Imaginative Play

Imaginative Play
sychChildren's Imaginative Play: A Descriptive Psychology Approach
Charles Kantor, Ph.D. Abstract
The significance of children's imaginative play is presented from the perspective of Descriptive
Psychology and in particular Ossorio's Dramaturgical model of persons. The fluidity of imaginative
play, the imitation of and creation of social practices and options within play as well as the
opportunity to switch roles and act according to reasons of another, contribute to the development of
judgment. The observer–critic role emerges during imaginative play as children produce, direct, and
enact their dramas. Within these scenarios, children develop competence and eligibility to be not
only status assigners but also self status assigners. During ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The self and self concept The psychoanalytic theorists (Freud, Erikson) see children playing out
negative emotions in a safe context. Children are attempting to regain control in situations of
conflict. Mead stresses the importance of role playing in children's play, which activity contributes
to a child's sense of self (Verenikina et al, 2003). Erikson (1963, p.240) in describing a young client
struggling with the wartime death of his father, a pilot, illustrates the healing value of play: "...he
was observed swooping down a hill on a bicycle, endangering, scaring, yet deftly avoiding other
children.... In watching him, and hearing the strange noises he made, I could not help thinking that
he again imagined himself to be an airplane on a bombing mission. But at the same time he gained
in playful mastery over his locomotion; he exercised circumspection in his attack, and he became an
admired virtuoso on a bicycle."
259
Advances in Descriptive Psychology–Vol. 9
This description of a young boy playing imaginatively illustrates elements that theorists over the
years have attributed to the value of play. His role play was distinctly social as others witnessed his
attack, and his actions increased his stature, his prestige among his friends. His ability to handle the
bike, his cognitive strength, "circumspection in his attack", as he swoops down the hill, is noted as
well. His self esteem increased to the extent that he
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Is There A Strong Relationship Between Poverty And...
Mandy Feldbauer
Is There a Strong Relationship Between Poverty and Juvenile Delinquency? There is a lot of
research in the world on whether or not poverty and juvenile delinquency are correlated. Of what
I've seen, the studies suggest that there is, in fact, a relationship between them. Poverty is a serious
issue, and it not only affects the people living in poverty, but it also affects the people around
poverty–ridden neighborhoods. This study will address the issue of poverty on juveniles. Moreover,
it will unveil the problem and review literature on poverty and juvenile delinquency.
The Problem Poverty and low income is a huge issue in the United States. Many people refuse to
believe this because we are "the greatest country" to most people, but poverty really is an issue.
Most of us are just blind to this fact. It's everywhere, in every city, and in our backyards. It affects
everyone, and that is why it is such a huge problem. Before anything can be done about this issue,
we need to open our eyes to it especially if there is a close relationship between it and juvenile
delinquency.
Something needs to be done about the poverty in this country, but it's more complicated than just
giving the poor money. It is a process, so it isn't logical to think it could be fixed easily and in a
quick manner. We should start looking at this issue now, so in the near future, maybe things will get
better. It won't be fixed overnight. Since it's a complicated and gradual

American Juvenile Justice System Analysis
The American juvenile justice system is consistently developing to adhere to societal values, just as
any individual or system in our surroundings. It is important to note that there is not one but several
juvenile justice systems within the United States. Each state has its own set of laws governing their
juvenile justice system (National Research Council Institute of Medicine, 2001, p. 155). 1899 was
the beginning of a substantial shift in the rights of juveniles. However, with two opposing views of
the protection of society and the rehabilitation of youth, several states have battled between adopting
policies less stringent on youth and adopting policies like the 1990's, "Get Tough" depriving youth
of the protection of the Justice System (University of Pittsburgh, 2009).
Preceding the twentieth century, there was minimal distinction between the rights of an adolescent
and those of an adult. Forming the foundation of the early U.S. Justice system was the common law
of England (Hess, et al., 2012, p.34). Common law failed to recognize a category specifically
representative of juvenile crime. William Blackstone an English jurist, judge and Tory politician
summarized the common law as it was before the 1800's stating, "Under seven years of age indeed
an infant cannot be guilty of a felony; for then a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
United States, Kent Morris a 16 year old boy was denied due process after his case was transferred
from the juvenile court to criminal court. Kent was denied his right to a hearing, access by his
counsel to social reports and denied reason for the court's decision of transfer. Supreme Court ruled
in favor of Kent, stating that Kent was entitled to a hearing that adhered to due process law. The
Supreme Court concluded that Kent's counsel should have had access to all records involving the
waiver, and the judge should have provided a written statement providing reason for the waiver
(National Research Council Institute of Medicine, 2001, p.

Juvenile Delinquency; The Issue Inside
In 2005 approximately 69 million people in the United States were under the age of 18. The
projected juvenile population is expected to reach 74 million by 2015. "Violence itself is not a
disorder. It can be one of a number of behaviors used to diagnose mental illness based on severity
and circumstance." (Bilderya 2) Children and teens are becoming more and more violent,
committing more crimes, and doing excessive amounts of drugs. This is a major issue because these
kids are the next generation. "Crimes of violence among youth can include fighting, rape, and
robbery. Juveniles between the ages of 12 and 17 are more likely to be victims of these significantly
correlated with mental illnesses." (Bilderya 1) Juvenile crime stems from mostly mental and
physiological reasoning, from watching parents fight, repeating what is said around the house to just
down right low grades., resulting in higher crime rates among adolescents.
Delinquency is a rising problem right here in the Michigan, and research shows that most juvenile
delinquency comes from issues and illnesses in the brain. What children see/hear at a young age can
very well affect them later in life. "Poor role modeling or mistreatment by parents such as abusive
behavior or neglect can start your child down the wrong path" (Fisher 7) Everyday, ordinary things
can put the wrong message in a child s mind. Such as the T.V. shows they watch, to the music they
listen to. Kids see and hear that the violent and abusive

The Positive Effects Of Exposing Children To Foreign...
Exposing children to Foreign Languages "A gift parents can give children that money can't buy"
(Judy Willis). This powerful quote insists that teaching a child a foreign language is better than any
gift that can be bought. It implies that money cannot buy children the benefits of learning another
language. Exposing children to foreign languages will benefit them in the future by improving their
overall brain activity and development, making them more culturally aware individuals, and by
making it easier for them to obtain a job.
There are many positive effects that introducing a second language can have on a child's brain
development and activity. This experience improves the child's cognitive development as well as
other brain functions. According to certified neurologist, Judy Willis, many studies have found that
children who have been exposed to a foreign language for five to ten years have greater focus and
cognition. These benefits are primarily due to the higher levels of activity in the prefrontal cortex
network. Willis also states that executive functions in the brains of bilingual children also tend to be
more active. These networks boost goal–oriented behaviors. Individuals who have grown up
bilingual are also proven to perform better academically, are better at problem solving, do better on
standardized tests, and become more confident individuals compared to monolingual individuals.
Another effect related to brain development that comes with learning a

