ؤؤ

1. ‫ﺛ‬
‫ﻋﺛﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺎﻧوﯾﺔﻗﺎﺿﻲ‬
–
‫ﺗﯾﺷﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺳﻧﺔاﻟدراﺳﯾﺔ‬
2016/2017
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘـــــــــــــــﻮى‬
3
‫ﺗﺞ‬ ‫ع‬
‫إﺧ‬
‫واﻟﺤﯿﺎة‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻤــــــــــــــﺪة‬
:
02
‫ﺳﺎﻋــــــﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻤﺮﯾﻦ‬
‫اﻻول‬
:
Rubisco
-
‫أو‬
xygénase
O
arboxylase
C
phosphate
is
b
5
-
bulose
i
R
‫ﯾﺤﻔﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎﻧﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯿﺰه‬ ‫إﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫ﻏﺎز‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻣﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺰﯾﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬
CO
2
‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫اﻷﺧﻀﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎت‬ ‫طﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬
-
‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎدات‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ان‬
)
antibiotique
(
‫إﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺒﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺸـﺎط‬ ‫ﻛﺒـﺢ‬ ‫ﻋـﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬
Rubisco
‫ﺿﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﻋـﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎزﻻء‬ ‫ﻧﺒـﺎت‬ ‫أوراق‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﯿـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻗـﺪرة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫وﻗﺼﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺘﺮح‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎد‬ ‫ﻏﯿـﺎب‬ ‫أو‬ ‫وﺟـﻮد‬
.
I
(
-
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑــﺔ‬
-
1
-
:
-
‫ﺑﺘﺤﻈﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮم‬
‫وﺳﻄﯿﻦ‬
‫وﺟـﻮد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻏﯿـﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎزﻻء‬ ‫ﻧﺒـﺎت‬ ‫أوراق‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﻧﺸﯿﻤﯿـﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻮي‬
‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎداﻟﺤﯿﻮ‬
‫ي‬
‫ﻣﺮور‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫و‬
)
30
‫د‬
(
‫ﻣﺸﻊ‬ ‫أﻣـﯿﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺾ‬ ‫وﺳـﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﯿﻒ‬
)
‫ﻣﺸﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﯿـﻮﻧﯿـﻦ‬
.(
-
‫اﻟﺨﻔﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺘﺒﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑـﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
)
S
(
‫اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠـﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ‬
)
L
(
‫ﻹﻧﺰﯾــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
Rubisco
‫واﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫اﻟـﺬاﺗـﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻮﯾـﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻘﻨﯿـﺔ‬ ‫وﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻛـﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘـﺰرﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻧﺸﯿﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑـ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺜﻠـــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿــﺔ‬
–
‫ب‬
-
‫اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
-
1
-
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬
–
‫أ‬
-
‫اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
–
1
-
‫ﻻﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻤﺜﻞ‬
Rubisco
1
.
‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻔـﺮاﻏــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫ﻹﻧﺰﯾــﻢ‬
Rubisco
‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬
.
2
.
‫ﻣـﺎذا‬ ‫ﻋـﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟــﺰرع‬ ‫أوﺳـﺎط‬ ‫ﺿﻤـﻦ‬ ‫ظﮭـﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻹﺷﻌـﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺸــﺎط‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺒـﺮ‬
.
3
.
‫ﻗــﺪم‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋــﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻼ‬
)
‫ب‬
(
‫ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘــﺔ‬
-
1
-
.
4
.
‫ﻓﺴـﺮ‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋــﺞ‬ ‫ھــﺬه‬
‫ﻣﺎذا‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ؟‬
.
II
(
-
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑــﺔ‬
-
2
-
:
‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺘﺮح‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬ ‫ظﺎھﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎد‬
‫ﯾﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
:
1
.
‫اﻛﻤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻗﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
-
2
-
2
.
‫أ‬
-
‫ﺣﻠﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
–
‫ب‬
–
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ‬
-
2
-
‫ب‬
-
‫ﻣﺎذا‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫؟‬
3
.
‫أ‬
-
‫ﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
–
‫ب‬
–
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ‬
-
2
-
‫ب‬
-
‫ﺣﺪد‬
‫ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوﺛﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬
.

