Types Of Any Wireless Communication System

Types Of Any Wireless Communication System
A microstrip antenna consists of conducting patch and a ground plane separated by dielectric
substrate. The early work of Munson on microstrip antennas for use as a low profile flush mounted
antennas on rockets and missiles showed that this was a practical concept for use in many antenna
system problems. Different mathematical models were developed for this antenna and its
applications were extended to many other fields. The number of articles published in the journal
papers for the last ten years. The microstrip antennas are the first antenna designer's choice. Low
dielectric constant substrates are generally preferred for maximum radiation. The conducting patch
can have many shape but rectangular and circular configurations are the most commonly used
configuration. A microstrip antenna is characterized by its length parameter, width parameter, input
impedance, and gain and radiation patterns. Various performance parameters, mathematical
calculation and Microstrip feeding technique will be discussed further through this chapter.
Antennas are key components of any wireless communication system and it is a device that provides
a way for radiation or receiving electromagnetic waves. IEEE standard definitions for antenna
(IEEE Std 145–1983) defines antenna as a means for radiating or receiving radio wave. Figure 3.1
shows an antenna as transition device. The arrows displayed in Figure 3.1 shows the electric field
lines
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Wireless Communications, Wireless, And Mobile Data...
Wireless communication has emerged as its own discipline over the past decades.From cellular
voice telephony to wireless internet and data services,data service has profoundly impacted our
lifestyle.After a decade of exponential growth today wireless network is one of the largest industry
in the world.
At the time of wirtting this close to 1 billoin people subscribe to cellular service,close to 200 billion
gsm short message is exchanged every year.In response to this growth, a number of universities and
educational institute have started research in this field and teaching programmes from which a
number of engineers and scientist are re–educating themselves in this fields.
In my project I have traditionally selected the most comman voice oriented wireless communication
along with geolocation gprs services,internet and mobile data services and IEEE 802.11 WLAN
services.
My project also covers different generation of wireless networks,right from 1G services to 3G
services which provides upto 2mbps speed on local area network.
Various voice oriented wireless communications are also covered up like the gsm or cdma services.
Most of the writing and language of my project are sourced from various text books along with
various journels and research work available about this field on the internet.
I would like to express my deep appreciations to my mentor Ms.S.Yadav who have greatly helped
me with this project.
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS.

Wireless Sensor Networks : Technology, Computing And...
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1BACKGROUND
The need to continuously monitoring physical phenomena has leads to many advances in sensing,
computing and communication technologies. And a new technology evolves which is known as
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Wireless Sensor Networks are a new kind of distributed systems
that are an integral part of the physical space they inhabit. The massive growth in this technology
has gathered the heed and imagination of many researchers, providing a broad spectrum of ideas to
be implemented in various applications [2].
The grouping of various sensor nodes makeup a huge Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). These
wireless sensor networks are employed in environments where human reach is difficult. The sensor
nodes are small, inexpensive, battery powered devices which are capable of local processing and
wireless communication. These sensors cooperatively work with each other to sense some physical
circumstances and then the information is gathered and processed to get pertinent results. The
information that is gathered is sent to the main location.
Figure 1.1 depicts a typical WSN. Networking unattended sensor nodes are expected to have
significant impact on the efficiency of many military and civil applications such as combat field
surveillance, security and disaster management. These systems process data gathered from multiple
sensors to monitor events in an area of interest. For example, in a disaster management setup, a large
number of sensors

Underwater Wireless Communication Networks Are Affected By...
security mechanisms are discussed. Underwater wireless communication networks are particularly
vulnerable to malicious attacks due to the high bit error rates, large and variable propagation delays,
and low bandwidth of acoustic channels. A complete survey of securing underwater wireless
communication networks is presented, and the research challenges for secure communication in this
environment are outlined.Acoustic channels have low bandwidth. The link quality in underwater
communication is severely affected by multipath, fading, and the refractive The unique
characteristics of the underwater acoustic communication channel, and the differences between
underwater sensor networks and their ground–based counterparts require for the development of
efficient and reliable properties of the sound channel. As a result, the bit error rates of acoustic links
are often high, and losses of connectivity arise.Radio waves do not propagate well underwater due
to the high energy absorption of water. Therefore, underwater communications are based on acoustic
links characterized by large propagation delays. The above mentioned characteristics of UWCNs
have several security implications. UWCNs suffer from the vulnerabilities which decreases the
reliability. So, this article have discussed for security in UWCNs, underlining the specific
characteristics of these networks, possible attacks, countermeasures and challenges. Keywords:

4g Wireless Mobile Communication Networks
4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery and
computational power etc. 4G wireless mobile communication networks should not focus on air
interface and data rate, but instead cover advance wireless mobile communication networks and
high speed wireless access system into different platforms.
The era of new wireless communication is evolving and it will soon penetrate into daily life and
change the way we live. The key concept is integrating the 4g capabilities with all of the existing
mobile technology. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of different aspects of 4g
technology which include its features, proposed architecture and key technological enabler. 4G
technology will encompass all system from various network public to private operator driven
broadband to personal area and adhoc Networks. 4g technology system will be fully IP based
wireless internet. With 4G technology a range new services and model will be available, this
services and model need to be further examine for interface with the design of 4g technology
system. 4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery
and computational power etc. 4G wireless mobile communication networks should not focus on air
high speed wireless access system into different platforms. Based on different model, 4G wireless
mobile

Wireless Communication Essay
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
________________________________________________________
1.1 Communication
Communication is the transfer of information from transmitter to the receiver through a wireless
medium or wired medium known as channel. The transmitter transmits the information and the
receiver receives the information. Information is useful data send by transmitter and must be
understood to the receiver. The information is transmitted in the form of radio waves. This useful
information is known as signal. Signal is the electric or electronic variation in voltage with respect
to time.
While dealing with communications with the two hardware required, transmitter and receiver
The input signal may beanalog or digital.
The channel may be wired ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to increase in wires complexity and hardware cost also increases
Examples of wired communication include: Telephone network, cable television, internet access or
fiber optics communication.
In wireless communication or open space communication there is no requirement of wired. Wireless
communication has several advantages over wired communication like there is less requirement of
wire as compared to guided structure communication and wireless communication provide it's user
to move from one space to another without causing interface i.e. its provides freedom to its user, but
wireless communication limitation of spectrum.
There has been tremendous growth in wireless network over the last few decades. Wireless devices
such as mobiles, laptops are increasing day by day; hence there is requirement of more frequency
bands. The need of allotting different frequencies is due to fact that there should not be any
interference. Interference is caused when two applications are using the same frequency band. In
wireless network data is propagated in the form of electromagnetic

