and B6. Figure (5.132): Principal stresses ӀӀ for B1 Figure (5.133): Principal stresses ӀӀ for B2 Figure (5.134): Principal stresses ӀӀ for B3
Figure (5.135): Principal stresses ӀӀ for B4 Figure (5.136): Principal stresses ӀӀ for B5 Figure (5.137): Principal stresses ӀӀ for B6 Figures from (5.138)
to (5.143) show the principal strain Ӏ for B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 and B6. Figure (5.138): Principal strain Ӏ for B1 Figure (5.139): Principal strain Ӏ for B2
Figure (5.140): Principal strain Ӏ for B3 Figure (5.141): Principal strain Ӏ for B4 Figure (5.142): Principal strain Ӏ for B5 Figure (5.143): Principal strain
Ӏ for B6 Figures from (5.144) to (5.149) show the principal strain IӀ

Computer Aided Systems Into Establishing Formulation Of...
This chapter of the study is in accordance to the concluding results of this study, the results are to be obtained through a numerical approximate solution
and Computer aided systems into establishing formulation of Finite Element Method of a 2–Dimensional Kirchhoff Plate. This study investigate the
behavior of plates based on Kirchhoff theory of thin plates in plane stress, the study established the formulation of the FEM to the plate in the previous
chapter there for this chapter will show the results and discussion of the formulation by implying it on an actual case study to verify the accuracy of the
formulation and the developed algorithm by two methods in FEM solution using analytical integration and numerical integrations of the stiffness matrix
form parametric comparison. 4.2 IDEALIZED PLATE MODEL The plate under study is a rectangular plate simply supported at four ends with load
force at it extremes, the study aims to find the nodal displacement of the plate caused by the load. Also the plate was modeled in FEA software for
comparison reason and to check the algorithm accuracy, the plate specification is as follows: Material Density ρ = 7840 Poisson ratio = 0.3 Plate
thickness = 0.01 Load = 1*105 N a = b = 1 m Figure 7 4.1 idealized plate model 4.3 PLATE FEM WITH NUMERICAL INTEGRATION RESULTS
The FEM model was discretized into several schemes to verify the efficiency of the FEA solution as well as the

Analysis Of Porosity And Temperature By Qinwu Xu
Porosity and Temperature By Qinwu Xu, October 17, 2016 Introduction Metal primarily exhibits plastic and ductile behaviors in the cutting process in
which its behavior is often assumed to be isotropic and homogeneous [1]. The large deformation and unconstrained plastic flow nature of machining
metals can be modeled with an unstructured tetrahedral mesh, allowing for the adaptive local refinement and coarsening to alleviate mesh distortions,
maintain simulation accuracy and reasonable computational performance. However, modeling of ceramic matrix composites could be much more
complex due to the unique feature of this type of material: 1) the fracture and brittle behavior of materials; and b) the nonuniform distribution of
porosity in the ceramic matrix. CMCs are comprised of individual layers with unique material properties dependent on fiber orientation within the
polymer matrix which is typically in a woven pattern. Therefore, CMCs often exhibit anisotropic or orthotropic properties, and have lower strains and
higher degrees of fragmentations than metallic materials during machining. The unique features of CMCs make simulations more challenging due to the
complex nature of the problem considering material nonlinear fracture, anisotropic or orthotropic property and multi–phase interaction apart from
dynamic loading and plastic deformation in machining of metals. Different modeling approaches have been studied for modeling the machining of
composites and CMCs, including

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nx
Formerly known as UNIGRAPHICS, NX is an advanced high end CAD/CAM/CAE software package. Owned by Siemens PLM Software, it is used for
parametric design, direct solid and surface modeling and simulation with respect to static, thermal, dynamic and manufacturing aspects. NX design
tools are superior in power, versatility, flexibility and productivity. Fast and intuitive editing of the profiles has been enabled by incorporating the
synchronous technology, thereby making the job of the designer easy. It ensures improvement in efficiency by implementing tools which facilitates
easy–to–understand design changes. 2.1.1 FEATURES OF NXCAD: Some of the important features of NX are as follows: 1. Feature–based modeling:
The smallest building block in a part model is known as a feature. A feature based approach for product design is being followed by NX. It allows
building a model incrementally, adding individual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unequalled depth: Ansys provides an unequalled technical depth in any simulation domain whether it is structural, analysis, fluids, thermal,
electromagnetics, meshing or processing and data management. It provides consistent technology solutions irrespective of being a casual user or an
experienced analyst. 2. Unequalled breadth: Ansys provides functionality across a diverse range of disciplines ranging from structural analysis right up
to electromagnetic, including fluid and thermal domains. All these are efficiently supported by a complete set of analysis types and backed up by a
powerful set of meshing tools. 3. Adaptive architecture: In today's world of engineering, for the overall design and development process, a software
must have the ability to adapt to a variety of CAD and PLM solutions. The software must have the ability to be customized to provide for the inter–
operability with other software's. These are the characteristics provided in the Ansys simulation architecture, making it feasible to be used under any

