salt tolerance in wheat

1. Copyright © 2016 IJRIES, All right reserved
44
International Journal of Research and Innovations in Earth Science
Volume 3, Issue 2, ISSN (Online) : 2394-1375
Salicylic acid in Amelioration of Salt Tolerance in
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under in vitro Conditions
Manzar Abbas1
, Sehar Nawaz1
, Nisar Ahmed1
, Ghulam Abbas2*
, Muhammad Usman1
, Hafiz
Muhammad Noaman Bashir1
, Asghar Ali3
1
Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2
Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry,University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
3
Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author: ghulamabbas_hashmi@yahoo.com
Abstract – Wheat is an imperative cereal and staple
sustenance in Pakistan. Salinity is abiotic factor which
restricts the plant development and advancement. Salinity
includes physiological and morphological changes in plants
eventually bringing about low harvest yield. Results of the
present study revealed that all levels of NaCl stress seriously
decreased the plant development by diminishing the
chlorophyll contents and K+
concentration. Salicylic acid
provision improved the plant development under saline and
non-saline conditions. However, variety named “Punjab-2011”
performed better than others under both conditions. Salicylic
acid provision enhanced the distinctive parameters like; fresh
and dry weights, root length, Na+
and K+
concentration in leaf
sap, chlorophyll contents, total soluble proteins, catalase
(CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) action under both
saline and non-saline conditions. Saline conditions gather the
Na+
and alleviate the K+
fixation while salicylic acid turn
around this movement and moderated the sodium fixation in
leaf sap.
Keywords – Salicylic Acid, Wheat, Variety, Salinity, Sodium
Fixation, Superoxide Dismutase.
I. INTRODUCTION
The most vital nourishment yields utilized as a part of the
world are wheat, rice, maize and sorghum. Among these
yields wheat is broadly cultivated and used as staple
sustenance. It is the most important crop among cereals for
preparation, utilization, dietary esteem and exchange.
Pakistan is an agrarian nation and its economy is focused
around this section. Wheat is the pillar of farming sector in
Pakistan. It imparts 13.1 % to esteem expansion in
agribusiness and 2.7 % to GDP [15]. In Pakistan normal
wheat yield is 2787 kg/ha which needs a positive change
[15]. Wheat is the first important cereal in Pakistan [17]. To
sustain the expanding populace there is an immediate
requirement for development in yield. Soil salinity is an
ecological issue which influences the power and
development of numerous productions in arid and semi-arid
areas [52]. Half of all the waterlogged lands and 20% of the
world's area is influenced by the high amassing of salts [38].
Framing of salt influenced soils is dictated by the parity of
salts in the soil [25]. The salinity issue is, no doubt
expanded because of expanded utilization of low quality
water alongside poor seepage [10].
Salinity causes pernicious impact on plant development
and benefit by creating the progressions in physiological
and biochemical procedures of plants [26]. The
physiological methods which are influenced by salinity
incorporate osmotic anxiety, particle harmfulness,
nourishing awkwardness and oxidative stress [19]. The
osmotic impact includes reduced assimilation of water by
plants and the ionic impact comprises of intracellular
harmfulness due to overabundance particle [45]. As a result
of osmotic anxiety, salinity impels decreasing in metabolic
action of plant's cell that brings reduced development [44].
Salts at the large amount cause hyper-osmolality that
diminishes the development of plant [55]. The saline
conditions expand the convergence of sodium and chloride
particles yet cause diminish in macro supplements, for
example, N, P, K and so on. [1]. Toxic effect of particles
(Na+, Cl-
and SO4
-
) happens under salinity stress [48].
Sodium chloride affects structural changes in cell and
particle spillage. Particle clumsiness diminishes the uptake
of diverse, K+
by the plants [21].
Salt push antagonistically influences plants, for example,
plant tallness [22,39] fresh and dry weight of shoot and root
[5,43]. Salinity stress causes the decrease in relative leaf
water substance bringing about turgor pressure, which thus
causes reduced the carbon dioxide osmosis which
eventually decreases the photosynthesis. Young seedlings
are delicate to salinity [30]. The reduction happens by the
salt stress [34,37]. Numerous studies have demonstrated
that leaf range is adversely decreased under distinctive
centralization of sodium chloride [54,50]. Physiological
functions of plants like protein union, photosynthesis and
lipid digestion system are likewise influenced by abnormal
amounts of salts [35].
Salicylic acid (SA) is a familiar compound held by plants
that is phenolic in nature [2]. It is viewed as an indicating
particle that has an essential part in plant defense
mechanism. It is a cell reinforcement compound which
directs the plant development [2]. Salicylic acid (SA) has
part in abiotic stress tolerance like salinity tolerance in
wheat [44]. It is viewed as a paramount sign particle for
managing plant reactions to abiotic burdens [42].
