Dysarthria Essay

Dysarthria Essay
Dysarthria and Apraxia Dysarthria and apraxia are speech disorders, which affect the motor skills of
a person. These two speech disorders can occur concurrently with one another. Dysarthria is a result
of impaired movement of the muscles that are used for speech production, which includes the
tongue, lips, vocal folds, and the diaphragm. The severity and type of dysarthria depend on the
location of where the nervous system is affected. Apraxia occurs when the messages from the brain
to the mouth are disrupted, causing the person to be unable to move the lips or tongue to the right
place to say sounds correctly, even though the muscles in the mouth are not weak. For apraxia, the
severity depends on the brain damage. Despite both speech disorders ... Show more content on
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These causes are brain injuries, brain tumors, cerebral palsy, and stroke. Then there are more severe
causes of dysarthria, such as huntington's disease, which is an inherited disease that causes the
progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the brain. Other diseases such as parkinson's disease,
lyme disease, lou gehrig's disease, and wilkinson's disease or other factors that may cause dysarthria.
Some medications, such as narcotics and sedatives, may be another cause as well (mayoclinic). For
both speech disorders there is a variance in effect, of rate as well. When the rate of speech increases
for a dysarthric, the intelligibility of that person's speech will decrease. While the rate of speech for
an apraxic may increase, the intelligibility of that person's speech may actually increase (csuchico).
Differences in speech sounds between both apraxia and dysarthria might transpire as well. In
dysarthria articulation, phonation, resonance, prosody, rate and respiration, may be affected by
dysarthria too. Dysphagia may oftentimes coincide with dysarthria as well. However, for apraxic
people vowels are much easier to produce than consonant while single consonants are easier to
produce than blends. This may occur because initial consonants are affected by anticipatory errors.
The most problematic phonemes for apraxic
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Summary Of Childhood Apraxia Of Speech
Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) can be a debilitating speech disorder for children. It can affect
1–2 children per thousand (Centanni et al., 2015). This disorder causes speech abnormalities with
sounds, syllables, and words. The distortion or omission of sounds can cause a child to be
unintelligible to others. This literature review will describe the general characteristics of CAS and
provide supporting evidence behind it. In addition, it will look at Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD),
its characteristics to deficits in social–communication skills and motor impairments in order to
determine if there is a relationship between ASD and CAS. Research will be discussed and analyzed
between the two disorders. Finally, my conclusion states a child with autism would be more likely to
also display characteristics of apraxia because of the predisposition to motor planning and motor
sequencing deficits that are a common trait for Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Introduction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Speech and language development begins in utero and continues to development after a child is
born. As the brain develops and is exposed to various stimuli and experiences, the infant learns
about their world through exploration, social communication, and interactions with others. These
interactions are the foundation to the development of speech and language skills. However, there are
times when speech and language development does not follow the typical trajectory path and speech
delays become apparent. Speech and language delays come in many shapes and form, but one of the
most prevalent disorders is Childhood Apraxia of Speech

Essay on Childhood Apraxia of Speech
There are many different language delays and disorders found in the pediatric population. Childhood
apraxia of speech (CAS) is one of the most common of these disorders. Dr. Libby Kumin defines
CAS as "a motor speech disorder where children have difficulty planning, coordinating, producing
and sequencing speech sounds" (Kumin, n.d.). Apraxia does not occur because of weakness or
paralysis of facial and oral muscles. It occurs when a child's brain cannot properly plan the
movement of body parts necessary for normal speech production ("Childhood Apraxia," 2011).
Though CAS is the most common name for this specific disorder, it is also referred to as a variety of
other names. Some of these names include: dyspraxia, developmental ... Show more content on
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With a very young child, they may not coo or babble during infancy, produce first words late and
lack some sounds, only produce a few different consonant and vowel sounds, have difficulty
combining sounds, avoid using difficult sounds by replacing or deleting them, and experience eating
problems. In older children, common signs are that they can comprehend language much easier than
they can produce it, struggle more with language production when anxious, are hard to understand,
sound choppy and monotonous, seem to grope to produce certain sounds, and have difficulty
imitating speech, though they are more fluid and clear with imitation than with spontaneous
production. At any age, a child may portray delayed language development, issues with expressive
language, fine motor impairments, hypersensitivity, hyposensitivity, and difficulty learning to write
("Childhood Apraxia," 2011). Other reported possible symptoms of CAS include extended reliance
on nonverbal communication and omission of consonant sounds in the initial and final positions of
words ("Apraxia: Symptoms, Causes," n.d.). CAS is one of the most difficult disorders to diagnose.
Many speech pathologists are worried that it is commonly over diagnosed and misdiagnosed
("Apraxia: Speech Therapy," 2011). It is not known how many children actually have CAS, but it
appears to be on the rise. Certain factors, such as increased awareness of CAS by professionals and
families, evaluation and identification

Apraxia Speech
Back to school time: new clothes, school supplies, and hopefully a child's excitement to meet new
friends.
But, for kids with Apraxia? Now back to school can mark a whole slew of different issues.
Nervousness, anxiety and even stress for both parents and children alike.
Recently, Laura the blogger on "SLP Mommy of Apraxia" reached out to me and shared the
struggles of a 2nd grader in Colorado with Apraxia. Frankly, this young girl and I have a lot in
common. She struggles with the middle and final /r/ sound, tries to make friends but is irritated
when others ask about her 'accent,' and the bigger issue that no one knows what Apraxia is at her
age.
I'd love to share her name, but I also want to respect her privacy on the internet for obvious reasons.
It's just this second grader is going through the same exact thing I went through in Elementary
School. The anxiety, the frustration, and it simply amazes me that even despite all the progress
we've made in Apraxia Awareness–kids still feel the same.
I've made a private video message for the 2nd grader and I also booked a spontaneous flight to
Colorado to meet her and speak to other families as well. Which, if you knew me, booking
spontaneous flights is just not like me. But after hearing this girl's story, I just HAVE to meet her. It's
the crazy gut reaction I suppose.
Anyways, as far as what I was going to say in this first video message I had no idea. Frankly, I just
spoke from the heart, but initially brainstorming, my Mom asked me, "Well, what would you tell
yourself in 2nd grade?"
To which, I quickly responded, "Don't let them see you cry."
We laughed, but we all knew I wasn't fully joking. I really did get through days telling myself not to
cry, I even remember sometimes running to the bathroom stall just to cry alone. It was almost better
to take on being teased for my speech, then it was to be seen crying. Or perhaps that's just my
stubborn pride.
See Elementary School marked days in which I honestly don't know how I didn't suffer from

depression.
I'd say "Here!" and suddenly eyes would be piercing me and some chuckles erupted because I didn't
say it correctly. I actually learned to keep my head facing down at my desk so I wouldn't have make

