Science Fair Questions on Color Absorption

Science Fair Questions
Science Fair Question
How do different colors absorb and re–emit radiant (light) energy?
Background Research Have you ever experienced the warmth provided by a shaft of sunlight through a window? This paper is going to discuss how
different colors absorb and re–emit radiant (light) energy. The following terms will be discussed; energy, radiant energy, photon, and electron volt.
Energy is defined as usable heat or power, measured by the amount of work done, usually in joules or watts. Energy can exist in a variety of forms,
such as electrical, mechanical, chemical, thermal, or nuclear, and can be transformed to one form to another (The American Heritage Student Science
Dictionary 116). Solar radiation can be converted into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Photon's are discrete bundles of energy and never stop moving, which is the opposite of absolute zero (Photon–What is a Photon?). The
Stefan–Boltzmann Law is a statement that the total radiation heat energy emitted from a surface is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute
temperature (Stefan–Boltzmann Law) and it is a very important aspect of this project. Temperature Kelvin is the only temperature scale designed to fit
absolute zero, even though absolute zero my never be reached, though it has been approached (What is absolute
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

A Brief Note On Land Use Land Cover Change Detection
3.4.2. Land–use Land–cover change detection
LULCC detection was done by involving image of 1989, 1999 and 1999 and 2016. Using GIS techniques thematic image or vector files of different
years were compared. The cross operation process of mapping LULCC over time began with mapping the present 2016 satellite imagery, then looking
back in time to map the past 1989 imagery.post classification is among the most widely used techniques for change detection purpose (Chen,2000). The
analysis of land–use land–cover change maps involved technical procedures of integration using the Arc GIS software techniques. The first task was to
develop a table showing the area in hectares or in square kilometer and the percentage change for each year (1989, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
To calculate fractional vegetation cover (FVC) the following f Eq. 3.3 is used.
FVC=(NDVI–NDVIs)/(NDVIv–NDVIs) Eq. (3.3)
Where,
FVC=fractional vegetation cover
NDVI= Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
The above equation (FVC) is used to get fraction an area with vegetation cover using NDVI value.
NDVIs=is NDVI for soil and NDVIv= NDVI for vegetation
To calculate landsat 8, land surface emissivity (LSE) first the following equation Eq. 3.4 is used to calculated proportion vegetation.
Pv= (NDVI–NDVImin/NDVImax–NDVImin)^2 Eq. (3.4)
Where,
Pv=proportion of vegetation
NDVI=Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
NDVI min= Normalized Difference Vegetation Index minimum value
NDVImax= Normalized Difference Vegetation Index maximum value
Then, to calculate land surface emissivity (LSE),
Calculating land surface emissivity is important know the inherent characteristics of the earth's surface and change the thermal radiance energy during
calculating land surface temperature (Sobrino et al 2014). The emissivity constant values for vegetation and soil are stated in the following table 8.
Table 8: Emissivity constant value
EmissivityBand 10Band 11

Research Paper On Bottle Rocket
Creating an optimal design that allowed my bottle rocket to go to the highest possible altitude and velocity was a long process that included lots of
testing, trial, and error. With a rocket, I am attempting to test run and optimize the best design the allows the rocket to have an outstanding altitude and
velocity. During this process of trial and error, I have organized my results by marking them down on multiple data table. I got my information from a
bottle rocket simulator programmed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, more commonly known as NASA. The class attempted to
run our own bottle rocket experiment, but this data was inconsistent because there were many variables that changed with each launch that we could not
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My design used a pressure of 600000, coefficient drag of 0.05, a temperature of 4 degrees celsius, 2 liter size bottle, it was filled 70% with water, a
nozzle diameter of 0.02 meters, a ballast weight of 0.03, and had the cone of the bottle rocket on. I picked the variable of the cone on/off, percentage
filled with water, and size of bottle as my three most critical variables. I picked them because during the runs where I was testing these variables, the
altitude and velocity had significant changes every time. There were some variables such as ballast weight and temperature at launch that didn't have as
drastic changes with each run so they were not as important. One thing that noticed is that the velocity was consistently higher than the altitude so
when testing it, I was more focused on raising the altitude. When I was focused on the altitude, I never noticed a significant drop in velocity so I don't
think there were any trade offs with the results from this

Essay on Cellular Respiration Lab Report
Cellular Respiration Lab Report
I.Introduction
In this lab we are measuring the amount of oxygen used in both germinating and non germinating peas. We are measuring the oxygen consumption by
taking a reading of a respirometer submerged in two water baths. The first bath will be cold water and the second warm to determine the effect of
temperatures on oxygen consumption. Our negative control will be glass beads to measure to increase or decrease in atmospheric pressure or
temperature changes. There is a direct relationship between oxygen consumption and Carbon Dioxide produced, therefore the more O2 consumed the
more CO2 produced. To keep the amount of CO2 produced from canceling out any pressure gained or lost from the consumption of... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Added to the respirometers will be KOH(potassium hydroxide) to selectively remove any carbon dioxide produced with the consumption of oxygen.
The three respirometers will be submerged in each bath and allowed to equilibrate. After the equilibration period the respirometers are submerged in the
baths taking reading at 5 minute intervals, recording the amount of oxygen consumed in ml on the pipette attached to each respirometer.
III. Results/Presentation of Data
Our data recorded shows that the germinating peas did consume more oxygen than the non–germinating or the glass beads alone and that the cooler
temperature did slow down the consumption of oxygen in the germinating peas. In both water baths the atmospheric pressure seemed to increase
causing our reading to raise in our glass beads and non–germinating peas. This direct relationship in reading leads us to believe that the oxygen
consumption in the non–germinating peas was minimal if any at all.
Ice Water Approx 10Degrees Celcius Warm Water Approx 25 Degrees Celcius
Time (min) Glass Beads Germinating Peas Non–Germinating Peas Glass Beads Germinating