Dynamic Systems Approach : Effect Of Prior Experience On...
R
Dynamic Systems Approach: Effect of Prior Experience on Location Memory Throughout
Development
Mikaela S. Cuevas
University of California Davis
Abstract
A study by Smith, Thelen, and colleagues questioned Piaget's A–not –B errors which happens when
babies make errors when trying to remember where an object is hidden and revert to where they last
remember the object being not at the current location. Smith, Thelen, and colleagues believe it is
more of a dynamic systems approach, than an error of stage IV of Piaget's stages of cognitive
development which is titled the object concept. Smith and colleagues believe that the error in the
task mentioned above wasn 't specific to a certain developmental stage. Smith and colleagues ...
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Following a ten second interruption, the child is permitted to hunt for the toy and naturally does so
correctly. After many hide and seek games for the same object at location A, it is buried at another
location–location B. Babies ages eight to ten months generally returned to search for the object at
location A when it had just been hidden at the new location. This error is defined by Piaget as stage
4 which is development of the object concept. This fault shows not only important progress made in
stage 4 of development but, also a problem in linking up object representation to the child's prior
knowledge of location. Psychologist have revealed many different explanations for this result.
Examples of this are in terms of the egocentric representation of space (e.g., Acredolo, 1985;
Bremner, 1978; Bremner&Bryant, 1977), the immaturity of the prefrontal cortex (e.g., Diamond,
1990a, 1990b; Diamond&Goldman–Rakic, 1989), and the fragility of object memory (e.g.,
Munakata, 1998; Munakata, McClelland, Johnson, &Siegler, 1997), and others. All of these studies
share the commonality that this error results in the baby's brain at a specific point in development.
Smith and colleagues find justification of the error through multiple processes that result in self
motivated actions, like reaching for an object at a familiar location throughout development; error is
not specific to a set time in

Children 's Socialization And Control Of Children Before...
1. What role did the family play in the socialization and control of children before the 1800s?
During the Middle Ages and through the 1500s and 1600s, the family served as the primary unit of
social control. Within the family, power was typically vested in the father, and the mother and the
children were expected to obey his commands. However, the nuclear family of today was relatively
rare in the middle ages. Rather, a typical family consisted of an extended group of related people
and other individuals who were not related. The father, particularly if he was a merchant, might
spend considerable time away from the home. High mortality rates meant that either parent might
have died and been replaced by a stepparent. In addition, servants, apprentices, and journeymen
sometimes lived in the household, and neighbors were often present. Consequently, children were
exposed to a large number of adults who played a role in their socialization and control.
2. What role did children play in the colonization of the New World? Children were counted on to
play an important role in the expansion of European influence and became an integral part of plans
to colonize the New World. Indeed, for some people, the colonization of the New World was viewed
as an opportunity for children to be involved in productive work. Merchants saw children as
potential providers of the labor that would be needed to produce the many goods necessary for
survival in the colonies. Some people felt that work was

The Three Factors Of Juvenile Delinquency
In the United States, juvenile delinquency is becoming a major problem in the communities across
the country. Because of the actions that these juveniles engage in on a regular basis, taxpayers across
the country are having to shell out hundreds upon thousands of dollars to rehabilitate these children
in order to help them make better choices. This leads citizens to wonder what factors actually cause
juveniles to live a life of crime rather than success. In short, there are three main factors that often
cause children to live a life of crime. These three factors are social influences, psychological
characteristics, and academic potential.
The first factor that often leads to juvenile delinquency involves the child's social influences within
their communities. The community of individuals that a child is normally around on a normal basis
includes family, friends, and neighbors. Depending on the overall quality of the relationship that the
child has with each member of their community, they maybe more or less inclined to commit
crimes. According to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service, juveniles who experience
abuse or neglect from any member of their community may be more inclined to become deviant
(n.d.). For example, if a father abuses his child, the odds of the child's willing to resort to deviance
becomes significantly higher than a father who treats his son like a normal parent. Another way a
child can be socially exposed to deviance is through example. If a parent is always in a run with law
enforcement on a constant basis, that child may grow up to be just like them simply because that is
how they were raised. The third and final social influence comes outside of the family circle where
the actions that a child's friends partake in can also determine whether or not the child will pursue
acts of deviance. The influence of a friend's actions can either be positive or negative depending on
the values of the friend. For instance, say a child named Johnny hangs around a group of
troublemakers who always wreck havoc, smoke joints, and talk trash about everyone. This kind of
relationship between Johnny and his friends can lead Johnny to becoming just like the
troublemakers because of peer pressure.

Children In The Juvenile Justice System
Children that are born into poverty and less than desirable conditions are more times than not,
destined to become involved in the juvenile justice system. This may be due the child's destructive
behaviors or for placement out of concern for the child's safety and well–being. Neglect and abuse is
more prevalent in disadvantaged environments and causes sometimes–irreversible emotional
problems. For whatever reason the child enters the system, we know that it is not a place for youth
to grow, be nurtured and become productive members of society.
Drugs are wreaking havoc in our low–income communities. They are taking the men out of the
family equation and leaving women to raise children alone. With no financial or emotional support,
welfare ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There in no reason why anyone in the United States of America should be homeless or hungry, yet
many children go to bed hungry every night and many with no real place to call home. When a child
unfortunately gets involved in the juvenile justice system for whatever reason, we need to make sure
that rehabilitation is the main focus at getting that child back on track. We need to find out the root
causes for the behaviors that brought him to this point and work diligently to try and change them.
Incarceration with out treatment is merely storing bodies. If you don't treat a problem it festers and
becomes an even bigger problem. Delinquency must be handled so as to avoid the adult judicial
system.
Children and young adults usually don't have the mentality to seek and utilize rehabilitative
programs because they usually don't want to acknowledge or don't even realize that they have issues
to be treated. We as adults need to show these troubled youth that we care about them and their
futures, as they will one day become the leaders of our

Child Abuse And Neglect Cause Juvenile Delinquency
Child Abuse and Neglect cause Juvenile Delinquency Strain theory describes the idea that there are
certain events and conditions in an individual's life that are disliked and involve the inability to
achieve goals, loss of positively valued stimuli, and presentation of negative stimuli (Brezina and
Agnew). Child neglect and abuse can be described by this theory, and often is, because of its
elements and the effect it has on children. Before the idea of child abuse and neglect causing
juvenile delinquency can be argued, juvenile delinquency must be defined. Brezina and Agnew
define juvenile delinquency as law violations committed by minors. One of the largest debated
consequences of child abuse and neglect is it causes juvenile delinquency in victims. Juvenile
offenders are view by the justice system as "'immature' in the sense that they are less capable of
appreciating the consequences of their actions, less able to exercise self–control and more easily
lead astray by others." Supports of this claim say abuse causes delinquency because weak bonds,
low self–control, and confrontation with negative stimuli. There are three theories that all describe
the reasons why child abuse and neglect lead to juvenile delinquency. This first of these theories is
the social bonding theory which states that the weaker the bond between parent and child, the more
likely the child is to become delinquent as stated by Ronald Akers. A parent's role in an adolescent's
life is to foster a social