Exogenous application of salicylic acid impacts stomatal
conclusion, seed germination, particle uptake and layer
penetrability [12,29]. Salicylic acid has been to incite
salinity tolerance in wheat [16,46], chilling tolerance in
maize [23], heat tolerance in mustard [13] overwhelming
metals tolerance in wheat [32]. It has impact on
photosynthesis and development of plants. Exogenous
connected salicylic acid expands the photosynthetic rate
and has noteworthy part in solidness in grain [16].
Salicylic acid (SA) mitigates the antagonistic impact of
salinity [8]. The biotic and abiotic stress tolerance impelled
by salicylic acid includes the reactive oxygen species (ROS)
in essential indicating pathway that enact various signal

2. Copyright © 2016 IJRIES, All right reserved
45
International Journal of Research and Innovations in Earth Science
Volume 3, Issue 2, ISSN (Online) : 2394-1375
transduction pathways. At the point when salicylic acid is
applied, no one is needed for the impelling of resistance
component [53].
Salicylic acid impact the root and shoot dry mass,
photosynthesis and Na+
and K+
substance in wheat
seedlings under salinity stress. It is considered to be an
endogenous development controller that improves the leaf
region and dry large scale manufacture in corn and soybean
[27]. Salicylic acid has imperial part under abiotic anxiety
conditions e.g., it expands the osmotic stretch in tomato and
bean plants to low and high temperature and in rice plants it
actuates the imperviousness to overwhelming metals
[33,42,7]. Plant hormones are dynamic part of the sign
course included in the impelling of plant anxiety reactions.
Abiotic anxieties bring about both adjusted levels of
phyto-hormones and diminished plant development. An
option method to improve salt stress could be to utilize
exogenous requisition of plant development controllers.
In this study, the aim was to determine the effect of
salicylic acid under different concentrations on growth
parameters, chlorophyll and soluble protein content,
antioxidant enzyme activities for cultured mature embryos
of different wheat varieties.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Plant Material
The seeds of wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) varieties
Chakwal-50 were collected from Barani agriculture
research institute (BARI) situated in Chakwal, whilst,
Millat-2011 and Punjab-2011 were collected from Ayub
Agricultural Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad.
Seed Sterilization
Seeds were surface-sterilized using 70 % ethanol for 1
min, followed by 0.5% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl)
solution for 20 min. Then seeds were washed five times
with sterile distilled water. After disinfection, seeds were
grown in pots under greenhouse conditions for optimum
growth in insect/pest free environment. Before the start of
booting stage spikes were covered with butter paper bags to
avoid cross pollination. Fifteen days after pollination
immature embryos were aseptically dissected out in a
laminar air flow hood using a sterilized metallic scalpel.
After excision they were placed scutellum side up in Petri
dishes containing MS culture media [56] supplemented
with 40 g/L maltose, 8 g/L agar, and various concentrations
of 3mg/L 2, 4-D for callus induction. The Petri dishes were
sealed with polyethylene film, and place in dark. The
temperature was maintained at 26±2oC.
Determination of Callus Growth Rate
For the determination of callus growth rate, calli were
observed regularly for size, mass and type (embryogenic
and non-embryogenic). After three weeks data were
recorded. Callus induction frequency for different
genotypes were calculated according to the formula.
Callus induction frequency ሺ%ሻ
=
No.of embryos produced calli
No. of embryos cultur
× 100
Three weeks after incubation of calli in dark they were
transferred to regeneration (MS supplemented with 1mg/l
kinetin) media containing different treatment combinations.
The dose and time for treatments were based on previous
studies on different plant species [42,4,20]. Three different
treatment groups were formed,
1) Control (without NaCl and salicylic acid),
2) With NaCl,
3) With NaCl and salicylic acid.
Three levels of NaCl (0mM, 75mM, 100mM and 150mM)
and salicylic acid (0 mM, 0.25 mM, 0.50 mM and 0.75 mM)
were used in regeneration media in different combinations.
The cultures were maintained at 26 ± 2°C in 16hours
photoperiod, 40 µ moles m-2 s-1 light intensity from cool
white florescent tube light. After 60 days of inoculation on
regeneration media, growth and biochemical parameters
were studied.
Morphological and Biochemical Studies &
Chlorophyll Contents
For this purpose, plantlets were taken out of the culture
vessels and after removing medium from the roots they
were analyzed carefully for counting the number of shoots
and roots. At day 28, average of plant fresh & dry weights,
root length, Shoot length of control and experimental
groups were determined. 28-days-old plant leaves were
extracted in 80% ice cold acetone and the absorbance of the
extracts were measured at 663 nm and 645 nm in a
spectrophotometer. Chlorophyll contents were calculated
according to SPAD Value.