Personal Statement Of Purpose A River Padma
River Padma, the biggest and most raging river of Bangladesh, is only twenty kilometers from the village where I grew up hearing about the sinking of
locally manufactured launch which regularly took a toll of thousands of lives. I just always asked myself why this type of accident happens. As the
Padma has alienated the southern part of our country from the other regions, it is a must for people in those areas to cross the river to reach the capital
city, Dhaka. In the year of 2008 when I first came to Dhaka, I had a bitter experience of observing such accident. Horrible scene of hundreds of people
dying in front of me made me seriously rethink– how can we resolve this problem? This question drove me to choose Naval Architecture and Marine
Engineering (NAME) as my major in university level and having the opportunity to be a student of the Bangladesh University of Engineering &
Technology (BUET) was a great achievement for me.
Having said that marine accident pushed me always to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Being the manager of the student dining hall for four times helped me to develop management skills in an optimum cost. Furthermore, I was an actively
associated member of the organizing committee of the NAME DAY–2014 cultural program at the campus. "Badhan", a blood donating society, awarded
me the certificate of acknowledgment for donating blood more than ten times and I was a volunteer of this society. These activities helped me to share
my view with other people and to work in a group. Again in my school life, I had a keen interest in mathematics and I always got excited to participate
in Mathematics Olympiad. Consequently, in the second year of my undergraduate level, I placed 5th in the 4th National Undergraduate Mathematics
Olympiad 2012, among the whole nation where students of mathematics, science and engineering background from all the universities across the nation

Design Aspect Of Any Engineering Structure, Machinery And...
INTRODUCTION
In design aspect of any engineering structure, machinery and equipment, the stress concentration is one of the major considerations for the successful
design as it can cause fracture to various mechanical components and the machine, structure may eventually get failed to function for the purpose it is
supposed to be designed. The rectangular plate with holes and notches find its application in field of automobile, mechanical, aerospace and marine
components. The presence of holes or notches in such components reduces the mechanical strength due to the large stress concentration near the holes
or notches that causes the alleviation of fracture occurrence under service loads. Therefore, it is essential to study and analyse the state of stress around
the holes and notches and also the load bearing capacity of these structures or machine components for the optimum design with safe life of component
[1].The cause of highly localized or accumulation of stress near the change of cross section or clustering of stress lines at the point of discontinuity is
termed as stress concentration [2].The principal cause of stress raisers like holes & notches, because concentrated stresses larger than theoretical
cohesive strength will generally cause local plastic deformation and redistribution of stresses [3].There are different ways of determining the stress
concentration factor in flat plates. Experimental, numerical and analytical methods are used to determine stress

Argumentative Literature: Literature Review Of The Body...
Literature Review
Barbara Korte argues that, in narrative literature, references to body language are never just throwaway lines. Instead, these instances of nonverbal
communication create a body semiotics, an "important signifying system in the literary text" that "contributes to the text's potential significance and
effect. Based on a reader's everyday competence to interpret nonverbal communication as well as an acquired literary one, the interpretation of a text's
body language gives the reader a useful tool to read, or misread, the individual characters and the interactions between characters.
This language comes from the fields of expression psychology, social psychology, and sociology. Korte, Professor of English literature at the University
of Tubingen in Germany, expands the more traditional literary focus on "gesture" or "posture" in order to incorporate the terminology of nonverbal
communication,
In 1507, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As because of short of time we took 3 major factors which we think need to be researched for our project. As conclusion, we found there is a difference
between body language of men and women. Most of the people don't notice about the body language during their presentation or in their office work.
But it is very important in our professional as well as in our personal lives. Culture is the most important factor that influences people's body language
and behavior. Everyone learns from their culture and their native background about their behavior and body language that includes gestures everything.
Teachers play a big role in learning of people's body language. As everyone has their idol, someone has teachers as their role model so they learn from
them their body language and other behavior. In our Hypothesis, you can see most of the respondents said their body language is influenced by their
teachers and their parents or other family members whoever are their role

Structure Of A Honeycomb Structures With Hexagonal Topology

Finite Element Analysis of Out–of–plane Compressive Properties of a Honeycomb Structures with Hexagonal topology
Abstract– This work illustrates the manufacturing of the honeycomb hexagonal topology structures by the kirigami technical, and the compressive
testing of this specimen. The cellular configuration is simulated using a series of finite element models representing fullscale. The models are
benchmarked against experimental results from pure compression tests. Finite element models of the honeycomb assemblies under compressive loading
have been developed using nonlinear shell elements from an ANSYS code. Good agreement is observed between numerical nonlinear simulations and
the experimental results.
Keywords: FEA, Honeycombs, cellular, flatwise; Hexagonal topology
.
I. INTRODUCTION Honeycomb out–of–plane compressive properties are of interest for many researchers because they are important for the
mechanical performance of sandwich panels, such as local compression and impact resistance. Bouakba et al [1] proposed a novel type Voronoi–lattice
and study this honeycomb by FEA on in–plane mechanical properties using the ANSYS code. This work described a continued study of the out–of–plan
mechanical properties. The compressive properties for this novel type Voronoi–lattice have been simulated using a full–scale representation of the
honeycomb panels under compression loading. The experimental evaluations on the novel honeycomb compressive properties are implemented

River Padma Personal Statement Of Purpose
River Padma, the biggest and most turbulent river of Bangladesh, is around twenty kilometers from my village where I grew up listening about the
accidents of Steamer sinking (one kind of vessel that made locally and used to cross the river) from my childhood. In later years I also had some real
acute experience of Steamer accidents. Every year around thousands of people lost their lives because of these accidents which take place for several
times in each year. Crossing river Padma is must for the people of South Bangladesh as it is the only way to reach to the capital city, Dhaka. In my
childhood I just always asked myself why this type of accident happens. We live in the ages of modern technology and people have already explored the
universe. So isn't it possible to make safe water vessels for carrying people? This question revolved in my mind and it was the core point why I chose
Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering as my expected subject in university level.
In my academic life when I was getting familiar with shipbuilding, ship design I really found these very interesting. In third year of my undergraduate
life I was taught some subjects ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though I have interest and inclination in the subject, my lack of profound knowledge seems to be detrimental in contributing significantly to the field
of structural engineering.
My undergraduate program has given me a wide and comprehensive exposure to numerous courses that I found interesting– namely, Mechanics of
Structure; Ship Structure; Motion and Control; Heat Transfer; Theory of Machines; Shipbuilding Materials; Optimization etc. I strongly believe in
learning practically by doing; it is the hope of coming up with path breaking results through experimentation that I find very

