سسؤ

1. ‫ﺑﻮﻣﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ي‬‫هﻮار‬ ‫ـﻮ�ﺔ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺛﺎ‬
-
‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺴ‬
‫ﻮ‬
‫ا‬
‫ﻓﻠﻴ‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺪراﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬
:
2019
/
2020
‫اﻟﻔﺮض‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎ�ﻲ‬
‫ا�حﻴﺎة‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬‫ﻣﺎدة‬�� ‫ل‬‫اﻷو‬‫ﻟﻼﻣﺘﺤﺎن‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬:‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮ�بﻴﺔ‬
: ‫اﻟﻤﺪة‬
2
‫ﺳﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻴﻮم‬
:
‫اﻻﺛﻨ�ن‬
18
��‫ﻧﻮﻓﻤ‬
2019
‫م‬
--------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------
‫ا‬
‫ل‬‫اﻻو‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻤﺮ�ﻦ‬
:
)
7
(‫ن‬
‫ﻳﻤﻨﺢ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻮع‬
‫ي‬‫اﻟﺒنﻴﻮ‬
‫ﻟﻠ��وﺗيﻨﺎت‬
،
‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﺎ‬
‫وﻇﻴﻔﻴﺎ‬
��‫ﻋﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬
.
‫ﻳﻤﻜ��ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺐ‬
‫دور‬
‫أﺳﺎ��ي‬
��
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮف‬
��‫ﻋ‬
‫وﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻼذات‬
‫دور‬
‫�ﻌﺾ‬
‫هﺬﻩ‬
‫اﻟ��وﺗيﻨﺎت‬
‫ﻧﻘ��ح‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻚ‬
‫ا�جﺰ�ﺌﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮ�حﺔ‬
��
‫اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ‬
)
1
(
.
1
.
‫أ‬
.
‫ﻢ‬
ّ
‫ﻧﻈ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎ�جﺰ�ﺌﺎت‬
‫ﺔ‬ ّ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻗﻤ‬
��
‫ل‬‫ﺟﺪو‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
:
‫�ﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫هﺬﻩ‬
،‫ا�جﺰ�ﺌﺎت‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌ��ﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
،
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌهﺎ‬
‫و‬
‫ﺗﺼنﻴﻔهﺎ‬
.
.‫ب‬
‫ﺣﺪد‬
‫ﻧﻮع‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﺮة‬
‫اﻟﺪﻣﻮ�ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬
��
‫اﻟﺸ�ﻞ‬
)
‫أ‬
(
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ‬
)
1
(
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫اﺟﺎﺑﺘﻚ‬
.
2
.
‫اﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬
‫وﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻚ‬
‫اﻛﺘﺐ‬
‫ﻧﺼﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺗ��ز‬
‫ﻓﻴﮫ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺮد‬
‫�ﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ�ﺔ‬
‫��ﻮ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
.
‫اﻟﺜﺎ�ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺮ�ﻦ‬
) :
13
(‫ن‬
‫اﻛتﺴﺎ��ﺎ‬‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟ��وﺗيﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫آﻟﻴﺔ‬ ��‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮف‬ ، ‫ﻣﻮرﺛﺎت‬‫ﻃﺮف‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫�ﺸﻔﺮ‬‫ﺑﺮوﺗ�ن‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ��‫إ‬‫ي‬‫اﻟﻈﺎهﺮ‬‫اﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬ ‫ﻇهﻮر‬ ‫�ﻌﻮد‬
‫ﺑنﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻏﻴﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪدة‬
‫�ﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﻟهﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺄداء‬
‫وﻇﺎﺋﻔهﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻘ��ح‬‫اﻟﻌﻀﻮ�ﺔ‬‫داﺧﻞ‬
:
: ‫ل‬‫اﻷو‬‫ا�جﺰء‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا�خﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ى‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮ‬��‫ﻋ‬‫اﻟ��وﺗ�ن‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬‫آﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫��ﺪف‬
‫اﺳﺔ‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ﻧﻘ��ح‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫�حﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ‬
)
1
(
:
1
.
‫ﺳﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺘ�ن‬
)
‫أ‬
(
‫و‬
)
‫ب‬
(
‫ﺛﻢ‬
‫�ﻌﺮف‬
��‫ﻋ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻗﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬
1
��‫إ‬
10
.