How Wireless Communication Has Improved The Point Of Being...
Wireless communication is the transfer of data between two or more points that are not connected
by an electrical conductor. In addition, wireless communications networks are less expensive to
install and preserve than equivalent wired systems. Wireless communication has become possible
due to the discovery of radio waves. With the first breakthrough of the radio signal within the 19th
century, along with founders Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi, evolution of the wireless
technology has improved to the point of being unrecognizable (Makkai ,2006, p.1). According to
Rappaport (2002 ,p.1) , with the Guglielmo Marconi's invention of the long–distance
communication with ships at sea, has the power of instant communication emerged. Nowadays,
many people use the internet service on a cellphone to keep the contact with people around the
world, and for other purposes such as: researching, learning and exploring (Makkai ,2006, p.1).
In this essay, the following definitions will be used. Communication in this essay refers to a
technology that allows sending and receiving data such as: SMS, voice and images (Lee, Schneider
and Schell,2004, p.15). A mobile app is a software application developed specifically for use on
small, wireless computing devices, such as smartphones and tablets, rather than desktop or laptop
computers. Ram (Random Access Memory) arranges communication through messages to a
customer while they are in the city territory (Rappaport, 2002, p.508).
An

Wireless Networks And Network For Future Of Mobile...
Every day the wireless communication is getting more advanced comparing to what is was
yesterday. Every generation of mobile communication get advanced with a higher speed, frequency
band, better connectivity, security and high data rates in transmission. For all these reasons, it's clear
how the 4G is success more than the 3G networks, and the same thing will happen to the 4G after
lunching the 5G in the near future. In this paper, I will try to describe the 4G networks and 5G
networks in contest of future of mobile communications. What are their drawbacks and what are the
main differences between these different generations along with the issues that make the new
network take over that network.
2– Background:
A look back in the history, the first generation of telephony (1G) started in the early of 1980s. This
network was designed to carry analog voice data. The (1G) networks were based on these standard
TACS, NMT, C–Nets and AMPS. In the early of 1990s the (2G) networks came as a digital network
comparing to the analog in (1G). That was the first digital cellular network after the switches that
were supported digital calls by using actual 0s and 1s. The (2G) networks were supported by these
standards D–AMPS, Code Division Multiple Access One (CDMAOne) and Global System of
Mobile Communication (GSM). The second generation of telephony (2G) was offered a higher
capacity, improved security and improved the voice quality. The (2G) technology was offered a

Essay On Wireless Communication Technology
nowadays sensors are anywhere. We take it for granted, however there are sensors in our cars, in our
clever telephones, in factories controlling CO2 emissions, and even inside the ground tracking soil
conditions in vineyards. while evidently sensors were around for a while, research on wireless
sensor networks (WSNs) commenced returned within the Eighties and it's miles only in view that
2001 that WSNs generated an elevated hobby from commercial and research perspectives. This is
due to the supply of less expensive, low powered miniature additives like processors, radios and
sensors that have been regularly included on a unmarried chip (system on a chip (SoC)). The idea of
internet of things (IoT) becomes evolved in parallel to WSNs. The ... Show more content on
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via synthesizing present WSN applications as part of the infrastructure device, capability new
programs may be diagnosed and developed to satisfy future technology and marketplace
developments. for example WSN generation applications for smart grid, smart water, wise
transportation systems, and smart home generate big quantities of statistics, and this information can
serve many purposes. moreover, as the cutting–edge global shifts to this new age of WSNs in the
IoT, there might be some of prison implications in order to need to be clarified over the years. one of
the most pressing troubles is the possession and use of the statistics this is accumulated,
consolidated, correlated and mined for added cost. records agents can have a flourishing commercial
enterprise as the pooling of records from diverse sources will result in new and unknown
commercial enterprise opportunities and capability criminal liabilities. The recent US country wide
security administration scandal and other indignities have shown that there is huge hobby in
accumulating facts for numerous uses. one of the more complicated problems which get up within
this new world is the idea of machines making autonomous decisions, with unknown effect on the
surroundings or society within which it features. this may be as easy as a refrigerator inquiring for
replenishment for milk and butter on the neighborhood keep for its proprietor, or as complicated as a
robotic that has been programmed to live to

Implementing Wireless Network For Computer Communication...
: This paper presents implementing wireless network in computer communication
In that the following devices includes WI–FI, Bluetooth, WiMAX, mobilesNetworks and latest LI–
FI technology. This paper clears the idea of using this wireless network. A review of what is needed
to build a generic wireless network is provided. We can alreadyknow about the wireless network and
we can connect the computer by using this wireless network. The paper also advances some of the
major security risks that wireless networks face. Various strategies that can be employed to mitigate
these risks and safeguard the privacy and security of the network are given. A review of how
wireless networks can be used in education and training is then given and it is demonstrated that the
education field has benefited from the growth of wireless technology and the cost effectiveness of
this technology
INTRODUCTION
Whether it's because you have made a call using a mobile phone, received a message on your pager,
checked your email from a PDA or even just seen an advert related to it, we have all come across a
wireless data or voice network! If a user, application or company wishes to make data portable,
mobile and accessible then wireless networking is the answer. A wireless networking system would
rid of the downtime you would normally have in a wired network due to cable problems. It would
also save time and money due to the fact that you would spare the expense of installing a lot of
cables. Also, if a

Passport/Visa Authentication Protocols for Ubiquitous...
Abstract–The development in mobile devices and wireless technologies opens up unlimited choices
of mobile services such as mobile commerce. These advances make access services available and
convenient everywhere at any time. Since mobile users usually move, accessing services becomes
unavailable especially in some locations that are not covered by their home networks. Therefore, it
becomes necessary to roam into foreign networks in order to access such services. However,
authenticating visiting users by a foreign network results in some security concerns. This challenge
lies in the fact that a foreign network provider does not initially have the authentication credentials
of the mobile users. The existing approaches are either roaming ... Show more content on
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MUs always ask for a higher speed at a lower cost, and demand to be "Always Best Connected" [2].
However, due to the differences in wireless technologies, it is hard to achieve both high data rate
and wide coverage at once. Moreover, different technologies sometimes are operated by multiple
network providers. As a result, ubiquitous wireless network is not feasible with a single technology
and a single wireless provider. That makes a MU always in need to connect to different types of
technologies and service providers depending on his/her location and the target speed. However,
there are some security concerns raised from the MU and foreign network (FN) perspectives as they
cannot establish a connection without being authentic to each other. The traditional solution to such
a problem is to have a roaming agreement between the home network (HN) and FN for verification
process. Fig.1 illustrates the problem.
Roaming agreement–free challenge.
Problem Statement. A key challenge in such a heterogeneous networks environment is the
possibility of roaming to administrative domains without a pre–established roaming agreement with
a MU's home domain [3]. In other words, authenticating unknown users by FN providers and
preventing unauthorised access are critical concerns.
The rest of this paper is structured as follows. It starts with a review of existing approaches to the
problem (Section 2). This will be followed by an overview of the