Phd In Computational Engineering Statement
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE – PhD in Computational Engineering??
"In this mighty world many blabber about their dreams, but who identified their paths and persistently stuck on their words are the few ones, who are
known famous to the world. Being remained unknown would be my greatest regret. My path to chase my dreams is Mechanical Engineering, for a
proud mechanical engineer can say, "When we rest, the world rusts!"
I have had a special interest in mechanical engineering since my childhood, as I grew up watching my father develop complicated equipment for power
plants. Hence, I opted for a mechanical engineering course for my UG program. The concept of computational science and engineering which uses
numerical approaches to characterize, predict and simulate physical events and engineering systems using the laws of mechanics fascinated me. To
understand their advanced methodologies, I have pursued a Master's degree in CAD/CAM from VIT .
The courses in my PG program included Finite element methods, Applied engineering mathematics, Advanced stress analysis, Advanced strength of
materials, Advanced vibration engineering, Computational methods in heat and fluid flow etc. which gave me a greater knowledge in mechanical and
mathematical field. As a part of my Master's degree internship ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have accumulated valuable experience in Multi physics analysis. Computational mechanics is a fascinating field in which learning feels like never
ending adventure. After exploring CAE tools like ANSYS Mechanical, ANSYS CFX etc., the thought like rigid body deflection of deflector due to fluid
velocity, is still not numerically solved. I feel that time has come for me to research in refining the problem solving approach than to solve engineering

Global Finite Element Matrix Construction Based on a...
Introduction
Many physical phenomena in stationary condition such as electrical and magnetic potential, heat conduction, fluid flow and elastic problems in static
condition can be described by elliptic partial differential equations (EPDE). The EPDE does not involve a time variable, and so describes the steady
state of problems. A linear EPDE has the general form as presented in Eq. (1), where a,b,c are coefficient functions, the term f is a source (excitation)
function and u is the unknown variable. All of this function can vary spatially (x,y,z).
∇(c∙∇u)+b∙∇u+au=f (1)
EPDE can be solved exactly by mathematical procedures like Fourier series [1]. However, the classical solution frequently no exists and for those
problems where is possible the use of these analytical methods, many simplifications are done [2]. Consequently, several numerical methods have been
developed to efficiently solve EPDE such as the finite element method (FEM), finite difference and others.
The FEM have several advantages over other methods. The main advantage is that it is particularly effective for problems with complicated geometry
using unstructured meshes [2]. One way to get a suitable framework for solving EPDEs by using FEM is formulate them as variational problems also
called weak solution.
The variacional formulation of an EPDE is a mathematical treating for converting the strong formulation to a weak formulation, which permits the
approximation in elements or subdomains, and the EPDE

Singularly Perturbed Problem Essay
section{Parameter Uniform} In the context of singularly perturbed problems posed on non–rectangular domains, the finite element method is a natural
choice for many researchers (e.g. cite{118}). However, in the context of singularly–perturbed convection–diffusion problems, it is difficult to construct
monotone methods on highly anisotropic meshes, which are desirable when thin layers are present. Moreover, energy norms or other norms based on
the $L^2–$norm, are the natural norms associated with variational methods. Error analysis in the pointwise norm is not straightforward in a finite
element framework, especially when one is dealing with a problem that is not self–adjoint. Given that their interest lies in parameter uniform numerical
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The presence of a convective term means that the data of the problem across the entire domain has an influence on the outflow boundary layer, in
contrast to reaction diffusion problems where it is only the data local to a boundary that has an influence on the boundary layer. Hegarty and O'Riordan
cite{115} constructed a parameter–uniform numerical methods for the singularly perturbed problem posed on a circular domain. Asymptotic
expansions for the solutions to such a problem have been established in cite{120,121,122,123}. Analytical expressions for the exact solution, in the
case of constant data, are given in cite{123} as a Fourier series with coefficients written in terms of modified Bessel functions. In cite{120,121,122}
sufficient compatibility conditions are identified so that the accuracy of the asymptotic expansion can be estimated in the $L^2–$norm or in a suitably
weighted energy norm. These expansions are derived without recourse to a maximum principle. The smooth case, where significant compatibility is
assumed, is examined in cite{120}; the non–compatible case with a polynomial source term is studied in cite{125} and for a more general source term
in cite{122}. Based on these asymptotic expansions, a numerical method is constructed in cite{124} for the problem, which uses a quasi–uniform
mesh (which is, hence, not layer–adapted). By enriching the finite element subspace, with certain exponential boundary–layer basis

Simulation Model Of The Queueing Problems At ' University...
IB3200 SIMULATION
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 2015:
EXPERIMENTATION WITH
THE SIMULATION MODEL
ON A QUEUING PROBLEM
GROUP 7 (TUESDAY 12–13)
STUDENT NUMBER: 1121234
INTRODUCTION
This report is a continuation of the group project which produced and analysed a working simulation model of the queueing problems at 'University
House Restaurant' using Simul8. From the conceptual modelling of the group project, the model contents, which include the scope and the level of
detail, and constraints, will remain the same as well as the simplifications and assumptions. Likewise, the validation and verification of the model are
assumed to be reasonably accurate. However, some factors from the original report will be subject to change according to different scenarios during the
experimentation.
From the observations of the restaurant and the interview with a full–time employee, it was evident that the queueing problem was typical, especially
for 'Today's special Hot–food menu' during the peak hours of Fridays between 12:00–14:00. This queueing problem affected the total time taken to be
fully served, taking up to 7.7 minutes, which the problem was analysed in the group report.
OBJECTIVES OF THE EXPERIMENT
The setting of objectives for this report is to experiment with the simulated model by making various scenarios, and attempting to find the most efficient
ways to make any improvements to achieve the objectives for the queueing problem at the University House Restaurant.
Main

