Historical Development Of Cosmetics Indusrty

Historical Development of Cosmetics Indusrty
The word "cosmetics" comes from the Greek word kosmetikos meaning "skilled in adornment"
(Sage 33). The evolution of cosmetics has truly changed through the centuries. The way people wear
makeup and the reasons why they wear it have changed dramatically over time. The Roman
philosopher, Plautus, once wrote, "A women without paint is like food with out salt." The attraction
of a beautiful face did not appear yesterday; painted ladies and even gentlemen have been known
through time in artwork and illustrations. The art of cosmetics has definitely changed over time and
through different cultures including: Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, French, Italians, and Americans.
The first archaeological evidence of cosmetics usage was found in Egypt ... Show more content on
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Animal experiments have shown that parabens have a weak estrogenic activity, acting as
xenoestrogens.
Prolonged use of makeup has also been linked to thinning eyelashes.
Synthetic fragrances are widely used in consumer products. Studies concluded from patch testing
show synthetic fragrances are made of many ingredients which cause allergic reactions.
Cosmetics companies have been criticised for making pseudoscientific claims about their products
which are misleading or unsupported by scientific evidence.
The cosmetics industry takes off in the 20th century
As the popularity of beauty salons increased, in the beginning of the 20th century, the cosmetics
industry became established – and it's never looked back. Starting with a salon called Selfridges,
which opened in 1909 in London, cosmetics were no longer hidden under the counter, but were sold
on the open market. Women became more confident, and didn't worry as much about what others
thought – as long as they looked good.
If you can think of makeup application as an art, then perhaps you'll understand that one of the
biggest influences on the cosmetic industry was actually the performing arts – ballet, to be specific.
When the Russian Ballet came to London, a designer named Paul Poiret took the Russian style and
created a whole new look – a much more colorful look. And that look was reflected in
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The Historical Development Of Nursing
The historical development of nursing from ancient times to the present For everyone knows that
nursing has existed since the beginning of mankind, therefore, nursing is as old as mankind, because
mankind has always had people unable to fend for themselves and always has been the need to care
for them .The nursing, such as medicine and other professions through history has been developing
its content, so the nurse shows his evolution over time, to become a profession without losing its
original essence: care .In the study of nursing from antiquity to the present day is divided into two
stages pre–vocational stage where the ancient cultures until the late nineteenth century and a second
professional stage starting from the early twentieth century with the development expertise
theoretical with the appearance of new training programs. The pre professional stage is a stage a
little dark as there are no written records or sufficient data beginning of this stage. Studying this
stage consists of a dark stage based on the legacy of oral tradition and another stage of written
tradition that begins with the study of monastic infirmary based on the study of monastic science
and its rules, regulations hospitals and nursing manuals. At this stage is complex discuss the care of
nursing, at this stage we can not ignore the care exercised by women in the domestic sphere either
by the healing traditions of religion and magic as well as something guided by instinct and affection,
would

Historical Development of Nursing Timeline
Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Person may represent an individual, a family, a
community or all humankind. Health represents a state of well–being as defined by the individual or
mutually decided on by a individual and a nurse. Environment represents the person's physical
surroundings, the community, or the universe and all it contains. Nursing is the practice of the
science and art of the discipline (George, 2011). Metaparadigm pertains to the core concepts of a
particular discipline. Until the 1990's there was general agreement in the literature that the
metaparadigm of the discipline of nursing consisted of four major concepts: person, health,
environment, and nursing (George, 2011). Concepts are thoughts believed to be ... Show more
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In this decade, Joyce Travelbee presented her Human–to–Human Relationship Theory. Her theory
not only elaborates on the theory of Peplau, but emphasizes the importance of caring, empathy,
sympathy and the emotional aspects of nursing. In 1965, the American Nurses Association (ANA)
published a position paper on nursing education. This document changed the foundation of nursing
education forever by recommending two levels of education for nursing: the professional nurse
educated at the baccalaureate level and the technical nurse trained at the associate degree level
(George, 2011). 1970s Nursing theories were first presented in the 1970s. The National League for
Nursing (NLN) required schools of nursing to select, develop, and implement a conceptual
framework for the curricula as an accreditation standard. This requirement focused theoretical
thinking on the application of theory to nursing education (George, 2011). In 1971, Dorothea Orem
developed the Self–Care Deficit Theory of Nursing. Her theory is composed of three interrelated
theories: the theory of self–care, the self–care deficit theory, and the theory of nursing systems
("Theoretical Foundations of Nursing", 2011). 1980s In the 1980s, many nursing theories were
revised based on research findings that expanded them (George, 2011). From 1985 until 1989, Jean
Watson edited her Theory of Human Caring. The essence of Watson's theory is caring

Historical Development of Nursing Timeline 1850s The history of theoretical and scientific
approach in nursing evolution rooted in mid–1800s by the founder and pioneer of modern nursing;
Florence Nightingale. She was considered "The Lady with the Lamp" and "The Mother of Modern
Nursing ". Florence Nightingale was born in Florence Italy on May 12, 1820. She grew up with the
belief that her religious calling was to take care of other people. She started her work during the
Crimean war. Her amazing management skills and her ability to provide nursing care to the healthy
and wounded soldiers, using her great base knowledge and understanding about the cause and effect
of disease and the influence of the environment in healing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Mishel 1988 Uncertainty in Illness Theory M. Levine 1989 The Conservation Principles: Twenty
Years Later Events: During this era many nursing theories were revised based on research findings
that expanded them. 1990s Theorist Year Nursing Theories M.H. Mishel 1990 Reconceptualization
of the Uncertainty in Illness Theory D.E. Orem 1991 Nursing: Concepts of Practice, 4th and 5th eds.
J. Corbin 1992 A Nursing Model for Chronic Illness Management Based Upon the Trajectory
Framework (with A. Strauss) K. Kolcaba 1994 A Theory of Holistic Comfort for Nursing I.M. King
1995 A System's Framework for Nursing M. Leininger 1996 Culture Care Diversity and
Universality; blending the two fields of nursing and anthropology, Theory, Research, and Practice
H.E. Peplau 1997 Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations state that a significant, therapeutic and
interpersonal process that functions cooperatively with others to make health possible. R.R. Parse
1998 The Human Becoming School of Thought J. Watson 1999 Postmodern Nursing and Beyond
Events: The milestone of the 1990s is the internationalization of the nursing theory movement, as
evidenced by international conferences and theoretical publications. 2000–2007 Theorist Year
Nursing

