3. Entering Prison
Classification
Before entering prison, inmates go through a
battery of psychological and personality tests
No Frills Policy
A correctional policy that stipulates that
prisons are meant to punish, not coddle,
inmates
5. Men Imprisoned
Total Institutions
Segregated from the outside world
Constant scrutiny and surveillance
Forced to obey strict official rules
Limited personal possessions
Human functions curtailed
“No-frills” policy vs. a
“rehabilitative” philosophy
7. Men Imprisoned
Living in Prison
Stripped, searched, shorn, assigned living
quarters
Deprivation of liberty, goods and services,
heterosexual relationships, autonomy, and
security
Overcrowded prisons are filled with
young, aggressive men who are
responsible for majority of inmate-on-
inmate assaults
8. Men Imprisoned
Adjusting to Prison
Variety of attitude and behavior changes
as their sentence unfolds
Many inmates learn to adapt to the prison
routine
Some inmates routinely
violate institutional rules
9. Men Imprisoned
Inmate subculture is the loosely defined
culture that pervades prisons and has its
own norms, rules, and language
Elements of the Inmate Social Code
An unwritten code of behavior, passed from older
inmates to younger ones, that serves as a
guideline for appropriate inmate behavior
Don’t interfere with inmates’ interests
Don’t lose your head
Don’t exploit inmates
Be tough and don’t lose your dignity
Don’t be a sucker
10. Men Imprisoned
Prisonization is assimilation into the
separate culture of the prison
In the new inmate culture, African
American and Latino inmates are much
more cohesively organized than whites
11. Interesting Issues
Sex Offenders
find it difficult to adjust to prison due to
the dislike by guards and inmates
Inmate Health
Inmates health is generally worse then the
health of general population
14. Women Imprisoned
Female Institutions
Smaller than male institutions
Non-secure
Lack of adequate training for inmates
Counseling by laypeople
Lack of parenting programs
Lack of job training
16. Women Imprisoned
Adapting to the Female Institution
Different from male institutions
Less danger to staff
Less violent behavior
Less aggressive sexual behavior
More social support both internal and
external
17. Women Imprisoned
Adapting to the Female Institution
Anger is directed inward instead of
outward
Depression
Make believe family substitute family
groups with a faux father,
mother, and siblings
19. Prison Violence
Individual Violence
History of prior violence
Psychological malady
Prison conditions
Lack of dispute resolution mechanisms
Basic survival
Collective Violence
Inmate-balance theory
Administrative-control theory
Prison overcrowding theory
20. Prison Violence
Sexual Violence
Young males may be raped and kept as
sexual slaves by older, more aggressive
inmates
Weaker inmates may agree to such
arrangements for protection
Difficult to get an accurate reading of the
true incidence of prison rape
21. Prison Violence
What factors lead to sexual victimization?
White inmates are attacked more than any
other race
Victims are generally younger than their
assailants
Mentally ill or intellectually impaired inmates
are more likely to be victimized
Cellblocks with solid cell fronts may
contribute to sexual assault
In women’s prisons, sexual assault may be at
the hands of correctional officers
22. Prison Violence
Sexual Violence
Reasons for not reporting
Embarrassment
Personal matter
Fear of harassment
Retaliation from perpetrator
Don’t want to be put in safekeeping
25. Correctional Rehabilitation
Individual and group counseling
May involve:
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Anger Management Programs
Designed to help inmates cope with their violent
behavioral urges and tendencies
Faith based programs
Drug treatment programs
Frequently a 12-step program
Methadone
A narcotic analgesic that is an effective substitute for
heroin, morphine, codeine, and other opiates and is
used in association with drug treatment programs
26. Correctional Rehabilitation
Participation in these programs has
benefits both in and out of prisons
Educational and Vocational Programs
Vocational training
Clothing and textiles
Corporate services
Electronics
Fleet management/vehicular
components
Industrial products
Office furniture
27. Correctional Rehabilitation
Educational and Vocational Programs
Work release
Allows inmates to be released during the
day to work in the community, returning to
prison at night
Furlough
Allows inmates to leave the institution for
vocational or educational training, for
employment, or to maintain family ties
Private prison enterprise
Post-release programs
28. Correctional Rehabilitation
Can Rehabilitation Work?
Rehabilitation does work
Elements of successful programs
Teach interpersonal skills
Provide individual counseling
Make use of behavior modification
techniques
Use cognitive-behavioral therapy
Stress improving moral reasoning
Combine in-prison therapeutic communities
with follow-up community treatment
30. Guarding the Institution
Guarding the institution is a complex
task
Roles of correctional officers include:
Supervision of inmates
Sit on disciplinary boards
Escort inmates to/from court
Greatest problem is the conflict between
security and treatment
31. Guarding the Institution
Female Correctional Officers
Little difference in behavior or use of
aggressive tactics
Discipline has not suffered
Beneficial effect
Assignment to male institutions may
boost career
33. Prisoners’ Rights
The hands-off doctrine
The legal practice of allowing prison
administrators a free hand in running the
institution, even if correctional practices
violate inmates’ constitutional rights
The hands-off doctrine ended with the onset
of the prisoners’ rights
movement in the 1960s
34. Prisoners’ Rights
Substantive Rights
Access to courts, legal services, and
materials
Freedom of the press and of expression
Freedom of religion
Medical rights
Cruel and unusual punishment
Physical abuse
Racial segregation
Overall prison conditions
35. Prisoners’ Rights
Freedom of Religion
A fundamental right
Guaranteed by the First Amendment
Courts have ruled that inmates have the
right to practice religion as long as it
doesn’t hinder security efforts.