2
.
‫ﻣﺎ‬
��
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺑ�ن‬
‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ�ﻦ‬
)
1
) ‫و‬ (
4
(
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟهﺔ‬
‫و‬
) ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ�ﻦ‬
4
)‫و‬(
7
(
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟهﺔ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ى‬‫أﺧﺮ‬
3
.
‫ﻳﺆﻣﻦ‬
)‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬
4
‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ (
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫اﺛﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮاة‬
��‫إ‬ ‫ا�خﻠﻴﺔ‬
��‫اﻟهﻴﻮ‬
-
‫ﻣﻘﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫اﻟ��وﺗ�ن‬
-
،
‫اﻗ��ح‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺜبﺖ‬
.‫ذﻟﻚ‬
1

2. : ‫اﻟﺜﺎ�ﻲ‬‫ا�جﺰء‬
. ‫ﻣﺤﺪدة‬‫وﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺴ��ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻘﺪة‬ ‫اﻏﻴﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺑنﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴ��ﺎ‬ ‫�ﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟ��وﺗيﻨﺎت‬‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ‬
1
.
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺢ‬
Rastop
‫ﺑﺘﻤﺜ‬
‫ﻟ��وﺗيﻨ�ن‬ ‫اﻏﻴﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒنﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻞ‬
A
‫و‬
B
�� ‫اﻟﻤﻮ�حﺔ‬
) ‫اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ‬ ��‫ﺷﻜ‬
2
(
.
‫أ‬
.
‫ﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮﻗﻤﺔ‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
1
��‫إ‬
3
.
.‫ب‬
‫ﻣﺎهﻮ‬
، ‫ﺑﺮوﺗ�ن‬ ‫ﻟ�ﻞ‬ ‫اﻏﻴﺔ‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒنﻴﺔ‬ ‫ى‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
.‫اﺣﺎﺑﺘﻚ‬
2
.
‫ا�جﺰء‬‫إﻣﺎهﺔ‬‫ﺗﻤﺖ‬
(‫)س‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ (‫)ب‬ ‫اﻟﺸ�ﻞ‬�� ‫اﻟﻤﻮ�ح‬ ‫ﻟﻠ��وﺗ�ن‬
) ‫اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ‬
2
(
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒ�ن‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻋﻄﺖ‬
)
X
(
‫و‬
)
Y
(
: ��‫اﻟﺘﻮا‬��‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻣ��ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ�ﻞ‬ ‫ا�جﺰ�ئي‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن‬‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
217
‫ل‬‫ﻣﻮ‬/‫غ‬
‫و‬
416
‫ل‬‫ﻣﻮ‬/‫غ‬
‫و‬
: ‫ﺑﻄﺮ�ﻘﺘ�ن‬ ‫ﻟهﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ�ﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬‫ﺑﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮم‬ ‫ﻟهﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎئﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ��ﻛﻴﺐ‬ ��‫ﻋ‬‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮف‬ ‫��ﺪف‬
)
X
(
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺼ‬
‫اﻟﻜهﺮ�ﺎئﻲ‬ ‫ﻞ‬
( ‫اﻟﻜهﺮ�ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟ�جﺮة‬ )
‫و‬
)
Y
(
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺸ�ﻠ�ن‬ �� ‫ﻣﻮ�ح‬‫هﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ��‫ا‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏ‬
(‫)ب‬‫و‬ (‫)أ‬
) ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ‬
3
(
.
‫أ‬
.
‫ﻣﺎهﻮ‬
‫اﻟﻤ�ﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻴنﻴﺔ‬‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض‬‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬
‫ﻟ�ﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒ�ن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
)
X
)‫و‬ (
Y
، (
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
.‫إﺟﺎﺑﺘﻚ‬
‫ب‬
.