Historical Development of Nursing Timeline NUR/513 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
PRACTICE DOLORES DIEHL University of Phoenix March 10, 2014 Nursing science was defined
in 1978 by Donaldson and Crowley as "principles and laws that govern life process, well– being,
and optimum functioning of human beings–sick or well...; patterning of human behavior in
interaction with the environment in critical life situations... and process by which positive changes
in health status are affected (Donaldson, S. K. & Crowley, M. 1978 p. 113). The definition of
nursing science was recently noted by U. S. National Institutes of Health which wrote that the "
ultimate intent of the knowledge generated through nursing research is to provide ... Show more
The nurse theorists include Peplau, Henderson, Hall and Abdellah. These nurses all developed some
of the first theories that help to formulate the process we use today. Theorist from this time operated
from a biomedical model that focused primarily on what nurses do, that is, their functional roles.
During the 1960's the focus of theoretical thinking in nursing moved from a problem/need and
functional focus to the relationship between the nurse and the patient. During this time the theorist
were Henderson, Orlando, and Wiedenbach. They looked at how nurses do what they do and how
the patient perceive his situation. Also during this time was an additional theorist Joyce Travelbee
and her theory was Human to Human relationship theory. In this theory Travelbee emphasized
caring, empathy, sympathy and the emotional aspects of nursing. During the 1970's is when the first
nursing theories were presented. Most have been revised since that time but this was the time noted
set of theory. One of the theoretical publications of this era was by Imogene King and her theory
was titled "toward a theory of nursing". From the theory came this important fact. She stated that
"Although personal systems and social systems influence quality of care, the major elements in a
theory of goal attainment are discovered in the interpersonal systems in which two people, who are
usually

The Historical Development Of Feminism
In this chapter, we will first look at the historical development of feminism. We will focus on how
race, class, gender, etc. have changed over time and how these social variables play a role in the
feminist movement. In addition, we will look at a number of sources including Sheryl Sandberg's
controversial view on feminism and what feminism means in regards to the sources. Lastly, we will
examine the role of both male and female feminists.
What exactly is feminism? According to the Urban dictionary, feminism is defined as "the advocacy
of women 's rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. It is the belief
that all people are entitled to the same civil rights and liberties and can be intellectual equals
regardless of gender. The basic idea of feminism revolves around the principle that biological
elements need not dictate intellectual and social functions, capabilities, and rights."
What is the feminist movement? According to Wikipedia, the feminist movement "refers to a series
of campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave,
equal pay, women 's suffrage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence, all of which fall under the
label of feminism." Feminism in the United States, Canada and a number of countries in Western
Europe has been divided into three waves by feminist scholars: first, second and third–wave
feminism.
The first wave of the feminist movement occurred during the late nineteenth

Historical Development of the Cell Theory
Biology Notes
1. Organisms are made of cells that have similar structural characteristics. 1 Outline the historical
development of the cell theory, in particular the contributions of Robert Hooke and Robert Brown.
The development of the cell theory starts in the 1600ʼs with Robert Hookeʼs discovery of cells when
viewing a piece of cork under a microscope and describing them as a nun house. Anton van
Leeuwenhoek was crucial in the development of microscopes making simple microscopes through
advanced lens making techniques that enabled him to see 300X and also discovered bacteria. Robert
Brown later in the 1900ʼs made the discovery of the cell nucleus. 2 Describe evidence to support the
cell theory. 1. All living organisms are composed of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inorganic Substances are substances that do not contain carbon as the main element, except for
carbonates, e.g. water, mineral salts. Chemical Component Lipids Description Contains carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen and store energy. Energy is more difﬁcult to release for cell use. Breaks down
into fatty acids Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and nitrogen. Used in the cell for structure,
storage, movement and transport of cells.
Use Oil is lipids at room temp. Storage for the cell and major fuel Body growth, (cell growth) Cell
Structure
Proteins e.g. Gelatin
Nucleic Acids
DNA + RNA largest and most complex of the organic molecules. Contains Carbon, Hydrogen and
Oxygen. They (carbohydrates) are used in respiration, storage of energy and some for structural
support.
Its subunitʼs product controls the function of the cell and the cell organism Respiration, storage of
energy and some for structural support.
Carbohydrates
– Mono saccharide – disaccharide – polysaccharide (starch)
2 Identify that there is movement of molecules into and out of cells For Any cell to work it has to
function with its outside environment, this means that the cell needs to take in substances needed for
them to work and to expel waste and other substances. This movement happens through the cell

membrane, the cell membrane is semi–permeable (letting some things in but not others, selectively)
What goes in Gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), Nutrients

Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Nursing has evolved greatly as a profession. Nursing
has become an independent practice with its own theory practice, models and distinct interventions
(George, 2011). Through the years, nursing leaders have developed many nursing theories that guide
our practice today. Their research and contributions to the nursing profession has shaped our
present–day practices. This paper will delineate the historic development of nursing science,
focusing on the most widely known and used theories. This paper will also canvass the influences of
these concepts in the development of the nursing profession, and multidisciplinary influences.
Development of Nursing Science Florence Nightingale (1859) ... Show more content on
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256). Dorothea Orem 1971. Orem identified three theories: self–care, self–care deficit, and nursing
systems (George, 2011, p. 27). Her theory introduced the concept of self–care where "all patients
want to care for themselves, and they are able to recover more quickly and holistically by
performing their own self–care as much as they're able" ("Dorothea E. Orem – Nursing Theorist",
2013). Betty Neuman 1974. Introduced the Systems Model that is based on the patient's relationship
to stress. This theory described the nurse's role of keeping the system's stability by using three levels
of prevention. "The first is primary prevention, which protects the normal line and strengthens the
flexible line of defense. The secondary prevention is used to strengthen the internal lines of
resistence, which reduces the reaction and increases resistence factors. Finally, tertiary prevention
readapts, stabilizes, and protects the patient's return to wellness after treatment" ("Betty Neuman–
Nursing Theorist", 2013). Margaret Newman 1979. Health As Expanding Consciousness. According
to Margaret Newman– Nursing Theorist, "nursing is the process of recognizing the patient in
relation to the environment, and it is the process of the understanding of consciousness" (2013). Jean
Watson 1979. Caring Model: Caring is central to nursing practice, and promotes health better than a
simple medical cure. She believes that a holistic approach to health care is central to the practice

Historical Development of Nursing
Running head: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING 1 Historical Development of
Nursing Valerie Spalding Theoretical Foundations of Practice NUR 513 May 31, 2014 Dr. Noura
Kassis HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING 2 Historical Development of Nursing The
development of nursing has made giant leaps throughout the last century. Starting with Florence
Nightingale, the history of nursing will be discussed. A few significant events, theories and theorists
will be depicted. In addition, the relationship between nursing science and the profession will be
described. Moreover, the influences on nursing science of other disciplines will be mentioned.
Because nursing has a plethora of history and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Comprised of theory of self care, self care deficit, and nursing system; nursing care becomes
necessary when the patient is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental or social
needs (George, 2011). This was the conceptual model used at the nursing school I attended. Another
theorist that I admire from the 1970's is Betty Neuman. From the principles of her psychological
background, Neuman's theory states that interaction with internal and external environment
embracing the whole client system can affect an individual (Neuman & Fawcett, 2011). Simply
stated, reduce stress. The 1980's provided expansion and revision to many nursing theories based on
research findings (George, 2011). Further research and broadening of nursing theories continued
into the 1990's and the 21st century (George, 2011). As technology and cultures advance, so will the
need for additional research and nursing theory expansion. With more awareness of a multicultural
society and multicultural needs, it is evident that diversity has had an impact on nursing theory
(George, 2011). According to George (2011), diversity of theoretical thought is the focus guiding the
discipline of nursing in research and evidence–based practice in the 21st century. Nursing Science
and the Profession Nursing science is directly related to nursing as a profession. The definition of
science is knowledge acquired through experience, and the definition of