37. Leaving Prison
Parole
The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment
subject to conditions set by correctional
authorities
The parole board’s primary functions:
Select and place prisoners on parole
Aid, supervise, and provide continuing control of
parolees in the community
Determine when the parole function is completed
and to discharge parolees
Determine whether parole should be revoked if
violations of conditions occur
39. Leaving Prison
Parole Hearings
Review of cases differs across
jurisdictions
Factors that are considered are the
inmate’s crime, their institutional record,
and their willingness to accept
responsibility
Inmates rights vary across jurisdictions
No federal right to legal representation
Exclusionary rule does not apply
40. Leaving Prison
Risks of Reentry
Many are ill prepared for life in
conventional society
For women, nearly half are either
reconvicted or reincarcerated soon after
parole release
Having a history of drug
abuse is particularly harmful
41. Leaving Prison
Risks of Reentry
At the federal and state levels a number of
initiatives have been taken to help prepare
inmates for reentry
Offender notification forums
Reentry courts
Community based interventions
Legal restrictions on former inmates
Editor's Notes
Learning Objective Two
Learning Objective Two
Learning Objective Two
Learning Objective Two
Learning Objective Two
Learning Objective Two - Living in prison is a total experience. Personal privacy and freedom are quickly stripped away in today’s overcrowded institutions. Here, an inmate sits in a cage at the California Institution for Men state prison in Chino, California. Cages are used for prisoners waiting for medical appointments, counseling, or permanent cells. The Supreme Court has ordered California to release more than 30,000 inmates or take other steps to ease overcrowding in its prisons to prevent “needless suffering and death.” California’s 33 adult prisons were designed to hold about 80,000 inmates but contained about 145,000 before the court order.
Learning Objective Four
Learning Objective Four
Learning Objective Four
Learning Objective Two
Learning Objective Five -Incarcerated women inhabit a distinct social world that is quite different from that of male inmates. Amanda Espinoza stands in the Dakota Women’s Correctional Rehabilitation Center in New England, North Dakota, on May 10, 2006. The 21-year-old Grand Forks native said she wants to raise her son and attend college once she completes her three-year prison term for failing to comply with the terms of her probation on an auto theft conviction. Oklahoma, Mississippi, and the mountain states have set the pace in increasing the imprisonment of women, while several northeastern states have reduced the number of women behind bars.
Learning Objective Five
Learning Objective Five - Many incarcerated women are mothers, and keeping them in contact with their children is considered important for their rehabilitation. Alicia Stenzel stands with her child at the fence of the Indiana Women’s Prison (IWP), where she is currently incarcerated. Her child’s visit is made possible by the Family Preservation Program. The program has expanded to include the Wee Ones Nursery, which enables eligible offenders who deliver while incarcerated at IWP to reside with their infant at the facility for up to18 months or until the mother’s earliest possible release date, whichever is sooner.
Learning Objective Two
Learning Objective Eight
Learning Objective Eight
Learning Objective Five
Learning Objective Two
Learning Objective Six
Learning Objective Six - Prison treatment efforts like to reward the successful completion of program objectives, even holding graduation ceremonies. Here, Community Education Center counselor Stephanie Fagan presents drug treatment program graduate Jose Rodriguez with his diploma during a graduation ceremony at Northampton County Prison.
Learning Objective Six
Learning Objective Six
Learning Objective Two
Learning Objective Seven
Learning Objective Seven
Learning Objective Two
Racial conflict is an ever-present danger in the nation’s prison system. Consequently, in some institutions inmates prefer segregated housing units. Here, inmates Tim Heffernan, left, and Daniel Mabson talk while sitting on their adjacent bunks at the Sierra Conservation Center in Jamestown, California. Despite efforts by California prison officials to end institutionalized, government- mandated racial segregation, powerful race-based gangs violently oppose desegregation in prison housing units. Blacks, whites, and Hispanics are willing to sleep side by side in bunk beds spaced an arm’s length apart, but they would brawl or risk longer sentences rather than accept an inmate of another race in a bed above or below them in the same bunk bed stack.
Learning Objective Nine
Learning Objective Nine
Learning Objective Two
Learning Objective Ten
Figure 14.1 National Estimates of Parole Entries and Exits
Learning Objective Ten
Learning Objective Ten - Many inmates fail on parole, and making good is often a challenge. One way to ease reentry is through restoration programs. Here,Glen Mitchell (left), founder of Compassionate Families, and Ellis Curry talk in Mitchell痴 Jacksonville, Florida, office, where photos of murder victims hang on the wall. Mitchell’s 14-year-old son Jeff was shot and killed by Curry and three other young men 13 years ago. But Mitchell harbors no ill feelings toward Curry, because he has expressed remorse for causing Jeff Mitchell’s death. Curry is now out of prison and is making joint appearances with Mitchell, spreading the message that violence is not the answer.