Personal Narrative: The Musical By Heather Mcnamara
When I was a toddler my parents discovered that I could not form words the way most children do. I
was capable of making sounds, but I could never communicate my thoughts fully. After a visit to the
doctor, they decided I had childhood apraxia of speech. Many children are diagnosed with childhood
apraxia of speech, and with therapy they can learn to speak like children unaffected by apraxia.
After my therapy I spoke the same way all of my classmates spoke, but I still had shy tendencies
that would often get the better of me. I began taking dance lessons, and a few years later I began
auditioning for community theatre. After not getting cast in multiple productions, I finally had a
chance to be in a musical. I quickly fell in love with theatre ... Show more content on
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This past year my parents began the process of getting a divorce. Less than a week after my
birthday, July 24, they had their first court date. Almost every day since then I have had a rehearsal
or performance for a community theatre show. I received an unbelievable opportunity in August of
this year. I was cast as a lead in one of my favorite musicals. The show was Heathers: The Musical
and I had the opportunity to play Heather McNamara. The show has since ended, however the
lessons I learned from the show will live with me forever. The show deals with heavy subjects such
as bullying, eating disorders, suicide, depression, and date rape. Being an individual who has been
bullied and has faced issues with depression, this show brought out sides of me I had never shown.
This production taught me to talk about issues that may be more difficult to discuss. Heathers not
only helped me get through the months after my parents' divorce process began, but it taught me so
much about myself and others. Producing a musical with such heavy content forced the cast to grow
closer and to talk about issues that most teenagers face today. Theatre has become the place where I
feel most

Clinician Assessment Of CAS
To conduct a thorough assessment, Peña–Brooks and Hedge (2015, pp. 311–313) suggest that the
clinician test both imitative and non–imitative speech production skills and intelligibility of speech.
Peña–Brooks and Hedge also recommend that the clinician assess for prosody, resonance and
fluency problems, as these errors are common with CAS. While the above criteria are helpful in
evaluating CAS, it can still be challenging to differentiate CAS from other disorders. A recent study
(Murray, Mccabe, Heard, & Ballard, 2014) set out to address this challenge and develop a set of
objective measures that would facilitate differential diagnosis. The study found that accurate
differential diagnosis of CAS may be possible using an evaluation of only ... Show more content on
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However, the lack of diagnostic criteria, unknown etiology, and unreliable research on treatment
efficacy may also be partially due to the variable nature of the disorder. The Forrest survey (2003)
demonstrated the level of disagreement among clinicians about the most characteristic features of
CAS. In light of this disagreement, I speculate that further research will result in a new
understanding of the disorder, or possibly even further classification into multiple sub–disorders.
Furthermore, I wonder if the emphasis on early diagnosis both from insurance companies and the
IDEA '04 may have a significant role in, not only the increase in prevalence, but also the confusion
about characteristics of the disorder. The research suggests that the disorder may be being
misdiagnosed due to early diagnosis, and if so, then the clinicians doing the misdiagnosing may be
associating incorrect characteristics with the disorder. If these same clinicians then report their
fallible findings to other clinicians, the misinformation spreads and becomes "common knowledge,"
thereby compounding the

Transjustic And Cultural Reflection Of A Personal Experience
There are a few memorable experiences that assisted me in learning to work with diverse clients and
caregivers with linguistic and cultural differences from my own. The first one being a client age 82
with a diagnosis of moderate–severe global aphasia and severe verbal and oral apraxia. After a
transient ischemic attack (TIA) evolved into a left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCA), her
speech output largely involved stereotypical "ma" utterances. This client has always arrived to her
speech and language sessions with a smile and in a timely manner. More often than not, we would
start by some small talk that involved some yes or no questions for her to answer and it was amazing
what she can convey with just her varying intonations of "ma"s and animated facial expressions. I
found it challenging to understand what she wanted to share in the beginning since I did not phrase
my questions or comments in a way that warranted clear answers nor did I use her low–tech AAC
book to supplement the conversations but after learning to shape my own words and getting
acquainted to her AAC book, her responses became clearer to me. I had the pleasure with working
with an amazing individual with Locked–in Syndrome who was 42 years old. Although limited
physically, she floored me with her motivation and humor during each session. This client and my
supervisor taught me the importance of using materials that related to their culture to spark interest
but also to balance those materials

Primary Care Issues In Canada
The populations of Canada and most industrialized countries are aging. In Canada, the number of
adults aged sixty–five and over was estimated to be five million as of 2011 (Government of Canada
2014, par. 2). In 2005, the Government of Canada identified focal points and future directions for
the Canadian health system to increase efficiency and effective service delivery, as well as
sustainability, in the face of these changing population demographics (Health Council of Canada
2005). As in other countries, including France, Germany, Australia and the United States, there is
currently a shift in resource allocation and policy towards primary health care (Schoen et al., 2012).
The reason for this shift is related to the unique healthcare needs ... Show more content on
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2006, 295). There are several sub–types of dysarthria, which vary largely upon the etiology of the
speech disorder. Flaccid dysarthria concerns "weakness in the muscles of articulation" resulting
from progressive bulbar palsy and stroke (Ashley et al. 2006, 295). Ataxic dysarthria involves
"decreased rate of speech, inappropriate stress, fluctuating volume, and poorly controlled
coordination of respiration and phonation" most often associated with MS (Ashley et al. 2006, 295).
Spastic dysarthria causes "harsh, strained, or strangled vocal quality; imprecise articulation; and
irregular prosody" as a result of stroke (Ashley et al. 2006, 296). Hyperkinetic dysarthria, whose
symptoms include "phonotory dysfunction, unpredictable breakdowns of articulation and
abnormalities in speech timing and prosody", is most frequently found in Huntington's disease
(Ashely et al. 2006; Rusz et al. 2013, 1). Lastly, hypokinetic dysarthria causes the speaker to
experience "monotone...loudness and pitch, reduced stress, imprecise articulation, inappropriate
silences...and a breathy, harsh vocal quality" and is most commonly found in patients with
Parkinson's disease (Ashley et al. 2006,