2. 4
.
‫اذﻛﺮ‬
‫اﻻﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺪوث‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺮورﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫دور‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬
.
5
.
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﯿﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﯿﺰاﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺪﺧﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻀﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬ ‫دﻗﯿﻖ‬ ‫وظﯿﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻄﻲ‬ ‫رﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬
III
(
‫اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬
-
3
-
‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺜ‬
‫ﻘ‬
‫ﯿﻠﺔ‬
)
L
(
‫ﻹ‬
‫ﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬
Rubisco
1
.
‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج‬
‫ھﻮ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﺪف‬
.
2
.
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺜﻞ‬
)
(‫ج‬
‫اﻻﻣﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻤﺎض‬ ‫ﺟﺬور‬
‫اﻟﺒﺒﺘﯿﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺗﺮﺗﯿﺒﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆطﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺰء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬
)
‫أ‬
(
‫واﻟﺷﻛل‬
)
(‫ب‬
‫اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
)
3
:(
-
‫أ‬
-
‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫ﻧﻮع‬
‫اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫اﻻﻣﻨﯿﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻤﺎض‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ‬
-
‫ب‬
-
‫اﻋﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆطﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء‬
‫ب‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻷﻣﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﻤﺎض‬
.
-
‫ج‬
-
‫ھﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬
‫ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﻲ‬
‫؟‬
3
.
‫اذﻛﺮ‬
‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬
‫ﯾﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎد‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻻﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ‬
Rubisco
‫و‬
‫و‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ظﯿﻔ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺮﯾﻦ‬
:
‫اوﻻ‬
:
‫ﺑﻜﺘﺮﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬
pyloriHélicobacter
‫وﺳﻂ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ،‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻣﻀﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪة‬
pH=2
‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﮭﺪاﻓﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻜﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺴﺎءل‬ ،
‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺪم‬ ‫اﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻮر‬
:
-
‫ﺑﻜﺘﺮﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
pyloriHélicobacter
‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎ‬ ‫إﻣﺎھﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎز‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻧﺰﯾﻤﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫إﺣﺪى‬
)
2
NH
-
2
CO
-
2
NH
(
‫و‬
‫اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎك‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫إﻓﺮاز‬
)
+
3
NH
(
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮﯾﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬
.
-
‫اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎك‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬
)
+
3
NH
(
‫اﯾﻮﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬
)
H3O+
(
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬
.
‫ﯾ‬
‫ﻈﮭﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
–
‫أ‬
-
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ‬
1
‫وﺗﺮاﻛﯿﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
)
+
3
NH
(
‫اﻟـ‬ ‫وﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
pH
‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
-
3
-
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻻﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎاك‬ ‫ﺷﻮارد‬
)
+
3
NH
(
‫اﯾﻮﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬
)
H3O+
(
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
-
1
-
‫و‬
-
2
-
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ‬
-
1
-
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوط‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﮭﺮ‬
.

3. 1
.
‫ﺗﺒﺮر‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
1
‫و‬
2
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎز؟‬ ‫ﻷﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻔﯿﺰي‬ ‫اﻟﺪور‬
2
.
‫ﻗﺪم‬
‫اﻟﻤﺪروس‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺰﯾﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ‬
،
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺮزا‬
3
.
‫ھﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬
-
2
-
4
.
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻚ‬
-
3
–
‫و‬
‫ﻣﻨ‬
‫ﺤ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻨﯿﺎت‬
–
‫أ‬
-
‫اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
1
:

‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻀﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﺶ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬
:
‫اﻟـ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوط‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬
pH
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻧﻘﯿﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎز‬ ‫واﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫وﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬
)
Vi
(
‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬
.
‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﯿﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
-
1
-
‫اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
-
2
-
-
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺜﻞ‬
-
2
-
‫اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
-
2
-
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر‬
)
Vi
(
‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎز‬ ‫اﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫در‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﺟﺔ‬
pH
‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬
.
1
-
‫ﺻﻒ‬
‫ﻟﻠﯿﻮرﯾﺎز‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺰﯾﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬ ‫وﻛﺬا‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺰﯾﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬
.
2
-
‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﺮ‬
3
-
‫ﺑﺮر‬
‫اﻟـ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻢ‬
pH
)
0
-
4
.(
4
-
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎز‬ ‫اﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬
pH
‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫اﻻﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺰاﯾﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﯿﺰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﯿﺰ‬
.