Lab Report : Spring Steel 60si2crva Foils With A Thickness...
Spring steel 60Si2CrVA foils with a thickness of 120 μm were purchased from Feintool Co, Shenzhen, Guangdong and used as the contacting foils.
Foils with a diameter of 15 mm were cut out of the 60Si2CrVA foils. The under surface of these round foils were burnished with SiC papers and then
polished with silk, and the thickness of contacting foils were reduced to ∼100 μm. After polishing, the round contacting foils were cleaned with acetone
and then ethanol. The surface roughness of the polished surface of the contacting foil was ∼Ra 100 nm. A 3M black polyester tape (thickness of 80 μm)
with a layer of glue (thickness of 10 μm) was then sticked to the upper surface of round contacting foils and covered with micro wave–like surface of ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this study, ABAQUS was used to compute the dynamic evolution of the micro–feature when subjected to LSWP impact. The contact type of the
contacting foil and the micro–feature is "surface–to–surface contact" with "non–friction." 3.1 Meshing For the treated feature to be round, an
axisymmetric 2D model was constructed to simulate the LSWP process. The model comprised CAX4R elements (Continuum, Axisymmetric, 4 nodes,
Reduced integration), with a BIAS function in x–direction and z–direction to allow a denser mesh near the micro–feature. The element size and
quantity are shown in Fig. 3. The element quantity of the model was 32856. A convergence study was also conducted. The element quantity of the
contrastive models was 79200 and 472480. The results show that the maximum residual stress error is <2.16%, and the maximum displacement error
was <1.78%, indicating that the results of this study were convergent. To remove the effect of the reflective shock wave, infinite elements were used at
the bottom and the edge of the model (as shown in Fig. 3) [7–9]. The contacting foil is also meshed. 3.2 Calculation steps The FEM calculation was
performed in two steps, and ABAQUS/Explicit code was used in both the steps [9]. During the first step, a pressure pulse (Fig. 4) is applied to the
contacting foil, and the total step time is 300 ns with an increment of 1 ns. The purpose of this step is to master the dynamic

Paper
The present study focused on investigating the growth mechanism of –oriented grains from low strain to high strain. The orientation characterizations
of Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–1Cr–1Fe alloy under different strain rates and compression temperatures were studied by EBSD technique. The dynamic
recrystallization grains were selected by the GOS method to reveal the effect of dynamic recovery and recrystallization on texture evolution. 2.
Materials and Experimental Procedures The Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–1Cr–1Fe alloy used in this study was obtained from a hot forged bar with a diameter of
350 mm. The composition of the alloy was 5.23 Al, 4.85 Mo, 4.93 V, 0.92 Cr, 1.17 Fe, and balance Ti. The β–α+β transus temperature of Ti–5Al–5Mo–
5V–1Cr–1Fe was approximately 1143 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1b. The initial grains of the alloy are equiaxed with a size of approximately 80–100 μm. Figure 1. {100} Pole figure (a) of the as–received Ti–5Al–
5Mo–5V–1Cr–1Fe alloy bar and original microstructure (b) after solution treatment. 3.2. Texture Evolution during Hot Compression Deformation
parameters including the strain and strain rate exert an important influence on the texture components during hot compression around β transus
temperature. Figure 2 shows the EBSD test results of the samples compressed at different strain rates of 1/s, 0.1/s, and 0.01/s by reductions of 20%,
40%, 60%, and 80% at 1153K. Figure 3 shows the fractions of two main fiber textures including and fiber textures. The two main texture components
of the sample with 1/s strain rate nearly retained the same volume fraction after 40% compression. The intensity of fiber texture increased with
decreasing strain rate. Especially, the sample compressed with 80% reduction under 0.01/s strain rate only showed texture. It can be deduced that at the
initial stage of compression, the strain rate has a weak effect on the texture evolution. With increasing deformation, low strain rate may be benefit for
the development of texture and texture is gradually weakened or even vanished. Figure 2. Orientation maps by EBSD under different parameters, a1–a4
are under 1/s with 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% reduction, b1–b4 are under 0.1/s with 20%,

Application Of Using Multiple Software Tools
3.1 Introduction
The first section of this chapter summarizes the detailed analysis which was carried out by using multiple software tools in order to conduct microwave
heating simulations of interest. The objective is to document the important technical information regarding the procedures for later re–enactment. After
various comparisons, CST Studio Suite was selected as the preferred software and every simulation hereafter was done using CST. To authenticate the
simulation procedure, validation of a paper published in the Food and Bioprocess Technology Journal in 2011 was conducted. It is a common practice
for researchers to replicate a published work to duplicate the results, in order to approve or certify the experimental process. The ... Show more content
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Both software tools are based on Finite Element Method (FEM) [1].
3.2.1 Workflow Procedure
During or after the installation of HFSS, it needs to be made sure that the integration operation with a similar model of ANSYS has been enabled. Once
HFSS is successfully integrated with ANSYS, the electromagnetic response of the model is computed by HFSS. The following two types of losses are
extracted from HFSS simulation outputs:
(i) Surface loss density (W/m2), resulting from metallic losses.
(ii) Volume loss density (W/m3), resulting from the dielectric losses.
These electrical results including losses are imported to ANSYS, ANSYS maps the surface and volume losses from HFSS and conducts mechanical
simulations to acquire thermal responses. The thermal response will be a function of the input power level of the microwave signal and also the
frequency.
The process is then reversed by importing the thermal results from ANSYS back to HFSS. EM simulations are carried out in HFSS to recalculate the
losses and the process is repeated many times until a converged criterion is satisfied. The decision chart shown in Figure 3.1 explains the process [1].
Figure 3.3.1: Decision chart containing steps for iteration loop of HFSS–ANSYS. [1]
After creating the model design and running EM simulation in HFSS, the electric field is plotted and the dissipated power is calculated. This design and