Enzyme Extraction
For this purpose fresh leaves (0.1 g) were homogenized
in 5mL of 50mM cooled phosphate buffer of pH 7.8. The
mixture was centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 20 minutes at
4oC. The extract was further used to determine superoxide
dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT).
Estimation of Soluble Proteins and Antioxidant
Enzymes Activity
Total soluble proteins were determined by Bradford’s
method [9] using Bradford protein reagents by measuring
the absorbance at 595nm. Leaf extract was prepared from
0.1g leaf sample in phosphate buffer 7.8. Absorbance was
recorded against blank by using spectrophotometer. Value
of the unknown sample was determined by plotting the
graph. SOD (EC 1.15.1.1) activity was estimated by
following the decrease in absorbance of formazan produced
by superoxide and nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT) in the
presence of the enzyme. 2mL of the reaction mixture
contained 100mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.8), 13mM
methionine, 25mM NBT, 0.1mM EDTA, 150mM sodium
carbonate and 50µl of the centrifugation supernatants.
Reaction was started by adding a 60µM riboflavin solution
and the tubes were kept under two 15W fluorescent lamps
for 15min. A complete reaction mixture without the
enzyme, which produced the maximum color, served as
control experiment. Reaction was stopped by switching off
the light and bringing the tubes into dark room. A non-
irradiated complete reaction mixture served as the blank.
Separate controls (without the enzymes) were used for total
SOD and inhibitor studies. The absorbance was recorded at
560 nm, and 1 unit of enzyme activity was considered as the
amount of enzyme which reduced the absorbance by 50 %
in comparison with the tubes lacking the enzyme. CAT (EC
1. 11.1.6) activity was determined by monitoring the
disappearance of H2O2 by measuring the decrease of 1ml

3. Copyright © 2016 IJRIES, All right reserved
46
International Journal of Research and Innovations in Earth Science
Volume 3, Issue 2, ISSN (Online) : 2394-1375
reaction mixture containing 50mM sodium phosphate
buffer (pH 7), 40mMH2O2, and 100µl enzyme extract in
absorbance at 240 nm for 1 min.
Determination of Na+
and K+
Leaf sap was used for determination of Na+
and K+
ion
concentration.
III. RESULTS
Effect on Shoot and Root Fresh Weight (g)
The treatment effects were found significant at p < 0.05.
All levels of salicylic acid alone significantly enhanced the
shoot fresh weight of all three varieties i.e. Punjab-2011,
Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50. All levels of NaCl decreased
the shoot & root fresh weight in all wheat genotypes i.e.
Punjab-2011 (4.21%), Millat-2011 (10.38%) and
Chakwal-50 (4.72%) as compared to control. The higher
level of NaCl (150mM) reduced the shoot & root fresh
weight relatively more than both (75mM NaCl and 100mM)
and reduction was found to be 45.05%, 52.93% and 47.64%
for Punjab-2011, Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50 respectively
as compared to control. Application of 0.75mM salicylic
acid increased the shoot and root fresh weight in non-saline
conditions by 8.47%, 6.58% and 10.11% in all genotypes of
wheat with respect to control.
Effect on Shoot and Root Dry Weight (g)
Shoot and root dry weight under both saline and
non-saline conditions were affected by the treatments. NaCl
treatments (75mM, 100mM and 150mM) decreased the
shoot and root dry weight as compare to the control. Level
of 150mM NaCl concentration decreased root fresh weight
as 89.82%, 90.21% and 90.78% in Punjab-2011,
Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50 respectively as compared to
control. Whereas, salicylic acid treatments @0.25mM,
0.50mM and 0.75mM increased the shoot and root dry
weight. Salicylic acid applications of 0.25mM under NaCl
toxicity of 150mM increased the shoot and root dry weight
by 43.47%, 45.7% and 56.22% in Punjab-2011,
Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50 respectively as compared to
150mM NaCl toxicity alone.
Effect on Root Length (mm)
Salinity stress caused a decrease in root length when
compared to the control. The NaCl treatment of 150mM
decreased the root length in wheat varieties; Punjab-2011,
Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50. However, Salicylic acid
application increased the root length under both saline and
non-saline conditions. The application of 0.50mM salicylic
acid enhanced the root length by 7.1%, 8.66% and 9.56 %
in Punjab-2011, Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50 respectively
as compared to control. Application of 0.25mM promoted
the root length. All levels of salicylic acid (0.25 mM, 0.50
mM and 0.75mM) increased the root length.
