This document discusses blood transfusion, including the process, common uses, blood storage, and types of transfusions. It also covers potential complications like transfusion reactions, disease transmission, and issues from massive transfusions. Blood typing and grouping are explained, as well as common transfusion reactions like incompatibility, allergic reactions, pyrexial reactions, and sensitization. Diseases that can be transmitted through transfusion like hepatitis and AIDS are also noted.

2. BLOOD TRANSFUSION
Presented By
GREESHMA A J

4. • Process of receiving blood products into
ones circulation intravenously.
• Transfusions are used for various medical
conditions to replace lost components of
blood.

5. • Acute haemorrhage
• Certain major surgeries
• Deep burns
• Pre operative conditions : anemic patient,
severe malnutrition and hypo-proteinaemia.
• Post operative conditions : excessive
bleeding during operation, as a result of
infection or septecemia.

6. • As treatment : anemia (Hb<10grm %),
coagulation disorders (haemophilia,
christmas disease, thrombocytopenia
purpura)
• During chemotherapy for malignant
disease
• Erythroblastosis foetalis

7. • Precollection procedures : doner is disease
free(AIDS,hepatitis etc.)
• Collection procedures :
Donor lies down on a bed
Sphygmomanometer cuff is applied to the upper
arm and is inflated to a pressure of 80 mm Hg
0.5 ml local anaesthetic solution is injected
subcutaneously in the antecubital fossa through
which 15 gauge needle is introduced into the
median cubital vein.

8. Needle is connected to a plastic bag which
form close sterile unit.
Blood from the donor is allowed to come out
and run into the sterile bag which already
contains 75 ml of anticoagulant solution.
Blood is constantly mixed with anticoagulant.
About 410 ml blood is taken in a single bag.

9. • Collected blood stored in blood bank at
controlled temperature ranging from 6°C to 2°
C.
• RBC looses oxygen releasing capacity within 7
days.
• WBC rapidly destroyed in stored blood.
• Platelets considerably destroyed in 4° C

10. • Whole blood transfusion
1. Typical stored CPD blood
2. Warm blood
3. Filtered blood
4. Autotransfusion
5. Exchange or replacement
transfusion
• Packed red cells

11. • Other fractions of blood
Plasma and its derivatives
a. Plasma
b. Platelet rich plasma
c. Fibrinogen
d. Albumin
e. cryoprecipitate
Synthetically prepared various solutions
Dextran, Gelatine, hydroxyethylstarch,
flurocarbons

12. • Approximately 70% of blood loss should be
replaced
• 500ml of CPD stored blood will raise the Hb
by 10 %

14. BLOOD GROUPING

15. • Antigen found in red cell
• Blood groups divided into Rh –ve and Rh
+ve
• Rh +ve do not posses Rh anti-body in the
serum
• When Rh +ve cells injected to Rh -ve
persons Rh anti-body develops- first
transfusion may escape to produce any
symptom but further transfusion produces
serious reactions (also in erythroblastosis

18. • TRANSFUSION REACTIONS
• TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES
• REACTIONS CAUSED BY MASSIVE
TRANSFUSIONS
• COMPLICATIONS OF OVER
TRANSFUSION

19. • Incompatibility
• Incompatible blood groups
• Heamolysed blood transfusion
• Transfusion of blood after expiry
• Allergic Reactions
• Mild tachy cardia
• Urticarial rash
• Fever and dyspnoea
• Acute anaphylatic shock

20. • Pyrexial Reactions
• Improperly sterilized transfusion set
• Presence of pyrogens in donor
apparatus
• Transfusion of infected blood
• Presence of sulphur compound in the
rubber tubing
• Very rapid transfusion of blood

21. • Sensitisation to leucocytes and platelets
• Develops anti-bodies against WBC or
platelets of donated blood

22. • Serum hepatitis
• AIDS
• Bacterial infections

23. • Acid base imbalance
• Hyperkalaemia
• Citrate toxicity
• Hypothermia
• Failure of coagulation

24. • Chronic anaemia
• Congestive cardiac failure
• Over 60 yrs of age packed cells given with
diuretics, should not be transfused more
than 300 ml at a time