‫اﻻﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺰاﯾﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﯿﺰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛﯿﺰ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ؟‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬
:
‫وﻣﻜﺘﺴﺒﺎﺗﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬
‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻻﯾﻤﻜﻨﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎز‬ ‫اﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬ ‫ان‬
.
‫ﻗﺪم‬
‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻔﮭﻮﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬ ‫دﻗﯿﻘﺎ‬
.

4. : ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذﺟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﺤﯿﺢ‬
: ‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺮﯾﻦ‬
I
(
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
1
:
1
.
‫اﻟـ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬
Rubisco
:
‫راﺑﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﯿﺔ‬
‫اﺣﺘﻮاﺋ‬ : ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻞ‬
‫ﮫ‬
) ‫وﺣﺪات‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
12
‫اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ (
L
‫اﻟﺨﻔﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫و‬
S
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ذات‬
.
2
.
‫اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺒﺮ‬
‫اﻻﻣﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻤﺎض‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﺛﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰرع‬ ‫اوﺳﺎط‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ظﮭﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬
‫ارﺗﺒﺎطﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻧﺪﻣﺎﺟﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻔﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻼﺳﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺸﻜﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺒﺘﯿﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮواﺑﻂ‬
‫ﻧﺰ‬
‫اﻟـ‬ ‫ﯾﻢ‬
Rubisco
.
3
.
‫اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬
1
:

‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎد‬ ‫ﺑﻐﯿﺎب‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺎع‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺮاﻛﯿﺰ‬
. ‫ﺑـ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪر‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
100
%

‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎد‬ ‫ﺑﻐﯿﺎب‬
‫اﻟﺨﻔﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺎع‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫طﻔﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬ :
S
‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﻟﻼﺷﻌﺎع‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺖ‬
L
‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ‬
12
%
4
.
: ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺴﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺎع‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬
L
‫ارﺗﺒﺎطﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻣﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻤﺎض‬ ‫دﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺪل‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎد‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮد‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺒﺘﯿﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮواﺑﻂ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﯿﺐ‬
L
.‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻗﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎد‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻻن‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫و‬
: ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬
‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎد‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫او‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻗﻞ‬
‫اﻋﺎق‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬
II
(
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
2
:
1
.
: ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻗﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
1
–
، ‫اﺳﺘﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫راﺑﻄﺔ‬
2
–
، ‫اﻣﯿﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺾ‬
3
–
ARNt
.
2
.
‫أ‬
-
‫اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬
2
:
‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﯿﻨﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺾ‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﺎط‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‬
4
t
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺖ‬
A
‫ﻟﻠﺮﯾﺒﻮزوم‬
‫ﺑﯿﺒﺘﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟـ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬
ARNt
‫رﻗﻢ‬
3
‫ب‬
–
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬
‫اﻟﺒﯿﺒﺘﯿﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺜﺒﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎد‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬ :
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺮﯾﺒﻮزوم‬
3
.
‫أ‬
–
‫اﻻﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫ب‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬
‫ب‬
–
‫اﻟﺮﯾﺒﻮزوﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﯿﻮﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬
4
.
.‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫دور‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺪوث‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺮورﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺪور‬
‫اﻟـ‬
ARNm
‫اﻟﮭﯿﻮﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺮﯾﺒﻮزوﻣﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻮﯾﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺮاءة‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫اﻟـ‬
ARNt
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺮاءة‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺪﻣﮫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻘﻠﮫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻣﯿﻨﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺾ‬ ‫ﯾﺜﺒﺖ‬
‫اﻻﻣﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻤﺎض‬
‫اﻟﺒﯿﺒﺘﯿﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬
‫اﻟـ‬
ATP
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺪوث‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
5
.
‫اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻄﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬

5. III
(
‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج‬
‫اﻟﻮﺛﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ (‫أ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
3
‫اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻄﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﮭﺪف‬
‫ھﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺎت‬ ‫اظﮭﺎر‬
.‫ﻟﻠﺑروﺗﯾﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻔراﻏﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺳﻣﺢ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬، ‫اﻟﺑﯾﻧﯾﺔ(ﻟﻠﺑروﺗﯾن‬ ‫)اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻌطﺎف‬ ‫وﻣﻧﺎطق‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧوﯾﺔ‬
2
.
:‫ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬

‫ﺑﯿﺒﺘﯿﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫راﺑﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬
COOH
‫اﻻﻣﯿﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺬر‬
65
‫واﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ‬
NH2
‫اﻻﻣﯿﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺬر‬
66
‫اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﯿﻦ‬
COOH
‫اﻻﻣﯿﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺬر‬
169
‫واﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ‬
NH2
‫اﻻﻣﯿﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺬر‬
170

‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﻨﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻀﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺬرﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ‬ ‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫راﺑﻄﺔ‬
66
‫و‬
170

‫اﻻﻣﻨﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻀﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺬرﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺎردﯾﺔ‬ ‫راﺑﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺬرﯾﻦ‬ ‫ذات‬
65
‫و‬
169
.
‫ب‬
.
‫اﻟﻤﺆطﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﺎدة‬
‫ج‬
.
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬

‫اﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﻤﺎض‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎرب‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬
)‫اﻻوﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﯿﺔھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ‬
66
‫و‬
170
-
65
‫و‬
169
(

‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﺮار‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻤﺎض‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﺟﺬور‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ودﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪدة‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﮫ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺮار‬
3
.
‫وظﯿﻔﺘﮫ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎد‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬
‫ان‬
‫اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺒﺘﯿﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻤﺎض‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺒﺘﯿﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺎد‬
L
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬
L
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫اﺣﺪى‬
‫اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺎب‬ ‫وﻣﻨﮫ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬
: ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺮﯾﻦ‬
: ‫اوﻻ‬
1
-
‫ﯾﺗﺿﺢ‬
‫ﻣن‬
‫ﺧﻼل‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫اﻟوﺳطﯾن‬
‫ﻣﺎﯾﻠﻲ‬
:
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻏﯾﺎب‬
‫اﻻﻧزﯾم‬
‫ﺗطﻠب‬
‫إﺗﻣﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل‬
‫ﻣدة‬
‫زﻣﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫طوﯾﻠﺔ‬
60
‫ﺳﻧﺔ‬
.
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫وﺟود‬
‫اﻻﻧزﯾم‬
‫ﺗطﻠب‬
‫إﺗﻣﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل‬
‫ﻣدة‬
‫زﻣﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺟد‬
‫ﻗﺻﯾرة‬
2
x 10-5
‫ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬
.
-
‫ﺗؤﻛد‬
‫ھذه‬
‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬
‫أن‬
‫وﺟود‬
‫اﻹﻧزﯾم‬
‫ﯾﻘﻠل‬
‫ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻣدة‬
‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺗﻣﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل‬
‫ﻓﮭو‬
‫ﺑذﻟك‬
‫ﯾﺳرع‬
‫اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل‬
‫وﻣﻧﮫ‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬
‫اﻟﻘول‬
‫أن‬
‫اﻻﻧزﯾم‬
‫ﯾﻠﻌب‬
‫دور‬
‫ﻣﺣﻔز‬
.
2
-
‫إﺑراز‬
‫ﻧوع‬
‫اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل‬
+
‫اﻟﻧﻣذﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻧﺷﺎط‬
‫إﻧزﯾم‬
‫اﻟﯾورﯾﺎز‬
:
‫أ‬
-
‫ﻧوع‬
‫اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل‬
:
‫إﻧزﯾم‬
‫اﻟﯾورﯾﺎز‬
‫ﯾﺣﻔز‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋل‬
‫وﺗﻔﻛﯾك‬ ‫اﻣﺎھﺔ‬
‫اﻟﯾورﯾﺎ‬
(NH2 –CO–NH2))
‫إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺎدﺗﻲ‬
‫اﻷﻣوﻧﯾﺎك‬
(NH3)
‫وﻏﺎز‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫أﻛﺳﯾد‬
‫اﻟﻛرﺑون‬
( CO2 )
‫وﻣﻧﮫ‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬
‫اﻟﻘول‬
‫أن‬
‫ﻧوع‬
‫اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﻔز‬
‫ﻣن‬
‫طرف‬
‫إﻧزﯾم‬
‫اﻟﯾورﯾﺎز‬
‫ھو‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋل‬
‫ﺗﻔﻛﯾك‬
1
.
: ‫اﻻﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫ظﮭور‬
‫إﻧزﯾم‬
‫اﻟﯾورﯾﺎز‬
‫ﺿﻣن‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧب‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت‬
‫وﻛذا‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧب‬
‫اﻟﻧواﺗﺞ‬
‫ﯾﻌطﻲ‬
‫ﻟﮭذا‬
‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻣط‬
‫اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﺎت‬
‫دور‬
‫اﻟوﺳﯾط‬
‫اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫أي‬
‫أﻧﮫ‬
‫ﻻ‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﮭﻠك‬
‫ﺧﻼل‬
‫اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل‬
‫اﻹﻧزﯾﻣﻲ‬