Journal Article Summary
Journal Article Summary
Article reference
Ambron, E., Lingnau, A., Lunardelli, A., Pesavento, V., & Rumiati, R. I. (2015). The effect of goals
and vision on movements: A case study of optic ataxia and limb apraxia. Brain & Cognition, 9577–
89 13p. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2015.01.006
Purpose of the study
The purpose of the study was to investigate the potential outcomes of spatial and temporal features
of reaching and grasping movements in a patient whom suffered from a ischemic stroke, and
showcases the following the two neuropsychological symptoms: optic ataxia and limb apraxia.
Hypothesis (es)
The authors of this study made a hypothesis with the specification of what each symptom entails for
a patient's performance. The general ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In regards to the spatial criterion of the movement, there was a statistical difference solely for the
vertical end–point of the movement, which was moved in the direction of the body when the last
goal was to utilize the object (M = 171.5 mm), as opposed to moving it in (M = 179.2 mm) a
separate area. The change was additionally adjusted by the viewing condition and the hemispace of
the movement. Altogether, when carrying out the movement in the direction of the right hemispace
followed by the left hemispace, patient's end–point of moving was nearer in distance to the body.
Additionally when it came to performance from controls in both spatial and temporal criterions,
there was a varying effect between the two. On the other hand, it was found that the patient did just
as a satisfactory job in central viewing in grasping to move and grasping to

Brain Disorders: Apraxia
Apraxia of speech is the result of dysfunction in the cerebral hemispheres of the brain which is the
parietal lobe. It can transpire from many ailments or simply damage to the brain. (NINDS, 2005)
Apraxia is often accompanied by the Aphasia language disorder. The corticobasal ganglionic
degeneration is known to cause apraxia and its various types. Normally, apraxia results from left–
sided lesions. It could also be bilateral in its manifestation. "Apraxia of speech is an articulation
disorder that results from impairment due to brain damage, of the capacity to order the positioning
of speech musculature and the sequencing of muscle movements for volitional production of
phonemes and sequences of phonemes; but it is not accompanied by significant ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Acquired apraxia of speech can affect anyone at any age. However, it occurs mostly in adults due to
a lot of diseases, head injuries, tumors, strokes, etc. Acquired apraxia of speech may occur along
with dysarthria and aphasia. Dysarthria means muscle weakness which affects speech production,
not capable enough to express oneself. Aphasia means a language difficulty that is caused by the
damage in the nervous system. Acquired apraxia of speech is a result of focal brain damage.
Damage in the focal brain, cerebral part of the brain, impairs the processes of planning speech
movements while maintaining normal strength, speed, and coordination of the speech musculature
(Duffy, 1995). Developmental apraxia of speech was first described by Yoss and Darley (1974).
Developmental apraxia of speech (DAS) is hereditary. It also appears to affect more boys than girls.
The causes of DAS are unknown. Some assume that it is related to a one's general language
development. Others say that it is a neurological disorder which affects the brain's ability to send the
correct signals to move the muscles involved in speech (Kent, 2000). However, it is also possible
that almost children with DAS have a history of communication disorders or learning disabilities in
their families. There may be genetic factors playing a role in this

Childhood Apraxia Of Speech Analysis
Childhood apraxia of speech demonstrates a broad range of specific speech characteristics. A variety
of diagnostic descriptions entail characteristic symptoms throughout the stages of development.
According to ASHA, the origin and clinical traits of CAS continues, although many researchers and
clinicians are in agreement that it's a motor speech disorder. The most important characteristics are
the inconsistency of mistakes on consonants and vowels that are replicated in the production of
words and syllables. Another fundamental aspect of CAS is the disruption of co–articulatory
transitions. During coarticulation, the speech of children with CAS is discovered to be sturdier and
more prolonged than of a typically developing child (Nijland et al., 2002, 2003). The disorder of
CAS shows to be defined by its speech characteristics, but it also demonstrates impairments
associated with other linguistics and non–verbal functions. There has been few research found
pertaining to neuropsychological behaviors, studies have emphasized more of motor behavior,
memory and sensory processing traits. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within CAS, behavioral symptoms are most consistent and include elevated consonant and vowel
errors, inconsistency in the mistakes, problems with sequencing speech units and prosody. Though,
children with CAS demonstrate to have language impairment with other characteristics of
developmental speech. Research has proven that there are different types of speech and language
disorders collectively related to a family member of children identified with CAS (Lewis et al.,
2004, 2006). Lewis also indicates that there is a similar pattern occurring for speech–disordered
children without CAS as

The Extensive Functions Of The Various Anatomical Structures
The extensive functions of the various anatomical structures of the brain are constantly being
studied due to the complexity of this organ. Often times its many roles are taken for granted
including speech. Speech involves a complex planning process as well as the ability to execute it
properly by coordinating and managing the movements of the mouth and tongue. When specific
brain injuries occur this function is compromised in what is known as apraxia. This is a speech
disorder where a person has difficulty with the planning and executing processes of movement for
speech despite there being no weakness of the actual speech muscles. This can result in increased
difficulty producing desired sounds at a consistent rate. Though we do know ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The anatomical area within the brain that is responsible for producing apraxia when damaged was
unknown, the aim of the study was to compare brain scans of both affected and unaffected patient to
determine a common anatomical region damaged among those with apraxia to determine an
anatomical reference point within the brain.
Background
To begin the discussion on the language and speech coordination within the brain and the research
conducted within the research, I will first differentiated between aphasia and apraxia as the two are
often confused due their overlapping nature. The "language organ" of the brain has been
traditionally known as Wernecki's area, Broca's area, and the perisylvian strip (Kean). When any or
several of these regions are damaged, the following disorder in language is known as aphasia.
Aphasia can involve varying levels of difficulty involved in understanding and producing speech. In
the past, apraxia has often been understood as a part of aphasia however the two have been found to
be distinct language disorders.
Language disorders are caused by damage to the brain which can be a result of a stroke, tumor,
trauma, or other neurological diseases such as Alzhiemers. Stokes are the major cause language
disorder such as aphasia. During a stroke there is a rupture or a blocking of

Apraxia
Jackson (1866) was the first who described Apraxia. He noted that patients suffering from Apraxia
have difficulties with movements of the tongue or lips after command. On the other hand, he
observed that the patients could move the tongue or lips to an automatic sequence of movements,
such as movements involving eating and swallowing. Still, Jackson (1866) observed that patients
could not move their right hand on command, but patients could act properly with regard to the
spontaneous way.
The person who introduced the term Apraxia was Steinthal (1871). Steinthal (1871) described a
patient with Apraxia, who was holding his pencil upside down and he was trying to write or try to
use a fork and a knife with a weird way. Steinthal (1871) focused on the relationship between the
movement and the objects and he highlighted the lack of action ("a – praxia"), which can be derived
from a perceptual deficit which prevents the correct use of the objects. Based on these observations,
it was created the hypothesis that Apraxia is a neurological syndrome (Steinthal, 1871). ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was deficit that influenced the movements of the right extremities and the movements of the
head, face and tongue. The patient could perform movements with his left hand, gestures after a
verbal command and imitation, using tools. Regarding verbal comprehension, visual recognition and
intellectual functioning, they have largely remained. Based on this patient, Liepmann (1900) coined
the term "motor apraxia" and he aimed to describe the damage. In 1908, Liepmann reported in
research the term "sympathetic apraxia". Generally, he agreed that the left hemisphere dominates in
language and in motor