‫ﻣﺎهﻮ‬
‫ﻟ��ﺗيﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬
�� ‫اﻷﻣﻴنﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض‬
‫؟‬ (‫)س‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺒتﻴﺪ‬
: ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬‫ا�جﺰء‬
، ‫ﻣﻜتﺴﺒﺎﺗﻚ‬ ��‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬ ‫و‬‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠ�ي‬ ‫ﻧﺺ‬�� ‫و�ح‬
.‫اﻟ��وﺗ�ن‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﻤﻮرﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ�ن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎن‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬
:‫اﻷرض‬
‫ﺳﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
،‫ﻟﻠﻨﺠﺎح‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﺸﻞ‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬
2

3. ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻹ‬
: ‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬
)
7
(‫ن‬
‫رﻗﻢ‬
‫ا�جﻮا‬
‫ب‬
‫ا�جﻮاب‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣ‬
‫�ﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ة‬
-
1
-
.‫ا‬
‫ل‬‫ﺟﺪو‬ ��‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
:
‫اﻟﺪﻣﻮ�ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ .‫ب‬
:
0.5
*
4
1
*
2
2
2
-
2
-
‫اﻟﻌﻠ�ي‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬
:
‫ﻳﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫�ﻞ‬
‫ﻓﺮد‬
‫وﺣﺪة‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬
،‫ﺑﺬا��ﺎ‬
‫إذ‬
‫�ﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻀﻮ�ﺔ‬
��‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴ‬
‫ﺑ�ن‬
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫أﻏﺸﻴﺔ‬‫ي‬‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮ‬‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻻذات‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺬات‬‫ﻣ�ﻮﻧﺎت‬
�� ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬‫ﺟﺰ�ﺌﺎت‬��‫ﻋ‬ ‫ا�جﺴﻢ‬
3
‫ال‬‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬: ‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬
HLA
‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ،
ABO
‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬‫و‬
RH
.
‫ﻓﻜﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺮد‬
‫�ﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ�ﺔ‬
‫��ﻮ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫؟‬ ‫��ﺎ‬
-
��‫ﺗﺪ‬‫ﻏﻠﻴ�ﻮ�ﺮوﺗﻴنﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬‫ذات‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰ�ﺌﺎت‬��‫اﻋ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاة‬ ‫��ﺎ‬‫اﻟ�ي‬‫ا�خﻼﻳﺎ‬‫أﻏﺸﻴﺔ‬ ‫ي‬‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮ‬
‫ال‬ ‫ﺟﺰ�ﺌﺎت‬
HLA
‫وﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﺛﻴﺎ‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ﻣﺤﺪدة‬
‫ال‬‫ﻣﻮرﺛﺎت‬ ��‫ﺗﺪ‬‫اﻟﻤﻮرﺛﺎت‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟهﺎ‬‫�ﺸﻔﺮ‬، ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟهﻮ�ﺔ‬
CMH
‫أﻟﻴﻼ��ﺎ‬‫�ﻌﺪد‬‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬(��‫اﻟنﺴﻴ‬‫اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ‬‫)ﻣﻌﻘﺪ‬
‫ال‬‫ﺟﺰ�ﺌﺎت‬�� ��‫ﻛﺒ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻮع‬‫أي‬‫ي‬‫ا�خﻠﻮ‬‫ى‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮ‬��‫ﻋ‬ ‫ي‬‫اﻟﻈﺎهﺮ‬‫اﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬�� ��‫اﻟﻜﺒ‬‫اﻟﺘﻨﻮع‬‫�ﺴبﺐ‬
HLA
.