Key Historical Developments In Nursing
Key Historical Developments The purpose of this paper is to discuss four key historical
developments in nursing research and its utilization. Nursing research is the "scientific process that
validates and refines the existing knowledge and generates knowledge that directly and indirectly
influences clinical nursing practice" (Burns & Grove, 2007, pg. 548). Whereas nursing research
utilization, is the process of taking the products of nursing research and applying them to practice in
order to improve patient care. This discussion will include the research advancements of Florence
Nightingale and the creation of the National Center for Nursing Research (NCNR) and the
publication of Image, the Sigma Theta Tau Journal, and the Conduct and ... Show more content on
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The publication of this document put into words how to use the products of nursing research. The
CURN project is aimed at increasing the use of research through organizational change. Current
hospital quality improvement efforts involve practicing nurses such as this writer in review of work
processes to enhance their individualized patient care. The national push to achieve cost–effective,
high quality patient care based on evidence, led to the need of blending evidence with individual
clinical expertise and patient preferences to provide individualized patient care. This paper has
reviewed only four of the many contributions to nursing research and nursing research utilization.
These achievements represent the many avenues that lead to nurse provision of individualized,
expert patient care established by research evidence. The purpose of nursing research is to address
specific issues or problems and to find answers to improve the delivery of care that nurses provide.
Nursing research utilization takes the products of nursing research to the bedside. In this way,
current direct care providers can base their daily care on research findings. This appears to be the
very definition of evidence–based practice and the road to high quality, cost effective care.
References Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (2007). Understanding nursing research: Building an
evidence–based practice (4th ed.). St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier.

Historical Development of Police Agencies Essay
Running head: Law Enforcement
Law Enforcement
December 12, 2011
Introduction The criminal justice system has many components that make up its system. This paper
will explore the historical development of police agencies and their jurisdiction, while analyzing
their roles in contemporary society. It will describe the main types of law enforcement agencies,
including local, state, and federal agencies and their components. Historical Development of Police
Agencies Historically, policing in America mimicked that of the English. American ideas expanded
on the English way of policing, to start an era of ever evolving police agencies. In the ... Show more
Law Enforcement Agencies Law enforcement in the United States is one of three major components
of the criminal justice system of the United States, along with courts and corrections (Schmalleger,
2009). Although there is an inherent interrelatedness between the different groups that make up the
criminal justice system based on their crime deterrence purpose, each component operates
independently from one another (Schmalleger, 2009). For example, the judiciary is vested with the
power to make legal determinations regarding the conduct of the other two components
(Schmalleger, 2009). Apart from maintaining order and service functions, the purpose of policing is
the investigation of suspected criminal activity and the referral of the results of investigations and of
suspected criminals to the courts (Schmalleger, 2009). Law enforcement has varying degrees at
different levels of government and in different agencies is also commonly charged with the
responsibilities of deterring criminal activity and of preventing the successful commission of crimes
in progress; the service and enforcement of warrants, writs and other orders of the courts
(Schmalleger, 2009). In addition, law enforcement agencies are also involved in providing first
response to emergencies and other threats to

Historical Development Of Haute Couture
This essay will be considering the historical development of haute couture by analysing Charles
Frederick Worth's (father of haute couture) key factors in the success of haute Couture. I will then
discuss Coco Chanel's thriving impact on haute couture as well as ready–to–wear caused by the
second world war. Saint Laurent's drift to ready–to–wear and the high street fashion system will also
be discussed in order to answer if haute couture is relevant in fashion today. The books I will be
analysing and referencing are 'A Cultural History of Fashion in the 20th Century' by Bonnie English,
'Couture' by Ruth Lynam, 'How Fashion Works' by Gavin Waddell. Which will thoroughly
breakdown the evolution and historical development of fashion by cultural, economic,
environmental and social changes to finally come into a conclusion.
The attraction to Englishman Charles Frederick Worth's garments caused by royalty was the origin
to the relevance and recognition of haute Couture in the 19th Century. Ruth Lynam, editor of
Couture concludes the growth of Worth's wealth, she states: "The princess was the instrument of
good fortune for Charles Worth..." (Lynam, 1972:54) What Lynam seems to be stating is the
pecuniary advantage the Princess Pauline de Metternich supported with her admiration for his
creations. The promotion of his designs are partly owed to the princess however without the
recognition perhaps haute couture wouldn't have been relevant or would not have been as effective.
The

Discuss The Historical Development Of Nursing Leadership
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTHCARE LEADERSHIP IN NEW ZEALAND
"A leader is best when people hardly know he exists, when his work is done, his aim fulfilled, they
will say: We did it ourselves." (Inkson and Kolb,)
Throughout history, leadership has attracted the attention of many writers and induce much
intellectual interest and debate. There is an extensive literature on generic leadership, but the
leadership on Maori Leadership is scanty. Leadership has been reported as the presentation by a
person of some identifiable vision that people can desire to; and their willingness to follow the
leader along a socially responsible mutually beneficial pathway, toward that vision (Parry, 1996,
p.14). A leader is best when people barely know he exists, not so good when people obey and praise
him. The development of health care leadership in New Zealand began in the early years of
colonization. This essay explains this development through the Nursing specifically. Discussion will
include;
 The development of healthcare leadership in New Zealand in early times.
 The historical development of nursing in New Zealand.
 An analysis of three leadership theories.
 Application of one of these theories with a rationale to support the choice of theory.
New Zealand is a Pacific Island nation of 4.49 million people, mainly of New Zealand European
ethnicity (68%), including Maori (15%), Pacific Island (7%) and other Asian (9%) populations.
From the early days of European settlement in New

The Historical Development Of Capitalism
The most effective system to exist in the world, capitalism, triumphed in uniting the world into a
solitary system. Capitalism can be defined as "an economic system in which employers hire workers
to produce goods and services that will be marketed with the intention of making a profit" (Bowles
et al., 2005) (p. 74). Furthermore, the social order is significantly impacted by the relationship
between the capitalist mode of production and the mode of exchange, however, there is a rebuttal in
the economic order of this system. The purpose of this essay is to, first explain what Engel's means
by historical materialism, and then to analyze the fundamental contradictions the capitalist mode of
production has on the social order, and examine the social and economic problems that arise from
the contradiction. The conclusion of this essay will state the outcome of the historical development
of capitalism, according to Engels. It is very important for one to understand the concept of
historical materialism before analyzing Engels' ideas and critiques of capitalism. Historical
materialism examines the material conditions of the society, along with social relations and social
structure. In simple words, this means that material conditions shape the social structure and
economy. In his work "Theoretical," Engels establishes what he means by historical materialism.
Engels (1939) states "The materialist conception of history starts from the principle that production,
and with