Wireless Technology : A Growing Expansion Of Wireless...
A growing expansion of wireless systems and applications operating at centimetre–and millimetre–
wave frequencies motivates the development of effective and affordably–priced technologies for
manufacturing cm– and mm–wave components like antennas, filters, directional couplers, etc.
Advances in technology associated with signal processing, R.F. components and batteries have
stimulated more innovative applications in wireless that has in turn stimulate for extensive research
to find new solutions to the problems in the antenna engineering.
With the rise in demand for handheld wireless communication equipment, the antenna can be
realized as microstrip structure and its realization is becoming and overall system design
requirement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In present scenario, Microstrip patch antennas [3–5] are drawing much attention in broad range of
wireless communication systems due to their light weight, simple structure, easy reproduction,
conformability, low manufacturing cost, and very versatile in terms of resonant frequency,
polarization, pattern and impedance at the particular patch shape and model. In its most fundamental
form, a microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate
which has a ground plane on the other side as shown in figure 1.1. The patch is generally made of
conducting material such as copper and gold and can take any possible shape. The radiating patch
and the feed lines are usually photo etched on the dielectric substrate.
In order to simplify analysis and performance prediction, the patch is generally square, rectangular,
circular, triangular and elliptical or some other common shape as shown in figure 1.2. In the work,
circular and rectangular microstrip antenna both loaded with U–slot are the ones under
consideration. The height (h) of the dielectric substrate is usually 0.003 λ0 ≤ h ≤ 0.05 λ0. The
dielectric constant of the substrate (εr) is typically in the range 2.2 ≤ εr ≤ 12. Microstrip patch
antennas are becoming increasingly useful as they can be printed directly on a circuit board. There
are some important parameters which need to be considered to characterize all antenna designs.
These are the voltage standing

Wireless Network Method Using Smart Grid Communications
WIRELESS NETWORK METHOD USING IN SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS
Ehsan Dolatshahi
Independent Study
April 22, 2015
Introduction
The old generation of electrical power grid has taken care of our needs in the past. However, as our
world progress technologically, so do the expectations from different infrastructures around us.
Smart grid is an initiative to completely restructure the electrical power grid to meet the current and
future requirements of its clients. Upgrading our electrical power grid could bring novel security
vulnerabilities into the system. Thus, security is one of the key parts in smart grid technology. Smart
grid technology also puts more reliability demands on WAN (wide area network) infrastructures. [1]
A smart grid is an intelligent electricity network that integrates the actions of all users connected to
it and makes use of innovative information, control, and communication technologies to save
energy, cut cost, and raise reliability and transparency. The smart grid is an upgrade to the current
electrical power structure. Meaning, on top of the functionality of our existing power system, it has
upgraded with some novel specifications. These new features adds more vulnerability to the system.
[2]
Smart grid is mainly composed of six basic systems: power generation system, distribution system,
transmission network, data management and processing system, smart metering system, and
customer information system. The network architecture of smart grid

Vision And Impact Of Mergers In Business Communication :...
Bell Atlantic Mobile changed its name in 198 to Verizon Wireless, creating one of the largest
mergers in business history. Verizon Wireless has had some struggle with globalization but it has
become a major player when it comes to technology. Evaluate the vision and mission statements of
Verizon Wireless and the impacts of stakeholders are just a few things that will be discussed in this
report.
On July 27, 1998, New York City based Bell Atlantic and GTE merged to become one of the largest
telecommunications company. It was one of the largest business deals in the United States in
business history. GTE was one of the largest telecommunications during this time with revenue
exceeding $25 billion, servicing the United States, Canada and Dominican Republic with affiliates
throughout Canada, Puerto Rico and Venezuela. While Bell Atlantic mobile was much greater with
over $33 billon. Together they were valued at over $52 billion and service over 100 million wireless
customers. In 1999, Vodafone and Verizon Wireless combine companies in a joint venture. In
September 2013, Verizon Communications acquired Verizon Wireless. Verizon Communications is
headquartered at 1095 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In this report, I will discuss
globalization & technology, SWOT, industrial organization model and achieving above–average
returns.
SWOT Analysis
Verizon has stability and great business growth. Verizon strengths are part of its internal strategic
factors which enables it to remain a major player in the game of telecommunications. The following
are some of strategic factors:
1. Strong brand image
2. High economic of scale
3. High quality of service
The brand image and quality of service, indicates its capabilities and a competitive advantage.
Verizon also has some internal weaknesses as well, like:
1. Low diversification
2. High cost of infrastructure
3. Inability to compete based on price
Due to the higher infrastructure that Verizon offers, it loses its inability to compete with lower prices
like its competitors.
There are some external factors that Verizon could help Verizon propel to being even bigger than
what they already are. Factors like global growth and expansion, business

Wireless Communications, The Radio Industry
With the recent surge in wireless communications, the radio industry has seen an increase in the
number of different communication standards each requiring its own specific hardware and
processing. Our project addresses the need for radio interoperability with these various standards
through the development of hardware generators for a software defined radio (SDR) system. These
hardware generators will be created using Chisel, a hardware construction language. When given a
set of parameters or constraints, the hardware generators will automatically output circuit designs
for the given application thereby accelerating the hardware design process and introducing a new
method for multi–standard support. Specifically, our team will focus on the development of
generators for the system's beamforming and MIMO blocks. For this reporting period, our team was
responsible for updating our previous CORDIC block for incorporation in the carrier frequency
offset correction (CFO) block. To refresh, the CORDIC block is simply a set of hardware efficient
algorithms capable of performing hyperbolic and trigonometric calculations without the use of a
hardware multiplier. By avoiding use of hardware multipliers, the CORDIC architecture reduces the
number of logic gates required to perform these trigonometric calculations thereby saving
significant circuit power and area in exchange for less accuracy. The work breakdown for this task is
depicted in the diagram below (see Figure 1). This task