Apraxia Of Speech : An Unknown Motor Issue That Affects...
Apraxia of speech is a disorder in which an individual has an unknown motor issue that affects their
speech communication (Beathard & Robert, 2008). The extent and severity of the apraxia can vary
from person to person. Apraxia of speech can occur in both children and adults. Childhood apraxia
of speech (CAS) is a newer diagnosis and controversial because it does not have specific markers
that differ from other speech acquisition disorders (Beathard & Robert, 2008). For an individual to
be diagnosed with apraxia of speech or CAS they must meet 8 out of 11 features and not have
structural problems in the speech organs, signs of dysarthric symptoms, hearing problems, and/or
have at least average nonverbal intelligence (Martikainen & Korpilahit, 2011). The features of CAS
are: limited consonant and vowel repertoire; frequent omission errors; high incidence of vowel
errors; inconsistent articulation errors; increased difficulty imitating words and phrases;
predominant use of simple syllable shapes; impaired volitional oral movements; reduced expressive
language skills compared to receptive language skills; and incorrectness in producing multisyllabic
sequences (Beathard & Robert, 2008;Martikainen & Korpilahit, 2011). The treatment options for
apraxia of speech are limited. There has been no one treatment that has been found to be superior to
others but researchers have been experimenting with different treatment options to see if one will
help improve the features of

3 Stages Of Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's disease is a chronic, neurodegenerative disorder that attacks the brain's neurons,
resulting in loss in memory, destruction of thinking and verbal skills, and changes in behavior (Kerr
& Small, 2005). It is known as the most common factor of promoting dementia after the age of 65.
Besides, the estimation of dementia sufferers is 24 million people in the beginning of 21st century,
and it is assumed that the figure may rise threefold by 2040 (Kawas, 2003; "The three stages of
Alzheimer's disease", 2011). This essay will discuss biological features of Alzheimer's disease in
neurological, cortical and physiological perspectives. It will then evaluate how the progressive
damage that may lead to cognitive impairment. Finally, some ... Show more content on
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The third symptoms of dementia – Neurofibrillary tangles are formed by abnormal combination of
microtubule–associated protein called tau. In healthy neuron, tau binds to microtubules, helping
them to stabilize and transport nutrients and messages from one cell body to another cell body.
(Cohen et al., 2013) In Alzheimer's disease, yet, the tau proteins hyper–phosphorylate and aggregate
with each other, causing collapse of microtubules, tangles formations and decommission of nerve
cells. Moreover, destruction of neurons stops the message passing on (Lee et al., 2005). Well–beings
perceive visual information is first processed in the occipital lobes. Then, signals are transmitted to
parietal lobes, and locate the target organs or cells. Meanwhile, the signals are passed to the
temporal lobes, to recall the memories from previous events. As for Alzheimer's disease patients,
interruption of signal transmission results in mistaken recognition of faces or objects, which is
termed Prosopagnosia (NHS, 2014). Also, Teuber (1968) suggested agnosia as a "normal percept
that has somehow been stripped of its meaning" (P.293), which means agnosia sufferers are able to
acquire information from the outside world but not acknowledged, then the originally obtained
implication is no longer associated with it. Prosopagnosia can be caused by suffering damage
through a disease in various parts

Apraxia Research Paper
Home Page My Child has Apraxia I am a mother of the child that has apraxia. What is apraxia you
may ask? Is it when a child has issues with talking? The child can't get the words out – they come
out wrong. The child gets frustrated because they can't get out what they want to say. Your child
may not be able to say words right or be able to talk at all. I watch my son struggle to talk. He could
not tell me he loved me. He could not ask me for anything or tell me what he did that day. My son
would get so upset that he could not get out what he is trying to say. I would just hug him and help
him with his speech. He works very hard with his speech. He never gave up no matter how hard it
got for him. He just kept going. Then one day I heard him say, "I love you, mommy". He was so
proud to say those words to me. I can see how happy he was to tell me that he loves me. He is still
working on his speech, but now he can tell me stories, ask for stuff, and ... Show more content on
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Joey Jr's Story with Apraxia When my son was 1–year–old he was not talking yet. He only could
say mama. I was asking everyone why my son was not talking yet. The Doctors and Public Health
Nurse said boys developed more slowly than girls. I just shook my head. When he was 2 years old I
found out that my son needed tubes in his ear. The doctor said that he could not hear what I or
anyone was saying, and that's why he could not talk. So they sent my son to see a speech therapist
before he started Pre–K. He was not catching on yet; he still struggled with his words. My son went
to Pre–K unable to talk. He got upset that his teacher and all the other students but one could not
understand him. This one child that could understand him was named JJ. He could not talk either.
He struggled as well. My son and JJ became close. They talked to each other with body language.
No one knew what they were saying; just the two of

Childhood Apraxia Of Speech : A Motor Speech Disorder
Childhood Apraxia Of Speech (CAS)
Childhood apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder. In CAS a child might have problems
performing the correct movements for speech due to signaling problems between the brain and the
muscles used for speech production. This signaling problem causes the child to have difficulty
learning accurate speech movements. Speech movements that a normal developing child learns with
ease are difficult for a child with apraxia of speech.
The cause of childhood apraxia of speech is unknown. However, individuals believe some possible
causes include genetic disorders, neurological impairment due to stroke or brain injury and or other
syndromes such as Autism or Fragile X. Due to the limited data available regarding CAS it is
difficult to quantify the number of individuals who have CAS. It has been noted that CAS is on the
rise, but this data could be influenced by an increased awareness of CAS, the increase of research on
CAS within the last few years, and children undergoing evaluations at an earlier age who are now
being identified. CAS may have always been present in these numbers but undiagnosed or
identified. An additional concern and consideration in identifying CAS is the concern that due to
increases in awareness CAS may be over–diagnosed and inflate the numbers of individuals
diagnosed with CAS.
Childhood Apraxia of Speech is difficult to diagnose. The main areas to focus on when evaluating
and diagnosing this disorder are the child's oral