Effect on Shoot Length (mm)
All levels (75mM, 100mM and 150mM) of NaCl caused
reduction in shoot growth. There was found a decline in
shoot length 8.71%, 10.26%, 8.92% in Punjab-2011,
Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50 under 150mM NaCl
respectively as compared to control. Under non saline
conditions, salicylic acid application 0.25mm increased the
soot length by 4.85%, 3.02%, and 3.57% in Punjab-2011,
Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50 respectively. Salicylic acid
level of 0.25mM under 150mM NaCl toxicity caused the
increment of 2.97%, 3.7% and 6.66% in Punjab-2011,
Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50 respectively. All levels of
salicylic acid 0.25mM, 0.50mM and 0.75mM increased the
shoot length in both saline and non-saline conditions.
Chlorophyll Contents (SPAD value) (mg/g fw)
Salinity reduced(P<0.05) the chlorophyll contents.
However,there was found a remarkable increase in
chlorophyll contents when salicylic acid was used.
Application of 0.25mM, 0.75mM and 0.50mM salicylic
acid increased the chlorophyll contents as compared to the
control and NaCl toxicity.
The NaCl toxicity of 100mM reduced the chlorophyll
content @ 38.91%, 41.5% and 47.58% in Punjab-2011,
Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50 respectively as compared to
control. Whilst, 150mM NaCl toxicity decreased the
chlorophyll contents by 44.96%, 60.19 and 62.79% in
Punjab-2011, Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50 respectively as
compared to control. The lower level of salicylic acid
0.25mM increased the chlorophyll content as 4.13%, 2.03%
and 2.5% in Punjab-2011, Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50
respectively with respect to control. While 0.50mM
salicylic acid increase by 5.19%, 5.81% and 5.02% in all
varieties, Punjab-2011, Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50
respectively as compared to control. Application of
0.25mM combined with 150mMNaCl increased the
chlorophyll contests in Punjab-2011 (3.6%), Millat-2011
(12.98%) and Cahkwal-50 (19.68%) as compared to 75mM
NaCl toxicity alone. The application of 0.5mM salicylic
acid plus 150mM NaCl enhanced the chlorophyll content
by 7.63%, 19.23% and 23.55% Punjab-2011, Millat-2011
and Chakwal-50 respectively as compared to 150mM NaCl
alone.
Na+ Concentration (mg g-1 DW) in Leaf Sap
The salinity treatments significantly increased the
sodium ion concentration in wheat plants than the control.
But salicylic acid remarkably reduced the sodium uptake by
the plants. Under 150 mMNaCl levels, sodium ion
concentration increased by 10.48%, 9.39% and 10.39% in
Punjab-2011, Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50 respectively as
compared to control All levels (0.25mM, 0.50mM and
0.75mM) of salicylic acid did not affect the sodium
concentration much more in normal conditions. But the
application of these two levels of salicylic acid in the
presence of NaCl toxicity reduced sodium concentration
thereby alleviating the deleterious effect of salinity. The
salicylic acid level of 0.25mm 150mM NaCl decreased the
sodium uptake in all genotypes i.e Punjab-2011 (10.48%),
Millat-2011 (9.39%) and in Chakwal-50 (10.64%)
respectively as compared to control. Maximum sodium ion
concentration was found in 150mM NaCl treatment.
Application of 0.50mM salicylic acid reduced the sodium
concentration by 0.93%, 0.94% and 1.05% in Punjab-2011,
Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50 respectively as compared to
75mM NaCl.
K+ Concentration (mg g-1 DW) in Leaf Sap
Salicylic acid remarkably increased the potassium uptake
by the plants. The lower level of NaCl(75mm) reduced the
K+
concentration in leaf sap by 3.28%, 3.32% and 3.36% in
Punjab-2011, Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50 respectively as
compared to control. 100mM NaCl treatments decreased

4. Copyright © 2016 IJRIES, All right reserved
47
International Journal of Research and Innovations in Earth Science
Volume 3, Issue 2, ISSN (Online) : 2394-1375
potassium ion concentration in the leaf sap more than
75mM NaCl treatment. The application of 0.75mM
salicylic acid under 75mM NaCl level increased the
potassium concentration in Punjab-2011(3.69%),
Millat-2011 (4.00%) and in Chakwal-50 (4.58%)
respectively as compared to 75mm NaCl toxicity alone.
While the application of salicylic acid (0.50mM) in the
presence of 150mM NaCl toxicity increased the potassium
concentration by 2.54%, 3.01% and 3.05% in Punjab-2011,
Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50, respectively with respect to
150mM NaCl toxicity alone. The salicylic acid treatments
counteracted the effect of salinity and enhanced potassium
concentration and hence increased the salt tolerance in
wheat plants.