-
‫اء‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا�حﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺪم‬‫ﻟﻜﺮ�ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻤ��ة‬ ‫أي‬‫اﻟﺪﻣﻮ�ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﺰﻣﺮ‬‫اﻟﻐﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪات‬‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ�ي‬‫اﻟﻐﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻐﻠﻴ�ﻮ�ﺮوﺗيﻨﺎت‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬
�� ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬(‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫)ا�خﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ال‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬
ABO
‫اﻟ‬‫و‬
‫ﻟهﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮرﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟهﺎ‬‫�ﺸﻔﺮ‬ ‫�ي‬
3
‫اﻟﺪم‬‫�خﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺎهﺮ�ﺔ‬‫اﻷﻧﻤﺎط‬‫ﺗﻨﻮع‬‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ‬ ‫أﻟﻴﻼت‬
. ‫اد‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻟﻸﻓ‬‫اﺛﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻮ‬‫اﻷﻧﻤﺎط‬‫ﺗﻨﻮع‬‫�ﺴبﺐ‬‫اء‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا�حﻤ‬
-
‫هﻨﺎك‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺮ�ﺰوس‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺸﺎئﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪ‬ �� ‫ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫اء‬‫ﺮ‬‫ا�حﻤ‬‫اﻟﺪم‬‫ﻛﺮ�ﺎت‬ ��‫ﻳﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬
D
‫ﻟهﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬‫�ﺸﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﺸﺎئﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﺗ�ن‬‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬
) ‫ﺳﺎﺋﺪ‬ ‫أﺣﺪهﻤﺎ‬‫أﻟﻴﻠ�ن‬
+
Rh
)��‫ﻣﺘﻨ‬ ‫اﻵﺧﺮ‬‫و‬(
-
Rh
(
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪ‬‫ا�حﺎﻣﻠ�ن‬‫اد‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻷﻓ‬��‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
D
‫ب‬
)
+
Rh
(
‫ﻟﮫ‬‫ا�حﺎﻣﻠ�ن‬��‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﺑيﻨﻤﺎ‬
)
-
Rh
(
.
‫و‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫�ﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ�ﺔ‬
‫��ﻮ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫��ﺎ‬
‫ﻻﻣﺘﻼﻛهﺎ‬
‫هﺬﻩ‬
‫ا�جﺰ�ﺌﺎت‬
‫و‬
‫اﻟ�ي‬
‫ﻳﺤﺪدهﺎ‬
‫اﻟ��ﻛﻴﺐ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺸﻔﺮة‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮرﺛﺎت‬��‫اﻷﻟﻴ‬
0.5
0.5
0.25
*
2
0.25
*
2
0.25
*
2
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
):‫اﻟﺜﺎ�ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺮ�ﻦ‬
13
(‫ن‬
‫رﻗﻢ‬
‫ا�جﻮاب‬
‫ا�جﻮاب‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫�ﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ل‬
‫اﻷو‬
‫ا�جﺰء‬
:
-1-
:‫اﻟﻤﺮﻗﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬‫و‬(‫)ب‬‫و‬ (‫)أ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺘ�ن‬‫�ﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺘ�ن‬‫�ﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬
:
(‫)أ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
:
‫اﻻ‬‫ﻇﺎهﺮة‬
‫ﺳﺘنﺴﺎخ‬
/
-
‫اﻟ��ﺟﻤﺔ‬‫ﻇﺎهﺮة‬ : (‫)ب‬‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
.
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻗﻤﺔ‬
:
ADN -1
/
-2
‫اﻧﺰ�ﻢ‬
ARN
/‫از‬��‫ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻤ‬
3
-
‫ﻧﻮ�ﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪات‬
‫ر�بﻴﺔ‬
/‫ﺣﺮة‬
4
ARNm-
/
5
–
ARNt
/
6
-
‫أﺣﻤﺎض‬
‫أﻣﻴنﻴﺔ‬
7
–
/‫ﻣنﺸﻂ‬‫أﻣﻴ�ي‬‫ﺣﻤﺾ‬
8
-
‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬
‫ى‬��‫اﻟﻜ‬
/‫ﻟﻠﺮ�ﺒﻮزوم‬
9
–
ARNr
/
10
–
. ‫ﺑﺒتﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
5
2
.
0
*
2
5
2
.
0
*
10
0.5
2.5
3

4. -2-
) ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ�ﻦ‬ ‫ﺑ�ن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
1
)‫و‬(
4
) ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ�ﻦ‬‫و‬‫ﺟهﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬(
4
)‫و‬(
7
: ‫أﺧﺮى‬‫ﺟهﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬(
*
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺑ�ن‬
) ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ�ﻦ‬
1
)‫و‬(
4
‫ال‬ ‫ﺑ�ن‬ ‫أي‬ (
ADN
‫ال‬‫و‬
ARNm
: ��
‫ال‬
ARNm
‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫��خﺔ‬‫هﻮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫اﺛﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻮ‬
�� ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺟﺪة‬
‫ال‬ ‫ﻃﺮف‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ا�حﻤﻮﻟﺔ‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬
ADN
.