The Historical Development of Nursing
The Historical Development of Nursing Timeline University of Phoenix Theoretical Foundations of
Practice NUR/513 Alexandra Winter December 7, 2013 The Historical Development of Nursing
Timeline The nursing profession continues to develop and transform in practice and roles mostly
due to the development of nursing models and theories that promote evidence based practice.
Nursing remains a profession of caring and service. The pioneers of this profession revolutionized
this career and have allowed nursing to evolve while concurrently finding ways to provide better
care. The earliest nurses did not attend nursing school; they were often women who provided care
for the poor, sick or homeless without family support. In the ... Show more content on
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One element of health outcomes is client satisfaction. Nola J. Pender (1996) – Health Promotion
Model Nola Pender's model focuses on three areas 1) Individual characteristics and experiences, 2)
Behavior–specific cognitions and affects, 3) Behavioral outcomes. Katharine Kolcaba (2001)
Theory of Comfort Katherine Kolcaba describes comfort as existing in three forms 1) Relief, 2)
Ease, 3) Transcendence. She also describes 4 contexts in which the patient's comfort can occur:
physical, psychospiritual, environmental and sociocultural. Practice Theory – Seeks to Explain the
Relationship between Human Action and the 'System" Marion Good and Shirley Moore (1996) –
Theory of Balance Between Analgesia and Side Effects Fitzpatrick & Wallace, 2006 state that,
"Good and Moore's theory of a balance between analgesia and side effects is the first integrated,
prescriptive nursing theory for acute pain management in adults. This theory proposes the
multimodal therapy, attentive care and patient education contribute to a balance between pain relief
and minimal side effects of analgesic medication" (Fitzpatrick & Wallace, 2006, p. 438). The
nursing profession integrates both art and science when theory and practice guide nursing judgment.
Avant & Walker state that, "Thus, a commitment to practice based on sound, reliable

" ...Nursing science is that body of knowledge developed form questions raised by nurses and
investigated by them, concerning the relationship of the human–health–environment" as Dr. Millar
stated (George, 2011, p.11). The body of nursing science consists of theories, paradigms, and
frameworks (George, 2011, p. 10). A nursing theory could be defined as " a set of concepts,
definitions, relationships, and assumptions or propositions derived from nursing models or from
other disciplines and project a purposive, systematic view of phenomena by designing specific
inter–relationships among concepts for the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and /or
prescribing" Nursing theories are important since they provide the critical thinking ... Show more
Numerous research projects were done to support those nursing theories and to provide the base for
evidence–based practice. The other important milestone of 1990s would the internationalization of
nursing theories as it was evidenced by international conferences and publications (George, 2011).
Many nursing models were revised and republished. Among already familiar theories and names
from previous decades, the most important nursing theories of 1990s would include: K. Kolcaba's A
Theory of Holistic Comfort for Nursing (1994); C. Roy's Future of the Roy Model (1997); B.
Neuman's The Neuman Systems Model in Research and Practice (1996); M.E. Levine's The
Rhetoric of Nursing Theory (1995) and other multiple theories. 2000s – The beginning of new
millennium was characterized by acceptance of diversity of nursing theories. The diversity of
nursing theories allowed the development of more middle range theories that guide the research and
evidence–based practice (George, 2011). Important works during 2000s would include: A. Melels'
Theoretical Nursing: Development and Progress (2007); M. Leininger's Culture Care Diversity and
Universality (2006) and others. Profession is defined as "a vocation requiring extensive education in
science or the liberal arts and often specialized training" (Definitions.net, 2014). The nursing science
is related to profession of nusring in that the nursing science guides

Historical Developments
Preliminary Course Assessable Task 1 By Edward Hawkins 09.04.13 Title Page | p. 1 | Part A:
Historical Developments * Materials * Transport * Tool–Making * Chemical Knowledge *
Communication Knowledge * ElectricityPart B: Electric Motors: * Diagram: DC motor * Rotating
Magnetic Fields in an Electric Motor | p. 3 | | p. 3 | | p. 3 | | p. 4 | | p. 5 | | p. 6 | | p. 7 | | p. 8 | | p. 8 | | p.
8 | Bibliography | p. 9 | Table of Contents Part A: Historical Developments Materials: Salvinia
Molesta Mimic Salvinia Molesta hairs Salvinia Molesta hairs The Brazilian fern Salvinia molesta
has proliferated around the Americas and Australia in part because its surface is dotted with oddly ...
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In today's world, many students in universities do not learn manual drafting techniques because they
are not required to do so. The days of hand drawing for final drawings are virtually over.
Universities no longer require the use of protractors and compasses to create drawings, instead there
are several classes that focus on the use of CAD software. CAD has become an especially important
technology within the scope of computer–aided technologies, with benefits such as lower product
development costs and a greatly shortened design cycle. The accuracy, flexibility and ease of access
provided by CAD technology has completely revolutionised every industry it is incorporated into
and is now used to model, design and communicate any physical system to the point where it is
universally understandable, linking the many stages of industrial process, from the experts and
specialists to the blue collars. Over the last couple of decades this has resulted in a significant shift
in employment areas away from the middlemen to the two working ends of the process, resulting in
increased productivity and efficiency in many fields in society. Chemical Knowledge:
Chlorofluorocarbons Growth of the hole in the Ozone Layer Growth of the hole in the Ozone Layer
In the 1930s chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) became an industrial staple due to their

History Of Historical Development Of Nursing
Overview of Historical Development of Nursing from Ancient Times to the Present Betania Negre
Nursing Theoretical Concepts Christene Johnson International Institute for Health Care
Professionals April 25, 2015 Abstract Treating the sick people is not a recent practice; communities
have cared for the ill through history, beginning in ancient times. "Nursing has been around for
centuries, but it was not always considered a profession" (History of Nursing in the United States,
2015). The word nurse derives from the Latin word meaning to nourish. People have been
performing many nursing skills for centuries but nursing in its present form began to come into view
only in the early 19th century. "The first known nurse, Phoebe, was mentioned in Romans 16:1.
During the early years of the Christian Church, St. Paul sent a deaconess Phoebe to Rome as the first
visiting nurse. She took care of both women and men" (DeWit, 2009). Nursing is the largest,
diverse, and passionate competency, one of the most appreciated and valued of all the health care
professions from ancient until these days. The demand for nursing remains high and real suggestion
that such demand will substantively increase in the course of history in accordance of needs of the
societies worldwide. Historical Development of Nursing from Ancient Times to the Present Historic
can be define as a study of occurrence from the past to present time, however the study of history
involved not only

