Universality Constraints

Universality Constraints
This essay discusses Rawls' formal constraints of publicity and universality for theorising about
justice. I will explain what these constraints are and how they feature in Rawls' theory of justice. I
will argue that they are reasonable constraints given certain assumptions Rawls makes concerning
the conception of a person as free and equal. I consider two objections; the first finds the publicity
constraint unreasonable; I will argue that it fails to constitute a valid objection. The second objection
concerns the universality constraint; it does not dispute the reasonableness of the constraint, but
disputes the ability of Rawls' theory to satisfy the constraint. This is a much more problematic
objection. I conclude that Rawls' constraints of publicity and universality are reasonable, but that his
theory does not fully satisfy this latter constraint.
Rawls' aim in 'A Theory of Justice' is to construct a theory of social justice that is justifiable and
acceptable to free and equal citizens in society. He argues that such a theory should provide
principles of justice which will govern ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It rejects the idea that principles of justice must be publicly known and accepted. Instead, it is
argued that systems for effective social cooperation are extremely complex, and that they often
make high moral demands of citizens. For these reasons, citizens cannot be expected to understand,
nor to willingly agree on principles of justice that govern such systems. The idea is that constraining
what can comprise principles of justice in this manner might lead to injustices caused by
misunderstandings of what morality requires, or by unwillingness to act in accordance with what it
requires. In order to avoid social disorder, the parties in the original position should not concern
themselves with choosing only those principles which comply with the publicity
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Comparison Of Leininger's Culture Care Diversity And...
As we progress through the different theories, it seems that the theorists are finding their way back
to the roots of nursing in different ways. During its origination, Nightingale, based the filed off the
notion of providing adequate care. This care focused on the patient, their immediate environment,
and community considering all aspects that can affect the patient's health. However, over time
nursing began to focus more on disease processes and appropriate treatments, slowly moving away
from its core. With a new push to direct nursing back to its origin, these new theories are allowing
nurses different routes to form a nurse–client interaction.
Currently I still believe my nursing practice more closely mirrors Neuman's system model. ... Show
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I realize the importance for nurses and other healthcare professionals be educated on the different
global cultures, as America is a global melting pot. Smith and Parker (2015) state the culture care
theory "desires to discover unknown or little–known knowledge about cultures and their core
values, beliefs, and needs" (p. 304). Within this theory fifteen orientational definitions have been
defined. These definitions allow the nurse to break down the patient and nurse interaction regarding
each person's cultural differences, diversities, environment, worldview, and social structure.
However, a disconnect often occurs between the professional (etic) and generic (emic) care
definition. The professional care definition takes what we learned throughout our years of education
to improve a patient's health. The generic care definition uses the patient's indigenous, traditional,
and local folk knowledge to provide adequate assistance and support for healing. With the
appropriate combination of the orientational definitions, patient's will receive optimal

Human Rights And The International Context
Human rights and universality, two terms often considered synonymous with each other within the
international system. Such broad conceptualisations however fail to consider the imbued
assumptions that these terms carry with them. Redefining the limits of the term universal human
rights Donnelly considers the several senses through which the universal, in human rights is better
understood as consensus universality, rather than implied universality (2007, 281). Fundamentally
such political constructs are difficult to define and even more difficult to apply in the international
context. Critically Donnelly underscores that when properly understood, the term human rights
leaves considerable space for cross–cultural relativity and national diversity (2007, 281).
Anthropological and historical records demonstrate that the lack of an established definition or
working conceptual framework has and continues to hamper the realisation of truly universal human
rights (Donnelly 2007, 284). Donnelly argues that while there may have been a considerable overlap
and potential universality in values across time, cultural and national boundaries, such a consensus
in values did not translate into an endorsed human rights practice or regime (2007, 285). The
missing vision of inalienable individual human rights presupposing equality, is a lack of established
definitions and institutional enforcement. The greatest strength of Donnelly's argument is his
sensitive treatment and understanding of

Jean Watson Caring Essay
The concept of focusing on patient care and caring instead of curing has been noted and rooted in
nursing since the days of Florence Nightingale. Caring can be considered as the quintessential
component of nursing. Both Jean Watson and Madeleine Leininger developed their theories of
nursing care in the 1970's around the concept of caring. This paper will provide a comparison and
analysis of the major assumptions and concepts of caring as perceived by Madeleine Leininger and
Jean Watson. Although care is the central focus of both theories, each theorist has established
different approaches on how that care should be delivered and perceived. Jean Watson caring theory
is based on the Philosophy of Transpersonal Care, as oppose to Madeleine Leininger who focuses on
Cultural Universality and Diversity as the basis of Transcultural Care Theory. ... Show more content
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Universality refers to the commonalities amongst people of the same cultural and diversity refers to
the differences amongst similar and different cultures. Leininger describes a competent transcultural
nurse as one whose goal is to provide support, and facilitate the cultural values, beliefs and practices
of the individual, group, family or community. In Leiningers theory of transcultural care the nurse
should be able to provide congruent competent cultural based care. In this case the nurse should
have both emic and etic insight on the patient's cultural background and how it relates to their
concept of caring and nursing. Leininger's view or nursing is a holistic view which considered the
patient cultural beliefs at it relates to wellness, illness and dealing with disabilities and dying. She
believed that caring is "the essence and central domain of nursing" (Alligood, 2014,

The Universality Of The Congo Human Rights Movement
A human rights movement is commonly referred to as a social movement that fights for our
fundamental rights. At this time, imperialism was at its peak among the great powers, which make
the human rights during Leopold's reign in Congo even more notable. The determination in
journalists and missionaries is the well–known starting point for the movement. Nonetheless, the
catalyst was when the extent of the brutality was reviled to the general public. Although the world
was at the height of imperialism, the brutality was able to appeal to the nations largely because of
their developed status. Even 100 years later the movement teaches us the importance of following
the path of human justice. Overall, the extent of the brutality caused the social movement to occur,
was enough to diminish the nations imperialistic mindset, and created a tradition for years to come.
The universality of human rights united the social movement with the common goal to put an end to
the brutality in Congo. A large part ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This offers us the lesson of protecting our human rights and fighting for what we believe in. The
Congo movement helped instill the idea of humanity. This atrocity proved, when the evidence could
no longer be ignored, humanity must rise. As Hochschild explains, "And yet the world we live in–its
divisions and conflicts, its widening gap between rich and poor, its seemingly inexplicable outbursts
of violence–is shaped far less by what we celebrate and mythologize than by the painful events we
try to forget." (294). Hochschild explains the importance of remembering the horrors because they
shape the world today. However, the lesson goes beyond the tragedy; the events in Congo wasn't the
last horror and there will likely be more. The movement teaches, our actions 100 years ago will be
needed to shape the future too; history helps us understand the