Wireless Communication For Wearable Devices
Wireless Communication for Wearable Devices Shivram Tabibu
Abstract–
This paper presents a review of Wireless Communication for Wearable Devices. The wearable
devices are one of the primary means for the effective motion recognition of reflexive systems. We
review some basic wearable deployments and their open wireless communication along the
communication channel which have been devised.
Introduction–
In order to establish a given area network, wireless communication means is used by wearable
devices to transmit data to proximate devices. Data transmission must be secure since wearable
devices transmit vital information. Wearable wireless communication system is exciting new
frontier techniques. There are many devices worked in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Earlier electric–field distribution of a wearable device for the wireless communication with means
of human body as a transmission channel was analyzed by the finite–difference time–domain
(FDTD) method and confirmed by trial experiments and the elucidation of the influence in the
propagation characteristics by the human body was restrictive [5].
Mechanism–
The best illustration to explain a wireless communication system for a wearable device can be
illustrated by establishing a Body Area Network and transmit data to proximate devices. The Figure
1 illustrates the hardware architecture of an Intra Body Communication System/ module. The
communication module consists of a Serial interface unit(SIU), a Serializer/ Deserializer and a
Modulator/ Demodulator. In order to interface with embedded microcontrollers, the serial interface
is used as an on–chip communication system. The communication module is controlled by the
integrated processor via serial interface. It transforms the data to serial form and uses FIFO to
improve system performance. It is then modulated to become the transmission signal for
communication for Intra Body. Modulation on the signal transmitter is done by modulator where the
serial data is modulated with predefined frequencies in order to use the human body or a given
system as

Hoc Networks : A New Prototype Of Wireless Communication...
1. INTRODUCTION:
Ad hoc networks are a new prototype of wireless communication for mobile hosts (which we call
nodes).In an Ad hoc network, there is no fixed particular infrastructure such as base stations and
mobile nodes. Mobile nodes that are within each other's radio frequency range communicate directly
via wireless links, while those that are far apart depend on other nodes to forward messages as
routers. Ad hoc networks are peer to peer networks of mobile nodes. They are mostly used in sensor
networks, habitat monitoring and robotic collaboration. In the recent times, Ad hoc networks have
evoked increasing interest as adjustable distributed application environments. These days many
people are using different types of wireless devices, such as laptops, mobile phones, PDAs (personal
digital assistant) and mp3 players, as part of their professional and private lives. For the most part,
these devices are used separately because the network applications do not interact. Ad hoc wireless
communication between devices can be defined as a scheme, often indicated as the Ad hoc network,
which allows devices to establish communication between the nodes anytime and anywhere to
transfer data without the aid of a central infrastructure. The concepts of mobile Ad hoc networking
along with its applications that can be envisioned are being described in this report. Ad hoc
networking covers different types of positions in a communication. An Ad hoc Network framework
can comprise of a

The Effect Of Mobile And Wireless Communication On The...
Introduction Information and communication has been changing rapidly during the past decades,
and such changes will be affecting the society for the next five years. One effect is on individual
lifestyles and this includes an increase of mobile usage and social network consumption. The
changes also enable the appearance of cloud technology and the utilization of data management
called big data. Another effect that is placed in a classroom. The classroom in the 21st century is
virtual and allows stakeholders include students and teachers to access courses through online
devices. Lin, H., Wang, Y., & Li, C. (2016). Mobile learning has become more and more important
in the educational context because the rapid advance and the popularity ... Show more content on
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Nowadays, students are able to access online learning through internet technology, available time,
and resources. This collaborative system allows student groups interacting of learning, sharing and
enabling learning evaluation. In terms of Thailand, the Thai government has the policy to support
the use of technology in the education system. It is believed that technology increases students '
potential. To achieve this, teachers should apply more technology in classes.
Therefore, The aim of this study is to improve higher students' critical thinking skills with the
utilization of the changes in the information and communication technology. To achieve this
objective, the initial step of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of learning in a borderless
classroom. The borderless classroom will be used as an alternative instrument which a lecturer can
use to distribute learnings and/or lessons. Research Question
1. Study the borderless classroom: a modern collaborative learning model to enhance higher
education students' critical thinking skills.
2. Study the students' satisfaction towards borderless classroom: a modern collaborative learning
model.
Rationale
The progress of technology had improved digital technology and wireless network. They resulted in
the expansion of mobile phones and portable computers have improved. The student could learned
outside the

Wireless Communication, Bluetooth, Zigbee And Near Field...
In this research paper we review three promising short–range wireless communication such as Radio
FrequencyIdentification (RFID), Bluetooth, zigbee and Near–field Communication (NFC).NFC
mobile services are an important emerging areafor NFC technology, with great potential for growth.
The NFC Forum's strategy for accelerating the growth of this business areaincludes recognizing and
describing what is needed to realize successful NFC mobile services, such as key technologies,
typical usecases, and the structure of the overall ecosystem. The success NFC across a broad range
of applications depends on its large–scaleadoption by enterprises and consumers. This implies the
need for simple, low–cost implementation of the technology in a wide variety ofdevices. This paper
discusses NFC technology in detail along with its protocols, communication modes, comparison
with other technologies and also its security aspects. Keywords: NFC, RFID.
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ***
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1.
INTRODUCTION Within the last few years, contactless card technology has been maturing and has
been adopted by major sectors such as transport, payment, and retailing. In parallel, mobile phones
with the additional offerings of Internet and multimedia services have successfully entered people's
lifestyles. Contactless card technology can now expand its domain of applicability by adding
contactless

Limitations Of Wireless Communication
INTRODUCTION
There are lots of challenges occurs for reliable wireless communication which occurs due to
physical limitations of the wireless medium. There has been massive growth occurs in wireless
communication which is due to the techniques that improves spectral efficiency and mitigate various
channel impairments such as fading and interference. Moreover there is always demand for high
speed wireless internet and technologies which are capable of providing higher capacities and link
reliabilities. Multiple–input–multiple–output (MIMO) is based on communication system which is
able to fulfil these objectives. MIMO is an expansion of smart antennas systems. There were
traditional smart antennas which occupy multiple antennas at receiver, whereas In MIMO system
multiple antennas are engaged at both sides at transmitter as well as receiver side. The multiple
antennas at the transmitter and the receiver side provide a major advantage over traditional smart
antenna systems–in terms of capacity and diversity advantage. The multipath propagation by MIMO
system is a remarkably advantage over other antennas system. Moreover it is able to provide
independent fading channels between every pair of transmitter and receiver antennas.
The rapid improvement in communication system with high data rates and improved channel
capacity has pondered towards the study of both theoretical and practical in wireless communication
systems. Wireless communication system has made great effort to