What Part Of The Environment Has The Highest Temperature...
Question:What part of the environment is going to have the highest temperature if we heat them up with a heat lamp?
Research:Out of our environment the chunk of coal is the most absorbent which causes the chunk of coal to be the warmest out of our
environment.The hottest temperature ever recorded was in death valley and it was a whopping 134 degrees fahrenheit and death valley has a lot of hard
solid rock which adds to the rock is very absorbent and gets hot very easily.Also it 's at a low elevation and sparse vegetation and the main reason it
gets hot is because of the rocks and dirt.In our environment the greenhouse is being created because the light is reflecting off the coal rock which gets
trapped inside which provides heat. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4.DO NOT WRAP the plastic wrap around your face because you could sufacate.
Procedures:
1.Get a tub
2. add 130 ml of dark gravel
3. add 140 ml of beach sand
4. add a chunk of coal.
5. add 170 ml of water
6. get some plastic wrap big enough to cover the top of the tub
7 tape the plastic wrap over the top of the tub
8. get 2 celsius thermometers.
9. put one of the thermometers on the rock and the other in the water/sand/gravel mix.
10. Wait 2 minutes and write thetemperature down for the rock and the water/gravel/sand mix on a piece of paper.
11. Get a heat lamp and set it up so it is shining down on the environment.
12. Turn on the heat lamp and wait 2 minutes.
13. When the 2 minutes are over write down the temperatures for the rock and the sand/water/gravel mix.
14.Repeat step 13, 20 times.
15.Then see if it resembles the Greenhouse effect.
Materials: 1 Heating Lamp, 1 tub, plastic wrap, Tape, 130ml Dark gravel, 140ml beach sand, 1 chunk of Coal, 170ml water.

Results/Data:
Temperatures of Biome
Time (min)
Coal (C)
Sand/Water/gravel mix (C)
2
30
23
4
32
26
6
34
30
8
36
33
10
38
35
12
40
38
14
41
39
16
42
40
18
43
41
20
43

41
22
43
41
24
44
42
26
44
42
Mean: Coal: 39.23 Beach:36.23 Range:Coal:14 Beach:19
Analysis part 1: y axis vertical x axis is horizontal
Analysis part 2: In the trials the coal had a

Professional Research And Communication Assignment
ITECH 5500 Professional Research and Communication
Assignment 1
Answer 1.
As described in the question store summarized this data into single score by multiplying the number of responses by number assigned. With this
procedure, they got mean value of 3.19. Which lies between the 3–unsure and 4–agree.
With which store manager will conclude that response is mild agreement or small unsure.
This is not correct interpretation of data. As this argument relies on assumption that psychological distance between agreement and strong agreement is
same as in agreement and unsure. Which is not correct as the responses can also be distorted on psychological attitudes. To put it in simple terms
Ordinal data cannot possess a mean value.
According to me ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Answer 3.
a). Gender Requires one of two responses – male or female
From this question, we will get Nominal data. Because it has two possible values male or female. We can count no. of males and females but both
doesn't have their actual values neither we can compare them to each other i.e. we can't say that male has higher value than female. But we can say
no. of males are less than or greater than no. of females.
b. Fahrenheit thermometers
Collects values representing temperatures in Fahrenheit
Collected values representing temperatures in Fahrenheit(F) is an Interval Data. As in the terms of temperature there is fixed interval. As difference
between 1F and 3F is same as in 22F and 24F. However, we cannot say that 5F is half than 10F because there is noabsolute zero in temperature.
Temperature can increase to infinity as well as decrease to infinity in Fahrenheit.
c. Kelvin thermometers Collects values representing temperatures in Kelvin
Collected values representing temperature in kelvin(k) is a Ratio Data. Because in terms of kelvin temperature there is fixed intervals and as well as
absolute zero. As there is absolute zero in kelvin temperature we can say that 5 degrees is half hot as compared to 10 degrees.
d. The number of items a customer buys
In whole numbers

It is also a ratio Data because there can be a customer buying no item. So, there can be an absolute zero. Moreover, we can also say that 5 items are
half of 10