The Cosmopolitan Tongue : The Universality Of English
John McWhorter's "The Cosmopolitan Tongue: The Universality of English" argues against a
widespread belief that the death of a language signifies the death of a culture (2009). Recently, many
linguists and anthropologists have begun to worry that cultures are quickly disappearing because of
the death of languages. In fact, it is estimated that of the 6,000 languages currently in use, only 600
will still be in use by the year 2109 (McWhorter, 2009, p. 247). McWhorter questions whether this
is an issue that will negatively impact society. McWhorter makes a somewhat convincing argument
that the death of a culture does not follow by the death of a language. While many examples are
compelling, he relies heavily on reasoning and personal examples and fails to analyze why English
as the world language would pose problems for those who do not speak it. When arguing against the
existence of a connection between culture and language, McWhorter uses credible examples.
According to McWhorter (2009), there is no existing correlation between a language and a culture,
"but to a faceless process that creates new languages as the result of a geographical separation" (p.
248). In other words, the creation of languages can be attributed to geographic changes. In order to
support his claim, he utilizes the common pronunciation of the word disgusting. From experience,
he knows that although the majority of Americans pronounce it as " diss–kusting", there is a great
portion of the population

The Universality of the Marginalize Other through Irish Film
Term Paper: The Universality of the Marginalized Other Through Irish Film Film has the unique
ability to be both deeply personal and yet universal in nature. While national cinemas have the
ability to define a country's national identity and presence in the world, they also have the ability to
reach global audiences with universal themes that reverberate through the global consciousness and
tell the stories of many around the world. Though themes of national identity and marginalized
populations can seem to be specific to their national cultures and countries, the greater more
universal themes of inequality and social strife can be found just below the surface, lending theses
films a universal appeal. In Irish film the Travelling community has often taken center stage as both
the subject of romantic notions of national identity as well as a symbol of contemporary social and
economic policies and increased globalization of modern Ireland. When dealing with the Irish
Travelling community as a symbol, the themes, issues, and concerns facing this population can
become globalized and can come to represent larger issues facing global marginalized communities
all over the world. This Universalist approach can be applied when dealing with the Irish films, Into
the West (1993) and Pavee Lackeen (2005), as well as the British film Fish Tank (2009). Not only is
the Travelling community present in each film, but also their presence can be seen as symbolizing
something different

What Does Rabbit Proof Fence Universality Mean
In the movie "Rabbit–Proof Fence" there were many things that showed univerality. Universality is
the idea that some cultural traits are the same for all humans and creatures. Some examples of
universality in the world is myths, language, and music. The universality that the movie showed was
determination to complete a goal and communication. In the movie the three girls and Neville both
had a goal they wanted to complete. The girls goal was to find a way to get back to their home and
Neville's goal was to catch them no matter what. The reason that determination to complete a goal is
a university is because any living creature has this mind set. During are primatology unit we saw the
universality of having a goal. Even though apes, chimpanzees

Universality Of Jesus In The Incarnation
The Universality and Particularity of Jesus I have come to learn that Theology is about investigating
orthodoxy so that we could speak of, worship, and know a consistent God of all things. For our
investigative work, Saint Athanasius lays a beautiful concrete foundation. In On the Incarnation, he
guides the gentile through their purpose, wrongdoing, and redemption, while revealing the nature of
God. Athanasius outlines and fills in many theological circles and addresses several contradictions
of the Christian faith by turning them around and proving God's consistency. Building on and
complementing this foundation, James Cone writes about race and oppression in his article "Who is
Jesus Christ for us Today?" First, it must be acknowledged

Universality and the Particular
Universality and the Particular
"History," Gilman writes, "is, or should be, the story of our racial life" (Gilman 216). Eliot is a bit
less succinct, but perhaps he could be most pithily summed up as saying: "The business of the poet
is not to find new emotions, but to use the ordinary ones and, in working them up into poetry, to
express feelings which are not in actual emotions at all" (Eliot 1919, 23). It is not immediately
evident what either author means by these statements, however, they both contain the core of the
argument. Both authors have their individual aims and intents with their writings, however, in spite
of the differences, their arguments find more common ground than disagreement. Their terminology
is certainly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eliot implies here that there are some who will quite simply miss the entire point of literature. The
distinction seems slight, however it creates a very different notion of the author. It also raises
unanswered questions about what the basic purpose of literature is if it is meant to be so
inaccessible.
In spite of the differences regarding the purpose of literature, Gilman and Eliot seem to agree on the
goals of literature. Both have a sense that literature should somehow be all–inclusive of the human
experience. Gilman is particularly explicit about this as her gender argument rests firmly on the idea
that the entirety of humanity must be represented in literature. It is "the story of our racial life" and
is unquestionably all–inclusive (Gilman 216). "The artist, if great enough, has transcended sex; and
in the mightier works of the real masters, we find fiction treating of life, life in general, in all its
complex relationships" (222). Interestingly, Gilman seems to echo Eliot's arguments by "tak[ing] life
personally" (220). However, even in her examination of the particular, she finds herself irresistibly
drawn to her conclusions about the universal. "Out of this field of personal life, with all its
emotions, processes, and experiences, fiction arbitrarily selects one emotion, one process, one
experience, mainly of one sex" (220).
Eliot also finds the universal rooted in the particular, though in a much more