Total Soluble Proteins (mg/g FW)
All levels of NaCl enhanced the total soluble proteins in
all varieties. Concentration of 150mM NaCl increased the
soluble protein contents in Punjab-2011 (6.5%),
Millat-2011 (12.65%) and Chakwal-50 (4.18%). lower
level of salicylic acid under non-saline conditions enhanced
the total soluble protein contents as 5.32%, 9.49% and 3.14%
in Punjab-2011, Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50 with respect
to control. Application of 0.50mM salicylic acid in
combined with 75mM NaCl increased the concentration of
total soluble proteins in Punjab-2011 (13.79%),
Millat-2011(14.63%) and Chakwal-50 (38.97%).
Catalase Activity (Umg-1protein)
NaCl enhanced catalase activity. The increment caused
by 150mM NaCl treatment was 11.65, 7.37% and 8.85 % in
Punjab-2011, Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50 respectively
over control. While salicylic acid (0.25mM, 0.50mM and
0.75mM) further improved the catalase activity in both
normal and saline conditions. All levels (0.25mM and
0.50mM) of salicylic acid promoted the catalase activity
under levels of NaCl(75mM and 150mM).
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity (Umg-1protein)
NaCl enhanced the superoxide dismutase activity with
respect to control. NaCl (150 mM) increased the SOD
activity by 11%, 8.7% and 9.74% in Punjab-2011,
Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50 respectively when compared
to control. Salicylic acid improved the superoxide
dismutase activity. Under no saline conditions, the salicylic
acid (0.25mM) improved the SOD activity by 20.49%,
21.01% and 26.34% in Punjab-2011, Millat-2011 and
Chakwal-50, respectively. Saline conditions (100mM NaCl)
salicylic acid (0.25%mM) increased the SOD activity by
7.21%, 5.09% and 6.15% in, Punjab-2011, Millat-2011 and
Chakwal-50 respectively as compared to 100mM NaCl.
IV. DISCUSSION
Our results Showed that growth parameters decreased by
salt stress. Exogenous applied salicylic acid improved root
and shoot are comparable with previous investigation.
Coronado[11] applied salicylic acid exogenously and that
salicylic acid improved the shoot development under NaCl
stress in maize. Salehi[41] applied diverse levels of
salicylic acid on tomato and found that 10-6M salicylic acid
essentially distinctive results than control. Gunes [20]
reported that salicylic acid requisition under saline
conditions alleviated the serious impacts of NaCl poisonous
quality and expanded the shoot root fresh weight in maize.
They discovered 0.50mM level of salicylic acid more
powerful for mitigating of salinity stress in maize plants.
Among these varieties which were used in our experiment
the variety, Punjab-2011, yielded lower as compared to
Millat-2011 and Chakwal-50.
Various studies have reported a negative relationship
between salinity and chlorophyll content. In our
investigation salinity decreased the chlorophyll content
whereas salicylic acid application enhanced the chlorophyll
content. Results of the present study has resemblance with
those of Yildrim [49] as chlorophyll contents diminish
because of the establishment of proteolytic chemicals, for
example, cholropyllase, which reduces the chlorophyll
contents under saline conditions. Dela- Rose and Maiti [14]
discovered a restraint in chlorophyll biosynthesis in
sorghum plants on account of salt stress. Among those
varieties Chakwal-50 has lower chlorophyll contents as
compared to Punjab-2011 and Millat-2011.
NaCl salinity expanded Na+
content in plant [47].
Baghizadeh [6] reported that salinity expanded sodium in
leaf and root in okra whereas,Salicylic acid expanded
sodium in leaf and decreased it in a few levels of salinity in
root. Similarly in our experiment, Sodium concentration
was increased under salt stress and Salicylic acid alleviates
the toxic effect of NaCl.
Sodium concentration was higher in Millat-2011 as
compared to Punjab-2011 and chakwal-50. Potassium
concentration was decreased under salinity stress due to
accumulation of sodium concentration which changed the
movement of potassium ion. Salicylic acid treatment
increased the potassium ion concentration and alleviates the
sodium concentration. Jayakannan [24] found that salicylic
acid expanded osmotic and particular particle damage, and
to dietary issue. Parizi [36] found that salinity treatment
exceptionally expanded Na+
/K+
degree in sweet basil yet
when salicylic acid was applied, intense reduction was
found in Na+
/K+
proportion. Punjab-2011 has shown higher
potassium concentration under salinity stress as compared
to Millat-2011 and chakwal-50.
Total Soluble Proteins was increased under salinity stress
and salicylic acid application enhanced the total soluble
proteins in plants. These results have homology with the
previous results of Anosheh [3]. They reported that salinity
stress expanded the accumulation of total soluble proteins
in wheat and the provision of salicylic acid expanded
accumulation of total soluble proteins.