6. 2
.
-
‫ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺪرة‬
‫ﺑﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺎ‬
elicobacter pyloriH
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻌﯿﺶ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪي‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻣﻀﻲ‬
:
‫ﯾﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻔﯿﺰ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫إﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬
‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎز‬
‫ﺑﻈﮭﻮر‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬
‫اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎك‬
NH3
‫ﻛﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
.
-
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫إﻓﺮاز‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
NH3
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫طﺮف‬
‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺎ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮﯾﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ھﺬه‬
‫اﻻﺧﯿﺮة‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻤﻮﺿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪة‬
‫واﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫أﯾﻮﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻧﯿﻮم‬
H3O+
‫وھﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻘﻠﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰھﺎ‬
‫وﯾﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﺑﻈﮭﻮر‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬
H2O
‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮاﺗﺞ‬
.
-
‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ‬
H3O+
‫وزﯾﺎدة‬
‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﯾﻘﻠﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ‬
‫وﯾﺰﯾﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫ال‬
PH
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮﯾﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻮاﺟﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺎ‬
‫وﯾﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ھﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺎ‬
‫إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎدل‬
‫وھﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺠﻨﺒﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬
‫ﺣﻤﻮﺿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪة‬
: ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬
‫وﺻﻒ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬
‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
:
-
‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬
‫إﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬
‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎز‬
:
-
‫ﺗﺘﺰاﯾﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة‬
‫ﻗﯿﻢ‬
‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫وﺳﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﻟﯿﺒﻠﻎ‬
‫ھﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬
‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫أﻋﻈﻤﯿﺔ‬
Vmax
‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
55° c )
‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻤﯿﺰة‬
‫ﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬
‫ھﺬا‬
‫اﻻﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬
(.
-
‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻗﯿﻢ‬
‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻮق‬
‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬
55° c
‫ﻧﺴﺠﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻗﯿﻢ‬
‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﯾﺪة‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫ھﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬
.
-
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ‬
:
-
‫ﺗﺘﺰاﯾﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة‬
‫ﻗﯿﻢ‬
‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫وﯾﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ھﺬا‬
‫اﻟﺘﺰاﯾﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺠﻞ‬
‫ﻣﮭﻤﺎ‬
‫زادت‬
‫ﻗﯿﻢ‬
‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫وﺳﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
.
‫ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻹﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت‬
:
-
-
‫ﻣﻦ‬
55°c
‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻮق‬
:
‫أ‬
-
‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬
‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎز‬
:
‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻗﯿﻢ‬
‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻮق‬
‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬
55° c
‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬
‫إﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬
‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎز‬
‫ﯾﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬
‫درﺟﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻹﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬
‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎز‬
‫آﺧﺬﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻌﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬
‫طﺒﯿﻌﺘﮫ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬
‫وﯾﺮﺗﻜﺰ‬
‫ھﺬا‬
‫اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﺎل‬
‫وﺗﻀﻌﻒ‬
‫ﻗﺪرﺗﮫ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫إﺣﺘﻮاء‬
‫اﻟﺮﻛﯿﺰة‬
‫وھﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻘﻠﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎءة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻔﯿﺰ‬
‫اﻻﻧﺰﯾﻤﻲ‬
.
‫ب‬
-
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ‬
:
‫إﺳﺘﻤﺮار‬
‫اﻟﺘﺰاﯾﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﺮھﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺄن‬
‫زﯾﺎدة‬
‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﺗﺮﻓﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫وﺳﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
.
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺈن‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬
‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺮﻓﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺮص‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت‬
‫ﻓﯿﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت‬
‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎءة‬
‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‬
:
‫رﻓﻊ‬
‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺣرارة‬
‫ﺑﻣﻘدار‬
‫ﻋﺷر‬
‫درﺟﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺋوﯾﺔ‬
‫ﯾؤدي‬
‫اﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺳرﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺿﺎﻋﻔﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل‬
‫اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻣﻌظم‬
‫اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت‬
‫اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬
.
‫اﻟﺗﺑرﯾر‬
:
-
‫ﻋﻧد‬
‫ﻣﺟﺎل‬
‫ﻗﯾم‬
‫ال‬
PH
‫ﻣن‬
1
‫إﻟﻰ‬
4
‫ﻧﺳﺟل‬
‫ﻧﺷﺎط‬
‫إﻧزﯾﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺿﻌﯾف‬
‫ﺟدا‬
‫ﯾﻛﺎد‬
‫ﻣﻧﻌدﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬
.
-
‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬
‫أن‬
‫ﻧﺑرر‬
‫ھذه‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻠﻲ‬
:
-
‫ﻣﺟﺎل‬
‫ال‬
PH
‫ﻣن‬
1
‫إﻟﻰ‬
4
‫ﯾﻌﺗﺑر‬
‫ﺣﺎﻣﺿﯾﺎ‬
‫وھو‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺟﻌل‬
‫ﻣن‬
‫ﺟزﯾﺋﺎت‬
‫اﻟﯾورﯾﺎز‬ ‫إﻧزﯾم‬
‫ﺗﺳﻠك‬
‫ﺳﻠوك‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋدة‬
‫آﺧذﯾن‬
‫ﺑﻌﯾن‬
‫اﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎر‬
‫طﺑﯾﻌﺗﮫ‬
‫اﻟﺑروﺗﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬
.
-
‫ﯾﺗرﺟم‬
‫ھذا‬
‫اﻟﺳﻠوك‬
‫إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺷﺣﻧﺔ‬
‫إﺟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣوﺟﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺟزﯾﺋﺎت‬
‫إﻧزﯾم‬
‫اﻟﯾورﯾﺎز‬
.
-
‫ﯾؤﺛر‬
‫ھذا‬
‫اﻟﺳﻠوك‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻷﯾوﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺟذور‬
‫اﻻﺣﻣﺎض‬
‫اﻷﻣﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣوﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺗﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻧﺷط‬
‫ﻟﻼﻧزﯾم‬
)
‫اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﺎل‬
(
‫ﻣﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾؤﺛر‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻗدرﺗﮫ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻧﺎء‬
‫إﻧﺗﻘﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫رواﺑط‬
‫ﺿﻌﯾﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻌض‬
‫اﻟﻣﺟﺎﻣﯾﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺟزﯾﺋﺎت‬
‫اﻟرﻛﯾزة‬
‫وﺑذﻟك‬
‫ﺗﻘ‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎءة‬ ‫ل‬
‫اﻟﺗﺣﻔﯾز‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬
:
PH
:
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪة‬
‫ﺟﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻣﻀﻲ‬
PH=2
‫ﻗﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺸﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮرﯾﺎز‬ ‫اﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﺜﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻓﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت‬ ‫وﺣﺴﺐ‬
PH
‫ب‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪر‬
6
‫ﻧﺸﺎطﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮه‬ ‫ﯾﺆﻛﺪﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وھﺬا‬ ‫اﻋﻈﻤﻲ‬
.
-
‫ﻣﻔﮭﻮم‬
‫اﻹﻧﺰﯾﻢ‬
:
-
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫ذات‬
‫طﺒﯿﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺮﯾﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
،
‫ﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫وﺳﺎﺋﻂ‬
‫ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫وﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺧﻼل‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
،
‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺘﮫ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻣﺘﻼﻛﮫ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎل‬
،
‫ﻧﺸﺎطﮭﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺮوط‬
‫ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ال‬
PH
‫ودرﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫أن‬
‫ھﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬
‫ﯾﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫وﺳﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
.