Donnelly's Argument Analysis
Shante' Hill Professor Lydia Tiede Human Rights 3346 27th October 2015 1. Why is Donnelly (in
the article we read for class), concerned about human rights that are relative to something else?
Also, describe fully and in your own words, 3 of the 6 problems he finds with relativism (write at
least 2 pages double spaced)(5 points) Donnelly concerns shows that the argument shows what I
take to be the main strength of the article. It is a thoroughly logically diverse question that have been
taken together and by doing so provides clearer and more specific understandings of constantly
disputed points. Distinguishing what he calls intangible, useful, legal global, overlapping agreement
and anthropological. Donnelly describes that the question of whether human rights are diverse and is
well understood as a related set of inquiries into how they might be common. These divergent
questions have different answers that he tends to defends as conceptual, functional, legal
international, and overlapping consensus universality whereas holding that study of people, society
and cultural universality are politically weak. One of his cultural realism problems was the risk in
reducing the right to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That human rights should be available and potentially useful to everyone is an aspiration, not a
moral truth. It is the promise of human rights that makes them so appealing, especially to those who
have no other recourse.31 One reason I dislike accounts of human rights that are not inclusive–such
as the argument from autonomy–is that the mere admissibility of some justified exclusions opens the
door to the possibility of others. The exemptions also become ripe for abuse, as with arguments
about the limited "rationality" of all of those historically excluded from natural rights arguments.
Such accounts undermine the promise, and thus the appeal and the legitimacy, of human

Similarities Between Goodhart And Jack Donnelly
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DISCOURSE BETWEEN JACK DONNELLY AND
MICHAEL GOODHART ON HUMAN RIGHTS
This essay critiques a probative discourse between Jack Donnelly and Michael Goodhart, published
in the Human Rights Quarterly journal, regarding relativity and the universality of human rights.
Jack Donnelly, an Andrew Mellon Professor at the Graduate School of International Studies at
Denver University, writes an article contending for the relative universality of the universally
perceived human rights, by investigating the premises for affirming them as both relative and
universal, and those for which they cannot be. Donnelly cogently articulates his contentions after an
interaction, spanning over two decades, with students who impelled him to ... Show more content on
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What both authors find critical to the argument for the universality of human rights is their
enforceability, and there seems to exist a huge gap between the rhetoric and the reality, as Donnelly
states whether everybody or anybody, experiences these rights is another matter. Donnelly
emphasises that human rights universality has boundaries, regardless that the modelling of the
enforcement benchmark has been internationalised, the sovereign states esteem this benchmark with
autonomous discretion. Donnelly adds that, except in Europe, the mandate of the supranational
monitoring organisations of human rights does not extend beyond observing the extent to which
states actualise their universal human rights legal requirements, there are confinements.
Furthermore, Goodhart alludes to Donnelly's assertion that numerous states effectively decline to
actualise, and hence critically infringe on, the most universally perceived human rights. That
enforceability is the yardstick for measuring if human rights are universal, deliberations from both
authors show an inclination against them as being universal, hence are best regarded not

How Does Steinbeck Use Intercalary Chapters In The Grapes...
In The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, the author uses intercalary chapters to reveal the
universality of the Joad's experience and the intrinsic value of community. Within the intercalary
chapters, the author juxtaposes the Joad's experiences with those of the other migrants to convey the
universality of the Joad's situation. While explaining the attitudes of the migrants on the road, the
author introduced dialogue between migrant families, writing "the baby has a cold. Here, take this
blanket. It's wool. It was my mother's blanket–take it for the baby" (Steinbeck 152). In this quote,
the narrator describes a migrant family who helps another family, an example of the migrants' new
view, a shift to working together, and not merely focusing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
By doing this, the author reveals that the migrants are all facing similar situations and responding in
largely the same way–generosity. Thus revealing that the Joad's experience is commonplace and
applies to most of the migrants, proving its universality. Later on, the author once again mentioned
the migrant families camping together and wrote "in the evening a strange thing happened: the
twenty families became one family, the children were the children of all. The loss of home was one
loss, and the golden time in the West was one dream" (193). This quote conveys the mindset of the
migrants and reveals that they are facing the same problems and struggles. The author uses
juxtaposition between the intercalary chapters and the Joad's story to reveal the universality of their
struggle. In doing so he provides a comparison between the general people and a specific family,
revealing the shared experiences between the two groups. The Joads have also begun to take on a
community based mindset at this point in the novel, as shown by their generosity to the Wilsons,
their outrage at the unjust Californians, and their rejection of the family–first point of view. The
similarities between the general people's experiences and the Joad's reveals the common migrant
experience.

Universal Nature Of Human Rights Essay
A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE UNIVERSAL NATURE OF HUMAN RIGHTS
INTRODUCTION
Human Rights are the rights, that are considered to be inalienable, inseparable and vested upon
individual by virtue of being human. For example, the Oxford English Dictionary defined the
universal nature of Human Rights as 'a right which is believed to belong to every person'.
The aim of this essay is to critically evaluate the universal and relative nature of human rights
postulated by the eminent scholars, who have argued on both the sides to arrive at a conclusion,
whether the rights stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human rights are universal, relative or
both. The idea behind this essay is to neutralize the interest of both the scholars.
CONCEPT OF UNIVERSALITY
The notion of universality of human rights is considered to play a significant role, as human rights
are held 'universally' by all human beings. According to Jack Donnelly, 'human rights are inviolable
rights and are backed by world powers in international society'. Donnelly defends conceptual
universality by stating that human rights are equal and inalienable by its definition, despite of the
fact that there is no such evidence which shows that conceptual universality really exits. However,
According to Goodhart, the question of 'substantial universality' of the rights mentioned in the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights remains to be a major concern. Whereas, Goodhart shares
his opinion by expressing that, 'human

The Swiss Healthcare Adopted A System With The Principles...
The Swiss healthcare adopted a system with the principles of universality and equality requiring all
individuals to purchase health insurance on the private market, providing financial assistance to
those on lower incomes, and regulating the insurance market to protect those with poor health. The
current Swiss health care system came into effect in 1996 under the Health Insurance Law of 18
March 1994, introducing a managed health care system to provide full coverage in basic health
insurance, which is regulated by the Federal Office of Public Health, and outlined the level of health
care that patients should receive and allowed competition between insurers in enhancing standards
and decreasing insurance premiums costs. Insurers require to accept all applicants, and cannot vary
premiums based on the health of each consumer and make profits on basic package plans.
Individuals are permitted to purchase supplementary insurance to fund additional health care, but
other regulations are applied with regards to enrolment, for–profit status, and premium variations.
Supplementary insurance is regulated by the Federal Office of Private Insurance and is voluntary.
Primary care providers are funded through reimbursement from insurers (Holly, et al, 2004;
Mossialos, et al., 2015). The Swiss system contains 26 Swiss cantons, which are responsible for
planning and delivering of health services, partial financing of hospitals, and provision of subsidies
for insurance premiums. The