I Dont Know
Name: States of Matter Lab
Procedure:
Go to: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states–of–matter and click on Run Now
States of Matter
Review: 1) Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy of ____________.
2) Potential energy (PE) is the energy of ____________.
3) What property of a substance corresponds to the average KE of its particles?
4) What property of a substance corresponds to the average PE of its particles?
5) List the three common states of matter in order of highest potential to lowest.
e–Lab: 1) Open PhET simulation States of Matter. 2) The beginning of the lab starts with Neon in asolid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now look at Neon, Argon, and Oxygen as a solid. What do you notice in terms of the space between the particles?
10) Most substances shrink when they freeze from a liquid into a solid, but because of water's unique shape, when it freezes it actually ____________.
11) 0ВєC = _________ K100ВєC = _________ Kx ВєC = ________

Investigating the Temperature at Which Soap Powder Will...
Investigating the Temperature at Which Soap Powder Will Perform Best At
Introduction
I am going to conduct an experiment in the controlled environment of a laboratory. The experiment will consist of placing a stained piece of fabric
into water with a fixed concentration of a biological washing powder (Wizzo) in it. I will try this experiment several times trying different
temperatured water and leaving the it for a fixed period of time to find the best possible temperature that the Wizzo works at.
Plan: Enzymes
Biological washing powder has bin around for many years to clean clothes more efficiently. We know washing powder helps in the cleaning process
because it contains enzymes. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although comparing enzymes in the human body to enzymes of a biological washing powder seems outlandish but the experiment will prove or
disprove my hypothesis to see if these enzymes have simularities.
Chris Regan
Method: Safety
To ensure that I am safe through out the experiment I will be taking various precautions. I will be wearing a lab coatand eye protection. I will be
aware of others working around me and considerate of thier safety.
Method: Plan
I am going to pay particular attention to the variables to obtain precise results. I will ensure that each stained piece of fabric stays in the solution of
Wizzo for the exact amount of time so I will be using a stop clock to measure. I have chosen to leave each stained fabris in the solution for five
minutes to allow time for the enzymes to react.

I will also be using the same ammount of the Wizzo/water solution. I am using 100% water and 1% Wizzo to try and simulate the same
concentration in proportion to a regular wash in a washing machine. I could stir the solution during the five minutes but I have decided against it as
I want to see soley how affective the Wizzo is at removing the stain. I will be placing the fabrics that i have bin given into a range of temperatured
water; 30, 40, 50, 60 ,70 and 80 degrees celsius. I will have separate water baths pre heated to these

Lord Kelvin Contributions
William Thomson also known as Lord Kelvin, is a chemist that is famous for Devising the absolute temperature scale, now called the Kelvin scale.
He also formulated the second law of thermodynamics. Thomson was given a good education at home by his own father. Thomson was the second
child out of four children. Also, his mother passed away when he was at the age of six. Thomson suffered from heart problems at the age of 9 and
even came close to death. Thomson's biggest contribution to his area of expertise was the kelvin scale and the second law of thermodynamics. Thomson
knew that it would be easier to define extremely low temperatures precisely. Therefore, Thomson made the Kelvin scale where he noted that molecules
stop moving at absolute zero and made and absolute temperature scale which is the kelvin scale where absolute zero is 0 Kelvin. Thomson had a
major role in making the second law of thermodynamics. The law states that heat will not flow from a colder body to a hotter body. It was actually
first formulated to explain how a steam engine works. In conclusion, William Thomson, also, known as Lord Kelvin was a famous chemist who had an
extraordinary career that had a great impact on chemistry.
Anytime you use your five senses such as seeing, hearing, smelling, touching and tasteing involves chemicals and chemistry. They all involve chemical
reactions and interactions in a person's body. Although, with a larger range of topics, it's important to know about chemistry

Nine States of Matter? The Lesser Known States of Matter...
Traditionally in school we are taught that there are only four states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Fortunately this is not true as that would
be boring. There are also at least 4 other–less common states and Icontest a fifth. These are Bose–Einstein condensate, photonic molecules,
quark–gluon plasma, superconductors, and superfluids. They all have unique properties that clearly distinguish differences between them and the
traditional four states. These breakthroughs could help us in the future and have some practical uses right now.
My personal favorite state of matter is actually Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC). This state was first achieved in 1995 (predicted in 1924 by Albert
Einstein) by firing photons directly at the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mikhael Lukin (the Physicist that led the study) wanted to know what would happen when you fired two protons through the same space so that the
first would slow down and the second would just pass through the other. That however did not happen and the two photons emerged together bonded
through their poles.
Quark–gluon plasma (QGP) is a substance that existed "For a few millionths of a second after the Big Bang" (Trafton). it was the "soup" that was
made up of the things that protons and neutrons are made of. These infinitesimally small particles are quarks and gluons. They exist at temperatures
around four trillion degrees. As you can imagine, it is very difficult to study these wonders through a telescope (since they don't even exist at all in
nature). so we have to make and study them up close, using particle accelerators. The scientists that make QGP accelerate particles until they are
traveling almost the speed of light then crash them head on into one another. the heat that occurs from this collision is enough to melt the protons into
quarks and gluons. the resultant substance has almost no friction and is almost a liquid. It used to be that when the public found out about particle
accelerators that a lot of them though that they could create a black hole with them
Superconductors are not new, they were discovered in 1911 by Heike Onnes when he had just succeeded at liquefying helium (a few degrees