Mathematics : Computational Mesh And Grid
LITERATURE REVIEW:
COMPUTATIONAL MESH AND GRID
DEPENDANCY
(Technical Report by Vignesh)
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper is to explain the generation of computational meshes for complex problems having intricate shapes and to study the grid
dependency for obtaining accuracy in those problems. In finite element method of numerical computation it is important to divide the domain into a
number of simple elements.
Some portion of domain may require still smaller elements so that the computation is more accurate there. A large number of algorithms have been
proposed to automate the process of mesh generation but they do not guarantee about the quality of results produced. Some methods which eliminate
the problem of intersection in elements are discussed.
INTRODUCTION
Mesh generation has received immense attention from assorted scieŶtific aŶd engineering branches since the emergence of numerical methods for
partial differential equations. During the past few decades, many sequential methods have been proposed, some of which are now very popular and
commercially available[1].
Several algorithms are being proposed to automate this process of grid generation.
Some of them are Sweepline algorithm,
Ruppert's algorithŵ, BidivisioŶ procedure,
Parallel mesh generation etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF MESH
Structured Mesh:
Structured meshes are those in which the topology of elements is regular. They are generally easy to compute but may require more number

The Implementation Of Nonlinear Material Laws
4.3. Resume about used program The implementation of nonlinear material laws in finite element analysis codes is generally tackled by the software
development industry in one of two ways. In the first instance the material behaviour is programmed independently of the elements to which it may be
specified. Using this approach the choice of element for a particular physical system is not limited and best practice modelling techniques can be used
in identifying an appropriate element type to which any, of a range, of nonlinear material properties are assigned. This is the most versatile approach
and does not limit the analyst to specific element types in configuring the problem of interest. Notwithstanding this however certain software
developers provide specific specialised nonlinear material capabilities only with dedicated element types. ANSYS (ANSYS Manual Set, 1998) and
(Installation Guide "ANYSYS) provides a dedicated three–dimensional eight nodes solid isoparametric element, Solid65, to model the nonlinear
response of brittle materials based on a constitutive model for the triaxial behaviour of concrete (William, K.J. et al., 1975). 4.4. Finite element
modeling 4.4.1 Geometry The details of tested columns were shown in Figure 5 and 6. Analyses were carried out on 21– columns specimens, where all
columns had square cross–section with a 300 mm side and 1600 mm height, the longitudinal reinforcement rebars comprised 4#16 mm in diameter, and
the transverse

Alternative Methods Of The NIPG DGFEM Superconvergence
subsection{NIPG DGFEM Superconvergence 2011}
Now that the continuous standard Galerkin solution over a quasi–uniform mesh may oscillate as $epsilon to 0$. An alternative tool will be a
discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method where the oscillation can be avoided provided that an appropriate mesh refinement is applied, to capture the
boundary layer behavior. The origins of the DG methods can be traced back to the seventies where they had been proposed as variational methods for
numerically solving initial–value problems and transport problems. It is well known that the DG methods, in particular the local DG (LDG) method
cite{210}, are highly stable and effective for convection diffusion problems cite{211}. Whereas, the main feature of the ... Show more content on
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cite{212,213} and Zhang et al. cite{214} adopted the local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method to solve convection diffusion equations and
analyzed the corresponding superconvergence properties. On the other hand, non–symmetric discontinuous Galerkin method with interior penalty (the
NIPG method), originally designed for elliptic equations, is analyzed by Zarin and Roos cite{87} for convection–diffusion problems with parabolic
layers.
A disadvantage of DG method is that the method produces more degrees of freedom than the continuous finite element method (CFEM). With this
motivation, this work derives and analyzes a coupled approach of LDG and CFEM on a layer adapted Shishkin mesh for singularly perturbed
convection–diffusion problems. By splitting the domain into the coarse and the fine part, we adopt the CFEM with linear elements in the fine part
where the mesh size is comparable with $epsilon$, and use LDG method in the coarse part for its stabilization.
The idea of combining DG and CFEM to obtain the advantages of both methods is not new. A coupled LDG–CFEM approach has also been studied by
Perugia and Sch{"o}tzau cite{215} for the modeling of elliptic problems arising in electromagnetics. Roos and Zarin cite{79}, Zarin cite{82}
analyzed the NIPG–CFEM coupled method on Shishkin mesh for two–dimensional convection diffusion problems with exponentially layers or
characteristic layers. In cite{209}, Zhu et

The Surface Stress on the Microcantilever
Mapped meshes are made according to requirements as it gives user control over size and shape and deformation of the mesh in all regions The surface
stress on the microcantilever surface can be calculated from the observed microcantilever deflection using Stoney's equation Where Δσs is the
differential surface stresses on the surface of the microcantilever, is the Young's modulus, is the Poisson's ratio r and h are the radius of curvature and
thickness of cantilever beam respectively.For a two–layer piezoresistive microcantilever, the relationship between the surface stress and the relative
change in resistance ∆R/R for a piezoresistor is given by Where 1, 1 are the Young's modulus and thickness of the polysilicon while 2, 2 are the young's
modulus and thickness of piezoresistive, whereas T is the distance from bottom to top of the microcantilever beam that contain the piezoresistive and is
the gauge factor of piezoresistive sensor, although above equation applies when polysilicon and piezoresister both are different here [4]. The surface
stress associated with the deflection of micro cantilever is commonly calculated using Stoney's formula, which is simply relates an induced substrate
curvature to a surface stress. Piezoresistive microcantilever deflection process involves the embedded of a piezoresistive material such as doped
polysilicon on the top surface of the microcantilever to measure the stress change, while the microcantilever beam deflects a stress