*
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺑ�ن‬
) ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ�ﻦ‬
4
)‫و‬(
7
‫ال‬ ‫ﺑ�ن‬ ‫أي‬ (
ARNm
‫ال‬‫و‬
ARNt
: ��‫اﻷﻣﻴ�ي‬ ‫ﻟ�حﻤﺾ‬ ‫ا�حﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻤﻞ‬
ARNt
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌ�ن‬
‫هﺎﻣ�ن‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺧﺎص‬
‫ﺑﺎ�حﻤﺾ‬
‫اﻷﻣﻴ�ي‬
‫و‬
‫اﻣﺰة‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬‫ﺧﺎص‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎ�ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة‬
‫اﻟ�ي‬
‫ﺗﺘ�ﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬
‫ال‬ ‫ات‬‫ﺰ‬‫اﻣ‬‫ر‬
ARNm
‫وهﺬا‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫�ﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﺑﻘﺮاءة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺘﺎ�ﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻴ�ﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪي‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض‬‫ﻓﺘﺘﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﺛﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻮ‬
‫اﻷﻣﻴنﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻟتﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫اﻟ��وﺗ�ن‬
.
0.25
*
2
0.25
*
2
0.5
0.5
-
3
-
‫ال‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﺜبﺖ‬ ‫اﻟ�ي‬‫اﻟﻤﻘ��ﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮ�ﺔ‬
ARNm
: ��‫اﻟهﻴﻮ‬��‫إ‬ ‫اﺛﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻣﻦ‬
‫ي‬‫ﻳﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺋﻢ‬‫وﺳﻂ‬ �� ‫ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ﺗﺤﻀﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻴﻮراﺳﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻤ��ة‬ ‫آزوﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬) ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻞ‬
ARN
��‫إ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ (
‫ﻋﺎدي‬ ‫ﻳﻮراﺳﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫وﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﺘتﺒﻊ‬‫�ﺴﻤﺢ‬‫اﻟﻤﺸﻊ‬ ‫اﺳﻴﻞ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻴﻮ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
ARNm
‫ا�خﻠﻴﺔ‬ ��
‫ﻓﻴﻼﺣﻆ‬ ،
‫ﻗﺼ��ة‬‫زﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻣﺪة‬‫�ﻌﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬�� ‫اﻹﺷﻌﺎع‬‫ﻇهﻮر‬
‫ل‬‫أﻃﻮ‬‫زﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻣﺪة‬‫�ﻌﺪ‬‫ﺛﻢ‬
��‫اﻟهﻴﻮ‬�� ‫اﻹﺷﻌﺎع‬‫ﻳﻈهﺮ‬
‫وهﺬا‬
‫ﻳﺪل‬
‫ال‬‫ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫أﻧﮫ‬ ��‫ﻋ‬
ARNm
‫إﺣﺪى‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬ ��
‫ال‬‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠ�ي‬
ADN
‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﮫ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺘﻢ‬��‫اﻟهﻴﻮ‬��‫إ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺮوﺗ�ن‬ ��‫إ‬
.
0.25
*
4
1
‫اﻟﺜﺎ�ﻲ‬
‫ا�جﺰء‬
:
-1-
‫أ‬
–
:‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫�ﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬
1
-
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮ�ﺔ‬‫ﺑنﻴﺔ‬
‫ورﻗﻴﺔ‬
β
/
2
-
/‫ا�ﻌﻄﺎف‬‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
3
-
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮ�ﺔ‬‫ﺑنﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﻴﺔ‬
α
‫ب‬
–
:‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬‫ﺑﺮوﺗ�ن‬ ‫ﻟ�ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎئﻲ‬ ‫ى‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮ‬
:(‫)ب‬‫اﻟ��وﺗ�ن‬
‫ﺑنﻴﺔ‬ ‫ذو‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﻴﺔ‬
‫ي‬‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮ‬‫ﻷﻧﮫ‬
��‫ﻋ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫��ﺎ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬‫ﺑﺒتﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮ�ﺔ‬‫نﻴﺎت‬
α
‫و‬‫و‬
β
‫ا�ﻌﻄﺎف‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬‫و‬
.