Historical Development Nursing Timeline
Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Christopher Vinson NUR/513 January 1, 2015
Historical Development of Nursing The historical development of nursing today is based upon the
lives of many, their contributions, sacrifices and experiences. These things brought about
renovations in patient care. Different ways of thinking led to research, theories and evidenced based
practice. The importance of studying nursing history has led to overall progression of nursing as a
profession. In order to fully study the historical development of nursing we need to study all aspects
of nursing science throughout time, explain the relationships between nursing science and our
profession, as well as influences of other disciplines on the ... Show more content on
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Orlando's theory includes: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluating ("Nurse
Theory," 2013). In 1951 the following occurred: American Nurses Association was formed, male
nurses are recognized as registered nurses for the first time, vocational nursing standards were set,
and in 1952 Paplau presented the Interpersonal Relations Theory. It focuses on building patient trust,
being a resource, teaching, counseling, advocating, leadership, and professionals to optimize best
patient care with resources/equipment available ("Nursing Theory", 2013). Other theorists from the
1900's, specifically between 1960–1980 were Weidenbach's Competency Theory and Ethical
Theory, Travelbee's Interpersonal Theory, and Levine's Adaptation Theory. In the 1960's the changed
from problems/needs to the functional role, between patients and nurses (George, 2011). 1965 was
development of the first nurse practitioner role (Crisp & Taylor, 2009). In the 1970's there was
increased focus on developing specific nursing curriculums, and accreditation standards from the
National League for nursing. In the 1980's alterations, and expounding upon previous theories
occurred. Other nursing theories were developed by, "Johnson, Benner, Parse, Leninger, Meleis,
Pender, Riehl–Sisca and Erickson, Tomlin and Swain were added to the body of theoretical thought
in nursing (George, 2011, p. 11). Present day nursing is based upon previous nursing theories and

The Law Of Copyright And Its Historical Development
The Law of Copyright and its historical development – Tracing back the historical development of
copyright protection of the authors work, the idea of copyright protection only began to emerge with
the invention of printing, which made it possible for the literary works to be duplicated by
mechanical processes. Prior to that, hand copying was the sole mean of reproduction. Following
Gutenberg 's invention of printing press in 1436 in Germany, the necessity of protecting printers and
booksellers was recognized there. Consequently, German Principalities granted certain privileges to
printers and publishers and also authors. The art of printing spread quickly in Europe, King Richard
Ill in 1483 allowed foreigners to import manuscripts and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In 1556, a Royal Charter was granted to the Stationers ' Company which provided the right to
administer a system of private registration of all published works. Thus all books, which were to be
printed or reprinted, had to be entered in the register of the Company before being published. The
company had powers to deal with infringement by seizure and destruction of illegal copies .
In 1662, the Licensing Act was passed in 'England which prohibited the printing of any book which
was not licensed and registered with the Stationers ' Company . This was the first clear law which
was aimed at protecting literary copyright and checking piracy. It provided for the seizure and
confiscation of the unauthorized copies and also for imposing the penalty of fine on their printers,
The Act was short lived and repealed in 1679.
With the onward march of civilization, copyright assumed more significance. It was realized that the
role played by the authors and publishers in the development of society by the creation and
dissemination of their works was required to be supported, encouraged and adequately rewarded. As
a result, the Act of Queen Anne was passed in 1709, in the United Kingdom. This was the world 's
first copyright law which laid down three basic rules. Firstly, the authors of books not yet printed
were to have the sole right of printing for 14 years from the date of publication. However, after

Historical Development Of Policing In America Essay
Describe the historical development of policing in America?
In the early days most police officers were once soldiers. There were also groups of citizens that
would join forces to protect themselves.
Our police system derives from the system our ancestors used in England. From this system we
derive concepts of limited police authority, local control, & fragmented justice system that began in
Anglo–Saxon England & continued until 19th century. In this system, community was divided into
groups of 10 men who were responsible for ensuring that conduct of group was appropriate; if any
laws were broken, these men were to ensure that offender appeared in court 10 of these groups were
organized into larger group overseen by constables (who later ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Brave settlers such as Charles Lynch, Judge Roy Bean, Wild Bill Hickok, Bat Masterson, Wyatt
Earp, & Pat Garrett were some of early 19th century figures who took it upon themselves to police
frontier; in essence, many of these early law enforcers were vigilantes who took law into their own
hands.
As larger American cities developed, so did necessity for more formalized police organizations. By
1693, NYC had 1st uniformed officer & in 1731, their 1st precinct was constructed this progression
continued and in 1844, NY's night & day forces were combined into NYPD; similar advances took
place in other early American cities.
The Civil War essentially stopped most advances in law enforcement, but was followed by
significant social changes & technological advances that continued to force evolution of American
policing
International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) was formed in 1902 & immediately moved to
create nationwide clearinghouse for criminal identification information; by 1915, 25 US cities
employed women as police officers. Policing continued to evolve throughout 20th century with
advent of telephones, automobiles, &

The Community Model and Historical Developments
Learning Team Introduction Over the last several years, a wide variety of health care organizations
have been facing tremendous challenges. This is because they are using different models that will
impact the underlying quality of care and the focus of staff members. To determine the most
effective approach, there will be an emphasis on a number of areas to include: examining the
community model, identifying three categories, comparing this with nursing practices, contrasting
these ideas to Mihaela Colea views and discussing the importance of advocacy projects. Together,
these different elements will provide specific insights that will highlight the best practices for a
modern day health care environment. The Community Model and Historical Developments The
community model is focusing on giving stakeholders more of say in how health care solutions are
provided. Under this approach, they will play a part in working with administrators, doctors, nurses
and patients to identify the best solutions. At the heart of this strategy, involves using primary care
providers who can cover the basic issues surrounding someone's health. This is a part of historical
trends that were focused on reducing the underlying costs for these services and increasing the total
amounts of quality. When this happens, there will be a transformation in the way everyone is able to
receive a host of services. ("The Role of Community Participation," 2010) Relationship of three
concepts within the model

Historical Development Of Incorporation Law
1.0 Introduction There are different business structures in Australia. Each business structure has
unique set of obligations, legal requirements, convenience or advantages and inconvenience or
disadvantages. Purpose of this essay is to understand the incorporated business framework and to
explain in depth that why one or more business owner need to register the business as incorporation.
Firstly, essay will have insight over the historical development of incorporation law in Australia
since 1901. According to Incorporation Associations (2014) "Incorporation is a method of
registration that gives an association legal advantages, in return for accepting certain legal
responsibilities" (p. 5). A limited company has certain characteristics and features which are
discussed in third section. These characteristics are the platform for the functioning of the
incorporated body. Furthermore, the essential steps which are required to convert or start a limited
company will be elaborated in later part. Final section will be the analysis of the question whether a
business should be incorporated or not! Which factors business should consider before opting for a
business structure and how these factors will affect the business. What are the legal and moral
responsibilities of limited companies! In the end, the crux of the essay is that incorporation of the
business provides the proper environment for the economic growth. 2.0 Corporate Law in Australia:
Historical background In Australia