The World 's The Destiny Of Life
Right when the subject of a dangerous atmospheric devation emerges numerous people either groan and evade talk, or wear their dueling gloves and
prepare for a warmed verbal showdown. A couple people feel remorseful, and concerned; some fundamentally couldn 't mind less. Unmistakable
viewpoints yield assorted positions on the subject. Beginning from the intelligent and natural viewpoints, myrmecologist Edward O. Wilson looks at
the earnestness of an overall temperature modification, a bit of the strings of trusting that repudiates his own, and a bit of the results of continues with
manhandle of the earth in his book The Destiny of Life. While a couple people may ensure deadness on the subject, an unsafe environmental deviation
and critical data exhibiting yearly additions in overall temperature have been conveying all through the media and analyzed in schools and workshops
around the world. While there might make countries that don 't fathom an unnatural weather change or how individuals add to it, the made countries
that are the best providers to a hazardous climatic division are incredibly especially instructed of the condition. The question is will the all inclusive
community who can act and take off enhancements to extra nature do in that capacity, or will they play bonehead and look the other way while the
world as they most likely know it breaks down at their feet?
Tolerating that a great many people esteem their dearest planet, various tree huggers and naturalists

Designing A Gantt Chart And Conduct A Feasibility Study Of...
The problem which had arose this year, we had to get into groups and decide what project to undergo for this second year of the degree course.
When groups were created we were sharing ideas of project we would do and if they were possible to make or not. We could not have a small
project because we were in a group of 3 so we had to make sure the project was big enough to do for group of 3 members. The purpose of the project
was to build an electrical and electronic based project which involved circuitry. To start with, we had to create a gantt chart and conduct a
feasibility study to know if our project would be a success or not, and gantt chart to give a rough estimation of how long the project would take to
build and test. We first started looking into what sensors we would use and how they would be connected up to give us readings, so we had
researched microcontrollers to use because that is what all sensors would be connected upto. The most suitable firmware was the arduino in the end.
We had researched weather monitoring systems and had also gone to have a look at a few; we looked at how everything would function and how the
readings were given out. The circuitry carried out was a good experience seeing as we were electrical and electronic students. The project was much
harder than we had anticipated, but throughout the year we had learnt many new skills and qualities, including how to use a breadboard and test
equipment it was also my first time using an

Change of Volume of a Gas
Change of Volume of a Gas
Planning–
Aim
* Determine how the volume of a gas changes with the temperature for a fixed amount of gas and pressure.
* Determine absolute zero
Hypothesis ––––––––––
Volume is directly proportional toTemperature ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Preliminary Test––––––––––––––––
A preliminary experiment wsa carried out to test our apparatus. In this test we used an alcohol thermometer to see if there was any change in volume as
the capillary tube was heated. Our results suggested that an increase in temperature resulted in an increase of volume of the air bubble.
Background research
When a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Г‚В· I have used a mercury thermometer over an alcohol one because it increases in volume at a greater degree than alcohol when there's a change in
temperature. Therefore it will reduce the chances of recording the results incorrectly.
Capillary tube containing concentrated sulphuric acid

criteria needed to perform accurate measurements of change in volume:
Г‚В· The amount of liquid mass and air mass must stay constant throughout the experiment.
Г‚В· Sulphuric acid will not evaporate at temperatures used in the experiment (like water might) so no liquid will change to gas, thus invalidating
results.
Ruler
Г‚В· Measurement is in millimetres
Г‚В· The range which it will measure is from 0 to 300mm in length well above the expected increase in length of the
1 litre glass beaker
Г‚В· 1–litre glass

How Soda And Soda Affect When Poured Over Dry Ice
Overview
Dry ice is a solid form of carbon dioxide that produces a cold dense mist. I first learned what Dry Ice was in fifth grade, this was due to the fact that my
class had taken a field trip to River Legacy Park. Where we saw an experiment and learned facts about dry ice. This led to a fascination with dry ice, in
this experiment I will test whether the temperature of water and soda affect when poured over Dry ice. Dry Ice has multiple purposes some of which,
is chemotherapy, to carbonate liquids, store food, and accelerate plant growth. Since, I always liked the thought of working with Dry Ice I had begun
to think of an experiment to do for the IA involving Dry Ice. After much consideration I choose to test how soda and water would... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction
Thermodynamics is "the study of the effects of work, heat, and energy on a system". In Thermodynamics to find the temperature change I will use
the formula: Q=MCT. In this formula Q represents the heat added, M is the mass, C is the specific heat, and Tis the change in temperature. From
using this equation I will later figure out the uncertainties I have in this experiment using the formula: Amount of DataGiven (average data/ amount
of data given) then you take the given and subtract it from the answer from the formula above, lastly you add it up and square root it. Next, you put it
in this form: average data В± answer using the formula above. Lastly, I will use error bars on the graphs to represent the uncertainty of the graphs.
Error bars are represented by this image:
Subsequently, I choose this experiment because the thought of using Dry Ice in a experiment was very intriguing to me due to the properties of Dry
Ice. This experiment made me think a lot about the uses of Dry Ice and how they are used in everyday life. Initially I believed that Dry Ice did not
have that many purposes in life, but in the process of experimenting I learned the purpose of Dry Ice and the temperature changes that come with Dry
Ice.
Research Question: How does the temperature of