Dali Lama Universality
I believe that there are inherent qualities of humanity and, as a result, a degree of universality in
terms of certain concerns that we all carry throughout the span of human existence. In this regard, I
concur with the Dali Lama's belief that modern day humans could have in fact been similar to the
Stone Age man. Evidently, early hominins would not have been consumed by certain "first–world
problems" such as dropping their cell phone in a river, or not getting enough 'likes' on their
photograph. Comparatively, it can be argued that the 21st century human will most likely never have
to legitimately worry about the precision of their Oldowan tools as a means of survival. Yet, this
discrepancy is entirely accounted for in the Dali Lama's acknowledgement

Comparing Tashtego And Queequeg's Universality
Universality is described as the common connection between man. Since everyone is born the same
way, Melville shows the reader that feeling, generosity, and bravery exists in every culture through
Tashtego and Queequeg. He compares the moment when Queequeg saves Tashtego to the moment
of the birth of a newborn infant. Tashtego is dropped head first down into the great abyss of the
whale, with only the bubbles of oil left as he plunged down no longer to be seen. The irony in this is
that he connects a deadly event to an event that introduces new life. Like in the delivery of an infant,
Queequeg "had thrust his long arm far inwards and upwards, and so hauled out our poor Tash by the
head" (376), just like how in the normal delivery of an infant, ... Show more content on
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If everyone is described as equal, then everyone has the ability to possess feeling, generosity, and
bravery. Tashtego is then described as being "smothered in the very whitest and daintiest of fragrant
spermaceti" (377). When a infant is just born, it usually has a white like substance covering its body.
Here Melville compares a newborn baby covered in vernix to Tashtego covered in spermaceti. Since
everybody is also covered in vernix when they are born this is another example of why everyone is
described as being equal. Once again since everybody is born the same way, everyone has the ability
to have feeling, generosity, and bravery. While saving Tashtego, Queequeg is also described as
having "great skill in obstetrics" (376) by Melville. This is supported by the fact that "the
deliverance, or rather, delivery of Tashtego was successfully accomplished" (376). Usually in the
delivery of an infant, an obstetrician is the one who is delivering the infant. Since everyone is
delivered by an obstetrician, this once again shows how everyone is equal. In this case, Queequeg is
the one who is the obstetrician and he is also the one "delivering"

What Is The Universality Of Black Box Theatre
The play was attempting to portray that emotion is universal, and anyone can experience an array of
emotions, many of which were depicted in this adaptation. Many of the individual scene titles
highlighted emotion, such as the several "Depression" scenes.
The universality was depicted through the performance space. The black box theatre itself is
versatile, and allowed the stage to work as a blank canvas that was painted upon for each scene.
Love and Information is a vignette style play, which means the scenes are unrelated to each other,
and the theatre space itself reflected the vignette style due to its adaptability. Similar to the elasticity
of the theatre space, the set consisted only of gray boxes of differing shapes and sizes that the actors
and crew manipulated to fit each scene. Since they used the same boxes in every scene, it ... Show
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Although the props they brought on were small, they allowed the characters to create the illusion of
a setting. For example, the handcuffs and telephones alluded to a prison, and the cocktail glasses in
the scene "EX" that simulated a bar. They did not bring on large set pieces, and instead opted for
smaller items to distinguish setting and characters. The small–scale props allowed the audience to
assume the environment and assisted with understanding the character's relationships. The script
lacked setting and character descriptions, and even the cast size at times. Because the script did not
specify to bring smaller items onstage to distinguish who an actor was portraying, the director and
actors created the idea that every item carried meaning.
The costumes consisted of white jumpers, similar to what a painter may wear, with the occasional
addition of a shirt or sweater to add to the character. This amplified the message that emotions are
universal, because everyone had the same base costume with little wardrobe additions in scenes to
showcase individuality. In a

Universal Child Care Benefit Analysis
Day two focused on the themes of globalization, devolution, universality and the various
implications that it has for social policy and social work practice. The topic of universality regarding
the Universal Child Care Benefit and how the benefits are open to an entire population not
excluding anyone generated various discussions and raised some moral dilemmas in our group. Our
group members were all unanimous in agreeing that lack of affordable daycare hurts Canadian
families and the economy. However, we all had differing views on the Universal Child Care Benefit,
which was increased to $160 from $100 for under six–year olds (just in time for election). It is
imperative to remember that a good portion of this benefit will be taxed back during

What Is Orthopraxy Or Universality?
Hinduism has neither a typical precept nor a solitary sacred text as the wellspring of its different
teachings. It puts a greater number of accentuation on orthopraxy than universality, empowering
relative opportunity of thought inside firmly characterized sets of accepted rules and ethical quality.
More than Western traditions, it has succeeded in orchestrating religion with reasoning, and
religious duty with an intelligent quest for truth. It doesn't for the most part admonish its devotees to
proclaim faithfulness to a specific confidence, conviction, or doctrine.
Numerous Hindus call their custom santana–dharma, the unceasing law that administers everybody
independent of conviction. These truths with respect to the general law were perfectly

The Inevitability And Universality Of Crime
Crime is inevitable in any human society since some violation or the other of any code of court
prescribed for the members of a society is bound to occur. Not only is crime inevitable but,
paradoxical, as it may sound, some sociologists have gone to the extent of saying that crime, to
some extent, helps in promoting social solidarity among people constituting the society. The
inevitability and universality of the phenomenon of crime has been described by Emile Durkheim in
the following words: "There is no society that is not confronted with the problem of criminality. Its
form changes; the act thus characterized are not the same everywhere; but everywhere and always,
there have been men who have behaved in such a way as to draw upon themselves penal
repression...No doubt it is possible that crime itself will have abnormal forms, as for example, when
its rate is usually high . This excess is indeed undoubtedly morbid in nature... To classify crime
among the phenomenon of normal sociology is not to say merely that it is inevitable, although
regrettable, phenomenon, due to incorrigible wickedness of men, it is to affirm that it is a factor in
public health, an integral part of all healthy societies.
CRIMINOLOGY
Criminology is an interdisciplinary science that gathers and analyzes data on various aspects of
crime and criminal behavior. As with all scientific disciplines, its goal is to understand the subject
matter and also to determine how such understanding can benefit