Integrated Wireless Communication Schemes Use Radio /...
Emerging Technologies in Communication
Shradha Bhingardive1, Mrs. N. V. Dhole2
1 P.G Student, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, RMDSSOE Pune,
Maharashtra, India shradhabhingardive2@gmail.com 2 Assistant Professor, Department of
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, RMDSSOE Pune, Maharashtra, India
nandini.dhole@sihngad.edu
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
***–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Abstract – Conventional wireless communication schemes use radio/micro wave frequencies for
data transmission, primarily because of the availability of high sensitivity receivers and ability to
provide broad coverage at low frequencies and line of sight communication at high frequencies. But,
RF can support only a limited bandwidth due to confined spectrum availability. Therefore the
expanding demand for wireless data has led to clogging of the radio spectrum. Thus there is a need
to study and use new communication technologies in near future that will reduce interference and
will be a clean source of communication. Communication is providing new advances constantly,
people are depending more and more on the benefits they provide.
Key Words: Visible Light Communication, Loon Project, Near Field Communication, White Fi,
IEEE 802.15.7
1. INTRODUCTION
The act of conveying intended meaning from one entity to another entity through the use of
mutually understood signs and rules

Channel Estimation And Blocking Probability For Multi Hop...
The paper presents the design of channel estimation and blocking probability for multi–hop wireless
communication network (MH–WCN). This work proposed a bidirectional network coding 4−hop
transmission strategy and followed by 2N−hop WCNs. The proposed method follows two steps.
Firstly, assign composite channel coefficients at desired nodes and then derived the MSE
performance expression for the proposed LMMSE estimation scheme, and an optimal training
scheme has been designed to minimize MSE. Secondly, Fault–tolerant wavelength assignment
algorithm. This method checks for the establishment of fault–free path, when path established,
assign a particular wavelength to the established path. The experimental results shows the LMMSE,
blocking probability and ML estimators have demonstrated effectiveness to improve the estimation
accuracy in 4−hop WCNs.
Index term:– Fault–tolerant wavelength assignment algorithm, Multi–hop wireless communication
networks, mobile social networks, network coding, channel estimation.
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, there has been significant advances in wireless networking. Such advances are
improved by the demand of new practical and military applications as well as advances in wireless
communication technology at the communication layer. These new advances at upper and lower
layers in communication have brought many new research problems for networking researchers.
Among these problems, a fundamental problem is to determine performance limits and

Wireless Communication In Football
With the speed at which sports are played today, the job of an umpire or referee is certainly tricky
and referees are required to make split second decisions that will determine a game, wireless
technology has allowed referees to get a little support. "The use of electronic devices, no matter how
intelligent and accurate, is often criticized by sports fans, and one of the enormous advantages of
wireless communication is the speed of it" (Mark, 2). A referee standing in the middle of a football
field can make a clear audio line with his fellow referees with touch of a button. The technology
allows referees to be able to communicate on and discuss plays without having to take a step further
towards each other. Wireless technology is convenient because of its comfort and ease of use along
with its lack of long wires. The new wireless communication technology has helped speed football
games up along with making calls quicker and more efficiently. For those people on the grown–up
side of 30 years old, football in 2003 doesn't even seem like that was 10 years ago because of the
evolution of the passing game. The NFL has undergone quiet a transformation through the two
quarter backs of Peyton Manning and Tom Brady. In 2003 the NFL officials changed the way that
they enforce pass interference after the New England Patriots used an unstoppable physical defense
to shut down the Indianapolis Colts. As a result of this change, it immediately boosted the passing
game for offenses and

4g Wireless Mobile Communication Networks
ABSTRACT
4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery and
computational power etc. 4G wireless mobile communication networks should not focus on air
high speed wireless access system into different platforms.
The era of new wireless communication is evolving and it will soon penetrate into daily life and
change the way we live. The key concept is integrating the 4g capabilities with all of the existing
mobile technology. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of different aspects of 4g
technology which include its features, proposed architecture and key technological enabler. 4G
technology will encompass all system from various network public to private operator driven
broadband to personal area and adhoc Networks. 4g technology system will be fully IP based
wireless internet. With 4G technology a range new services and model will be available, this
services and model need to be further examine for interface with the design of 4g technology
system. 4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery
and computational power etc. 4G wireless mobile communication networks should not focus on air
high speed wireless access system into different platforms. Based on different model, 4G wireless

Telecommunication occurs when the exchange of information between two or more entities
(communication) includes the use of technology. Communication technology uses channels to
transmit information (as electrical signals), either over a physical medium (such as signal cables), or
in the form of electromagnetic waves.[1][2][3][4][5][6] The word is often used in its plural form,
telecommunications, because it involves many different technologies. Early means of
communicating over a distance included visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore
telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs.[7] Other examples of pre–modern long–distance
communication included audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung–blown horns, and loud
whistles. Modern technologies for long–distance communication usually involve electrical and
electromagnetic technologies, such as telegraph, telephone, and teleprinter, networks, radio,
microwave transmission, fiber optics, and communications satellites. A revolution in wireless
communication began in the first decade of the 20th century with the pioneering developments in
radio communications by Guglielmo Marconi, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909. Other
highly notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and electronic
telecommunications include Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse (telegraph), Alexander Graham
Bell (telephone), Edwin Armstrong, and Lee de Forest (radio), as well as John Logie Baird and

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Wireless Communication
Wireless Communication
Deniz Gürevin 041402017
Mehmet Taylan Eğer 041402024
Onat Mert Taşcı 041502036
19.12.2015
MEF University
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Department
EE101
Introduction to Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Abstract
Wireless communication is a field of telecommunication industry which provides an information
transfer between two distant points without any need of wires, cables or electrical conductors. Today
it's used in many fields of daily life such as internet, radios, telephones, mobiles, wireless computer
parts, GPS units, satellites, television, remote controls, security systems and many more. Wireless
communication has many advantages and a great importance in today's technology since it helps
devices ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I. Introduction
Mankind have been trying to communicate with each other since the beginning of the genesis. That
communication, at the beginning, provided by some cave paintings or gestures and facial
expressions. But since the world improved and the places that man could reach got wider, people
need to shrink it. Actually this is what the scientists have been trying to do.
Thanks to wireless communication, the communication is becoming easier and the more technology
improves the more it comes into our lives. According to scientists we could have a world not so
much different from a sci–fi movie in a few decades. We may able to talk to people on the other side
of the world in 3D or live in a smart city which includes all connected devices and building through
internet. We may not too far these technologies.
II. History of Wireless Communication
The history of electrical communication actually began in the 1700s with invention of electrical
telegraph. However wireless communication systems started to appear later in the early 1800s with
the invention of wireless telegraphy.
The oldest electromagnetic wireless system is really similar to and based