Factors Of Juvenile Delinquency
SRP Final Draft
Have you ever been a charged with Juvenile crime behavior? Juvenile Delinquency is cause by a
correlation of factors including environment, parenting, social economic level, and alcohol and drug
abuse. Juvenile delinquency is also caused by the way the child is getting treated at home, or the
separation of both parent and, family conflict & etc. When a parent abuse or lose communication
with the child can also cause delinquency. Crime is one thing kids younger than 18 years of age get
charged with. Most of the young teens that are in a detention center are younger than 18. Juvenile
delinquency is committed by young children, the delinquency of a minor is increasing day by day.
"We cannot always place the blame on parents. But the structure within the family household could
determine the extent of delinquency manifested by a juvenile. Family relationships, duties,
responsibilities and privileges, and the amount of control exercised over children all play roles in
forming character and influencing behavior. The attitudes and actions of parents can create an
important influence in the lives of the children". Wickliffe Joseph. "Teachers Institute".
teachersinstitute.yale.edu/curriculum/units/2000/2/00.02.07.x.html Mistreatment of the child is one
reason why younger kids are charged with juvenile delinquency. When kids are in risk of being
mistreated then they are highly in risk of being a delinquency of a minor. If a child feel like they are
being mistreated it can lead to a child getting into lots of trouble because they feel like nobody cares
about them so you have to show love & affection to that child so they want feel like you don't care
about them. A child parents in strong figure in their life, if the parent is supposed to tech the child
the right behavior & to respect other. If a child feels like they are being mistreated then in can lead
them to becoming a juvenile delinquency. When parents are going through something they shouldn't
take it out on their child or make the child feel like he/she have to stop their life because of a family
conflict. Sometimes when post parents are going through something they show how they feel right
in front or the child so it make the wonders, like "am

After School Programs Essay
Daniel Parra Mrs. Padgett English IV, Period 2 7 December 2010 After School Programs The impact
that after school programs have on young children affects every aspect of their lives. Although some
may feel after school programs are a waste of time and money, it has been proven that they improve
children's social and academic skills. Without these special designed programs, children may not be
able to develop into the kinds of adults which will benefit society in the future. It is important that
society understand the importance of after school programs. To cut back on after school programs to
better the economy is only taking away from the children and opening new doors to them, which can
ultimately lead them to jail or possibly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Learning how to communicate is often overlooked but its an essential skill for anyone. An example
of how important this truly is would be a job interview. Everyone at some point will have to
interview for a job to support themselves and their family. At most interviews, employers are
looking for people who seem to communicate well with others and can present themselves by
communicating their attributes. These communications skills that are necessary aren't easy to come
by. Although one may think it would be easy, many people wont be able to successfully land a job
because of communication. One person may be the most qualified, but if you can not communicate
well then it will not matter. After school programs can also socially benefit a child. Programs are
often designed to teach a child how to be a leader as well as a team player. Throughout one's life
there will be situations where one will need to work in a group as well as lead a group of people.
After school programs involving sports, really hone in on a child's ability to behave and interact in a
group environment. The participants must work together in order to achieve a common goal which
is to ultimately win. In doing so, they must interact and communicate in a way which will be most
beneficial for the entire group. This occurs not only in sports but in everyday life. At a job, one may
have to work with others to

Domestic Violence Program Analysis
There are many programs to help people in need against violence, assault, abuse, and delinquency.
Each program is design to help people with these issues and how to overcome them. There are many
similarities and difference that each program has. Each has its own intervention method used to help
people in the different programs. Some programs are very effective in helping people with their
issues while other programs are not because of many reasons. All the programs have one thing in
common and that is to help people who are going through violence, assault, abuse, and delinquency
find help that he or she needs to get out of the situation he or she is in and help them to live them life
despite what has happen to them. Domestic Violence: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those programs that are tailored to juvenile delinquency provide a structure support system for
juveniles to successful adults. A notable program that has effectiveness in juvenile delinquency is
the Court Appointed Friend and Advocate (CAFA) program, which is located in Santa Clara,
California (Judicial Council of California, 2017). This program allows the juvenile courts system in
its jurisdiction to appoint a juvenile advocate to sponsor a juvenile in their journey to be a successful
and contributing member of the community. When a juvenile is required to report to a court hearing
for a juvenile delinquent related offense, the judge may offer the juvenile a deferred entry of
judgement (DEJ) and order the juvenile to participate in the CAFA program. The court will also
assign a juvenile advocate, who is also an officer of the court, to the juvenile's case. The juvenile
advocate has the authority to access all related information to the juvenile including court record,
school records, medical records, and probation files (Superior Courts of California, 2014). The
juvenile advocate is act as agent, mentor, and friend for the juvenile. Their primary goal is to
understand the juvenile and provide direction that will be acceptable for the courts and provide a
positive road for the juvenile to follow (Judicial Council of California, 2017). Their other
responsibilities

Juvenile Delinquency Is An Integral Part Of Criminology
The greatest asset a nation has is in the form of children which form a major portion of its
population. So they should be allowed and provided opportunity to become robust citizens, and to
grow up physically fit, mentally alert and morally healthy, being sufficiently endowed with skills
and activations needed by the society. Equal opportunities for development to all children during the
period of growth should be provided for reducing inequality and ensuring social justice, which in
turn would serve as an effective tool to curb delinquency in juveniles. Children are expected to be
obedient, respectful and imbibe virtues and good quality in them. Due to various reasons children do
not follow settled social and legal dictum. Juvenile delinquency, as a legal concept is of recent
origin. Juvenile delinquency is an integral part of criminology. The two cannot be separated since
one of the reasons for crime and its continuance into adult life is the ineffective control and
treatment of juveniles. Juvenile delinquency is a big breading centre of criminals. The word
delinquency is derived from the Latin word "delinquere" meaning de i.e. away and linquere i.e. to
leave thus, meaning to leave or to abandon. Originally, the word had an objective meaning as it
referred to parents who neglected and abandoned their children. In present day, it is used and applied
to those children who indulge in wrongful and harmful activities.
The term juvenile delinquency applies to violation of