The Effects Of Induced Therapeutic Hypothermia On Cardiac...
"Medic respond, stoppage," chirped the intercom. The call went out for an adult male found down, pulseless and apneic, by family at approximately
2200 hours. EMS personnel arrived on scene, performed quality CPR and followed appropriate ACLS algorithms, and found an organized rhythm with
matching peripheral pulses at the third check. Per 2010 AHA guidelines, medics performed a 12 lead EKG, managed the patient 's hypotension with a
fluid bolus, and managed the patient 's airway by endotracheal intubation (American Heart Association, 2011). The patient displayed no neurological
response, the EKG revealed significant ST segment elevation in anterior and septal leads, and intubation was performed successfully without induction
or paralytic... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The American Heart Association (2011) states that, "Therapeutic hypothermia is the only intervention demonstrated to improve neurologic recovery
after cardiac arrest" (Pp 77). Recommendations range between 32 and 36 degrees centigrade for 12 to 36 hours. Cooling may be achieved through
either introduction of cooled, isotonic, non–glucose–containing fluid, or surface cooling interventions like ice packs or cold packs. The AHA states,
however, that patient core temperature must be monitored by an esophageal thermometer, a pulmonary artery catheter, or a bladder catheter and that
peripheral temperature measurements via axillary, aural, or oral thermometers are inadequate for measuring core temperatures in targeted temperature
management. Therefore, while the AHA does recommend initiation of therapeutic hypothermia by EMS personnel in certain situations, agencies must
carry––and be trained in the use of––equipment to adequately measure the patient 's core temperature. Further, the AHA states that therapeutic
hypothermia results in increased neurologic function post–cardiac–arrest but does not identify a timeframe for initiation for these protocols, let alone
explore whether or not initiation of post–cardiac–arrest targeted temperature management by EMS influences patient outcomes. According to a study
published in the

Climate Change
Climate Change
Climate change is a problem that we have been and are currently experiencing. It has caused much damage to people and the environment, by
temperatures rising and natural disasters. It is a problem that world leaders need to take more seriously, and try to get more people involved to help
better the environment. Who knows what it can cause in the future. Climate change is a serious threat for everyone living on earth. The Earth's
temperature has been rising over the years. Sail Bhattacharya a professor & head of a medical college claims that over the last 8000 years, Earth's
surface temperature raised by 1 degree Celsius only (1). He also said, at the present rate of global temperature would rise by 2.5 degrees Celsius by
2050" (1). It's a fact that the earth has gotten warmer over the years. At this moment the temperature hasn't raised much, only 1 degree Celsius. It may
seem like it's not a big deal, but it actually is, because the rising temperature rate is increasing as time passes according to Sail Bhattacharya (1). The
temperature rising might not cause much harm now, but can badly affect us or whoever is living on Earth in the future. Climate change is caused by
most human activities. Most of us humans harm the earth every day. Some may know what we do is harming the earth, but still do it, and some
people may not have a clue. A research professor in the Learning at the Harvard Graduate School of Education said that a large, nationally

Unknown Microbiology Report
The purpose of the following study is to determine where the two unknown bacteria acquired in Microbiology lab should be classified in regards to
temperature, pH level, and osmoregularity. It is important to classify bacteria in order to identify them. Identification of bacteria is important because
they are not only useful but potentially dangerous as well. The identification of bacteria can lead to breakthroughs in healthcare regarding treatment of
old and new diseases alike. Identifying bacteria can also be used in many other areas from better crop production through microbial pesticides to
biological warfare. Their uses are endless as are their abilities to evolve and adapt to changing environments. That is why it is so important ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the temperature test each bacteria was placed on a nutrient agar and incubated for either 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 degrees Celsius for 48 hours. During
the pH test, each organism was placed on four agars varying in pH level from pH 2, 4, 6 and 8 and incubated near 37 degrees Celsius for 48 hours.
For the osmotic pressure test, each organism was placed on four agars one each containing 2%, 5%, 8%, and 11% NaCl concentration levels. These
were incubated near 37 degrees Celsius for 48 hours. The results of the tests are recorded in Tables 1, 2, and 3. All tests were performed according to
the instructions provided in Leboffe & Pierce(1). The biochemical tests used on both unknowns and the ubiquity are:
1. Temperature
2. Osmolarity
3. pH
Results:
Table 1The Effect of Temperature on Microbial Growth
Organism10 degrees Celsius20 degrees Celsius30 degrees Celsius40 degrees Celsius50 degrees CelsiusClassification
Uninoculated CultureNGNGNGNGNG
UK–R1674NGMesophile
UK–W15642Mesophile
UB–14453NGMesophile
Table 2The Effect of pH on Microbial Growth
OrganismpH 4pH 6pH 8ph 10Classification
Uninoculated CultureNGNGNGNG
UK–R4784Neutrophile
UK–W4684Neutrophile