Catalase (CAT) activity was increased by salinity stress
and further enhanced by salicylic acid application. Janda
[23] reported that salicylic acid enhances the cancer
prevention agent limit and stimulates the incorporation of
cell reinforcement mixes bringing about acclimation of
salinity anxiety. Mandhania [31] reported that incitement of
catalase movement by salt anxiety. Catalase activity
significantly increased in Millat-2011 as compared to
Punjab-2011 and chakwal-50. Superoxidase dismutase
(SOD) activity was increased under salinity condition.
Salicylic acid application improved the SOD activity in all
varieties.Kumara[28] denoted a notable expand in
superoxide dismutase because of pretreatment of salicylic
acid in Gerbera. Singh and Usha[46] likewise discovered an

5. Copyright © 2016 IJRIES, All right reserved
48
International Journal of Research and Innovations in Earth Science
Volume 3, Issue 2, ISSN (Online) : 2394-1375
exceptional expand in superoxide dismutase movement in
wheat seedlings by exogenous provision of salicylic acid
under dry season stress. In Punjab-2011, Superoxidase
dismutase was more under both salinity and salicylic acid
treatment when compared to chakwal-50 and Millat-2011.
REFERENCES
[1] M. A. Abdul El-Wahab. The efficiency of using saline and fresh
water irrigation as alternating methods of irrigation on the
productivity of Foeniculumvulgare Mill subs. Vulgare var.
vulgare under North Sinai conditions. Res. J. Agr. BiolSci.2(6):
571-577, 2006.
[2] B. Aberg. Plant growth regulators XLL. Monosubsituted Benzoic
acid. Swed. J. Agri. Res. 11: 93-105, 1981.
[3] H. P. Anosheh, Y. Emam, M. Ashraf, M.R. Foolad. Exogenous
application of salicylic acid and chlormequat Chloride Alleviative
Negetive effects of Drought stress in Wheat. Adv. Studies Biol.
4(11): 501-520, 2012.
[4] M. Arfan, H.R. Athar. M. Ashraf. Does exogenous application of
salicylic acid through rooting medium modulate growth and
photosynthetic capacity in two differently adapted spring wheat
cultivars under salt stress? Plant physiol. 164: 685-694, 2007.
[5] M. Ashraf, Q. Ali. Relative membrane permeability and activities
of some antioxidant enzymes as the key determinants of salt
tolerance in canola (Brassica napus L.) Environ. Exp. Bot. 63:
266-270, 2008.
[6] A. Baghizadeh, M. Ghorbanli, R.M. Haj, H. Mozafarih.
Evaluation of interaction effect of drought stress with ascorbate
and salicylic acid on some physiological and biochemical
parameters in okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) Res. J. Biol. Sci. 4(4):
380-387, 2009.
[7] M. V. Bezrukova, R. Sakhabutdinova, R.A. Fatkhutdinova, I.
Kyldiarova, F. Shakiriva. The role of hormonal changes in
protective action of salicylic acid on growth of wheat seedling
under water deficit. Agrochemiya (Russ). 2: 51-54, 2001.
[8] O. Borsani, V. Valpuesta, M.A. Botella. Evidence for a role of
salicylic acid in the oxidative damage generated by NaCl and
osmotic stress in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Physiol., 126:
1024-1030, 2001.
[9] M. M. Bradford. A rapid and sensitive method for quantification
of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle dye
binding. Anal. Biochem. 131: 248-254, 1976.
[10] V. Chinnusamy, A. Jagendorf, J.K. Zhu. Understanding and
improving Salt tolerance in Plants. Crop Sci. 45: 437-448, 2005.
[11] M. A. G. Cornoda, C.T. Lopez, A.L. Saavedra. Effects of salicylic
acid on the growth of roots and shoots in soybean. Plant Physiol.
Biochem. 8: 563-565, 1998.
[12] J. R. Cutt, D.F. Klessing. Salicylic acid in plants: a changing
perspective. Pharma. Technol., 16: 25-34, 1992.
[13] J. F. Dat, H. Lopez-Delgado, C.H. Foyer, I.M. Scott. Parallel
changes in H2O2 and catalase during thermo tolerance induced by
salicylic acid and heat acclimation of mustard seedlings. Plant
Physiol. 116: 1351-1357, 1998.
[14] I. M. Dela-Rosa, R.K. Maiti. Biochemical mechanism in glossy
sorghum lines for resistance to salinity stress. J. Plant Physiol.,
1469 and environmental stress in Phytochemical ecology:
allelochemicals. In: Chou C.H. and Walter G.R. (eds), Mycotoxin
and insect Pheromones and Allelomones. Taiwan, Academia
Sinica Monograph Series 9. Pp. 101-118, 1995.
[15] Economic Survey of Pakistan. Economic Advisor’s Wing,
Finance Division. Govt. of pak.pp-441, 2011-12.