The Issue Of Child Labor
The issue of child labor has drawn significant attention since early 1990s as many labor union and
special interest groups advocate banning import of goods produced by the child labor in developing
countries and the international consensus in the form of Convention on the Right of the Child (CRC)
which is widely ratified in 1989 by countries (Boyden, Ling and Myers, 1998). However, concern
regarding child labor is not new and can be dated back to industrial revolution, especially late
eighteenth and early nineteenth century, in England many parents were helpless but to send their
children to work to cope the increasing poverty and inequality. (Horrell and Humphries, 1995;
Edmonds, 2007). Nevertheless, before the industrial revolution and ... Show more content on
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There have been steady decline in the incidence of child 's exposure to hazardous work and child
labor on balance. However, the recent estimates of child labor are still astonishingly high and the
trend predict even slower pace of decline in child labor. According to ILO report in 2012, for age
group 5–17 years 16.7 percent (or 264,427 in absolute number) of children are in some form of
employment, 10.6 percent (equivalently 167,956) is considered as child labor, and 5.4 percent
(equivalently 85,344) is involved in hazardous work. Although these figures are lower than the
corresponding figures in 2000, the absolute numbers of child labor are still very high (ILO 2013).
Policy measures adopted to reduce child labor are derived from an increasing number of theoretical
and empirical research on this issue specially since late 1990s. Theoretical studies use the household
decision making model to explain the incidence of child labor and attempt to find the determinants
of child labor. Initial models that attempt to explain the phenomenon of child labor assume an
exploitative household where child is considered household 's asset and parents are the sole decision
maker who maximizes their welfare disregarding the welfare of child. In these models parents are
selfish and child labor is chosen if it maximizes household welfare which may disregard

Changes From The Progressive Era
Some of the most important changes from the Progressive Era were the Savers ability to expand the
role of the state. Public health increased which decreased infant mortality, playgrounds were made
for children to play in, and better school systems were established leading to better educations
(Mintz, 2004, p.173). The reduction in infant mortality was due to cleaner living quarters and other
health safeguards such as pasteurized milk that was safer to drink (Mintz, 2004, p.176). School
systems today still separate children into their respective age groups as to not expose children to
things before they are ready.
During the Progressive Era, Children's Court was also established. This was an important
development because it gave children ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over the past few decades many scientific advancements have led to the reform of childrearing
practices and the modern concept of adolescence. Three men, Charles Darwin, G. Stanley Hall and
Dr. Holt [what is Dr. Holt's first name? put that], made some of the most crucial scientific
advancements in this area. Studies by these three men led to child rearing advice and drastically
changed the way children were viewed.
After having a son of his own, Charles Darwin began to observe and study his child. He examined
whether behavior was learned or instinctual. He thought that children needed to have freedom and
express themselves. He helped society understand that the minds, attitudes and emotions of children
need to slowly be shaped overtime, they are not naturally instilled at birth.
G. Stanley Hall was another great contributor to the advancements in the child rearing reformation.
In 1880, Hall conducted a set of experiments on 400 Boston school children. Results of his study
showed that children have minimal basic knowledge like being able to identify body parts. In 1904,
Hall wrote a book stating that children were growing up too fast and needed to be in environments
away from adult temptation. He advocated for more child–like environments such as schools
catering to the student's ages like kindergarten, middle school and high school. He also indicated
that extracurricular activities such sports were a great thing for children.
[First Name] Holt had somewhat of a

Why Marijuana Is The Common Juvenile Crime Performed By...
Based on the report of Global Youth Justice Organization, the misuse of marijuana is the common
juvenile crime performed by the youth. Marijuana abuse was ranked to be #6 in their list. Teens are
being involved to marijuana use for diverse reasons and this includes poor supervision and
communication of parents, family problems, lack of self– discipline, lack of discipline from parents
or guardians, and family history of marijuana or drug abuse. Other risk factors would be physical
and sexual abuse, emotional problems, curiosity, and peer pressure (GlobalYouthJustice, n.d.).
Drugs have become a part of teen's life. The access to drugs has become easier that why they can
purchase anytime they want. The most common drugs to teens would be ... Show more content on
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Many of the psychological effects depend on the setting in which marijuana is used. When the user
takes it while alone, he or she may feel drowsy and restful. people who take it with other often
become talkative and intellectually stimulated. Marijuana has a marked effect on memory for recent
events. Information learned while "high" is difficult to recall. Conversations can be disjointed
because of an inability to remember what has just been said. Such effects are transient and no
permanent effects appear to occur with occasional marijuana use, but regular high– dose use may
impair memory. Short term effects would abnormal increase of heart frequency, blood flow to other
brain regions, and blood pressure. An individual who ingest marijuana would feel a sense of
relaxation, heightened sensory perception, euphoria, and hilarity. The negative mental effect
includes anxiety, panic attacks, and hallucinations. A lot of users said that they feel lazy after they
smoke marijuana. Marijuana intoxication change the view of time as well as surroundings and
damage reaction time and this affects the driving skill of a person which could lead to motor
accident. Another effect of marijuana is that it would always make a person feel hungry or increase
in appetite, as a result the person will eat large amount of food. It damages the person's learning
skills, and can cause short– term memory. The

Personal Reflection Paper
My son, Ricky is now six years old and he has undergone many milestones and changes to be who
he is today. All throughout Ricky's life I have worked on his intelligence, morals, and social skills so
he can become a valuable member of society. In regards to Ricky's intelligence, I have worked on
his ability to read and his sleep habits which correlate with his intelligence. In regards to Ricky's
morals, I have stressed the value of honesty and treating others kindly. Lastly, Ricky is practicing
sociodramatic play and participating in recreational activities to gain social skills. When Ricky was
born I vowed to improve his intelligence. This is now increasingly important since Ricky is in
school. I have been advancing Ricky's intelligence through practicing private speech. Since
kindergarten, Ricky has been having difficulty with phonological awareness and reading. Even in
the first grade, Ricky is unable to read independently, however, his teacher is not concerned. I, on
the contrary, am concerned, so I made the choice for Ricky to receive tutoring twice a week. While
receiving assistance in reading and writing, I have emphasized to the tutor how I wish for them to
praise and practice private speech with Ricky. Private speech is when the child speaks to themselves
when completing a task, reading a passage, and more. Ricky can practice this tactic with his tutor
through reading out loud, stating all the steps necessary to complete the activity and more verbal
actions. My choice for Ricky practicing private speech is because Berk and Meyers state, "Children
who freely use private speech during a challenging activity are more attentive and involved and
show better task performance" (323). Ricky's increased engaged attitude and attentiveness will allow
him to perform better, therefore improving his reading skills. When I was around Ricky's age, I was
diagnosed as dyslexic and I fear that he will have this learning disability. I, too, was unable to read
independently in the first grade, however, my choice for Ricky to practice private speech will assist
in his academic performance. However, I am embracing the influence of nature for Ricky, because
with early detection and actions plasticity,