UB–11253Neutrophile
Table 3The Effect of Osmotic Pressure on Microbial Growth
Organism2%5%8%11%Classification
Uninoculated CultureNGNGNGNG
UK–R4330Non–halophile
UK–W4210Non–halophile
UB–14732Halophile

E. Coli And Its Effects On The United States
E.coli outbreaks have steadily grown over the last few decades. An expansion in big farming has led to E. coli not only being found in meat, but
vegetation as well, due to waste runoff. This has increased our need for adequate antibiotics that can fight bacteria, like E. coli. The best way to
pinpoint which antibiotics work is by measuring their ability to create antimicrobial agents or zones of inhibition. When a paper disc that has been
saturated in an antibiotic is inserted in a solution of E.coli and medium, the zone of inhibition will be noted as the clear ring that forms around the disk.
The antibiotics efficacy is then determined by measuring each disk zone of inhibition, and comparing these measurements to the zone measurements of
an untreated specimen. If an antibiotic is to be deemed sufficient for treating E. coli it should show a zone of inhibition that is at least double the size
of the untreated specimen.
On August 19th, 2015 this experiment was performed, by 6 separate lab groups.The experiment began by measuring 1 Ml of E. coli into a pipette and
pump, then placing the bacteria into a culture medium. The E. coli and medium were then swirled together for a period of 15 minutes, until completely
mixed. This mixture was then poured into a petri dish and allowed to solidify for 45 minutes. After the 45 minute solidification time, 5 small paper disks
were inserted into the dish. 4 of the disk contained treatments of antibiotic and 1 was left untreated. The

Chemical Reaction Lab
Finding the Ratio of Moles and Reactants in a Chemical Reaction
Objective
The objective of this experiment was to find the mole ratios of the reactants and products for the chemical reaction, without being given the products.
Neda Samya
Emma & Nisha
Fri. 09/11
Procedure 1 I measured the temperature of NaCIO solution and "solution B" (using the same thermometer; temperature of solutions were equal). Then
recorded my data in the table. 2 I poured 5.0 ml of NaCIO into a Styrofoam cup and then added 45.0 ml of the second solution. I stirred and recorded
the highest temperature. Then poured the solution out, rinsed the cup and thermometer, and repeated the process using a different ratio of the two
substances, keeping the total volume at 50.0 ml. I continued this process for other various ratios, recording the highest temperature of the mixture. 3
After collecting all the data, I constructed a graph with two lines of best fit and determined where they intersect.
Data table/Observations
Vol of NaCIO (mL)Vol of Na2S2O3 (mL)Temp (t, C)
54527.6
104029.8
203032.7
302037.5
351538.3
401041.7
43742.7
45530.1
47327.9
49125.63 When we poured both the NaCIO solution and solution B in the same Styrofoam cup and began stirring, we noticed the immediate change in

temperature. Also, the volume of NaCIO (ml) and the volume of Na2S2O3 (ml) always totals up to 50.0 ml of solution.
Results table/Graph
Vol of NaCIO (mL)Vol of Na2S2O3 (mL)Temp

Ice Calorimetry
Introduction
Every summer, it gets very warm in the area where I live, so after being outside doing errands and getting very sweaty, I come inside to get a cool
glass of water. However, my refrigerator's water dispenser does not work that well. So, in the summer it dispenses warm water and in the winter it
dispenses cold water. Therefore, I always need to add ice to my water. Whenever I would do this, I began to notice that depending on thetemperature of
my water, the ice would either melt faster or slower. When I began taking physics I learned that the melting of the ice was called latent heat. So, when I
was given the chance to choose any topic for this IA, my mind immediately went to this fact.
Going back to when I first learned about this topic, I really enjoyed solving problems that involved heat and heat equations. Therefore, I want to
determine the constant for the latent heat of fusion between water and ice and verify if the value is constant for all temperatures.
Background Information Latent heat is the amount of energy either absorbed or released while going through a phase change. In this case in particular,
the energy is either absorbed or released is thermal energy. The latent heat of fusion occurs when ice melts, or fuses, into the water. This... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This increased the final temperature of of water and it decreased the mass of the ice cube, which increased the latent heat of the whole fusion. To fix
this from occurring again, I would have to take the ice cubes out of the freezer and put them into an insulated box, such as a Styrofoam box,
whenever I was not using them. Also, I would have to use a device, such as insulated tongs, to move the ice cube from the Styrofoam box to the water,
as to not warm the ice cubes with my

Descriptive Essay On Vermont
Vermont as a state is growing on me and I definitely feel a sense of place here. Ever since I visited Burlington I have been comfortable, the mountains
and the lake are the main reason for my comfort. I remember being amazed looking in either direction and seeing the endless mountain ranges on the
horizon, this was something I knew I could get used to. Perhaps the biggest reason I enjoy living in Burlington is it has a lot more going on than my
hometown and also has a lot less going on at the same time. By this I mean, you can head downtown and feel the slight hecticness of a city or you can
travel a half hour outside of Burlington and be surrounded by natural areas with little human population. I see Burlington, and Vermontin general as the
best of both worlds. It's hard to pick a specific area of Vermont that has the deepest connection with me, almost every spot I visit sparks a sense of
wonder within me. From the Burlington waterfront to the peaks at Stowe I always feel secure and at home in Vermont. On a typical winter's day I
am feeling the effects of the cold air mostly through the wind. I can especially taste the crispness of the Vermont air as its refreshing more so than it is
unbearable. When I'm up on the mountain during snowboard season I look out and see a field of white that encapsulates everything except the green
treetops. A sight that often leaves me filled with energy and mental clarity, I can't help myself but fall into deep thought whenever I am up on