A Foundation For Studying Emotional Psychology
The main purpose behind the study conducted by Crivelli, Jarillo, Russell, & Fernández–Dols
(2016) is to challenge the authenticity of the universality thesis. Their intention is to question
whether facial expressions used to signal different emotions are universally comprehended.
Therefore, do all human beings signal certain emotions with the same, universal, facial expression?
The studies conducted regarding the universality thesis were used as a foundation for studying
emotional psychology. Making it extremely relevant to question such influential research, which
appears to lack consistent and convincing results. There are three main issues regarding the
universality thesis. The first of which is that, methodological challenges occur from studying
culturally isolated societies. The most difficult issue to overcome being the language barrier. Similar
to how the Himba tribe has one word (burou) for both blue and green (Goldstein, Davidoff, &
Roberson, 2009), similar language barriers may exist in regards to emotions and facial expressions.
For example, in a study conducted by Ekman, the Fore of Papua New Guinea have no word to
describe disgust (As cited in Crivelli, Jarillo, Russell, & Fernández–Dols, 2016). In addition to this,
in Western society, we are familiar with question–and–answer formats. However, it may be
intimidating in these culturally isolated societies, which could invoke cultural norms. Secondly, the
range of results appears to be problematic. Although a

The Five Factor Model Of Personality
The five–factor model (FFM) is a contemporary construct describing personality. It incorporates
five traits – openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism also referred
to as OCEAN. Within each dimension, there are specific personality attributes, for example,
openness includes subcategories of feelings and actions. The FFM was influenced by Cattell's 16–
factor model (1957) and shares traits with many other personality theories such as Eysenck's PEN
model. There has been an ongoing debate discussing how many factors appropriately represent the
brain structure of personality, suggestions have varied from 2–7, recently Almagor et al. (1995)
advocated that a 7–factor model unfolds when evaluative traits are involved. Costa & Mcrae (1992)
claim that the FFM is the best theory of personality, however, the model has received much
criticism. Through examining different aspects of the model its credibility can be explored.
Universality is the core basis of a credible theory, studies have been found to replicate the five
factors of personality repeatedly. However, this evidence has been obtained purely from replications
involving urban and literate populations. Gurven et al. (2013) examined the universality of the
theory further by obtaining a sample consisting of 632 Tsimane forager horticultural inhabitants of
Bolivia. The sample was, therefore, illiterate and from a native society – an area of study not
previously conducted for the FFM. The

Universality Of Macbeth Essay
Shakespeare encompasses a large amount of modern day television, movies, and books. Authors
draw influence from his majestic writings and directors rave about creating dramas that entrance and
capture an audience's attentions, as Shakespeare has with the masses. Why, however, has
Shakespeare resonated in modern day society while other also affluent authors have faded into
irrelevance? The answer ultimately lies in Shakespeare's ability to write heart wrenching plays that
center around moral dilemmas that the everyman experiences. The universality of Shakespeare's
work, in this case particularly Macbeth, stems from his portrayal of the common moral struggles
humanity faces; how as a species the distinct, savage, and innate feelings humans ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Macbeth curses "the curtained sleep" that "witchcraft celebrates" that brings about evil thoughts in
his mind during his reflections. The prophecy of the witches obviously has already built a heavy toll
on Macbeth's life and the future in store for him. Macbeth suffers from the common id, ego, super–
ego conflict (popularized in later literature by Sigmund Freud). Macbeth's id or the impulsive side of
his conscience, urges him to listen to his wife, to succumb to the "wicked dreams" of power fueled
by his jealousy for the crown. His id is fueled by the innate savage instincts humans have, rarely
governed by the normal rationality. However, he is counseled by his super–ego (the good–side of his
conscience). The super–ego emphasizes rationality and internalized cultural values. In previous
passages he was seen telling Lady Macbeth that the King was already kind enough to reward him
with a new title after the war and that he should not pursue the plot anymore.
Furthermore, after his reflections on evil and the prophecy the actual thought of murder literally
crosses his mind. Macbeth states, "... and withered murder, Alarumed by his sentinel, the wolf,
whose howl's his watch... towards his design Moves like a ghost" (2.1.52–56). Macbeth's resolve
grows and he no longer doubts the irrationality of his actions. He is blinded by the "wicked dreams"
he fears and imagines a personified murder (strangely as a "withered" old man) and his

There is such a thing as universality of human rights that...
There is such a thing as universality of human rights that is different from cultural relativism,
humanity comes before culture and traditions. People are humans first and belong to cultures second
(Collaway, Harrelson–Stephens, 2007 p.109), this universality needs to take priority over any
cultural views, and any state sovereignty over its residing citizens. Prior to WWII any concept of
international human rights would not have been able to be Kept. State sovereignty was still the norm
leaders around the globe followed when it came to international relations. Of course that all changed
after the atrocities committed by the Nazi regime in the Holocaust were exposed to the global
community. After what had happen to the Jewish population ... Show more content on
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Even prior to the crimes against humanity that were committed by the Nazis against the Jews, there
had already been an alliance formed between them. Regardless of the reasons for the Unites States
joining the war, the US did, and they formed alliances with other countries to bring down a growing
powerful and radical dictatorship. One can argue that the fact that these nations joined forces is
already showing that the interests of the world as a whole and the protection of human rights and
progressiveness was more important here than the sovereignty of the German state over its own
people. Throughout this essay, I emphasize the alliances and unions among countries that have
occurred when violations and crimes against humanity have taken place. Both the alliances and the
lack there of, as well as the choices other world leaders have taken to not get involved and more
importantly how these choices have impacted the evolution and definition of human rights. The
tribunals held after World War II to prosecute the Nazis for crimes against humanity led to the
beginning of any formal recognition of human rights. In 1948 the UN general assembly
unanimously adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). This declaration still
provides one of the most sweeping guarantees of human rights worldwide, it begins with the
recognition that " the inherent dignity and