Historical Development of Nursing Timeline NUR/513 Theoretical Foundations of Practice
Historical Development of Nursing Timeline With this paper the focus was on the authors focus on
important nursing events from a historical perspective. In the early beginnings of nursing, religion
played an important role since religious servants often provided healthcare services to the local
communities. Nightingale obtained her education in Germany with Deaconess in Kaiserswerth
(Gustafsson & Engström, 2011). The Deaconess movement founded several nursing schools
and hospitals in the US at the same time as the Nightingale movement was established Roux &
Halstead, 2009. Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale the founder of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
. Dorothea Orem's Self––Care Deficient Theory of Nursing, 1971 Foundation of theory is based on
three different theories, Theory of Self–Care, Theory Self–Care Deficient and the Theory of Nursing
System (Masters, 2014). Imogene King Interacting Systems Framework, 1971 Interaction between
personal system, interpersonal system and social systems. Betty Neuman's Systems Model, 1974
Wellness model were body systems are exposed to both internal and external stressors (Masters,
2014). Jean Watson, 1979 Philosophy and Science of Caring, one of the most popular theories
adopted by most Magnet hospitals. Based on 10 carative factors, later evolved to "...carative factors
into what she termed clinical caritas processes" (Masters, 2014, pg. 52). Rosemary Parse's
Humanbecoming Theory, 1981 Founded under three major themes: meaning, rhythmicity and
transcendence (Masters, 2014). Dr Patricia Benner, 1982 Novice to Expert Theory establishes that
nurses gain experience by education an experience (Brenner, 1982). Nola Pender, Health Promotion
Model, 1982 "Assist nurses in understanding the major determinants of health behaviors as a basis
for behavioral counseling to promote healthy lifestyles (Pender, Murdaugh, & Parsons, 2002,
pg. 2) Madeleine Leininger's Cultural Diversity and Universality Theory, 1985 "...a substantive area
of study and practice focused on comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs, and

Arizona’s Historical Development
Arizona's historical development Arizona's historical development dates back to thousands of years
ago. Arizona holds the second largest amount of indigenous/ Native American population of any
other state in the United States. One of the first groups of people to live on Arizona's land was the
Native Americans, or otherwise called the American Indians. These Natives came much before any
of the Europeans, or the Spanish settlers came to Arizona. There were three main Native American
groups that truly began the exploration of Arizona. These groups include the Anasazi, Hohokam, and
Mogollon tribes. Each of their tribes settled in different sections of Arizona ranging from
Northeastern to Southeastern parts of the land. Each of the tribes specifically mastered many
different skills and ways of life. For example, the Anasazi tribe mastered the techniques making of
pueblo built homes. Still today, you are able to see the work they put into their homes and towns that
have been preserved all these years. According to "Lister's Those Who Came Before (1983), the
Anasazi group is the most studied and researched Native American tribe in the entire United States.
(Heartland of the Southwest, Ch. 4) Another example would be the Hohokam tribe, who were great
at constructing irrigation systems coming from the Salt, Gila, and Verde River valleys. (Gawronski,
14) This tribe built some of the most voluminous canal systems ever made in their time. Over the
years and the settlement of

Historical Development of Nursing
Running head: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING 1 Historical Development of
Nursing Valerie Spalding Theoretical Foundations of Practice NUR 513 May 31, 2014 Dr. Noura
Kassis HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING 2 Historical Development of Nursing The
development of nursing has made giant leaps throughout the last century. Starting with Florence
Nightingale, the history of nursing will be discussed. A few significant events, theories and theorists
will be depicted. In addition, the relationship between nursing science and the profession will be
described. Moreover, the influences on nursing science of other disciplines will be mentioned.
Because nursing has a plethora of history and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Comprised of theory of self care, self care deficit, and nursing system; nursing care becomes
necessary when the patient is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental or social
needs (George, 2011). This was the conceptual model used at the nursing school I attended. Another
theorist that I admire from the 1970's is Betty Neuman. From the principles of her psychological
background, Neuman's theory states that interaction with internal and external environment
embracing the whole client system can affect an individual (Neuman & Fawcett, 2011). Simply
stated, reduce stress. The 1980's provided expansion and revision to many nursing theories based on
research findings (George, 2011). Further research and broadening of nursing theories continued
into the 1990's and the 21st century (George, 2011). As technology and cultures advance, so will the
need for additional research and nursing theory expansion. With more awareness of a multicultural
society and multicultural needs, it is evident that diversity has had an impact on nursing theory
(George, 2011). According to George (2011), diversity of theoretical thought is the focus guiding the
discipline of nursing in research and evidence–based practice in the 21st century. Nursing Science
and the Profession Nursing science is directly related to nursing as a profession. The definition of
science is knowledge acquired through experience, and the definition of profession is a

Historical Development of Nursing Essay
Historical Development of Nursing Timeline Create a 700– to 1,050–word timeline paper of the
historical development of nursing science, starting with Florence Nightingale and continuing to the
present. Format the timeline however you wish, but the word count and assignment requirements
must be met. Include the following in your timeline: Explain the historical development of nursing
science by citing specific years, theories, theorists, and events in the history of nursing. Explain the
relationship between nursing science and the profession. Include the influences on nursing science
of other disciplines, such as philosophy, religion, education, anthropology, the social sciences, and
psychology. Prepare to discuss your ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dorothy E. Johnson stated that nursing's area of concern is the behavioral system that consists of
seven subsystems. The subsystems are attachment or affiliative, dependency, ingestive, eliminative,
sexual, aggressive, and achievement. The behaviors for each of the subsystems occur as a result of
the drive, set, choices, and goal of the subsystem. The purpose of the behaviors is to reduce tensions
and keep the behavioral system in balance. Ida Jean Orlando described a disciplined nursing
process. Her process is initiated by the patient's behavior. This behavior engenders a reaction in the
nurse, described as an automatic perception, thought, or feeling. The nurse shares the reaction with
the patient, identifying it as the nurse's perception, thought, or feeling, and seeking validation of the
accuracy of the reaction. Once the nurse and the patient have agreed on the immediate need that led
to the patient's behavior and to the action to be taken by the nurse to meet that need, the nurse
carries out a deliberative action. Any action taken by the nurse for reasons other than meeting the
patient's immediate need is an automatic action. Lydia E. Hall believed that persons over the age of
16 who were past the acute stage of illness required a different focus for their care than during the
acute stage. She described the circles of care, core, and cure. Activities in the care circle

Historical Development Of Fair Value Measurement
Fair value measurement is one of the models which provide guidance on how entities should
determine the fair value of financial instruments for reporting purposes. This paper discusses the
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Exposure Draft issued on December 3, 2015 which
proposed amendments to Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to
the Disclosure Requirements. The paper analyzes some of the key points of the exposure draft,
among other things, the history and development the concept of fair value management, the
necessity of the amendments to the topic, the provisions and conceptual framework of the fair value
measurement. The paper also compares and contrasts the FASB Topic 820 formerly known as to the
International Accounting Standards (ISA) No. 13 of the International Financial Reporting (IFRS).
Finally, the paper concludes on the response to the exposure draft.
Keywords: Fair value measurement, FASB Topic 820, IAS No. 13
Historical development of Fair Value Measurement Fair value measurement has been argued to be
one of the most controversial areas in accounting. Although not a new concept many accounting
professionals have only in the past two decades warmed up to the theory as a means of replacing the
long standing historical cost approach applied to reporting of financial statement. This deviates from
centuries of traditional application of historical cost. It is maintained in literature that fair value
accounting