Differences Between Fahrenheit And Fahrenheit
2.2 Compare + contrast the Kelvin, Fahrenheit, and Celsius temperature scales and be able to convert values between scales.
Today we use three temperature scales. The first of these scales was Fahrenheit scale. It was developed in 1714 by German scientist Daniel Gabriel
Fahrenheit. He developed first mercury thermometer after being inspired by alcohol thermometer invented by Danish scientist Olaus Roemer.
Fahrenheit made it more precise by multiplying his scale by four. He establish zero by mixing equal amount of water, ice and salt. Then he mixed just
equal amount of ice and salt, and scales gave him next point 32. The last point he establish by using body temperature which was approximately 96.
After his death his scale was adjusted to 32 as melting temperature of plain water, normal body temperature at 98.6 and boiling point of plain water
at 212. Fahrenheit temperature scale was widely replaced by Celsius scale, except USA and some Caribbean countries. Celsius scale was developed in
1742 by Swedish astronomer Andres Celsius. When he was developing his scale, he marked 0 as boiling point and 100 as freezing point. This
scale was known as centigrade. After his death in 1948 The Conference General des Poids et Measures renamed this scale to Celsius and establish the
scale as we know it today. Melting point at 0 degree and boiling point at 100 degrees. This scale is the most use scale in the world. The last scale we
use today is Kelvin scale. This scale has an advantage

The Metabolic Rate Of An Organism
Abstract: Metabolism is used to refer to all of the chemical reactions involving energy transformations in the cell of the body, for example cellular
activity such as cellular respiration and its sub activtys like glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain all produce energy in the form
of ATP and a byproduct of the energy production, heat is also produced . Although the cell is not 100% efficient thermodynamically, the energy in the
form of heat is lost in the cell each time when energy is produced. Metabolic rates of an organism can be measured directly by the amount of heat lost
from the body in a certain period of time. Another way an organisms metabolic rate can be measured is indirectly, by measuring the amount of oxygen
that is consumed in a given period of time. In the experiment conducted, we needed to find the metabolic rate of an ectotherm. Using a goldfish
(ectotherm) we calculated the metabolic rate by means of counting the number of operculum beats when three different goldfish where submerged in
various temperatures. What was found is that the metabolic rate increased when the temperature increased and the metabolic rate decreased as
temperature dropped.
Introduction: Metabolism is a term in which defines all of the chemical reactions involving energy production. Some of these chemical reactions involve
cellular respiration "by which is the series of metabolic process by which living cells produce energy through the oxidation of organic

The Pain Scale By Eula Biss
What is the point in measuring something that is unique to every individual? In "The Pain Scale," the author, Eula Biss, attempts to convey her pain
to the reader. She tells the reader how she has tried to describe and measure her pain. There is a system set up for doing so, but it leaves much up to
individual interpretation. The arbitrary process by which we are supposed to evaluate the level of pain we are experiencing doesn't seem to
accomplish much. Throughout the essay, Biss uses unique ways of comparing the suggested levels of pain to other "scales." This raises the question,
why can the scale, itself, doesn't do adequate job of helping people understand pain. The Beaufort scale was developed by in 1805 by Sir Francis ...
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In the century spanning Defoe and Beaufort's scales, many others adapted and added measures that helped establish Beaufort's definitive measure of
winds. Temperature scales are also used in an attempt to make the concept of measuring pain more relatable. Across the world, temperature is
measured in degrees Celsius. At zero, water freezes and, at one hundred, water boils. Despite Celsius being the global standard, the Fahrenheit scale
was developed decades earlier. Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit based his temperature scale on two marks: on the lower end, the point where a mixture of
salt and water would cease to exist as a liquid, and, on the upper end, a measure of normal body temperature. In an effort to add more confusion to the
two standards, Lord Kelvin introduced the idea of an "absolute zero." Absolute zero is the point where molecules and atoms are supposed to be
essentially motionless. Despite this, research has showed that the motion doesn't really stop. As Biss says, "...absolute is not absolute." She finds that
comforting, but not quite enough. Throughout Biss' essay, she also attempts to equate the pain scale to something that seems much more insidious. To
many, the thought of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy brings about a reminder of the pain many suffered having to analyze the text in high school.
Biss sees an