[16] M. A. El-Tayeb, A.E. El-Enany, N.L. Ahmed. Salicylic acid
induced adaptive response to copper stress in sunflower
(Helianthus annuus L.). Plant Growth Regul., 50: 191-199, 2005.
[17] F.A.O. Global network on integrated soil management for
sustainable use of salt-affected Soils. Rome, Italy: FAO Land and
Plant Nutrition Management Services. 2013.
[18] FAO, Statistics. Cereal Supply and Demand Breif. Available at
http:/ www.fao.org./world food situation/wfs-home/en/. 2012.
[19] T. Flower. Improving crop salt tolerance. J. Exp. Bot. 55: 307-319,
2004.
[20] A. Gunes, A. Inal, M. Alpaslan, F. Eraslan, E.G. Bagci, N. Cicek.
Salicylic acid induce changes on some physiological parameters
symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize
under salinity. J. Plant. Physiol. 164: 728-736, 2007.
[21] P. M. Hasegawa, R.A. Bessan, J.K. Zhu, J. Bohnert. Plant cellular
and molecular responses to high salinity. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.
Plant Mol. Biol. 51: 463-499, 2000.
[22] M. Jamil, S.E. Rehman, Srha. Salinity effect on plant growth, PSII,
Photochemistry and chlorophyll content in sugar beet (Beta
vulgaris L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleraceacapitata L.). Pak. J.
Bot. 39(3): 753-760, 2007.
[23] T. Janda, E. Horvath, G. Szalai, E. Paldi. Role of salicylic acid in
the induction of abiotic stress tolerance. Plant Physiol. (4):
442-450, 2007.
[24] M. Jayakannan, J. Bose, O. Babourina, Z. Rengeland, S. Shahbala.
Salicylic acid improves salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis by
restoring membrane potential and preventing salt-induced K+
loss
via a GORK channel. J. Exp. Bot. 64(8): 2255-2268, 2013.
[25] Z. Jouyban. The effect of salt stress on plant growth. T. J. Eng and
Appli. Sci. 2(1):7-10, 2012.
[26] N. A. Khan, R. Nazar, N.A. Anjum. Growth, Photosynthesis and
antioxidant metabolism in mustard (Brassica junceaL.) cultivars
differing in ATP-sulfurylase activity under salinity stress. Sci.
Hort. 122: 455-460, 2009.
[27] W. Khan, B. Prithiviraj, D.L. Smith. Photosynthetic responses of
corn and soybean to foliar application of salicylates. J. Plant
Physiol., 160: 485-492, 2003.
[28] G. D. K. Kumara, Y.P. Xia, Z.J. Zhu, B.M.V.S. Basanyake, C.K.
Beneragama. Effect of exogenously applied salicylic acid on
antioxidant enzyme activities and physiological characteristics of
Gebera (Gerbera jamesonii L.). J. Zhejing university (Agric and
Life Sci.). pp: 591-600, 2010.
[29] A. Larque-Saveda. Stomatal closure in response to salicylic acid
treatment. Z. Pflanze. Physiol. 93: 371-375, 1979.
[30] S. Lutts, V. Majerus, J.M. kinet. NaCl effect on proline
metabolism in rice (Oryza sativa) seedling. Physiol. Plant. 105:
450-458, 1995.
[31] S. Mandhania, S. Madan, V. Sawhney. Antioxidant defense
mechanism under salt stress in wheat seedlings. Biol. Plant. 50:
227-231, 2006.
[32] A. Metwally, I. Finkmemeier, M. Georgi, K.J. Dietz. Salicylic
acid alleviates the cadmium toxicity in barley seedlings. Plant
Physiol. 132: 272-281, 2013.
[33] A. Mishra, M.A. Choudhuri. Effect of salicylic acid on heavy
metal-induced membrane deterioration mediated by lipoxygenase
in rice. Biol. Plant. 42: 409-415, 1999.
[34] A. N. Pandey, N.K. Thakkar. Effects of chloride salinity on
survival and growth of salt sensitive plants. Plant physiol. 45(2):
226-231, 1997.
[35] A. Parida, A.B. Das. NaCl stress Causes Changes in
photosynthetic Pigments, Protein and other Metabolic
Components in the Leaves of a True Mangrove
(Bruguieraparviflora), in Hydroponic cultures. J. Plant. Biol.
45(1): 28-36, 2002.
[36] M. D. Parizi, K.M. Kalantari, S. Entesheri, A. Baghizadeh. Effect
of salicylic acid and salt stress on Na+
and K+
content in
Ocimumbasilicum L. Iranian J. Plant Physiol. 1(13): 133-139,
2011.
[37] M. Rehman, S.A. Kayani, S. Gul. Combined effects of
temperature and salinity stress. Plant Physiol. 45(2): 226-231,
2000.