Wireless Communication Technology : Battery Span And Talk...
Battery Span and Talk time
Having a wireless hearing device does put you in an advantageous position as the user does not have
to sit in one position and use it. Instead, he can move about and use the headset in a comfortable
manner. However, if you end up with a wireless headset that does not have a good battery life; you
would be spending half of your day in recharging it. The users of Plantronics Voyager Edge
definitely do not fall in this category and they do not have to go through the trouble of recharging
their device after short time intervals.
This amazing headset comes with a charging case that beefs up its battery life by 10 hours. By
default, the headset has a battery life of 6 hours. This simply means that the user does not ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a user, you do not need to check the battery status of your Plantronics Voyager Edge by going
through a lengthy process. There is a simple process to check the battery status. There are touch
icons which are used to check the battery status. There are LED's which lighten as soon as you run
your fingers over the related controls. This would give you an idea of the battery status of the
charging case as well as the headset. If any of the batteries are running out of power, you can
recharge them in quick time. Both these batteries can be charged individually.
Dependable Noise Cancellation features
If you are using a wireless headset to take calls, you would be using it in all kinds of environments.
This simply means that you would be using the device in noisy environments as well. For any user,
it is hard to entertain calls when the environment around him is noisy. In such a case, it becomes
hard for the user to concentrate on the call and listen to the caller without distortion.
Plantronics Voyager Edge provides the perfect solution to this problem. The headset has one of the
best noise cancellation features which you can depend on. Whether you are standing in a noisy
market or a crowded street, you would be able to hear the caller without making any extra effort. It
is obvious that you can find a lot of other headset companies which would assure you that your
hearing device would have the best

Wireless Communication Advantages And Disadvantages
ABSTRACT
In this global world of technologies where the communication is being modern day by day, on every
other day the new technologies are being invented so in this vast world of growing technologies the
cognitive radio network is another addition and a step toward fast and secure communication.
Cognitive radio network is the network used for wireless communication which uses the spectrum of
frequencies. It is an intelligent network in a sense that it can recognize the channels in use or vacant,
the ability of this network is that it can shift the data on vacant channel without letting the other
busy channel get disturbed. CRN is a technology which works on the spectrum of frequencies,
sensing the spectrum of frequencies at receiver's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is an amazing approach toward the wireless technology being used in present era of technology
where the radios will be able to use the spectrum of frequencies in a new and classy way. This
technology will be able to sense and identify the changes environmentally in its surrounding and can
change its configuration according to present situations so that CRN can demonstrate the best result
which can be achieved. The CRN use most probable techniques by which the quality of
communication can be improved. This technology is able to modify or change the parameters of its
transmitter for an improved communication experience for user. The radios used earlier were carried
with an assumption of working on spectrum band considered as to be idle of interference there was
no need of bestowing these radios the ability to change the parameters of its transmitter, channel or
spectrum. Through distinction xMax cognitive radios are able to sense the environment excellently
by which then the CRN will notice which spectrum is not used thus immediately use the vacant
spectrum for receiving and sending the data also it will come to know if there is any sort of
interference has occurred on frequencies being used it do pay sharp glimpse on such interference.
Whereas Amax hunts out the limitations of interference occurred. The CRN simply works on four
simple techniques, spectrum sensing, spectrum management, spectrum sharing and spectrum
mobility. Spectrum sensing is the first necessary

Wireless Communication
The goal of third and fourth generation mobile networks is to provide users with high data rates, and
to provide a wider range of services, such as voice communications, videophones, and high speed
Internet access. A common challenge in designing a wireless system is to overcome the effects of the
wireless channel, which is characterized as having multiple transmission paths and as being time
varying. OFDM has a promising future as a new technology in several next generation wireless
communication systems. The ability of OFDM systems to combat the effects of multipath
propagation with a comparatively simple receiver structure made it the modulation of choice for
some of the most prominent wireless technologies such as the IEEE 802.11 ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
1.1.1 OFDM Advantages
In summary, OFDM has the following advantages:
1. OFDM is an efficient way to deal with multipath effects. For a given channel delay spread, the
implementation complexity is much lower than that of a conventional single carrier system with
time domain equalizer.
2. Bandwidth efficiency is high since it uses overlapping orthogonal subcarriers in the frequency
domain.
3. Modulation and demodulation are implemented using inverse discrete
Fourier transform (IDFT) and discrete Fourier transform (DFT), respectively. The fast Fourier
transform (FFT) algorithm can be applied to make the overall system efficient.
4. Capacity can be significantly increased by adapting the data rate per subcarrier according to the
signal–to–noise ratio (SNR) of that particular subcarrier. 5. OFDM is robust against narrowband
interference because such interference affects only a small percentage of the subcarriers.
1.1.2 Problems Associated with OFDM
OFDM communication systems have two primary drawbacks. The first is the high sensitivity to
carrier frequency offsets and phase noise. When there are frequency offsets in the subcarriers, the
orthogonality among the subcarriers breaks and this causes intercarrier interference (ICI). The
second drawback, is that the transmitted OFDM signal has large amplitude fluctuations and so a
high
PAPR. This high PAPR requires system components with a wide linear range to accommodate for
the signal variations.

OVERVIEW:
In the last few years, number of mobile users/wireless users has been increased explosively all over
the world. The demands for wireless communication network has been increased day by day and it
cannot be satisfied with wired networks because it has been seen that communication channels are
more contaminated than wired networks. The main characteristics of the wireless communication
are the multipath reception. We can receive signal not only through Line of Sight but also reception
can be made through a large number of reflected radio waves that arrive at the receiver at different
times. The difference in arrival time is caused due to trees, vehicles, buildings, rocks etc. FIGURE1:
MULTIPATH PROPAGATION [5]
These reflected waves interfere with the direct coming received wave and the other ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Robustness Against Narrowband Interference:– OFDM is more robust then single carrier against
narrowband interference because in a single carrier system, a single fade or interferer can cause the
entire link to fail and the transmission would stop[5]but in a multicarrier system, only a small
percentage of subcarriers will be affected and transmission would be possible in that case also.
Immune to Frequency Selective Fading:– OFDM is highly immune to frequency selective fading
channel as parallel transmission as each sub–carrier has narrow bandwidth in comparison to overall
bandwidth of signal. Hence it converts a frequency selective fading channel into several nearly flat
fading channels. High Spectral Efficiency:– Due to orthogonal nature of each sub–carrier, large
number of subcarriers can be accommodate over a very narrow spectral region thus it increases the
spectral