Childhood Speech Of Apraxia Of Speech
Abstract
Childhood speech of apraxia is a condition that affects the muscles that are used in speech
production. It, therefore, means that a person with this condition has speech problems and
communicating with others is big challenge for such a person. The research looks at a kindergarten
child who has this condition and the challenges that he goes through. It also looks at some of the
signs of this condition and how it can be remediated both at home and at school. The research has
gone further and looked at some of the reasons that make it necessary for this boy to be referred. It
is the belief of the researcher that with the right knowledge, those affected by this condition will
take the necessary steps that will help them find a solution to this condition.
Introduction
Childhood Apraxia of speech is a relatively new speech condition that affects a very small number
of children. It is, therefore, not easy to identity it or diagnoses it if one is not keen. It should be
noted that this is a speech problem where the muscles that are involved in the production of sound
are unable to move in the expected manner and in the expected speed. The person with this
condition will have problems pronouncing some words and in some situations he may not be able to
pronounce the longer words. This condition is quite different from stammering and stuttering in that
here it is the speech muscles that have problems. The paper looks at this condition in details, the
signs and symptoms, how

Apraxia Of Speech Disorders
Apraxia of speech is a Motor Speech Disorder that impacts an individual's ability to make the plans
and preparations necessary to produce speech. Apraxia of speech causes an individual to have
difficulty speaking when they want to or are asked to, and also causes the production of words to
vary each time the speaker says them. Having this disorder does not impact the individual's ability to
comprehend speech and a person with apraxia of speech knows the message they want to
communicate, but they experience a breakdown in trying to formulate and articulate that message
properly. In adults this is generally referred to as acquired apraxia of speech, and can be caused by a
traumatic brain injury, stroke or some other form of injury to the brain.

Key Aspects Of Language And Communication : The Importance...
Language is a beautiful and mysterious thing that is essential to living a satisfying life. The number
of languages spoken throughout the world is astounding, let alone each individual dialect within
those languages. There are differing opinions as to how language is acquired; whether it is inborn,
learned, or a mixture of both. No matter what stance an individual may take, it cannot be denied that
language is the pure essence of human life. The ability to communicate is essential for not only
everyday life, but for an individual's future success. My desire to pursue this profession was sparked
when I was 17, and has not once faltered. The ability to communicate is often taken for granted by
many, and when someone loses that ability or has trouble with communicating, that person's quality
of life decreases greatly. As humans, we have the innate desire to communicate with each other. I
want to enrich the lives of others by enabling them to communicate with those around them,
therefore connecting them with the rest of the world. Communication is the basis of human life, and
I want to help all individuals have the ability to express themselves. Evidence based practice is a key
aspect of providing quality services to clients. We as clinicians need to be sure that we are
implementing and utilizing methods that have been researched and are proven to be successful.
Research is a very important aspect of clinical practice, and I have been lucky enough to conduct
research with a

Speech Pathology Analysis
Speech pathology is an interesting field that affects various individuals' ability to communicate in
different ways. In pursuing an education in speech–language pathology I decided that I want to work
with children. Communication is a process that is often taken for granted, and I intend to help
individuals in which communicating is a strenuous process. The areas of speech pathology that
interest me the most are phonological disorders and motor speech disorders. These disorders are
important and interesting because they deal with speech production and speech is a medium through
which many individuals express themselves and communicate their intent. In taking communication
disorder courses and anatomy course it was interesting learning all

Production Frequency In Speech Therapy Essay
Title Production Frequency in Speech Therapy: A Review Abstract This study explored the variable
of frequency of production in the context of speech therapy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)
to determine whether more practice of speech targets leads to better client outcomes. Two treatment
designs were implemented, one using moderate frequency of productions and another using high
frequency of productions. The success of these treatment designs were compared in order to assess
the importance of frequency in treatment for CAS. Introduction CAS is a rare neurological,
sensorimotor speech sound disorder. According to related research, successful therapy for those with
CAS is achieved by incorporating four tenets of motor learning into therapy: precursors to learning,
conditions of practice, feedback, and influence of rate. Other studies suggest that intense treatment
is necessary for success, but intensity is rarely measured, and research specifically addressing
practice amounts had not been conducted prior to this study. The study hypothesized that children
would achieve greater in–session production accuracy and generalization of speech targets when
treated with a higher frequency of productions. Materials/Methods The subjects of the study were
two children, Jaime and Felix, who suffer from CAS. Both children ... Show more content on
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Both children were treated using a combination of moderate frequency and high frequency
production elicitations. For moderate (ModF) treatment, 30 to 40 productions of each speech target
were elicited. In the high (HiF) treatment, 100–150 productions were elicited. In both treatment
conditions, the same types of activities and games were used to elicit the speech targets. Treatment
sessions included the use of toys that were of interest to the children. An apraxia flipbook and small
mirrors were used for visual cuing. A two–week break was taken following treatment before
assessing

Designing A Home Program Activities
1) Tyler recommends simple, naturalistic activities as part of a home program, focused on auditory
stimulation through modeling and not requiring productions, at least not until the child has achieved
correct production in single words in treatment.
a) Why would it be important for the home program activities to be simple and naturalistic?
Through this type of program, the child is in a more natural environment with activities that are
more familiar to him/her. Modeling the target sounds and providing auditory stimulation while
going through the routines of home life (e.g., getting dressed, reading a book, and going to bed)
gives the child functional opportunities in learning and acquiring speech. Furthermore, these simple
routine are repeated daily, meaning the child has that much more exposure to the target sounds.
b) Why would you not want the client to be practicing productions at home until they can produce
single words correctly in therapy sessions?
The client would already be able to produce the sound in single words, which makes it easier for
carryover in the home. The parents would be better capable of modeling and stimulating those
sounds in words through easy activities (e.g., picture cards).
c) Come up with several home activities that you could recommend to parents that would fit these
criteria.
Reading a book – pointing out target sounds in words and/or pictures
Playing at the playground o On the slide, the parent could practice the /p/ and /s/

Similarities And Differences Between Wernicke And...
1. Compare and Contrast Broca's Aphasia, Wernicke's Aphasia, and Transcoritcal Aphasia (text
source). ELABORATE Aphasia is a language disorder that can be the result of a brain injury. An
individual that is suffering from aphasia may experience difficulty speaking, writing, reading, or
comprehending. There are three different types of Aphasia that differ in various ways. First,
Wernicke's Aphasia is the inability to grasp the meaning of words and sentences that have been
produced by another individual. This type of aphasia is also known as "fluent aphasia" or "receptive
aphasia". Wernicke patients' speech may come across like a jumble of words or jargon, but it is very
well articulated and they have no issue producing their own connected speech. If the patient is
consecutively making errors, it is common for them to be unaware of their difficulties, and not
realize that their sentences don't make sense. The severity of the disorder varies depending on the
patient, and the disorder results form damage in the left posterior temporal region of the brain,
which is also known as Wernicke's area. Another serious type of aphasia is Broca's Aphasia. Broca's
Aphasia differs from Wernicke's aphasia because individuals that suffer from this disorder can easily
comprehend because their auditory comprehension is unimpaired, but they are unable to control
their articulators and motor planning in order to produce their own speech. Broca's Aphasia is also
known as "nonfluent" or