[38] J. D. Rhoades, J. Loveday. Salinity In irrigated agriculture. In:
Steward BA, Neilsen D.R eds. Irrig. Agric. Crops. ASA, CSSA,
pp. 1089-1142, 1990.
[39] L. Rui, S. Wei, C. Mu-xiang, J. Cheng-jun, W. Min, Y. Bo-ping.
Leaf anatomical changes of Burguieragymnoorhiza seedlings
under salt stress. J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot., 17(2): 169-175, 2009.
[40] A. R. Sakhabutdinova, D.R. Fatkutdinova, M.V. Bezrukova, F.M.
Shakirova. Salicylic acid prevents the damaging action of stress
factors on wheat plants. Bulg. J. Plant Physiol. Special issue. 21:
314-319, 2003.
[41] S. Salehi, A. Khajehzadeh, F. Khorsadi. Growth of Tomato as
affected by foliar application of salicylic acid and salinity. Ameri.
J. Agri. Environ. Sci. 11(4): 564-567, 2011.
[42] T. Senaratna, D. Touchell, E. Bunn, K. Dixon. Acetyl salicylic
acid (Asprin) and salicylic acid induce multiple stress tolerance in
bean and tomato plants. Plant Growth Regul., 30: 157-161, 2000.
[43] M. Shahbaz, M. Ashraf, N.A. Akram, A. Hanif, S. Hameed, S.
Joham, R. Rehman. Salt-induced modulation in growth,
photosynthetic capacity, proline content and ion accumulation in

6. Copyright © 2016 IJRIES, All right reserved
49
International Journal of Research and Innovations in Earth Science
Volume 3, Issue 2, ISSN (Online) : 2394-1375
sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.). Acta. Physiol. Plant. 10:
639-649, 2010.
[44] F. M. Shakirova, A.R. Sakhabutdinova, M.V. Bezrukova, R.A.
Fatkutdinova, D.R. Fakutdinova. Changes in hormonal status of
wheat seedlings by salicylic acid and salinity. Plant Sci. 164:
317-332, 2003.
[45] C. Silvia, V. Martinez, M. Cavajal. Osmotic versus toxic effects
of NaCl on pepper plants. Biol. Plant. 52(1): 7279, 2008.
[46] B. Singh, K. Usha. Salicylic acid induced physiological and
biochemical changes in wheat seedlings under water stress. Plant
Growth Regul. 39(2): 137-141, 2003.
[47] N. Sivritepe, H.O. Sivritipe, A. Eris. The effects of NaCl priming
on salt tolerance in melon seedlings grown under saline conditions.
Sci Hort. 97: 229-237, 2003.
[48] S. Syeed, N.A. Anjum, R. Nazar, N. Iqbal, A. Masood, N.A. Khan.
Salicylic acid- mediated changes in photosynthesis, nutrient
contents and antioxidant metabolism in two mustard (Brassica
juncea L.) cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Acta physiol. Plant,
33: 877-886, 2010.
[49] E. Yildirim, M. Turan, I. Guvenc. Effect of foliar salicylic acid
applications on growth, chrolophyll and mineral content of
cucumber grown under salt stress. Biol. Planta. Pp: 593-612,
2008.
[50] H. Yilmiz, A. Kina. The influence of NaCl salinity on some
vegetative and chemical changes of strawberries
(Fragariaananassa L.). Afri. J. Biotechnol. 7(18): 3299-3305,
2008.
[51] R. Yordanova, L. Popova. Effect of exogenous treatment with
salicylic acid on photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant activity
in chilled wheat plants. Gen. Appl. Plant Physiol. 33(3-4):
155-170, 2007.
[52] M. Yusuf, S.A. Hasan, B. Ali, S. Hayat, Q. Fariduddin, A. Ahmad.
Effect of saliscylic acid on salinity-induced changes in Brassica
juncea. J. Integ. Plant. Biol. 50(9): 1096-1102, 2008.
[53] G. Zhang, Z. Chen, M. Zhou, I.A. Newman, N.J. Mendham, S.
Shabala. Potassium and sodium relations in salinized barley
tissues as a basis of differential salt tolerance. Funct. Plant Biol.
34: 150-162, 2007.
[54] G. Q. Zhao, B.L. Ma, C.Z. Ren. Growth, gas exchange,
chlorophyll fluorescence and ion content of naked oat in response
to salinity. Crop Sci. 47(1): 123-131, 2007.
[55] J. K. Zhu. Regulation of ion homeostasis under salt stress. Curr.
Opin. Plant Biol. 6: 441-445, 2003.
[56] T. Murashige, F. Skoog. A revised medium for rapid growth and
bioassays with tobacco cultures. Physiol Plant 15: 473-497, 1962.