Structural Suitability and Modelling of Glass Fiber...
Introduction and Literature Review Context Freeform surfaces prevail in contemporary architecture. Over the past two decades there has been a surge
in the use of smooth, curved surfaces, which can be attributed to improvements in 3D modelling techniques and advances in finite element analysis.
The complex geometries, examples of which can be seen in the Figure ? below, pose challenges in developing a feasible building envelope using
conventional building materials such as steel and concrete. This has therefore created a need to investigate the suitability of alternative building
materials such as glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP) to structural design. In construction, geometrically complex free form shapes are realised by
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Being a composite material, the properties of the GFRP are determined by: the choice of resin and glass type, the volume fractions of the fibres and the
matrix, the manufacturing techniques employed and the material properties of its constituent parts. Much of the current literature describes and
highlights the variability in GFRP properties owing to the above [3][4][5]. The most commonly used resins in the production of GFRP are polyester and
epoxy resins, which are both thermosetting polymers. This means that high temperature and pressure are not required in the manufacturing process,
making GFRP a versatile material, albeit a relatively expensive one. Both of these resins were investigated here, with the focus eventually shifting
towards polyester resin. The two most common reinforcement layouts used in the manufacturing of GFRP are woven rovings and chopped strand mat.
Woven rovings are made up of long glass fibres aligned in the resin matrix and interwoven in two perpendicular directions, resulting in an in–plane
orthotropic material of increased specific stiffness in the directions of the glass fibres. Chopped strand mats are made up of randomly distributed
discontinuous short fibres which form a quasi–isotropic layup of

Advantages Of Linear Dynamic Analysis
1.3.2 Linear dynamic analysis = for tall buildings, buildings with torsional irregularities, or non–orthogonal systems, a dynamic procedure is required.
In the linear dynamic procedure, the building is modelled as a multi–degree–of–freedom (MDOF) system with a linear elastic stiffness matrix and an
equivalent viscous damping matrix. Linear dynamic analysis is carried out by two methods:– Response spectrum method Elastic time history method
The corresponding internal forces and displacements are determined using linear elastic analysis. The advantage of these linear dynamic procedures
with respect to linear static procedures is that higher modes can be considered. However, they are based on linear elastic response and hence the
applicability ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In nonlinear dynamic analyses, the detailed structural model subjected to a ground–motion record produces estimates of component deformations for
each degree of freedom in the model and the modal responses are combined using schemes such as the square–root–sum–of–squares. The non–linear
properties of the structure are considered as part of a time domain analysis. This approach is the most rigorous, and is required by some building codes
for buildings of unusual configuration or of special importance. However, the calculated response can be very sensitive to the characteristics of the
individual ground motion used as seismic input; therefore, several analyses are required using different ground motion records to achieve a reliable
estimation of the probabilistic distribution of structural response. Since the properties of the seismic response depend on the intensity, or severity, of the
seismic shaking, a comprehensive assessment calls for numerous nonlinear dynamic analyses at various levels of intensity to represent different
possible earthquake scenarios. This has led to the emergence of methods like the Incremental Dynamic

Process Improvement Plan Paper
Process Improvement Plan
University of Phoenix
Dr. Anthony Matias
March 24, 2011
Abstract The premise of this paper is to identify deficiencies in daily managerial processes by using systematic statistical process controls and make the
necessary improvements. The paper will employ various examples and calculations along with supporting data to explain control limits and its
importance to the statistical process control. The effects of seasonal factors and its relevance to a process will also be highlighted and how confidence
intervals are important in giving insights into data sets that improve the entire statistical process control.
Process Improvement Plan In every successful organization, management is continual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, if the forecast for tourist occupancy for the hotel industry is 1,500,000, the numbers of employees' needed for each season are as follows.
| |Expected Tourist Arrivals |Avg. Employees |Seasonal Factor |Next Year Seasonal Forecast |
| |For Next Year |For Each Seasons | | |
|Spring | |375,000 |0.08 |300,000 |
|Summer | |375,000 |0.6 |225,000 |
|Fall | |375,000 |1 |375,000 |
|Winter | |375,000 |1.6 |600,000 |
|Total

Research Paper On Ergonomics
1. Introduction
Ergonomics is an interdisciplinary field of study that seeks to design tools and equipment for optimizing the interface between humans and systems [1].
Ergonomics is also known as the process of understanding and improving human communications with types of products, equipment, environments,
and systems. Ergonomics principles are used to improve the "fit" between the worker and the workplace. Targets for ergonomics improvement are
divided into two broad categories which are physical issues, such as reaches and exertion, and cognitive issues, such as mental overload and confusing
displays [2].
Many theories, principles, methods, and data relevant to the workstation design have been generated through ergonomics research over the years. Poor
workstation design can lead to fatigued, frustrated, and hurting workers [3]. As a result, the productivity of the product and quality will decrease [4].
Often in an industry, the workstation is designed in an arbitrary manner [1], giving little consideration to the anthropometric measurements of the
anticipated user. Small changes in workstation dimension can have a considerable impact on worker productivity, and occupational health and safety.
Inadequate posture from an improperly designed workstation causes static muscle efforts and then eventually resulting in acute ... Show more content
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VMI refers to the simple examination of a component for detects using the human eyes and is aided by artificial tools. VMI is usually used because it is
simple, easy to apply and quickly carried out, but good eyesight, concentration and also illumination. However, TT Electronic Sdn Bhd, which located
in Kuantan, Malaysia has some problem with VMI. At VMI, the major problem that occurred is an inappropriate workspace that can increase fatigue to
the workers, especially on the chin