Alyson Taylor Case Summary
Alyson Taylor is an Apraxia advocate after her personal experiences with the disorder. In the mid–
ninties, she was diagnosed with Apraxia at three–years–old. There was very little known about this
speech disorder and, consequently, her parents were very limited in resources and information. She
attended speech therapy for thirteen years at her public school as well as a local college that offered
speech therapy, California State University of Northridge (CSUN). There was such a deprivation of
Apraxia knowledge that Alyson was actually CSUN's first case study for Apraxia of Speech to help
further the school's Apraxia knowledge and treatments for future generations.
Alyson was able to verbally say her name aloud at the age of seven. However, there was more work
to be done. She struggled with verbally communicating the necessary words she was thinking and,
later, properly pronouncing difficult letters and words with the "R"–sound. With the assistance from
early special–education classes, speech therapy, and her parent's everlasting support, she was
eventually able to verbally ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She soared–academically, athletically, and socially. She transformed from the girl in special–
education courses to the girl with straight–A's in High–School Honors classes. She was the girl who
played water polo for years, even though she was unable to throw a ball more than five–feet in
Elementary School. She also became heavily–involved in her local community, such as Girl Scouts,
where she received the highest award, The Gold Award, by presenting the need for a marked
crosswalk at a dangerous intersection to Burbank's Traffic Commision. Socially she excelled and
became confident in befriending others, despite her speech, and made several friends through her
school,personal activities, and even had the occasional

Voldemort: Dysarthria Of Speech
1. Voldemort was diagnosed with dysarthria. How is dysarthria different from apraxia of speech?
Include definitions of each. (3 points)
Dysarthrias are a group of motor speech disorders characterized by various forms of articulatory
mistakes, and poor intelligibility. Dysarthrias typically include lots of speech errors. Apraxia of
speech is the result of a brain injury (stroke, degenerative disease, TBI, anoxia and tumors). In
apraxia of speech, the individual has a breakdown in motor planning and programming. The
individual would have difficulty with voluntary movement for speech tasks. In apraxia of speech
there is a deficit in prosody and articulation. The major difference between dysarthria and apraxia of
speech is that dysarthria is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Read the journal article on D2L based on LSVT and answer the following questions:
i. Cite the article in APA format (0.5 point)
Ramig, L. O., Sapir, S., Fox, C., & Countryman, S. (2001). Changes in Vocal Loudness following
Intensive Voice Treatment (LSVT) in Individuals with Parkinson's Disease: A Comparison with
Untreated Patients and Normal Age–Matched Controls. Movement Disorders, 16 (1), 79–83. ii.
State the aim of the study in one sentence (1 point)
This study assesses the impact of LVST on vocal loudness in individuals with dysarthria, who have
been diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease. iii. State the number and type of groups and number of
participants in the study (1.5 points)
Three groups were included. The first group was individuals with Parkinson's disease receiving
LVST. The second group was individuals with Parkinson's disease receiving no treatment. The third
group was individuals who are neurologically normal. Forty–three individuals participated in this
study. iv. Summarize the LSVT technique as described in the article in your own words (2

Maturational Perspective of Motor Development
Mental intelligence, interests, abilities, personality and behaviour tendencies are affected by nature
and nurture. Nature vs. nurture is an ongoing debate between genetic inheritances and
environmental factors that shape development. Nature, also known as heredity, is the genetic code a
person is born with. In motor development, nature refers to the genetic inheritance of characteristics
and tendencies that influence development. The maturational perspective of motor development
focuses on nature influences. The maturational perspective explains functions of maturational
processes, particularly through the central nervous system, which control or dictate motor
development (Payne & Isaacs, 2012). Motor development is an internal ... Show more content on
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(Haywood et al., 2012) Therefore, as a person's central nervous system develops, their motor skills
develop. Shirley's research supports the idea that a person's motor development is an internal
process determined by biological processes. Specific problems in the body cause motor delays.
Motor delay means following a normal course of development at a level below suggested
expectations for that child's age. Problems with an internal system, the central nervous system, can
lead to very specific movement problems. The cerebrum is a part of the central nervous system, if
damaged it will limit or eliminate modulation, cause astereognosis and agnosia, damage reflexes,
and impair laterality. Apraxia is a motor disorder caused by the damage of the cerebrum. Apraxia is
a disorder of motor planning. Children with apraxia are clumsy and poorly coordinated when
learning new motor tasks. Their advancement with new motor skills is not as efficient as other
children. This is because their movement is very stiff, they have extraneous movements, seem to not
understand where their body is in space, and have trouble with eye–hand and eye–foot coordination.
(Payne & Isaacs, 2012) The damage in a child's central nervous system, in this case cerebrum, result
in a natural motor delay. This specific disorder supports the maturational perspective. Apraxia is an
internal process determining change in a child's motor development.
While

Apraxia Awareness
Historically, every great movement and societal acceptance is a result of bridging communities
together. In bridging people together who otherwise are not from the same "side." Women's Suffrage
entailed strong women fighting for women's equality, but it took a male–dominated government to
put it into law. Holocaust remembrance is not exclusive to the Jewish community, but also the non–
Jewish community as well. Autism awareness, more recently, found success by having a Sesame
Street character with Autism to unite children with and without autism. You should see where I'm
getting at. Awareness is achieved when we unite the divided and acknowledge one common goal. In
regards to Apraxia, we can only increase awareness and acceptance by uniting with the non–Apraxia
community. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We need to expand the Apraxia bubble to the parents who aren't affected by it, to the teachers who
know nothing about it, and to the speech professionals who somehow do not know about it. The
rewards alone in connecting the Apraxia community to the non–Apraxia community are incredible
and slowly, but surely it CAN be done. I recently held a restaurant fundraiser at a local Buffalo Wild
Wings to raise money for CASANA and Apraxia Awareness. After a lot of social–media
advertising– borderline harassing– I was amazed to see various members of both the non–apraxia
and apraxia community supporting the fundraiser. My friends and family came, but so did those
with children diagnosed with Apraxia. I met two young children diagnosed, Brayden and Emma,
who both were quite lovely to meet! Brayden is quite the Batman fan and Emma gave the sweetest
waves hello. More importantly, in talking to the children and their families, my own close family
and friends would hear me talk about, "You won't believe where they go to speech therapy," or,
"They are so close to an Apraxia diagnosis, why does it have to be that