Children Dealing with Life and Death
Most children ponder the thought of what life would be like without their parents. They imagine
how amazing and fun a life filled with jokes and no rules would be. Not even having to go to school
if you did not want to. Except this is not how life works. When a parent dies and the reality sets in, it
quickly shows us that life is not all fun and games. The death of a parent is a devastating reality for
any young child to bare. This abrupt reality may have long lasting effects as each child has their own
unique way of perceiving life's events. In the blink of an eye ones world may be completely twisted
around. This kind of tragedy has the ability to shape a child in both negative and positive ways.
They are now faced with the task of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another type of death is one by tragedy that can be unexpected and can be more devastating than
prolonged death in that it occurs suddenly and without notice. More often than not parents die
unexpectedly and their children are left behind in a big scary world with no guidelines on how to
survive. In part this is because parents do not expect to die while their child or children are still
young. Planning ahead for the future can be difficult for parents emotionally as well as culturally
and in some cases even financially. Initially when a parent dies it seems as if they have all the
support in the world by people who love them. Most people seem to think that after a year or more
children should be well adjusted, happy and have made it through their traumatic loss. A child's
perspective may seem different in fact they may feel more alone. A child named Abby had this to
say about that topic "The pain got worse! Because the initial shock wears off, people stop coming to
your house, and you are left....with yourself" (Simon, Johnson 49). What most people do not realize
is that they still are not okay.
No one can completely prepare for the unknown when a child loses a parent no one can predict how
each child will grieve. The caretaker of the child who is grieving has the responsibility of trying to
understand the child's thoughts or questions. When a child's parent has died adjusting to a new way
of life can be extremely difficult

Persuasive Essay On Juvenile Delinquency
Suzzie and her two friends are outside playing around when Suzzie decides that she want to play
doorbell ditching. So eventually they go around the neighborhood and get a few houses playing
doorbell ditching. When they approached their last house that owner caught them. Suzzie explained
to him that they were playing pranks because they were bored and the neighbor told them he did the
same thing when he was younger so he understands. It would be different if Suzzie and her friends
were bored and they decided to torture a cat for the fun of it. At a young age, it was normal to do
little pranks such as doorbell ditching or throwing water balloons at people. Those actions are not
considered mischievous behavior. On the other hand, Suzzie and her friends torturing a cat could be
an early sign of juvenile delinquency. To help eliminate crime I believe we need to first target the
juveniles. It starts at an early age and continues from there.
What exactly is juvenile delinquency? It is a violation of the law committed by a juvenile and not
punishable by death or life imprisonment. We must first decipher the difference between a child
being a child and playing little pranks and a child doing something that is punishable by law. Don't
get me wrong, sometimes children do stuff that they know they're not supposed to do and it takes
that one time for them to get caught and get in trouble by an adult or an officer. Sometimes them
getting in trouble is just an adult explaining to them that their actions are wrong. Every child has had
that happen to them when they were younger.
Early detection of juvenile delinquency can sometimes help stop a major problem before it happens.
But how are you able to detect this behavior in a child? According to the NCJRS, they have
identified a few warning signs that are of importance to pay attention to. These signs are:
"Disruptive behavior that is either much more frequent or more severe than what other children in
the same age group display." "Disruptive behavior, such as temper tantrums and aggression, that
persists beyond the "" terrible twos and threes."" And lastly, "a history of aggressive, inattentive, or
sensation–seeking behavior in the preschool years."
First things first

The American Juvenile Justice System
The American juvenile justice system had developed over the past century with a number of
variables that makes it different from the adult criminal justice process. Juvenile justice advocates
supports the differences on the youthful offenders. Juvenile crime policy over the course of the
twentieth century talks about transferring the law's conceptions of young offenders. Starting from
the nineteenth century, many of the youths were tried and punished as adults. However, treatment of
juveniles in the United States started to change. Reformers created a way where juveniles can be
housed in special facilities. Their mission was to protect juvenile offenders by separating them from
adults. Juvenile justice system focuses primarily on rehabilitation and help youths avoid a future of
crime. Since then there have been many milestones and historical evolutions that can make juvenile
justice an effective system.
Because there was no real separate court or jail for juveniles in the nineteenth century, juveniles
were treated on the same level as every other adult justice system allowing them susceptible to the
same punishments as adults. In the beginning of the nineteenth century, society changed their views
and how they viewed juvenile offenders. During the early years of the juvenile justice system, three
major milestones have occurred; the child–saving movement, the concept of parens patriae, and the
Illinois Juvenile Court Act. In our modern society, juvenile offenders are now

Kenneth Dodge's Theory Of Juvenile Delinquency
Deviance among adolescents in our society has many different causes and multiple theories
throughout the history of criminal justice have been developed to attempt to explain, prevent and
reduce incidents of status offenses and juvenile delinquency. There are theories varying from
individual, to social and environmental. All of these theories have their merits and contribute in one
way or another to the advancement of the understanding of juvenile delinquency and the treatment
and prevention of delinquency within our society. Those that have proven to be successful we have
applied in our justice system while those that are proven over time to be ineffective or defective we
have discarded. There is no single theory that applies to all delinquent behavior in all situations. It is
best to determine what theory may work best in each specific case based on the individual and the
specific situation. Dodge's information processing theory of social problem solving (Crick and
Dodge 1994) was developed by Kenneth Dodge in an attempt to explain the interaction between the
child's cognitive development and their social environment. This theory combines elements of both
the individual and the social environment and examines how these two variables interact with each
other to present a model for juvenile delinquency. During my investigation of this topic I discovered
that an adapted model of Dodge's theory existed that seemed to be more encompassing of the causes
of juvenile delinquency,

America's Juvenile Justice System Essay
The Juvenile Justice system, since its conception over a century ago, has been one at conflict with
itself. Originally conceived as a fatherly entity intervening into the lives of the troubled urban
youths, it has since been transformed into a rigid and adversarial arena restrained by the demands of
personal liberty and due process. The nature of a juvenile's experience within the juvenile justice
system has come almost full circle from being treated as an adult, then as an unaccountable child,
now almost as an adult once more.
Studies and anecdotes have shown that our modern approach, however, is ill–equipped to reduce
crime or deal with chronic delinquents while at the same time protecting their due liberties. We now
stand on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Colonists placed their children either in the homes of others or, as technology enabled the industrial
revolution, in factories and other locations of modern industry near the home. Writes Feld, ?The
coterminous location of home and workplace and the limited range of occupations enabled young
people to learn most of their required economic skills either from their parents or from surrounding
adults and quickly to achieve adult productivity,? (21). More importantly, children from a relatively
young age were expected to assume adult culpability for crimes they committed. Punishments for
children rivaled those for adults.
As time marched on, childhood became a socially constructed stage of life. Coupled with a rise in
the traditional family view of domesticity (men at work, women isolated as homemakers), new
concepts of child rearing took hold in the middle and upper classes. Instead of exposing children to
the world, ?Deferral of adult responsibilities rather than assumption of adult roles became the child–
rearing norm,? writes Feld (30). The ?child saving? movement worked to segregate children from
society both directly and indirectly. These protective measures were based chiefly on middle class,
protestant, white, rural idealists who viewed childhood as a stage of moral immaturity and
impressionability. ?Progressive reformers implemented a variety of child–saving strategies

Juvenile Delinquency Is Participation Of Illegal Behavior...
Juvenile Delinquency is participation of illegal behavior by minors. Although it is no single path to
juvenile delinquency, the presence of several risk factors often increases a youth's chance of
offending. Risk factors have been defined as those characteristics, variables, or hazards that, if
present for a given individual, make it more likely that this individual, rather than someone selected
from the general population, will develop a disorder(May 2014). Risk factors predict an increased
probability of later offending but it is true that certain protective factors may work to offset risk
factors. To determine this, an assessment is given to the juvenile. This risk assessment will configure
the type of intervention that will best suit the individual youth needs in order to decrease their risk of
offending. The top three key social factors that contribute to juvenile delinquency in the 21st
Century are family, peers, and community. In this paper I will focus on the different aspects of each
top key social factor and the affects it will have on the juvenile. Family is the biggest influence for
early on–set juvenile delinquency risk factors, primarily affecting children 6–11 years of age
(Shader). Children learn basic concepts about good and bad from their family; they make their
values and set the norm for society. Majority of the adolescents who show delinquent behaviors at
an early age in any form come from families that could not give firm foundations to the children.