Historical Development Of Statutory Protection
Chapter 1: The Statutory Protection The historical development of statutory protection to workers
within employment
The development of employment law has brought many changes that have affected the rights of the
worker and the rights of the employer. Thus it is essential to outline the history of where such
limitations might have accrued in the law. Although, references in this title will not stretch so far to
the Combinations Act 1799, it does however pinpoint offences that continue to link with the most
recent form of document. By attempting to persuade one to not work or even to refuse work to a
person is still an offence. Trade unions expanded throughout the years where the significant Master
and Servant Act 1867 brought out the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The link between this and the Equal Pay Act in 1975 also began the Sex Discrimination Act which
prohibited discrimination against potential job applicants and employees on the grounds of sex and
marital status.[6] Bowers points out that the 1974–76 legislation was very difficult to the nation
where even more strikes occurred.[7] However, the Conservative legislation between 1980 and 1995
was introduced to tighten those abused powers of the employers and unions from the Employment
Act 1980. Some may argue that this did little to the operation so throughout the years further
development was made with regards to equal treatment, pension schemes, and individual
employment rights. Overall it was combined within the Employment Rights Act 1996 where these
provisions from Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978, the Wages Act 1986 and the
Employment

The Historical Conditions For Economic Development
Question A
In the historical conditions for economic development, the change in development of countries has
lead to enormous transformations of both political and social state. Why did China refuse between
the year 1400 and 1980 only to re–build a major presence in the world economy? Why did Europe,
an area separated by suffering and strife after the downfall of the Roman Empire, become the
existence of modern economic growth? As experts on these two regions of the world, we make
particular differences of similar processes.
I start with a review of some different arguments offered for both Europe's and China's successes
and failures. Some of these we reject based on them not able to explain known truth. Others we
allow but place into a bigger framework of explanation that allies political economy and price
theory. We agree that this approach gives a more satisfying discussion of the formulations and issues
with better answers to the big questions than do the different narratives. Our collaboration affirms
that the combination of the economic theory with expertise in the history of Europe and China
makes for better economic history. While we tackle a key issue in the economic history we study
any grand theory. Or rather we search to develop a group of accounts that are same with what we
know and that could be affirmed by future study. We examine the long history of unity in China and
political history in Europe. We argue that political issues were not

Historical Development Of Ethnicity
How Historical Development of Policing in the United States Relates to Current Relationships
between Police and Different Ethnic and Social Groups
Student's Name
Institution Affiliation
The effectiveness of law enforcement within communities is mediated by the type of relationships
that exist between the police and community members. There should be harmony between the police
and the citizens for there to be any meaningful law enforcement. The United States is a highly
diversified nation consisting of individuals from different cultures, races, social classes, etc. who
live together in harmony. However, there is a problem with regard to policing with some ethnic and
social groups enjoying positive relationships with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many southern police departments such as the St. Louis police emanated from slave patrols (The
National Constables Association, 1995). These police departments continued to direct discontent and
abuse to people of color many of whom were former slaves and members of the minority ethnic
groups. The disastrous precedent role that had been given to the slave patrols managed to seep
through the formal police departments and became a precursor for their operations and functions.
The abuses directed towards these minority ethnic and social groups continued through the 1800's
into the early 1900's. Schlosser (2013) pointed out that the understanding of community during this
time was not taken to include certain groups such as the African–Americans and American Indians
and so the criminal justice system was mainly used to maintain social order. The criminal justice
system, controlled and dominated by Whites, was deeply entrenched in inequality and
discrimination against the mulatto slaves, servants, African Americans, American Indians, and other
minority groups (Schlosser, 2013). These injustices persisted until the passage of the Civil Acts
Rights of 1964 after which they began to decline. The Act prohibited discrimination on the basis of
race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in voting, public accommodations, public facilities,
public education, federally funded programs, and employment (Jacobs et al, 2015). Although the
Civil Rights Act

. Summarise the Historical Changes in Childhood Experience...
There is little evidence of what it was really like in the past so it is difficult for a lot of people to re–
construct the life of a child, however from what I have researched, and in my own opinion I am
going to summarise the historical changes in childhood experience and relate these changes to
childhood development and rights.
In the 19th century I think children missed out on most of their childhood as most of them took on
jobs such as chimney sweepers, street sellers and farms for example. These were mainly children
from poor families who were seen as extra farm hands and were exploited by receiving low pay for
long hours and working in poor conditions. Families did not look at how the children were treated
and the possible impact ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also from what my grandad has told me, back then they weren't allowed to express themselves as
they would get emotional and physical abuse towards them, so they just carried on with everyday
life.
They was wealthy families and was a lot easier from them as they had the money to attend a private
school or was home–schooled. They were also encouraged to donate money and goods to the poor.
Kerry Woolford
Even though a legislation was drawn up and improved childhood education, healthcare and welfare,
children were and even now in modern society around the world are being taken advantage of for
monetary gain.
Modern society now especially since 1997 have tried putting children first such as committing to
meeting children's needs. There are still problems such as school truancy, adolescents not in
education or training and also child protection as there have been tragic deaths including baby P and
Victoria climbie, which her death was largely responsible for the formation of every child matters
inactive plus a lot of other changes in different systems,
2. Discuss how family systems are influential in child development processes and include challenges
to meeting a child's needs, such as conflicts and poor parenting practices.
Family systems can influence in a child's

Historical Development Of Religious Research
Abstract
Researches on religiosity have always faced some obstacles due to its sensitive nature. The lack of
reliable research can be considered one factor which makes it difficult for both Islamic and Western
society to understand each assertion. The purpose of this paper is to suggest questions which should
be examined for further and more correct understanding on religiosity by analyzing and comparing
the results of ten articles. This paper reviews ten articles which respectively deal with research
methodology, empirical survey on religious attitudes in Islamic society and empirical survey on
religious attitudes in Western society. As a result, it is emerged that there is common tendency in
religiosity. In addition, it is revealed that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Of all collisions that exist today, the one between Islam and the West is one of the most evident and
the most influential confrontation. In most cases, the collision occurs due to different observances of
international law like women's rights or the criminal law. In addition, the difference in observance is
caused by different attitudes towards a religious idea or religion itself. Therefore, cultivating an
understanding on religious attitudes and tendencies of each country can be a way for two antagonists
to ease the discrepancy. Is it because for Western countries religious adherence is not as important as
Muslims that they one–sidedly try to impose on Islamic society an international idea which has roots
in a Western thought? Or even though Western citizens are also as religious as Muslims, are they
able to think of a political matter separately from religion? To reply to these questions, religiosity of
each religion followers must be analyzed and compared. The purposes of this paper are firstly to
detect what is needed for further understanding of Muslim religiosity. Secondly, it is to explore what
can be done to moderate the conflict. Accordingly, this paper analyzes the results and suggestions
from ten articles on religious controversy or religiosity itself. The articles can be roughly classified
into three sections according to its main focus; 1) Introduction of measurement scale of