Interview With Jane In The Classroom
Jane is a five–year–old girl. She was given provisional diagnoses of Childhood Verbal Apraxia. I
have been Jane's teacher since September of 2015. During this time, I had an abundant pleasure to
get to know Jane, her twin sister Maggie as well as their parents. For this paper I interviewed Jane's
mother Kate, her speech therapist Anna and I used my own classroom notes. I will reflect on her
behavior as well as the social, emotional and academic characteristics. Correspondingly, I will echo
two theorists to her development. Background Jane is born in February of 2011. Both of her parents
are American of Italian descent. Jane's mother Kate is an outgoing and witty first grade ESL teacher.
Her father works for the Department of Sanitation. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a teacher I like to expose my children to new vocabulary and a lot of hands on activities in order
for them to learn. Although we only had five days in this new theme I watched Jane as she chose
different center each time so she can acquire more knowledge. This particular day Jane, wanting to
please me, went to science. I observed her as she was fascinated with a cup of live caterpillars. She
carefully watched them, even using a magnifying glass to see if she could count their many legs.
She was further fascinated when we read an Eric Carle book The Very Hungry Caterpillar. Later, she
asked me if she can borrow the book to draw each food item the caterpillar ate before becoming a
butterfly. Her artwork was amazing: one apple, two pears, three plums, etc. During lunch, she
questioned feeding a little bit of her pickle to our caterpillars, just like the book. Jane cannot wait
until the caterpillars become beautiful butterflies. I explained the process to all the children and told
them that we will have to release the butterflies. This made them very sad. Inspired by their love for
the book I made a big caterpillar head for our dramatic play area. Jane yet again referred to the book
and would carefully search for the items the caterpillar ate in the book and feed it only those things.
I am always confronted with Jane being a perfectionist and strictly following all the

Children With Suspected Childhood Apraxia Of Speech
Introduction
Child hood Apraxia of Speech is a motor speech disorder that affects children's ability to say sounds,
syllables, and words. The brain has trouble coordinating muscle movements that are needed for
speech. The child knows exactly what to speak, but the brain has trouble coordinating the muscle
movements. It is different for every person that has this type of disorder. In some other cases, it can
be an unknown cause, meaning it can happen out of the blue, or by mutations. One of the articles is
based off of reliability and validity testing and scoring by the Dynamic Evaluation of Motor Speech
Skills, while the other has different assessments that were tested and transcribed.
First Summary of Article One
In the article, "Differential Diagnosis of Children with Suspected Childhood Apraxia of Speech", the
authors describe the signs of a child having Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS). If a child is
suspected of having CAS, here are a few symptoms that can occur, shifting errors on consonants and
vowels in repetitive syllables and sounds, incorrect prosody, and interrupted articulatory between
sounds and syllables. (Murray, McCabe, Heard, & Ballard, 2015, p.44). A tool that is used to
identify CAS is a Strands 10 point checklist. (Shriberg, Potter, & Strand, 2012). This is a checklist
that contains 10 segmental and suprasegmental structures. Authors say that this checklist doesn't
lead to an exact assessment, but authors rely on it (Strand, McCauley, & Weigand,

Oral Synthesis Essay
Uncertainty with defining the clinical attributes of Apraxia of Speech has been debated in the
literature dating back to 1960's when Darley (1975) first introduced the term Apraxia of Speech
(AOS). However, the idea of a motor speech disorder existing with preserved language skills and
unimpaired muscular function was originally introduced by Paul Broca in the 1800s (Broca, 1861).
McNeil et.al, (2004) defines AOS as a "neurogenic communication disorder affecting the planning
and programming of speech movements in the absence of weakness, slowness, and incoordination
of the speech musculature." Apraxic speakers can properly select the correct phonemes, but are
unable to manipulate and sequence the structures necessary for speech because the ... Show more
Errors are highly inconsistent and vary with the complexity of the articulatory demands, particularly
as words increase in length. Interestingly, the speaker is usually aware of his or her errors but is
typically unable to anticipate or correct them. Some errors appear to be perseverative, while others
anticipatory (Staiger, Finger–Berg, Aichert, & Ziegler,

Dyspraxia Research Paper
DYSPRAXIA OR APRAXIA
SO MANY TERMS – WHAT DO THEY MEAN?
Parents who bring their child to me for Speech Pathology often tell me that they have looked
dyspraxia up on the internet, but there are so many different terms that seem to be used it becomes
very confusing.
Here are some of the most common terms with their meanings:
Dyspraxia /apraxia
Dyspraxia or apraxia are interchangeable terms which mean that someone is not able to do an
action. This is because the brain needs to know how to do an action, plan it, carry it out and make
small adjustments, if needed, as the action happens. This is called a motor program or a motor plan.
If any disruption happens to this motor planning then the result is a form of dyspraxia (or apraxia).
Developmental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Usually children with dyspraxia are able to show that they have good comprehension
(understanding) skills.
If you suspect that your child may have any degree of dyspraxia, please find a local Speech
Pathologist who can get to know your child and work out why she or he is having difficulty with
talking. If your child has dyspraxia the Speech Pathologist can help you understand the terms and
how they relate to your

Diagnosis Of Apraxia
1. Haley, K., Jacks, A., Riesthal, M., Abou–Khalil, R., & Roth, H. (2012). Toward a Quantitative
Basis for Assessment and Diagnosis of Apraxia of Speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and
Hearing Research, 55, S1502–S1517. doi:10.1044/1092–438 This article is about the how reliable
and valid two quantitative approaches in diagnosing the severity of apraxia of speech (AOS).
Diagnosis AOS is often an impressions of prior knowledge and perception of observations using
Darley's model of characteristic criteria. This study was observational and 59 participants were used
through a volunteer registry. 39 were diagnosed with aphasia (16 women, 23 men) and a motor
speech evaluation was given. Audio recordings of the evaluation were then shown ... Show more
The scores of the clinicians was 0.94 reliability. There was validity based on the strong correlations
with independent clinical diagnosis and strong correlation with independent clinical judgement of
the severity. The purpose of the study was to describe the (ASRS) which measures the presence or
absence of relative frequency, severity of characteristics of apraxia of speech. This reports validity
was with intra–judge and inter–judge reliability and was completed on n=133 participants with a
neurodegenerative speech disorder. Categorizing was first established by Darley using a subset of
characteristics. Scoring for each of the 16 items on the ASRS were on a 0–4 rating scale: 0 as not
present, 1 as detectable but infrequent, 2 as frequent but not pervasive, 3 as nearly always evident–
not severe, and 4 as nearly always evident–severe. The scale was developed to be used as a
descriptive tool vs. a diagnostic tool for clinicians. During the study, it was realized that this tool
could also be used for differential diagnosis. The clinicians used the ASRS during or after by
listening to recorded speech during conversational speech, picture description, word and sentence
repetition, and speech like tasks. ASRS was completed on all 133 participants and who met the
criteria for aphasia and/or progressive apraxia of speech (AOS). Ages ranged