Wireless Communication Systems are Developing Rapidly Essay
With the rapid development of wireless communication systems, there will be a need for the
network deployment of independent mobile users [1]. Significant examples such as establishing
survival, proficient, active communication for emergency/rescue operations, disaster management
efforts, and secured military networks [2]. ]. Vehicular Ad–hoc Networks (VANETs) can be
considered as a subclass of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) with some unique characteristics.
Vehicles move on the roads sharing information among them. Vehicles often move at high speed but
their mobility is within regular constraints and predictable. An accurate estimate of vehicle's
position can be made available through GPS systems or on–board communication unit. VANETs ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conventional ad hoc routing protocols such as DSR and AODV will not be appropriate in VANETs
for most vehicular Broadcast applications.
There are three different Traffic of operation in VANET
Regular Traffic: In case of regular traffic some nodes may have very few neighbours while some
other nodes have many neighbours.
Dense Traffic:Nodes Simply broadcasting the packets leads to many collisions and conflicts in
transmission among neighbouring nodes.
Sparse Traffic: The delay that incurs in delivering messages between disconnected vehicles can vary
from a few seconds to several minutes.
This paper gives a detailed study about existing broadcasting protocols.
Traffic View
Traffic View, protocol uses a method called aggregation method on the data in the updated dataset.
By grouping multiple data packets based on message timestamp and relative vehicle distance this
protocol minimizes bandwidth utilisation Traffic View has a definite structure to disseminate and
collect information about the vehicles on the road.[4]
Advantage: with such a system, a vehicle driver will know the road traffic, which helps the driver
handling situations efficiently or finding an correct route for long distance.
Disadvantage: the cars in the non–aggregation case have only limited visibility to all nodes, and
most of the nodes have no information about other nodes that are at least 500m away.
AMB Protocol: Adhoc Multicast Protocol
In this

Industrial Process Monitoring By Using Raspberry Pi And...
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS MONITORING BY USING RASPBERRY PI AND WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION 1ANJALI V. PATIL, 2A.M.PATKI 1Final Year M.E Communication Systems,
ICEM Pune 2Prof. and HOD of Electronics and Telecommunication, ICEM Pune E–mail:
1anjali.patil2503@gmail.com, 2anjali511964@gmail.com Abstract–Wireless communication is
widely used in various fields like automation, military etc. The advanced technologies in wireless
sensor network (WNS) lowers he data rate failure and increases its productivity in automation. This
paper proposes a design and implementation of industrial process monitoring by using raspberry pi
and wireless communication. The system consists of a single master and multiple slaves with
wireless communication based on WSN and a raspberry pi system that can either operate on
raspbian linux operating system. The parameters that can be tracked are current, voltage,
temperature, and water level. The Android app is made to control industrial automation
automatically using cloud. Manager manages this app with specific username and password.
Manager can control this app automatically or manually.
Keywords– Wireless communication, raspberry pi, industrial, Internet of Things (IoT).
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication is the best technology and it is widely used in industry

Radio And Optical Wireless Communication
This collaborative effort outlines a comprehensive framework to apply novel radio and optical
wireless communications with channel coding to develop energy–efficient and secure links for the
problem of limited spectrum resource in future wireless applications. In particular, the project aims
to study the fundamental properties and develop practical solutions for a hybrid RF/optical system
that combines energy–efficient ultra–wideband architectures with secure and RF–spectrum–saving
optical technology.
Future mobile applications demand novel wireless communication technologies to address the new
challenges associated with the shortage of radio spectrum [1–5], the need for low–power radio
architectures
[6–9], and secure communication ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The key idea is to combine the advantages of localized short–range
UWB–IR and longer range optical wireless communication, and use jointly optimized LDPC coding
to improve the link reliability with low complexity encoder and decoder circuits. To achieve these
goals, as illustrated in Fig. 1, the proposed research will also focus on designing the UWB/optical
relaying circuits and hybrid communication protocol, exploiting network diversity and coding for
hybrid channels, and investigating low–complexity LDPC encoder/decoder circuits with soft
information for UWB–IR.
The advantages of UWB–IR and optical communication compensate each other's shortcomings very
well, as illustrated in Fig 1. For example, UWB–IR is power efficient; however, to achieve ultra low
power, the transmission distance of UWB must be short (sometimes less than 1 meter). When a
longer range is demanded, the power consumption of the UWB transceiver increases dramatically
since the received power varies as d−γ, where d is the transmission distance and γ is the path loss
exponent [36–38]. In other words, increasing RF transmission distance will significantly shorten the
battery lifetime. This power/distance trade–off of UWB can be alleviated by employing a
UWB/optical relaying device. The stationary relaying devices use dedicated power lines so the
battery–powered UWB terminals can save

3g Wireless Communication Technology
An Essay on 3G Wireless Communication Technology
Branch: EEE
The advent of Wireless Communication
Communication has been one of the most fundamental aspects of human development. It took the
eccentric genius of Nikola Tesla to come up with the design of the first radio transmitter in 1891.
The first transatlantic radio communication in 1901 was a sign of further things to come.
Communication technologies that have been developed over the last century have largely shaped
human interaction and have played a crucial role in sustaining human relationship be it ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The recent introduction of 3G mobile services in India have however brought in enhanced data and
voice transmission and are welcome signs in the improvement in mobile communication technology.
The essay deals in–depth with 3G wireless technology and the difference with its successors (3.5G
and 4G) and predecessor (2G).
3G (3rd generation mobile telecommunications)
3G wireless technology represents the convergence of various 2G wireless telecommunications
systems into a single global system that includes both terrestrial and satellite components. One of
the most important aspects of 3G wireless technology is its ability to unify existing cellular
standards, such as CDMA, GSM, and TDMA, under one umbrella. It improves the efficiency of data
can be transferred through the cellular phone. The data transfer rates for third generation mobile
telecommunications is up to 2 Megabits per second. Aside from this feature, 3G cellular phones also
have conventional voice, fax and data services, as well as high–resolution video and multimedia
services which can be used while on the move. It also includes mobile office services such as virtual
banking and online–billing, video conferencing, online entertainment and access to the Internet.
International Mobile Telecommunications–2000 (IMT–2000), better known as 3G or 3rd
Generation, is a family of standards for mobile telecommunications defined by the International
Telecommunication Union, which includes GSM EDGE, UMTS, and