The Origins Of Sandwich Panels
2. Background and literature review Many books and articles provide systematic information about a range of aspects of sandwich panels. Some studies
has addressed creep behavior for one or two typically used sandwich panels in construction industry. This part of the thesis will provided background
knowledge of sandwich panels, as well as developed equations based on different theories about creep behavior of sandwich panels. Other specific
aspects about creep in sandwich panels will also be included, such as temperature influence in creep behavior. 2.1 Origins and development The origins
of sandwich construction can be found in many book which introduce these type of structure. Although Noor, Burton, and Bert (1849, cited in Vinson
1999) state the basic concept of sandwich construction in 19th century, the sandwich construction is relatively new concept and firstly be used in
aerospace industry (Davies 2001). The development of technology in sandwich construction is driven by special demand of the shell of spacecraft or
aircraft, which is light in weight yet strong enough to sustain huge air pressure in acceleration or landing. A perfect example of this application is
Apollo space ship, which successful landed on the moon on 20 July 1969.The wall construction of Apollo capsule was made by two interconnected
sandwich shells, and each of them has a honeycomb core. Fig.5 Sandwich structure of the Apollo capsule (Davies 2001) From mid 1960s, research
about sandwich

Essay on Ethical Behavior of Business Students at Bayview...
Case Problem 2 Ethical Behavior of Business students at Bayview University
All | Internet | Exam | Collaborated | Cheater | Y | 23 | 16 | 23 | 48 | N | 67 | 74 | 67 | 42 | Total | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | Proportion Y | 25.6% | 17.8% | 25.6% |
53% | Proportion N | 74.4% | 82.2% | 74.4% | 47% | | | | | | | | Male | Internet | Exam | Collaborated | Cheater | Y | 16 | 9 | 13 | 27 | N | 31 | 38 | 34 | 20 |
Total | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | Proportion Y | 34.0% | 19.1% | 27.7% | 57% | Proportion N | 66.0% | 80.9% | 72.3% | 43% | | | | | | Femal | Internet | Exam |
Collaborated | Cheater | Y | 7 | 7 | 10 | 21 | N | 36 | 36 | 33 | 22 | Total | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | Proportion Y | 16.3% | 16.3% | 23.3% | ... Show more content on
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3. Hypothesis test:
Reported in the article=0.56
H0: p≥0.56 Ha:p<0.56
The confidence interval for proportion of business students of bayview University who cheat is some form is 0.43 to 0.63.
Since 0.63>0.56, we cannot conclude that the proportion of business students of Bayview University who cheat in some form is less than that of
business students at other institutions.
4. Hypothesis test:
Reported in the article=0.47
H0:p≥0.47 Ha: p<0.47
The confidence interval for proportion of business students of bayview University who cheat is some form is 0.43 to 0.63.
Since 0.63.>0.47, we cannot conclude that the proportion of business students of Bayview University who cheat in some form is less than that of
nonbusiness students at other institutions.
5. Advise to the dean:
Results of the analysis show that on average. Half of the students do cheat in some form (males appear to have a higher tendency to cheat than
females.)To check this, the dean would do well to make the examination process stricter. The hypothesis results however show some encouraging news.
The cheating episodes appear to be less at this university than at other institutions. The dean may therefore make an attempt to create awareness against
cheating so that students can become more

Tibia Essay
Background
Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA) is an othopaedic procedure to repair rupture of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) in dogs. It has also been applied
in cats. The canine CCL is a band of tough fibrous tissue that attaches the femur to the tibia. It is attached to the interdylar notch of the tibia at one end
and the caudomedial part of the lateral femoral condyle at the other end. It keeps the tibia from sliding cranially beneath the femur when the limb bears
weight. It also limits medial rotation of the tibia when the stifle is flexed [1]. These help to prevent the stifle joint from over – extending or rotating.
The rupture of this ligament in dog is not suddenly broken due to excessive trauma, but usually degenerates slowly over ... Show more content on
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Material
After the model was imported into Abaqus, the mechanical properties earned from the prior process were assigned to the model. In addition, as the
model is assumed as a homogenous structure, then the highest values of all mechanical properties were used as a representative of all structure. These
properties are density of 1813 kg/m3, young modulus of 4993 MPa and Poisson coefficient of 0.3 (see figure 4).
Interaction
This part is the most important of the analysis because fissure and fracture cannot be observed without given fracture mechanics. Therefore, the crack
propagation of this study can be studied using XFEM method. This method will define the model as a crack domain, but the crack cannot be propagated
without crack initiation. A crack tip was placed at the location where the highest stress was concentrated on. In our study, the highest stress was located
at cylindrical wall of maquet hole at approximately 225 from X+ axis when determined in XY plane as shown in figure 7. The crack tip is a very thin
surface placed on the model associated with the centre of the maquet hole in XY plane. This tip has 0.5 mm. overlap into the cylindrical wall of maquet
hole as shown in figure

Bayview Statistics Case Essay
Prepare a managerial report for the dean of the college that summarizes your assessment of the nature of cheating by business students at Bayview
University. Be sure to include the following questions.
1. Develop 95% confidence intervals for the proportion of all students, the proportion of male students, and the proportion of female students who were
involved in some type of cheating.
2. Conduct a hypothesis test to determine if the proportion of business students at Bayview University who were involved in some type of cheating is
less than that of business students at other institutions as reported by the Chronicle of higher education. The article reported 56% of business students.
3. Conduct a hypothesis test to determine if the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
|
| |
|Proportion of students who have cheated in at least one form = 37/90 = 0.4111 |
|Proportion of male students who have cheated in at least one form = 21/48 = 0.4375 |
|Proportion of female students who have cheated in at least one form = 16/42 = 0.3810 |
| |
|(1) 95% Confidence intervals: |
|(a) All students |
|n = 90 |
|p =