Employment History, Occupation, And Work Schedule
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY, OCCUPATION, AND WORK SCHEDULE
Julio currently stays at home with the children and will not need daycare for a new child in their
home unless he returns to the workforce. During the summer months, Julio worked with his father
doing lawn care and landscaping. Prior to homemaking, he worked for Amazon in Customer Service
as technical support from 2011–2013. Prior to this, Julio worked for Taco Bell from 2006–2011.
Julio has not served in the military.
Kristin currently works for Basin City Elementary as a Teacher and has worked there since 2013.
Her work hours are Monday through Friday, 7:00 a.m. until 3:30 p.m. From 2011 to 2013 she
worked as a substitute teacher for the Pasco School District. Prior to that she stayed at home to care
for their children and work on her education. Kristin has not served in the military.
CULTURE
Julio is Hispanic and speaks Spanish and English fluently. He describes his culture as traditional
Mexican based on Catholic traditions, even though they are not practicing. His family celebrated
national and religious holidays. Julio describes their culture as focused on spending time together as
a family. At Christmas time they would have a traditional gift exchange and summers would include
family reunions.
Julio is open to having a child from any cultural background.
Julio does not have any known Native American heritage.
Kristin is Caucasian and speaks English and signs ASL fluently. She describes herself

Social Provisions Of Real And Imaginary Relationships
Everyone needs a friend, and when some children do not have friends it is hard for them to socially
mature. When imaginary companions are created, it helps develop children's social interactions.
Children learn how to interact with others and realize how others could feel emotionally in certain
situations. There is a misconceptualization that children with imaginary companions are lonely and
do not do well in social situations. Research has showed that children with imaginary companions
score higher on IQ tests and do better in social situations. Literature shows that imaginary
companions are found everywhere. Adults even have imaginary conversations. Having an imaginary
companion is not a crime and should be encouraged among young children.
Are Imaginary Relationships Based on Real Ones?
In the article, "Social Provisions of Real and Imaginary Relationships in Early Childhood" Gleason
states that some psychologist believe that imaginary companions are based on real relationships
children have, and that children tend to be more emotionally invested in their imaginary companions
compared to friends or family members. Children imagine conflicts usually between themselves and
their imaginary companions and the way the child reacts to such difficulties might be reflective of
how she or he understands the workings of real relationships (Gleason, 980). Usually, specific
relationships have certain citeria that has to be met in order for it to to be considered a real
relationship.

Persuasive Essay On Juvenile Justice
When it comes to the age limit of children who go to the juvenile court, and the kind of crimes that
are to be judged by the juvenile court, a lot of controversies are seen. Going into details, we realize
that these controversies originate from the concept that the system wants to make sure that these
children though still in the growing stage end up being changed into better individuals. Adding the
fact that children are the ones to be judged, it makes it more difficult to condemn them because a lot
of factors come to play from psychology to the emotions surrounding the case. But, I will base
myself on the fact that at the end of everything, the most important is that we want these children to
be better individuals and not commit any crimes in the future. Though it is generally accepted that
sending children to a juvenile prison or facility is a better punishment, the juvenile system is not
enough to provide discipline to all the children they receive, hence not necessarily guaranteeing a
better future for these children and the society.
"Curtis was a kid I met several years ago– one of the kids who helped inspire me to write this book
in fact. He'd been locked up at ten years old, for a robbery capping off a criminal career that started
at seven when he was arrested for stabbing a teacher with a pencil. He was sent, at ten, to the CA
Youth Authority, a then notorious institution that held young men up to 24 years old. "Terrified and
petrified" is how Curtis described his

What Was The Difference Between Platt And Ward
Both Platt and Ward do an excellent examination of critically going through what was happening in
the "Child Savings Movement" and America's juvenile justice system. Platt and Ward gave me
perspectives of beliefs, biases, practices, and institutions that existed during the inception of the
juvenile justice system. I will be discussing one of the practices which is child labor and also I will
be discussing about the orphan trains. Does punishment work? I will then be discussing reflectively
about what I would have done to address this problem.
Platt's view on the motivation of the child saving movement was interesting. He believed there was
a middle class desire to control the dangerous and perishing classes. A push from middle–class
professionals working in the area to improve their status. The desire of middle class women to
widen their sphere of influence. In 1969, Platt summarized three themes: (1) The child savers were
not benevolent, because they imprisoned children for long periods of time under the pretext of
protecting them from corrupting influences, (2) the ideal home setting was gauged by idealized
middle– or upper–class standards that would be difficult for anyone to maintain, and (3) the child
savers blurred the line between dependent and delinquent children, so any criminal child lost the
right to due process and anybody who argued this point was treated as uniformed. Child labor was
extremely terrifying during the child saving movement. These children were

What Is The Purpose Of An Observation Of A Child
Purpose: The purpose of this observation is to identify the child's gross motor skills within the
physical domain. Child H may increase levels of activity and endurance by freely exploring large
outdoor equipment (Best Start Expert Panel on Early Learning, 2007, 5.1, p. 58).
Context: In KOLTS preschool playground there were thirteen children, three female ECE's and three
female parents. Before we headed out of KOLTS, most of the children were dressed comfortably
and according to the weather. All six children wore long boots, hat, gloves and a jacket and were
dressed warmly. Around, 4:15pm one ECE and six children headed out of KOLTS, while the other
ECE was cleaning up and busy monitoring five children indoor. When all six children were outside,
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Child H was standing there independently waiting for her tricycle within a group of children.
Observation: When the female ECE opened the shed to get the large outdoor equipment's, child H
said to the ECE "I want the bike..... I want the bike!". She was standing still in a 90– degree
position, but she was shouting that she wanted a bike repetitively. When she received her bike she
was eager to ride it, and she took the tricycle and placed it on the floor. She stood beside the tricycle
holding both handles and raised her left leg and placed her left foot on the left pedal and took a seat.
While she was sitting on the seat she raised her right leg and placed her right foot on the pedal and
started to pedal along with the other children. As she was pedaling along, she decided to have a short
break and sat there on her tricycle for three minutes. When I was on the other side of the playground
I was observing all the other children but then I realized that child H wasn't there. I kept walking
then I found her and she was taking a break. So I decided to go up to her and I was like "H why did
you stop, are you tired". She responded saying, "No! I'm not tired... I'm looking at the leaves". After
that