The Impact Of Wireless Communication Industry On The...
This report is meant to advise Mr. Van Hanebanker and his partners on my recommendation in
regards to investing in Wind Mobile. A decision must be made regarding this investment before the
spectrum auction in April. This spectrum auction is crucial to Wind Mobile growing in the wireless
industry in Canada. The wireless industry in Canada presents a unique opportunity for investment
due to the oligopolistic structure and market breakdown. Currently, there are three major players in
the industry and there is extensive room for growth and development as an industry and for Wind
Mobile itself to gain significant market share. Some of the factors I will consider over the course of
this analysis and recommendation include: the wireless communication industry in Canada, growth
and competition in the industry and growth of Wind Mobile, and Canada's current economic state.
Within these brackets, assessments of the average revenue per user, the growth in subscribers and
other indicators of Wind's performance will be analyzed. They will be compared to industry
standards and may demonstrate how Wind compares with the "Big 3" firms, who benefit from
aspects such as economies of scale. I believe my assessment will give Mr. Van Hanebanker a good
overall idea of the pros and cons, and considerations he and his colleagues need to consider when
making their final decision. As the senior business analyst at Caverly Investment Solutions Inc. my
analysis should be a helpful tool when making a

Through this case study I am going to be investigating the...
Through this case study I am going to be investigating the different wireless communications that
are available, and also how they could benefit Staffordshire Health Authority. I will look at previous
and current wireless standards, their differences and the speeds they can provide. I will also consider
the best standards to use when working with a network to support VoIP (Voice over Internet
Protocol). Throughout the case study I will talk about the technologies that could work within our
network environment, and others that would not be suitable or effective. Finally I will look at VoIP
and how it will impact on Staffordshire Health Authority.
Discussion of Wireless Communications
When looking at wireless communications, there are many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Although I have looked at Bluetooth, and some of its features, it is not a viable solution that we
would be able to implement within our network design for Staffordshire Health Authority due to the
types of devices we are using within the environment, they would be better supported using a
wireless connection, other then point–to–point links offered by Bluetooth.
Cellular Broadband is used to access Internet on mobile devices, such as mobile phones, tablets and
mobile dongles. There are currently three different technologies used to access the Internet from a
mobile device, these include 2G, 3G and the current 4G. Cellular broadband is a subscription–based
service, which usually comes as part of your mobile tariff from your provider. However, you can get
separate tariffs just for cellular broadband, these are used in laptops and tablets to provide Internet
access on the move. ITU Telecom World research indicates that 90% of the world is covered by a
2G signal; where as 45% of the world has a 3G signal (www.itu.int). This shows that there is a high
demand for this service, and it is a very popular option to access Internet while bring mobile. This
type of service is something that could be incorporated within our health authority network, for
example a 4G connection can be used as a backup internet backbone as well as employees using the
service to access

Wireless Communication Technology : A New Solution For The...
This article is a survey of all aspects of communications high– altitude platforms (HAPs), this
balloons and aircraft stationed in the stratosphere between 17 and 22 kilometers. The technique can
be considered as a new solution for the provision of telecommunications services. This poll contains
some information and benefits . The following table shows the basics of the types of high– altitude
platforms and comparison of HAPs, terrestrial networks , satellites , followed by information
frequency bands allocated for high– altitude platform stations . The survey concludes types of
applications and services offered by this technology.
INTRODUCTION
A wireless communication technology is an aircraft or unmanned balloons . Semi– fixed and it
works using solar energy to provide and operate the remote control , to cover a certain area , and
payment platforms motorized pneumatic and electrical , put in a fixed to a certain height above the
ground mode ( the stratosphere ) layer. Working at a height ranges from 17–22 km, and has been
specifically designed to operate at high altitudes. Remote controling from the earth staion on the
ground .
Advantages and disadvantages:
– Lower cost,Operating costs and the possibility of reform of the high altitude platforms less than
satellites.
– Environment –friendly . Because it is supported by solar power technology and fuel cells non–
polluting .
– Heights too lower than artificial satellites (Low altitude => PATHS short length = > delay

Wireless Communication And Control System
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION WITH BCI
Abstract
A Brain–Computer Interface is a communication and control system in which human mind can be
translated to the external world without the help of the normal output pathways of muscles and
nerves. Each time we do something or think about doing something, our brain generates distinct
signals. These signals corresponding to an activity, has a pattern. Finding this pattern is a
challenging job and is the main task of any Brain–Computer Interface. A BCI acquires these signals
from the brain of a user in the form of Electroencephalography (EEG). Then after pre processing,
feature extraction and classification, it translates these signals into meaningful commands or
instructions to drive a device or application. Electroencephalography is used to record electrical
fields that represent the brain signals and are generated due to the local brain function.
Most of the applications today are only used in computers and just focus on the realization of
direction strategies. To meet the potential increasing user's needs and explore interacting processes
with people's mental states, we design an application that maps signals from the human brain and
performs operations like calling, messaging, gaming and photography. The brain signals are mapped
and stored to create different commands using a series of refined signal processing procedures.
These commands are declared and defined to perform the above mentioned operations like calling,
messaging,

Developing Wireless Communications to Space Essay
A big potential problem in the future is developing a wireless communications network in outer
space. In this paper we will discuss the problems presented with this and the potential solutions to
these problems using existing and some futuristic technology. We have broke this into two main
parts, one being earth to satellite to planet and back, and the other being planetary ground
transmission to and from astronauts to rovers to space stations.
The solution has already started being implemented and will continue rapidly into the near future. It
is called the Interplanetary Internet. As of now it is an array of floating 'nodes' or satellites scattered
around in space that can communicate with each other. In the future a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On the earth we are only separated from one another by fractions of a second. From earth to mars
the average transmission time is 30–45 minutes. That would feel like light–years trying to download
tracks to your iPod.
In order to make this work a massive system of satellites needs to be implemented. These satellites
will serve as 'net gateways' with the purpose of conveying data packets. Each piece of equipment
will have its own IPN address, or .mars domain name. They will serve as nodes, operating on a
packet switched network.
Some major possible problems include lag, weak signal, and reduced bandwidth. The solution to all
of these lies in a new IPN protocol being developed. This protocol, along with high precision
equipment, will help to eliminated all of these. The protocol has changed in two major ways from
our own TCP/IP protocol. This first is a packet delivery scheme that won't clog the system by
resending missing packets. IPN instead keeps track of arriving packets and then requesting missing
ones at the end of delivery. The second is the packet headers will use only one tenth as much
bandwidth as TCP/IP. Back on earth there will be gateways to translate.
Another big problem with the Interplanetary Internet is speed. Using our current technology the top
speed for sending data from a satellite orbiting mars to earth is 250 kbps. Down on mars, in a dusty
unknown atmosphere with not much power, this is more like 10 kbps. The solution

Types Of Any Wireless Communication System

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