Biofeedback Feedbacks
Davina Thompson CSD 301 November 13, 2014 Article Analysis Authors Jonathan L. Preston,
Nickole Brick, and Nicole Landi did a study to determine if ultrasound boifeedback for children
with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) was efficient. Biofeedback feedbacks are instrumentals that
allow clinicians to be able to gather visual information on the client's performance, which can only
target lingual phonemes. This study has very little evidence that support it, but it is expanding to
may more research that will be tested in the near future. This study was focuses on CAS to see if
biofeedback of tongue movements could help these children improve their target speech while
talking. These studies have discovered that this method has improved

Desire For Belonging
Humans possess a burning desire to obtain a sense of belonging in this world. For many, this thirst
for belonging is satisfied by being a part of a social community, such as a family, friend group, team,
or other organization. For me, the National Student Speech–Language Hearing Association is not
simply a professional organization for aspiring speech–language pathologists and audiologists.
Rather, it is a fellowship in which people whom share a desire to change lives and become valuable
assets to this world congregate. This is due to the fact that NSSLHA has enabled me to form
incredible bonds with my classmates, upperclassmen, graduate students, and even faculty members.
As a college student, I feel it is extremely easy to become selfish

Childhood Apraxia Of Speech: Article Analysis
Davina Thompson CSD 499 November 17, 2014 Article Analysis Authors Denice Michelle Edeal
and Christina Elke Glidersleeve–Neumann created a study to determine where speech targets cause
and increase treatment sessions in children with Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS). To do this
they use frequencies for the children so they can produce the require productions for the therapy.
This study consisted of two children who have childhood apraxia of speech and they were provided
with treatments. They had two different treatments; one child had treatment 3 times weekly for 11
weeks and the other child 2 times weekly for 5 weeks. Childhood apraxia of speech affects the
sensorimotor and it is a speech sound disorder. Children with this have troubles with combining
speech and have motor problems which it hard to produce speech. Understanding this CAS is
important in determining the characteristics. The authors incorporated four motor learning therapies:
precursors to learning, condition of practice, feedback, and influence of rate. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Feedback is letting the client know what they are doing wrong and doing right. This might involve
telling the client to produce a specific target sound and telling the client to produce a slower target
sound versus and slower target sound. Intrinsic feedback is strictly feedback that relies on the
client's performance. The study said that this cause a self–awareness of learning to produce to the
correct production. Finally, rate focus on how fast or how slow the client presents the target

Apraxia Case Studies
Description and underlying pathology Jane is a 65–year–old –year woman resident of the service–
learning center (Alderwood Manor), I was able to visit. Jane has a difficulty making sounds of the
words she wants to say. For instance, she meant to say, "I want Honey's for snack" but what comes
out from her mouth would sound like "I–want–huh–nee–oz–for–suh–nack". Jane has a condition
called Apraxia of speech (AS) associated with another neurogenic communication disorder (NCD)
called dysarthria. This condition occurs when "the messages from the brain to the mouth are
disrupted, and the person cannot move his or her lips or tongue to the right place to say sounds
correctly, even though the muscles are not weak" (American Speech–Language–Hearing
Association, 2016). Duffy (2005) notes that 41% of the 155 affected persons who had a primary
speech pathology diagnosis of apraxia of speech had suffered a single stroke; lesions in the area of
the left middle cerebral artery distribution were commonly associated with apraxia of speech.
Recent studies, however, show that apraxia of speech cannot be attributed to a single lesion site
since it could be subcortical and/or cortical in nature (Murdoch, 2013). Jane is primarily diagnosed
with apraxia of speech, but it is also important to note ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diagnosing adults or children with communication apraxia of speech takes careful analysis and
involves professionals. An audiologist should perform a hearing evaluation to rule out hearing loss
as a possible cause of the client's speech difficulties (American Speech–Language–Hearing
Association, 2016). Figure 1 showing the affected site of the brain can help explain the occurrence
of the apraxia of speech. This neuroanatomical and other similar ones demonstrating the affected
area can help pathologist identify the amount of affected area in order to most likely recognize the
interventions necessary to help clients like

Childhood Apraxia Of Speech Essay
Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a neurological speech sound disorder that occurs in children
age 3 to 21 years. CAS occurs when a child's motor programming is impaired causing a deficit in
speech motor movements. The disorder can be present at birth or acquired and there is debate on
whether CAS is organically based or of unknown origin (Bernthal, J., Bankson, N., & Flipsen, P.,
2013).
Even though CAS is a neurological disorder, it can still occur in more than one way. According to
ASHA, childhood apraxia of speech can occur three different ways. The first way is with a known
neurological condition, such as cerebral palsy or brain tumor. Secondly, it can be comorbid with a
neurobehavioral disorder, such as autism spectrum disorder or ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, the frequency of these features can depend on the age of the child and the severity of the
disorder. Overall, CAS is characterized by difficulty with planning and programming gestures of
speech.
Assessment
Kaufman Speech Praxis Test for Children (KSPT) is a norm referenced assessment that measures
the level of break down in a child's motor programming abilities. The KSPT establishes treatment
plans and is can be used again as a follow–up for improvement. It can be assessed to children
ranging from the ages 2.0–5.11 (Super Duper, 2015).
Interventions for Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Motor programming approach is an intervention that can be used for childhood apraxia of speech.
This intervention is based on a motor programming principle. The clinician provides speech targets
for the client and they are rigorously practiced. The focus is for the client to utilize proper motor
planning and for the clinician to provide ample feedback on their performance (ASHA,

CASAA: A Case Study
The organization that created and outlined this informational source was The Child Apraxia of
Speech Association of North America (CASANA). CASANA is a nonprofit, publicly funded charity.
Their mission is to encourage and expand the knowledge of the support systems of the children
whose lives have been affected by childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). The organization hopes to
give opportunities for the families of these children, so they can be given the best chances to
improve speech and communication. Having had major growth from when the organization began as
an online discussion group, in 2000, CASANA can now proudly flaunts their evolution to being
considered a reliable national public charity. Being a reference for many families, CASANA

Dysarthria Essay

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