When Most People View The Majority Of Juveniles As Rebellious
When most people view the majority of juveniles as rebellious kids who are searching for their place
in the world, they do not realize that some of these "rebellious kids" could turn out to be dangerous
criminals in the future. Yes, they are searching for their place in the world, but the thing that most
people do not realize is that they think have found it through juvenile deviancy, even if they know it
is illegal. The definition of a juvenile is someone under age 18. The brain does not fully develop
until the mid 20's. This means that they are not at their full cognitive capacity which leads to a
greater susceptibility to delinquency. People do not realize that the things that juveniles hear do not
always "go in one ear, and out the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to character traits, environmental factors are a huge contributor to delinquent behavior.
Environmental factors include parenting, peers, mental illness, neighborhoods, education and more.
A 25 year–long study proved that inadequate schooling/ education is connected to juvenile
delinquency. One of the discoveries from the study showed the following: "A 25 year–long study
consisting of 1,500 children in low–income inner–city Chicago neighborhoods found that children
who attended a high–quality preschool were 28% less likely to develop drug problems or be
incarcerated in adulthood. Additionally, they were 22% less likely to be arrested for a felony and
24% more likely to attend a four–year college." (Contributing Factors, 2016).
What children are exposed to when they are young and vulnerable, will stay with them for a very
long time, sometimes even forever. Mental illness is an obvious reason for most delinquent
behavior. There are many treatments for mental illness, but not all will have the opportunity or
willingness to receive it. Untreated mental illness can be extremely dangerous, and can increasingly
get worse. Children who are experiencing mental illness sometimes are too scared to confront their
parents or guardians about it. Sometimes, the parents or guardians might even brush it off if they do
confront them. This can lead to the feeling of being trapped, which makes the child feel

The Negative Impact of Exposing Children to Media...
The Negative Impact of Exposing Children to Media Violence
On April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School, 13 people were killed and another 23 were wounded
in one of the worst school killing incidents ever (Skeesis). Since the 1980's, overall homicide rates
in the U.S. have declined. However, homicide rates for ages 14–17 have increased quite
dramatically during this time period (Fox). Among other numerous potential causes, violence in the
media may play a role in this increase in youth violence. Today, there is much controversy over the
potential harmful effects of media violence on childrenís lives. I believe that exposure of children to
media violence is harmful.
For the purposes of this paper, I will limit the definition of (mass) ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some may go on to argue that children have grown up watching TV violence for many years now,
so that there must be some other explanation for the recent surge in youth violence. However, this
argument is flawed. Not until the past few decades have conclusive studies on the effects of
television violence been performed. As more of these studies are done, the evidence is becoming
increasingly clear that there are adverse effects of television violence on children.
"Over the last three decades, the one overriding finding in research on the mass media is that
exposure to media portrayals of violence increases aggressive behavior in children
(media_violence.html)". This fact is clear evidence that overexposure to television will have long–
term negative effects on childrenís behavior, and in turn, their entire lives. Aggression, quite
obviously, can lead to dangerous situations. A child who is overly aggressive will get himself into
fights where someone is likely to get hurt. Sure, children are often irrational and engage in fights
over trivial matters, but how would you feel knowing that your own kid is hurting other children and
himself because he or she watched someone on TV do it?
An extensive study of entertainment programming found that in 73% of violent acts, there was no
punishment for the perpetrators (APA). This sends a desperately negative message to our youth: "Itís
okay to hurt people; you

Preferential Treatments in Juvenile Justice System.
Chapter 15 in the textbook focuses mainly on juvenile justice. There are many subtopics under this
chapter however, there was one topic in particular that attracted my interests. This topic was also
touched on several times in the discussions board and it is the Preferential Treatments in Juvenile.
These controversial treatments were specifically created and developed with a child's best interests
as a primary objective. The concept of this was introduce from the philosophy "parens patriae"
which allowed the states to step in and take control of the problematic child. This philosophy was
later developed and addressed by the Supreme Court around 1960's and become today's juvenile
justice system. In this paper, I will discuss about the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the preferential treatments were designed to help and better children however, there are issues
that we need to be aware of. In "Kent versus U.S (1966)", a 14 year old Morris Kent was arrested
and placed on probation from burglaries and attempted purse snatching charges, he then was
released on probation back to his mother's custody. Two years later, Morris Kent entered a woman's
apartment, took her wallet and raped her. Morris Kent was sent to adult court system, he then was
sentenced 5–15 years in prison in each count. Morris Kent however, was only 16 year old at the
time. From this case, I couldn't help but noticed that Morris Kent was one of the people who slipped
through the cracks of the system. I feel that the authority should have noticed and discovered Kent's
psychological problems in the first place and thus, preventing the incidents from happening in the
first place. In my opinion, the preferential treatments could have been one the reasons why Morris
Kent was released without a through evaluations and investigations. I strongly feel that Kent should
and could have been treated early.
Another issue with the preferential treatments is that it may encourage repeat offenders due to a soft
juvenile disposition. In the textbook "Criminal Justice Today", Schmalleger (2010) states "Most
judges decide not to confine juveniles. Statistics indicate that in nearly two–thirds (62%) of all
adjudicated delinquency cases, juveniles are placed on

The And Prevention Of Juvenile Delinquency
Juveniles in the justice system is an issue relevant not only to people in the criminal justice system
but to society in general. There have been a number of studies done that link serious behavior
problems in children to adult criminal conduct. In more recent years, there has been more research
done regarding the causes and prevention of juvenile delinquency. The Department of Juvenile
Justice lists 3 broad categories with many subcategories to help us understand what contributes to
juvenile delinquency (CITE). These categories are listed as Individual, social, and community
factors. Similarly, Dr. Alida V. Merlo, at Indiana University of Pennsylvania states that in recent
history, the juvenile justice system has moved from a more punitive approach to juvenile justice to
more prevention and treatment oriented approach. (CITE). This is a necessary change because as
research begins to identify risk factors that may lead a child into the juvenile justice system, it is
important to treat the juvenile accordingly. We would not treat a delinquent minor that has been a
victim of maltreatment or abuse the same way we treat a child that has outside influences in the
community that played a role in their delinquency.
While we established that the individual, social, and community risk factors could be signs that a
child is on their way to delinquency, it does not make it a certainty. Therefore, it is important that
when I child shows signs of these risk factors, they are not

Exposing Our Children to Subliminal Messages
President Herbert Hoover once said that, "Children are our most valuable resource." Everybody
knows the saying "The children are our future." If everyone knows this saying than why are parents
exposing our future to inappropriate and explicit content. This is because most people do not realize
the explicit content their children are being exposed to. The shows, movies, and even commercials
children are watching effect not only their actions and thought process but can also effect the future
decisions and choices they make. From the day we are born to the day we die we have seen many
different movies and seen many different TV shows; while we are watching and hearing these
through our own eyes and ears we do not truly realize what our brains are consuming, because in
reality we are viewing and hearing much more than we can naturally see. Subliminal messages are
prearranged thoughts or ideas placed into the subconscious mind. Subliminal messages involve
reacting to stimuli that are above your physiological threshold but below your perceptual thresholds.
So basically your brain processes the messages without you knowing. The two main types of
subliminal messaging are auditory and visual. In these two categories there are also subcategories.
According to Anthony Pratkanis and Anthony Greenwald, who are Psychology professors, have
defined these four different subcategories as: Subthreshold stimuli which are presented at energy
levels too weak to be detected by the audience.