Applications of Noise and Vibration Studies
Applications of Noise and Vibration Studies in all domains presented above have slight variation depending on the structural architecture, working
environment, economics and adherence to regulations imposed by various authorities. In the domain of railway, Automobile and Aircraft industry, both
exterior noise (into the environment) and interior noise play an important role and are strictly regulated by norms imposed by various government
authorities. In the railway industry, in addition environmental noise, big attention is being paid on studies on transmission and effect of ground
vibrations in many countries. Aircraft industry, on the other hand has its focus of study on airframe noise which is transmitted to the environment
surrounding the airports and are under strict regulation by regulatory bodies in all countries. For ships, interior noise and noise transmitted underwater
has been the topic for research over past 40 decades. A brief review of applications of noise and vibrations studies is presented in subsequent
paragraphs. In the railway industry, the studies are mainly focussed on the mechanism of generation and transmission and control measures in respect of
rolling noise at the wheel–rail contact and the aerodynamic noise. The dominant noise from mainline railways is usually the rolling noise generated by
the wheel and rail which is caused by vibrations of the wheel and track structures, induced at the wheel rail contact point by vertical irregularities in the

Yield Line Theory Is A Productive Method For Deciding The...
Yield line theory is a productive method for deciding the breakdown heap of strengthened concrete slabs. The yield–line hypothesis is an adaptable
outline strategy, particularly when orthotropic and inhomogeneous properties, gaps and unique bolster conditions, must be considered. In the 1960s
yield line hypothesis was the subject of extensive enthusiasm for the UK, as prove by a whirlwind of papers and monographs, including an uncommon
distribution issued by Magazine of Concrete Research. In the event that the tomahawks of turn for two slab parts are not at the same profundity
measured from the section surface, the relative relocation intermittence is no more opposite to the yield line. One disputable and minimal
comprehended part of Johansen 's yield line hypothesis is the idea of nodal forces. It uses Yield Line Theory to investigate failure mechanisms at the
ultimate limit state. Thus, work done in yield lines rotating means work done in loads moving. Yield Line Design leads to slabs that are quick and easy
to design, and are quick and easy to construct.
Key words: Yield line, design, slab, concrete structures.
Introduction:
Yield line theory is a productive method for deciding the breakdown heap of strengthened concrete slabs, and it pre–dates limit examination. The term
'yield line ' (in Danish: 'brudlinie ', truly signifying 'line of crack ') was authored in 1921 by Ingerslev to depict lines in the slabs along which the
twisting minute is steady [1]. In 1931 K W

Road Constructions: Minnesota Road Collapse
Minnesota Road Constructions If you lived in Minnesota the worst struggle will be road constructions. Many roads are closed due to unfinished
constructions. Because of the I–35 bridge collapse in 2007, which caused many deaths and injuries, the state is focusing on building stronger and safer
roads. Every day the communities will face the traffic with delay, road closed, and car accidents. The road constructions had been going on for the
whole summer, fall, and winter season. Minnesota is a big city that used the roads a lot to travels; therefore, unfinished road constructions can be a
struggle. In 2007, the city of Minneapolis the highway I–35 bridge that made out of steel had collapsed. It has become terrors for the communities and
cause all of the roads to be closed due to constructions. For example, every week construction workers will build the roads. To clear traffic, construction
workers will close the road so only they can use it. On highway 94 coming from Maple Grove to Brooklyn Center is always pack with many cars. I
lived in Brooklyn Center the easiest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cars will try to cut in front of each other cars as fast as possible before realizing it had caused a crash that affects the delay. In March 2015, this girl's
car had slammed into my car because she was on her phone looking for the different route. Cell phones are one of the biggest of distraction to create
reckless driving. The accident was just outside of Hennepin Tech on highway 169. Even though the road was pretty clear up of weather people tend not
to never pay much attention. It's the reason of being the rush and trying to get there first. Now my car is totally lost because of her being careless of not
paying attention while driving. People need to stop getting heat up of being impatient while stuck in traffic, any careless mistake can easily happen to

Failure Of The Failure And Predicting The Mechanical...
Failure criteria's plays very important role in analysing the failure and predicting the mechanical properties of composite materials. There are many
failure criteria's available which has aided in analysing, few such failure criteria's are maximum stress, maximum strain, Classic laminate theory,
Hashin's failure theory, Tsai–Wu failure criterion, and Tsai–Hill failure criterion etc.
The research was conducted on failure ways and criteria for their manifestation in composite beams and columns [37]. They found that the initiations of
the different failure modes are influenced by the material properties, type of loading, and geometric dimensions. They conveyed that the loading type or
condition governs the state of stress all through the composite structure, which controls the locality and mode of failure. The suitable failure criteria at
any point of the structure accounts for the biaxiality or triaxiality of the state of stress [38]. A four nodded plate element based on a sophisticated higher
order shear deformation theory can be established [39] for the investigation of composite plates. This plate theory fulfils the requirements of inter–
laminar shear stress continuity and stress free bottom and top faces of the plate. Besides, the number of independent unknowns is the same as that in the
first order shear deformation concept.
Prediction of failure in composite materials can be done by implementing failure theories [40–44]. The failure criteria's are not just for

Thermo-Elastic Stress Behavior On Beams

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