Essay about Pluralism and the Universality of Rights
Pluralism and the Universality of Rights
ABSTRACT: The problem of the coexistence of cultures arises inside modern societies that have a
constitutional set–up expressed by 'pluralism.' Their central problem lies in the relationship between
individuality and sociality, freedom and order. The function of law is to transform absolute pluralism
into a relative pluralism limited by fundamental common interests, thus overcoming the problems
that arise from the variety of different views of the world and from different values. In the context of
H. Kelsen's Reine Rechtlehre, we ask: 1. Do pre–positive legal grounds exist that can claim to have
universal validity under the conditions of pluralism? 2. Can the demand for pre–positive principles
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In three steps I will try to substantiate the fact that, and for what reason, fundamental rights and
human rights provide the basis for the legitimation of the modern state in its constitutional form.
The crucial question is to whether – and if so, how – guidelines can be formulated which, given the
existence of factual pluralism, can bind both the state as well as the law to an unqualifiable
fundamental norm. My initial response to this question is: state and law share this norm as the basis
of their morality and rationality, not as result of any particular material ethics which may exist in
competition in the various cultures, but rather through the positivised fundamental and human
rights.
The situation in which we debate law is a paradox one. In modern times the enforcement of
subjectivity and individual rights has given rise to a collision of interests and because of this has
made necessary the juridification, or regulation by law of the life relations of society which were
previously regulated by conformity in morals and ethical practice. This paradox can be reduced to
the following simple formula: The more freedom, the more law; the more law, the more state; the
more state, the less freedom; and the less freedom, the greater the necessity of law.
At the very beginning of the age–old struggle for fundamental and human rights, which ought

Mba Case Study
Case Overview
The Hewlett–Packard Managers from each department had a meeting to discuss about whether using
a universal power supply for the next generation of network laser printer called "Rainbow" is
beneficial or not. They have the authority to make the decision while strong justification should be
provided to defend their proposal.
HP is developing its new generation network printer while it has been struggling from 3 main issues
– The power specification for the printer is different in North American (110 volt) and European
(220 volt). This differences brings a big challenge in HP's market forecasting and the subsequent
stockout and transshipment between regrions; HP needs to provide the specifications to its major
partner ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consequently, it reduces inventory buildup issue. Flexible to respond to customer order so that HP
can increase service level.
3. How would such costs and benefits be different over the product life cycle?
Over the product life cycle, both cost and benefit are different. At the beginning life cycle (ramp–up)
of product, the cost of stock out would be high because for every order lost would not only result in
lost in revenue but also future revenue. The theory is the customers tend to buy similar product
and/or brand to keep consistency. In addition, it takes over four life cycle of product before that
customer returns to HP. At the maturity stage, the extra cost, although very small, can be a real
disadvantage because during this period, the market becomes very competitive and many players
enter the same field causing price to drop. Customers also become more price–sensitive. However,
the benefit of better forecasting demands significantly helps lower the level of inventory. At the
ending life cycle, cost of stockouts is lower than compared to at beginning because there is less fear
of losing future sale.
4. Besides deciding on a universal power supply, what other operational improvements can you
suggest to HP Boise?
One of the suggestions HP should consider is improving forecasting ability to ensure appropriate
demand is met in all sector while optimizing inventory level. In addition, HP

Critique of Kohlberg’s Claim of Cultural Moral...
Critique of Kohlberg's Claim of Cultural Moral Universality
Introduction
As the American Heritage Dictionary plainly states, morality is "a system of ideas of right and
wrong conduct" (American Heritage Dictionary 2000). People have been researching the
development of this sense of morality for centuries. There is great debate over how a person's
morality is formed and then how to categorize one person's level of morality compared to others.
Most researchers believe that people reach different stages of morality within their lifetimes. The
tougher issue is determining what comprises the various stages of morality, which is dependent on
what a person's ideas of right or wrong are to begin with. Therefore in order to establish a set ...
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Even basic "universal morals," such as stealing, keeping promises and breaking rules, can not
always be agreed upon. (Gardiner, 1998, p.260) Through moral research people have determined
that one can never assume that others accept the same implications or reasoning behind a moral
principle. Therefore a universal moral code can not be found since no one can agree on the
underlying definition of what is considered right or wrong morally. (Fleischacker, 1994, p. 19) Thus
Lawrence Kohlberg's claim that "not only is there a universal moral form, but the basic content
principles of morality are also universal" is incorrect (Kohlberg, 1981, p.126).
The Work of Lawrence Kohlberg
Lawrence Kohlberg, a prominent moral researcher of the 20th century, attempted to universally
categorize the moral development of all people from childhood through adulthood. Based on his
findings, he divided the process of moral development into three levels, with each level
encompassing two stages. The first level he labeled Preconventional when the child is most
importantly concerned with himself and doing what is right so that he individually will not get into
trouble. The second level is called Conventional and is much more socially centered. Kohlberg
labeled the third level Postconventional where the individual now thinks above

Universal Declaration Of Human Rights: The Universal...
The universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted in 1948 is the leading treatise on human rights.
The declaration has received much criticism and praise since its inception. The most outstanding
criticism of the universal declaration challenges the universality of human rights. The view is that
some, if not most, of the provisions in the declaration stems from the customs of the western world.
This, therefore, makes human rights inapplicable in and incompatible with other cultures. Human
rights is a result of successive struggles in the west. This issue creates a problem in relating cultural
rights and the universal nature of human rights. The tension between the two and the concept of
cultural relativism are the central elements in contesting the universal nature of human rights. In this
respect, this paper will discuss the universal nature of human rights. The question of whether human
rights are universal is dependent on the interpretation of what is right and and to what extent these
rights are acceptable to all. Attempting to make human rights universal in a world with diverse and
conflicting cultures becomes problematic. There are, however, several view points that consider
human rights universal in nature. In the discussion of the universality of human rights it is
imperative to distinguish between substantive and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is evident in the local variation of human rights. These variations are neccesary bacause human
nature is culturally relative. Human nature is a result of unique social practises and social
upbringing. This means that people are affected by cultural values and they inturn develop some
personalities based on social upbringing. The different personalities in different cultures may give
rise to conflicting understanding of human rights. Weak cultural relativism provides a middle
ground where cultural variations do not overide human