:(‫)أ‬‫اﻟ��وﺗ�ن‬
‫ﺑنﻴﺔ‬ ‫ذو‬
‫ا�ﻌﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ن‬‫ﻳﺘ�ﻮ‬‫ﻷﻧﮫ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬‫ﻣ��ﻤﺎ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫�ﻞ‬‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜيﺘ�ن‬ ‫ﺑﻨيﺘ�ن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أي‬‫ﺑﺒتﻴﺪﻳﺘ�ن‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺘ�ن‬
.‫وﺣﺪة‬
0.25
*
3
0.25
*
2
0.25
*
2
0.75
0.5
0.5
-2-
‫أ‬
-
‫ﻋﺪد‬
‫وﻧﻮع‬
‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض‬
‫اﻷﻣﻴنﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒ�ن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟ�ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬
)
X
)‫و‬(
Y
:‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ (
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ‬
)
X
:(
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ن‬‫ﻳﺘ�ﻮ‬
‫هﻤﺎ‬‫أﻣﻴﻨ�ن‬‫ﺣﻤﻀ�ن‬
)‫اﻷﻧ�ن‬
Ala
) ‫اﻟﻠ��ﻳﻦ‬‫و‬(
Lys
.(
:‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻇهﻮر‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜهﺮ�ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟ�جﺮة‬‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬‫ﺷﺮ�ﻂ‬��‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻌﺘ�ن‬
PH
=
6
: ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬‫أﻣﻴﻨ�ن‬‫ﺣﻤﻀ�ن‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬��‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻳﺪل‬
-
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬ �� ‫ﺑﻘﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻈهﺮ‬
��‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺗﺪل‬ ��‫و‬‫اﻟ��ﺷﻴﺢ‬‫ورق‬
‫ذو‬‫اﻷﻣﻴ�ي‬ ‫ا�حﻤﺾ‬
PHi
=
PH
‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬
�� ‫و‬
‫ال‬ ‫اﻓﻖ‬‫ﺗﻮ‬
Ala
.
-
��‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺗﺪل‬ ‫ﻓ�ي‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺐ‬‫ﺟهﺔ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬‫ﺑﻘﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻈهﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮك‬‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬‫أﻣﻴ�ي‬‫ﺣﻤﺾ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻣ��ي‬ ‫وﺳﻂ‬ ��‫ﻋﺪة‬
‫أي‬
‫ذو‬
PHi
‫ﻣﻦ‬��‫أﻛ‬
PH
‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮاﻓﻖ‬‫هﺬا‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻷﻣﻴ�ي‬ ‫ا�حﻤﺾ‬
Lys
.
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ‬
)
Y
:(
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ن‬‫ﻳﺘ�ﻮ‬
3
)‫اﻷﺳﺒﺎرﺗﻴﻚ‬ :�� ‫أﻣﻴنﻴﺔ‬‫أﺣﻤﺎض‬
Asp
)‫ﺛﺮ�ﻮﻧ�ن‬ ،(
Thr
)‫اﻟ��وﻟ�ن‬‫و‬(
Pro
.(
:‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻇهﻮر‬
3
‫ﺑﻘﻊ‬
��‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻳﺪل‬��‫ا‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬‫��ﺎﻳﺔ‬‫�ﻌﺪ‬ (‫)ب‬‫اﻟﺸ�ﻞ‬��
‫وﺟﻮد‬
3
‫أﻣﻴنﻴﺔ‬‫أﺣﻤﺎض‬
‫�ﻌﺪ‬‫و‬
‫ال‬‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ‬‫اﻷﻣﻴنﻴﺔ‬‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض‬‫هﺬﻩ‬ ‫أن‬‫ﻧﺠﺪ‬‫اﻹﺳﻘﺎط‬
)‫اﻷﺳﺒﺎرﺗﻴﻚ‬
Asp
)‫ﺛﺮ�ﻮﻧ�ن‬ ،(
Thr
) ‫اﻟ��وﻟ�ن‬‫و‬ (
Pro
. (
‫ب‬
–
:(‫)س‬‫اﻟﺒﺒتﻴﺪ‬ ��‫اﻷﻣﻴنﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض‬ ‫ﻟ��ﺗيﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬
:‫ل‬‫اﻷو‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬
)‫هﻮ‬‫ل‬‫اﻷو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ‬
X