The Effects Of Juvenile Delinquency On Teens
It is very normal in the cities that shown these crime rates have been rapidly increasing. Usually it
has been occurred in rural or urban areas. Increase of population in urban shows poverty, unstable,
underdevelopment, deficiency and lack of housing areas. Theses can also affect teens that increase–
doing crimes in which it called juvenile delinquency. There are two terms that define juvenile
delinquency, 1: conduct by a juvenile characterized by antisocial behavior that is a beyond parental
control and therefore subject to legal action; 2: a violation of law committed by a juvenile and not
punishable by death or live imprisonment. (Cite). In this topic, I will explain more about family
factors in which it has major influence on teens such as the way parents discipline a child, parental
conflict or separation, parental abuse or neglect or criminal parents or siblings. What has causes
children to act out? It could be because they want some attention or misbehave when they are afraid.
They misbehave when they also feel bad about themselves and learn bad behaviors by copying you.
There will be four articles that I summarized that related with juvenile and give out some resources
to prevent juvenile delinquency.
The family home conditions are one of the reasons why teens have become juvenile delinquency.
These are poverty and unemployment, material deficiencies, broken homes, immoral and delinquent
parents, lack of parental care and affection and bad example. The poverty and

Child G And The Main Components Of The Phonetic Stage
Child G is 6 years old female and her parents express that she enjoys writing both in school and at
home. Her older sister goes to sleepaway camp during the summer months and so in this piece of
writing Child G talks about her weekend at her sister's camp reunion. This writing is part of a
weekly classroom activity, 'weekend news'. According to Gentry's five stages of spelling
development, Child G's writing suggests she is in the phonetic stage, with some examples of
transitional writing present (Gentry, 1982). In this piece of writing, the spelling of words has been
based on the sounds they hear, one of the main components of the phonetic stage. This is most
evident in the way she has spelt 'reunion,' as 'reyouyen.' This may be understood better by child G
with the use of syllable games, such as clapping as saying words aloud to hear how many syllables
are present. However, Child G does show knowledge of the rules with regards to words ending in 'e,'
which is evident in 'side.' The National Curriculum states that children of this age should understand
such rule (Department for Education, 2013a), which indicates that Child G is progressing into the
transitional stage, and is starting to become less dependent on sounds when writing (Wyse et al.
2013). In order for Child G to sit comfortably in the transitional stage the child's teachers and
parents/carers could use several methods. The 'Look–Cover–Say–Write–Check' method is a popular
technique adopted in schools, an

Example Of Overt Delinquency
The definitions of Juvenile delinquency may vary from societies to societies or even amidst different
countries' laws but nevertheless they all refer to the same concept. The meaning of juvenile
delinquency according to criminologists refers to youngster of age boundaries between 12 to 20
years who have engaged themselves in any offence (World Youth Report, 2003). As per World Youth
Report (2003); sociologists consider any breach in any licit or civic norms, ranging from
insignificant felony to consequential public wrongs engaged by young people, as Juvenile
delinquency. Overt and covert are the two categories which delinquent behavior can be classified.
The way Moffitt and Caspi (2001) argues overt delinquency deals with hostile and consequential ...
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To prevent juvenile delinquency, measures like sensitisation campaigns for parents' awareness
should be introduced. This is so, so as they could talk to their children when they are still of tender
age to avoid delinquent behaviour when they grow elder. Parents should minimise their spare time
for their children. As responsible parents, they should monitor the types of people their wards are
mingling with and they should be able to promote independence of their

Importance Of Observation And Documentation In Teaching...
Teachers are aware of what they should do in the classroom when teaching young children. Teachers
should provide opportunities to develop positive dispositions toward learning when working with
young children to make sure they are using their knowledge and skills. Teaching young children, the
skills that need to learn about is the big key of understanding what the information that you will
need when you are assessing the young children. In this paper, the reader will read about
observation and documentation as assessment and why is it important? The reader will also read
about the difference between looking at and authentically or genuinely observing a child, the types
of documentation, two types of documentation that relate how teachers use the documentation in the
classroom and how documentations would be useful as assessments.
Observation is something that educators do carefully to gain information about young children.
Documentation is the process of collecting evidence that serves as a record. When teachers observe
the young children, it provides the information that the teachers need to build relationships with
individual children and enable them to be successful learners. The best way the teachers should
learn about children by carefully watching them, listening to them and studying their work. When
the teachers are watching and listening to children helps us understand what they are feeling,
learning and thinking. Observation is an excellent way to track children's

Male Aged Four Years ( 48 Months )
Introduction
The subject of this case study is a male aged four years (48 months). The setting is a voluntary aided
faith nursery which follows a religious syllabus. It has children from a specific Islamic background.
Within the nursery each child is assigned a key worker, who works with the child on a one to one
basis and performs in partnership with parents or/carers to assist their child's learning and
development. There are about 17 children to 6 adults. Child A (as he will be known) has no special
educational needs, is an only child and English is his original dialect.
Physical
There was a specific observation of mention when Child A was in the indoor environment
drawing/writing on the whiteboard. Child A represented an image of a ... Show more content on
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Consequently child A, through the scaffolding cycle, would be able to utilise his fine motor skills to
do his zip up himself. Hence, child A's skills are developing through the process of scaffolding, as
he will retain this information.
Intellectual
There was a specific observation of mention when Child A was in the computer corner playing a
water themed counting game. When estimating the number of objects on the screen, he used his
fingers to count the sea animals, "1, 2,3,4,5, 6 animals" and looked at me for confirmation asking,
"is it 6?". This shows that Child A is developing within the usual ranges of development, "Estimates
how many objects they can see and checks by counting them", (Development Matters in the EYFS,
2012, p.34).
Piaget believes children learn best by doing and that they must be additionally active in their own
understanding. He also believes that knowledge must be assembled and reassembled by the child.
Subsequently Child A, within the stages of schema, would experience a new notion of dealing with
numbers. The existing schema does not work as child A has no prior knowledge on counting sea
animals. Thus disequilibrium arises until Child A is able to assimilate and accommodate the
contemporary knowledge and attain equilibrium. Hence, Child A uses his fingers to count aloud and
signify each finger with a specific number. For future recommendation, I would have Child A
complete sums where he can count the objects in two

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