Yalom Universality
The first factor, instillation of hope, is based on the members need to feel there is hope for their
eventual healing and recovery to be found in group therapy. Being able to see and getting
encouragement from other members that have overcome issues with which they are struggling with
also provides much needed hope. This is often seen early in group therapy and because the drop–out
rate is highest at this time instillation of hope needs to be facilitated quickly by the group therapist.
An example of this factor is Alcoholics Anonymous. Established members provide hope to new
members beginning the journey to defeating alcoholism. Being at various stages in the recovery
process can be an inspiration to others to keep trying so that they may reach that point eventually.
Yalom's Universality is often rated favorably on post therapy questionnaires by group members. The
essence of universality is that the group member realizes that the problem they are struggling with
has been experienced by others. According to Coulson and Morfett (2013), universality not only
helps group members overcome isolationism it also helps validate their experiences. Universality
can occur at any time during therapy and when group members overcome the sense of isolation they
feel they are better able to share their problem with others and begin the healing process. This
sharing and healing process can be valuable to new members that have yet to realize that there are
others out there that have

Illinois State Universality
According to Solomon Ortiz,"Education is the key to success in life, and teachers make a lasting
impact in the lives of their students"(www.brainyquote.com).Illinois State University is the One of
institution which provide the high level of those education in the Illinois State. It is a great
honor,view his reputation to study in the .Illinois State Universality.According of his better credit,
the admitting demand is high, simultaneously also the acceptability is low..Fortunately, I had
opportunity to be admitting in the Illinois State University. Therefore,as every human organization
have their rules or their regulation. Every Students held to be informed of all his Universality rules
and control rules in order to avoiding the issues in present or in the future.Unfortunately.most of
students are not informed of those regulation. Other case, the student are informed about those
regulation even their have a problem .Those ruler or regulation are For maintaining his credibility,
Illinois State University focusing in producing in the society of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I did realist,that in cup of second , It will create the major damage like this. I see myself dismiss in
Illinois State University .I could not figure out the reason I done thing so stupid like these.because it
was violation of One rules of Illinois State University because is violation of integrity.Imagine ,
somebody spend time and effort to create something you take it without give him credit is not nice,
That Consequently,I learned a lot in this situation which One I would be I big advisor for these kind
of situation because I had a hard time .I learned that Illinois State University want the integrate and
skilled student who going to be in charge in the future. In order to reach this quality ( the integrate
and skilled) one of obligation is to be informed of the Illinois State University rules and regulation
and make sure you not violate it. Otherwise ,you going to have a servery sanction as maybe

Explain Why Pinker Believes In The Universality Of Morals
ARE MORALS UNIVERSAL?
What do you think?
 Do you think that morals are universal?
 Do you think that we are all born with a sense of what is right and what is wrong regardless of
race, age or nationality?
 Why?
Ok so, pinker believes in the universality of morals, and that they are born with us all, and bases his
ideas on 3 main evidences: o In paragraph 18, (underline: "The idea that the moral sense is an innate
part of human nature is not far – fetched".)
 What does that mean? o Pinker gives credit to the anthropologist Donald E. Brown who made a
book containing a list of all common universal characteristics. In this collection of human
universals, he mentions some morals like empathy and appreciation of generosity... and hence,
giving ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
o This means that the morals have physical basis in all human kind and the frontal chamber in the
brain is responsible for morality. Thus, if injured, people will lose some of their morality. Those who
have injured frontal lobes cannot understand moral ideas like honesty, sacrifice, and compassion,
unlike all people who have an intact brain.
Conclusion (based on the evidences): morality is universal, innate, and can be affected by physical
factors.
But the idea of the universality of morals is not complete: A trolley, a woman, children and a teddy
bear.
 WHAT? o The author states that the idea of the universality of morals is not as complete as it
seemed in the last three paragraphs, and explains it in paragraphs 21 – 22.
 WHY? o He acknowledges that there are some cases where not all people would agree on a
common moral answer to a moral dilemma, thus, fractioning the idea of the universality of morals.
 AND THE TROLLEY? o The trolley problem is now theoretical: o Just like it happened in Sudan
where a British teacher allowed her students to call a teddy bear after the name of the most popular
student in class, "Mohammed". Sudanese thought of this as an insult to Islam and demanded that she
be prisoned and killed, while some of you would never ever think of this as a moral issue to begin

Difference Between Universality And Cultural Relativism
Universal Human Rights mean the rights which are equally and applicable acceptable in all the
societies irrespective of caste, creed, race, gender, religion etc. To give justice and treat all the
people equally without making any discrimination Universal Declaration of Human Rights came in
to existence. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is the unique and an important
document which is translated into different languages all over world. It is based upon idea of
promoting freedom, justice and peace and it provides a set of uniform standards that were adopted
by the United Nations General Assembly with the support of forty–eight countries. This doctrine
consists of universal international values, but indigenous societies are not in favour of universal
implementation of this kind of law because it interferes with the social framework of the society
which in turn consists of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Universality Vs. Relativity The conflict between Universal human right doctrine and cultural
relativism is found from the very beginning of adoption of Universal human right doctrine in 1948.
But this conflict found new momentum when this fact came into limelight that how these two
conflicting matters can influence human security. Before analysing this main fact, it is imperative to
know that what is meant by 'universality' and 'relativity' in the concept of 'universal human rights'
and 'cultural relativism'.
Universality
The universal character of human rights is based on the belief that human rights are natural attribute
of human beings. The social–cultural and political conditions of the people do not define human
rights. The UN general assembly (United Nations, 1948) proclaims the Universal declaration of
Human Rights

Differences Between Human And Regimes And Regional Human...
Benjamin Thompkins
Political Science 3346
Professor Tiede
10/28/15
What are the differences between global human rights' regimes and regional human rights' regimes?
Include one example of a regional human rights' regime (write at least 1 page double spaced)(5
points)
The most notable example of a global human rights regime is the United Nations, and an example of
regional human rights would be the OAS ( Organization of American States). Both entities have
focuses that are quite similar and intersecting. The main goal of the UN is displayed in article 1 of
the UN Charter which states "to maintain international peace and security". Primary concerns of the
UN are security, humanitarian assistance, development, and human rights which is recognized in the
Universal Declaration of Rights by the UN. However, before there was the UN declaration there was
the "American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man".
Despite the similarities both institutions possess there are differences that are apparent in the
utilitarian function of each. The UN has a universal influence and system of play, and the OAS plays
a smaller role looking over only its specific geographical region of the Americas. While both aim to
influence policy and the promotion of human rights there are advantages that come with their
differences. The UN has criticized the need for regional institutions like the OAS where they believe
the OAS role or goals overlap with those of their own. However, the OAS