)‫هﻮ‬‫اﻟﺜﺎ�ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ‬‫و‬ (
Y
(
) ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟنﺴﺒﺔ‬
X
: (
2
*
1
=
2
/
) ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟنﺴﺒﺔ‬
Y
: (
3
*
2
*
1
=
6
←
: ‫هﻮ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت‬‫ﻋﺪد‬
2
*
6
=
12
:‫اﻟﺜﺎ�ﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬
)‫هﻮ‬‫ل‬‫اﻷو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ‬
Y
)‫هﻮ‬‫اﻟﺜﺎ�ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ‬‫و‬(
X
(
) ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟنﺴﺒﺔ‬
X
: (
2
*
1
=
2
) ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟنﺴﺒﺔ‬/
Y
: (
3
*
2
*
1
=
6
←
: ‫هﻮ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت‬‫ﻋﺪد‬
2
*
6
=
12
:‫هﻮ‬(‫)س‬‫ﻟﻠﺒتﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻴنﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض‬ ‫ﻟ��ﺗيﺐ‬ ��‫اﻹﺟﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ��‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎ‬‫و‬*
24
0.25
*
2
0.25
*
4
0.25
*
3
0.25
*
3
0.25
*
2
0.25
*
2
0.5
0.5
1
0.75
0.75
0.5
0.5
0.5
‫اﻟﺜ‬
‫ا�جﺰء‬
‫ﻠﺚ‬
:
:‫اﻟﻌﻠ�ي‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺺ‬
. ‫اﻟ��ﺟﻤﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟن�خ‬ : ‫ﻇﺎهﺮﺗ�ن‬ ‫وﻓﻖ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﺗ�ن‬‫ﺑ��ﻛﻴﺐ‬‫ا�جﺰ�ئي‬ ‫ى‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮ‬ ��‫ﻋ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮر�ﻲ‬��‫اﻟﺘﻌﺒ‬ ‫ﻳ��ﺟﻢ‬
��‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻟ��وﺗ�ن‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮرﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ�ن‬‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫؟‬
-
‫ﺧﻼل‬‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫اﻻ‬‫ﻇﺎهﺮة‬
‫ﺳﺘنﺴﺎخ‬
‫ي‬‫ا�حﻴﻮ‬‫اﻟﺘﺼنﻴﻊ‬
‫ال‬ ‫�جﺰ�ﺌﺔ‬
ARNm
‫ال‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠ�ي‬‫إﺣﺪى‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ‬
ADN
(‫)اﻟﻤﻮرﺛﺔ‬
‫ال‬‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
ARNm
‫اﻟ�ي‬‫اﺛﻴﺔ‬‫ر‬‫اﻟﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫��خﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫دﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫و‬‫ﻋﺪد‬ ��‫ﺑتﺘﺎ‬‫ﺗﺘﺤﺪد‬
‫اﻟﺮ�ﺒﻮﻧﻮ�ﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪات‬
‫�ﺸﻔﺮ‬‫اﻟ�ي‬‫اﻣﺰة‬‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟ‬‫وﺣﺪﺗﮫ‬
. ‫اﻷﻣﻴ�ي‬‫ﻟ�حﻤﺾ‬
-
‫ﺧﻼل‬
‫اﻟ��ﺟﻤﺔ‬‫ﻇﺎهﺮة‬
‫ﻋﺪد‬ ��‫ﺗﺘﺎ‬‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫و‬‫اءة‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﺗﺘﻢ‬
‫و‬‫ﻋﺪد‬ ��‫ﺑتﺘﺎ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪد‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﺗ�ن‬ ��‫إ‬‫اﻟﺮ�ﺒﻮﻧﻮ�ﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪات‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫دﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻷﻣﻴنﻴﺔ‬‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫دﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬
.
‫ﺗﺤﺪد‬‫اﻟ�ي‬ �� ‫اﻟﻤﻮرﺛﺔ‬ ��‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎ‬‫و‬
.‫ﻟﻠ��وﺗ�ن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸ�ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﻴنﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﻤﺎض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺎ�ﻊ‬
0.25
0.25
0.25
*
4
0.25
1.75
4

5. 5