Historical Development Of Urban Development
Introduction "In the context of urban history, infrastructure can make or break a community. In the
United States, the historical development of urban infrastructure has both formed and followed the
inscriptions of race, class, and gender on the urban landscape. Ample in more affluent communities,
usually absent or minimal in historic concentrations of urban poverty, infrastructure does not serve
its public equally. Some cities have a more equitable distribution of infrastructure than others, but
many urban neighborhoods remain woefully underserved," (Avila 4–5). My hometown of Tolleson,
Arizona is a small city of six thousand, five hundred residents with a predominantly Mexican
population, with nearly 78% of the residents declaring themselves as Mexican in the 2010 census.
The focus of my research will be on the power of Latinx representation Latinx–majority cities'
governments, using Tolleson as a special case study, whose city council is majority Mexican.
Tolleson has been making great strides to fix up the town and provide more jobs and opportunities
to its residents, and in doing so, the city has asserted itself as a major example for its innovation and
strengthening infrastructure. For example, Tolleson was the only city in Arizona to not lay off
employees during the 2008 Great Recession, and the Paseo de Luces (Path of Lights), which was
created by Mayor Adolfo F. Gámez, who also fought to keep highways such as the Interstate 10 and
South Mountain Freeway from

Historical Development Involving Education
This literature review showcases historical development involving education in the United States
pertaining to the Jeffersonian concept of the empowerment of the individual in a democratic society.
Individuals have played a major role in America that have impacted education, school districts,
states, and the nation by encompassing the individual's rights. This literature review summarizes
history and concludes with implications for teaching and further research.
Keywords: Thomas Jefferson, American schools, empowerment, individual, society, education.
American education and Schools
American schools historically revolved around European traditions and philosophies on education.
Once education became important the views and philosophies changed creating a more unique
American education. The Jeffersonian concept of empowering the individual in a democratic society
then became a focal point. Empowering students in meaningful ways to help determine curricular
content and assignments help to establish democratic learning communities (Carpenter, 2013, p. 3).
Although the American view of who fits in the realm of society has changed as many have had to
fight for their rights for a free and equal education. The educational focus of American schools today
continues to be based on the concept of empowerment of the individual as Thomas Jefferson
intended. He favored improved teaching methods that would be effective in producing one of the
key purposes of schooling–an educated and

Historical Development Of Play Research
In this assignment, I am going to explore the concept of play by investigating the historical
development of play, also considering the social and cultural aspects which has led to the
appropriate practice today. First of all, I'm going to talk about why play is important.
The importance of play was recognised in the Children Act 2004 which sets out five outcomes
within the Every Child Matters (ECM) framework. These include being healthy, staying safe,
enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and economic wellbeing. There are various
definitions of play and playing.
'All children and young people need to play. The impulse to play in innate. Play is a biological,
psychological and social necessity and is fundamental to the healthy ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Fantasy play was considered important to her and play as a whole was seen substantial to overall
development. She recognised the importance of a nurturing environment, which allows the children
to discover their interests with no fixed curriculum. As she believes in the emotional expression of
play, she believes play is an important part of children's lives at home as well as at placement, this is
accomplished through love and warmth to ensure stimulating opportunities in both settings. Isaacs
valued parents as the child's primary educators and believes this is why play should be interlinked
between the setting and home. Historically from the 1900's to recent years, parents' perceptions have
changed as they expect nursery settings to nurture and bring up the child rather than at home, this
shows have roles have changed over the years. However, on the other hand, Sara Smilansky's theory
focuses on a child's physical, intellectual, social and emotional development rather than just play,
which supports the Early Years Foundation Stage Curriculum. Part of the research carried out by
Smilansky focuses on cultural effects on play, she noticed that children from lower class
backgrounds took part in less dramatic play in comparison to those who were from a middle class
background, she believed the reason behind this

Historical Development of Hr Manager (Ireland)
Historical Development of Hr Manager (Ireland) In explaining the historical development of the
personnel function of the Hr manager, I will begin by giving a brief description of the 6 different
types of personnel manager: The Social Reformer Before personnel emerged as a specialist
management activity at the beginning of the 20th century there were those who intervened in
industrial affairs to support the severely under privileged factory workers. The Acolyte of
benevolence The first people appointed with specific responsibility for improving the lot of the
employees were welfare officers who saw there role as dispensing benefits to the deserving and
unfortunate employees. The motivation was the christian charity of paternalist ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A survey by the Irish Management Institute (Gorman et al., 1974) estimated that the number of
personnel managers working in firms with over 20 employees increased from around 100 to about
400 between 1964 and 1973. Throughout the 1970s this growth continued so that by 1981 there
were an estimated 770 private sector firms with a designated personnel office. The main areas of
activity associated with the personnel function were outlined in a submission by the IPM to the
Commission: manpower planning; recruitment and selection; employee evaluation, training and
development, career development promotion etc.; remuneration and benefits; industrial relations
(i.e. policy and practices in relationships with unions and union representatives, procedure
agreements covering recognition, disputes, grievances, redundancy, etc.; negotiations with full–time
officials and with shop stewards); employee communications and consultation; organisation
development (i.e. organisation and job design, various approaches to securing higher employee
involvement and motivation, opinion surveys and survey feedback, etc.); personnel administration –
contracts, attendance, turnover, medical and welfare facilities, safety at work, employee
performance indices etc. The 1980s: Cost CutterBy the 1980s, personnel departments were well
established in Irish

Historical Development Of Health Care
Health care in the United States is complex system that impacts each and every person living in our
country. Tremendous advances in understanding disease etiology, diagnosis, treatment and
diagnostic testing have transformed our health care system over the last few decades as did the
rising cost of health care. Additionally, the number of uninsured or underinsured Americans
continued to grow, prohibiting our population the opportunity to benefit from the aforementioned
advancements. Geyman (2015) argues that upon the inception of the Affordable Care Act in 2010
the United States had roughly 50 million uninsured Americans. The federal government has made
several attempts to decrease the number of insured Americans while improving quality and
decreasing cost. The Affordable Care Act is the most recent attempt to solve these profound issues.
Hospitals have long been the epicenters for medical care however this newly passed legislation has
resulted in more collaborative care across the disease spectrum. This essay will highlight the
historical development of hospitals in an addition to current health care reforms impact on the
hospital system.
Historical Development and Current Role in Healthcare Delivery
Hospitals today are viewed as centers that can offer treatment to a wide variety of disease processes
and patients. Curing and healing the sick was not the purpose of the first hospitals in the United
States. Shultz (2014) argues that the first hospitals founded in

Historical Development Of Cosmetics Indusrty

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