Culture Care Diversity And Universality Paper
Evaluation of Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality Camille E. Dantzler
Simmons College of Nursing Though not presently practicing, my long term goal is to provide
primary care to the underserved rural population in my home state of West Virginia. Due to health
disparities, this population is plagued by preventable disease. West Virginia is commonly referred to
as the fattest state in the country. Along with Mississippi, it ranks number one for obesity prevalence
in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013). Along with obesity
comes commonly associated comorbidities. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and
various cancers contribute to increased rates of mortality which are also significantly higher than
those of the United States as a whole (West Virginia Bureau of Public Health, West Virginia Health
and Human Resources, 2012). Rates of preventable disease among the state's minorities as well as
reported cases of obesity among youth are higher than national prevalence (West Virginia Bureau of
Public Health, West Virginia Health and Human Resources, 2012). Many factors are related to
health disparities in this population. West Virginia is the only state fully seated within the
Appalachian region of the United States. Regions within the state, especially more rural areas in the
southernmost portion, have long been associated with poverty, lower levels of education, limited
access to

Globalization Is A Utopian Dream Of A Humanist Universality
The main assumption of this report is to discredit the false claims that globalization of Capitalism is
the only viable path to greater prosperity and development for a society. This report identifies that
there is in fact a necessity to explore other economic systems because neoliberal capitalism is
currently observed to be greatly impacted by economic and ecological predicaments. The
annotations below show numerous possibilities of using alternative economies as an altenative for
growth and prosperity.
Dacheux and Goujon's article address the growing international reality that is at the very heart of the
current economic sphere, that globalisation is a utopian dream of a humanist universality. Their
forum suggests that a solidarity economy is a humanistic economy and would return trust in
democratic deliberation. Solidarity economy offers a combination of initiatives, these include;
linking productive activity to social demands rather than profitability; equal participation from both
men and women towards the production of goods and services; structuring of local, national and
international networks cooperatively based on consensus; collectively working towards a democratic
regulation of economic activity.
The development and production of solidarity economies are found in many varying forms through
the world that reflect differing local conditions. The solidarity economy encourages individual
developments by organised participatory community efforts that restricts

Yalom Universality Essay
Please do not use your text or any other information (web, articles, your class notes from this class
or any other, and people) to complete this exam 1. Make up an activity that would facilitate Yalom's
concept of "universality." (You may choose any type of group) You need to define universality and
describe how you would facilitate it in a group. Universality is the act of getting people to connect
on an emotional level, even without actually having the same experiences they have. An activity that
could facilitate Yalom's concept of universality is a support group for non–offending caregivers
(NOC) who have children who have experienced various forms of child abuse. In this group the
members could initially connect by reporting anxiety or fear due to never participating in such a
group. As the therapist, I could facilitate universality by asking group members to describe their
feelings. After the members have disclosed how they feel, I would validate their feelings. For
example, a NOC may disclose that she was unsure about participating in the group because she did
not want anyone to look down on her family. I would say, "It sounds as though you may have been
fearful about joining the group because you were afraid of being judged, is that right?" 2. One of the
beginning tasks of developing a group is the installation of hope, as stated in Yalom's therapeutic
factors. How would you go about installing hope in a group? The first step I would take to install

Difference Between Universality And Universal Human Rights
Universal Human Rights mean the rights which are equally applicable and acceptable in all the
societies irrespective of caste, creed, race, gender, religion etc. To give justice and treat all the
people equally without making any discrimination Universal Declaration of Human Rights came in
to existence. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is the unique and an important
document which is translated into different languages all over world. It is based upon idea of
promoting freedom, justice and peace for all the people and societies across world. It provides a set
of uniform standards that were adopted by the United Nations General Assembly with the support of
forty–eight countries to establish a world with justice and equality. The world is the melting pot of
societies with different religions, cultures and traditions. These cultures consist of values, norms and
traditions that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So Western liberal thinking is in favor of absolute individual, political and civil rights while non–
western, third world values the collective and community basis of all the rights.
Thus, these two types of values are unique and indispensable in their own cultural context. To give
more clarity to this issue, the concept of universality and relatively has been explained as follows
Universality Vs. Relativity The conflict between Universal Human rights Doctrine and cultural
relativism is found from the very beginning of adoption of Universal Human Right Doctrine in
1948. But this conflict takes a new turn when we talk about the human being's security of life.
Conflicting situation always endangers the human security. Before analysing this main fact, it is
imperative to know that what is meant by 'universality' and 'relativity' in the concept of 'universal
human rights' and 'cultural relativism'.

Universality In Romeo And Julieta
Universality is a tricky topic to try to confine. There are two different interpretations that can be
taken of this word in regards to theatrical works. First is in its literal meaning that the work applies
to all people in all ways in all times. In this case, there would not be a single person that will not
understand what is being presented before them. For Romeo y Julieta every person in the audience
knows what it is like to speak spanish, albeit poorly or well. The second definition is that all people
can gain some form of insight from a piece of work. This means that under the layers of what is
happening on the stage there is at least some tiny piece of insight that a person can obtain. For this
show, everyone can relate to struggling to understand or learn another language. The first, arguably,
is completely unattainable. At least some of the audience members have never even spoken a word
of spanish. This is due to not everyone having had the same life experiences. For this show, not
every audience member was latino or in a bloody feud with another family. That just is not normal
nowadays. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, this did not come across in the actual performance only in a talk back afterwards. The
mother was dress in what would be considered classic Spanish and Julieta had some elements that
were Spanish. Teobaldo had an insignia on a sweatshirt that was supposed to help with the timeless
aspect. This attempt was to create more universality through the performance with more cultures
being represented did not end up coming through. It was more of a jumbled mess with no
consistency. One character was classic stereotypical Spanish while another was American with a
vest. The attempt was there to be able to connect to all times and places, well actually just Latino
places, but it was not received that way by a predominately white audience. Therefore, it was not

Universality Constraints

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