Lord Kelvin 's Discovery Of The Kelvin Scale
William Thomson, seems like an ordinary man living in the 19th century, but what if I said, Lord Kelvin...would that spark any knowledge? Lord
Kelvin, otherwise known as William Thomson, is well known for his discovery of the Kelvin scale. Without multiple inventions and discoveries made
by William Thomson, the science world would be lacking much insight of thermodynamics, navigation at sea, and communication across the Atlantic.
Although not an Einstein, Thomson's contributions to the science world have allowed scientists and our physics class to learn about absolute zero and
how to make calculations using the Kelvin scale. Without knowledge of these things, I know the world of science would not be the same.
On June 26, 1824 in Belfast, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1841, Thomason's paper, Fourier 's expansions of functions in trigonometrically series, was published defending Fourier's mathematics and in 1842,
his third paper was published, On the uniform motion of heat and its connection with the mathematical theory of electricity. Through his college years,
he began to notice and look extra carefully into electricity, magnetism, and heat. The professors at Cambridge taught and interested William of modern
experiments that were being done involving these following topics. With more interest in electricity, magnetism and heat, Thomson wanted to find out
how all of these things related and how they interacted with one another.
After graduation from Cambridge, he worked in a Paris laboratory with the physics professor, Victor Regnault. Working with Regnault allowed him to
gain experimental competence to help him further his education about science. After working in the lab, an open position arose at the University of
Glasgow in 1846 and William's father made a careful and well–thought out campaign to allow his son to get the position. At the age of 22, William was
named to the position and accepted the job. Thomson, for most of his life, remained in this position and resigned his university chair in 1899 when
he was 75 years old. One of his colleagues, Professor J. D. Cormack, wrote this explaining Thomson when he delivers a class lecture, "It is perhaps at
the

The Effect Of Temperature On Ants
Ants are one of the small sized insects from the family of formicidae which consist of high diversity on earth. They are found everywhere on earth
except in Antarctica, and they have immense impact on terrestrial ecosystems (Heatwole and Muir, 1989). They are vital in moving and recycling soil
and nutrients. They live in colonies ranging from tens to hundreds of millions in a colony. They communicate and control their colony by chemical
messages.
Animals including, birds and insects occupy different temporal niches by being active during different specific periods of the year and at specific
times of the day (Jayatilaka P et al., 2011). The maintenance of this seasonal and daily activity patterns also allows animals to avoid their predators, to
reduce conflict due to food competitors and to extremely exploit food resources. To determine suitable times of activity, animals may monitor
environmental variables such as light and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, they must control their environment in order to maintain optimal temperatures which will allow them to be active and alive (Cerda, 2001).
The aim of the project was to examine the effect of temperature on the ant's activity, hypothesized that their activity will decrease as the temperature
increases. Placing the same species of ants in different temperatures was the objective.
The ants were found to be active almost at the same times of the day, even though they were exposed into different temperatures. I was thinking that the
ants that were placed under colder temperatures were going to be active at night, but then the ants were all showing to be diurnal. There was an
increase in walking speed of the ants that were exposed to higher temperatures. The ants were even struggling to leave the container. There was higher
activity due to the high ambient temperature leading to higher body temperature of the ants in the

How Cold Can Something Get?
How Cold can something get?
A deep look into absolute zero
Porpous statement:
As for all mass, the "minimum" is absolute zero. However due to the uncertainty principle it 's implausible (with our current knowledge) to get
anything to this state, fluid or otherwise. This is due to heat being caused by the vibrations of particles in quantum space, thus to reach absolute zero
would mean to bring a particle (a proton of one of the liquids atoms for example) would mean to halt the particle entirely. As no particle can be
directly measured in space, bringing it to a halt would therefore imply that it is stagnant in a single, measurable location; Directly breaking the known
laws of physics, that of which being The Uncertainty Principle. The closest we have gotten to Absolute zero is down to an estimated 1K (Kelvin)
Through the laser cooling of Hydrogen atoms.
While scientists have discovered a handful of exceptions to the rule; and, that at least theoretically, it should be possible for a system to produce
conditions in which temperatures are capable to be quantized at a state lower than absolute zero. This is possible, they say, because thetemperature of a
system can be generally described as the average energy of the particles within it. Most hover around a certain point, with a few outliers found resting
at higher levels. However, when the system is turned upside down, most of the particles will begin to exhibit higher energy levels, with only a few
maintaining a lower energy

Charles 's Law Of Temperature And Volume
Charles 's Law of temperature and volume helped discover the concept of absolute zero. Charles discovered that when a fixed amount of gas is
cooled at constant pressure, the volume of the gas decreases. When looking at a graphical representation of Charles's Law the temperature in which the
volume is said to be zero is –273.15 degrees Celsius, in which it is now referred to as absolute zero.
Charles's Law describes that temperature and volume are directly proportional. Therefore, when temperature increases, volume increases and the same
for the opposite, when the temperature decreases, the volume decreases as well. The mathematical way to display Charles's Law is where the V
represents the volume of the gas, the T represents the temperature of the gas , and b represents the pressure of the gas.
The graphical representation of Charles's law is shown as a graph where the x–axis is the temperature in degrees Celsius and the y–axis represents the
volume of gas in milliliters. The relationship between temperature and volume creates a positive slope in the graph itself, in which it demonstrates that
when the temperature increases the volume of gas increases as well.
As the graph continues to represent the relationship of volume and temperature of the gas, when the temperature decreases to a point where the
temperature is zero degrees Celsius, the volume is not zero. As the gas is cooled beyond zero degrees Celsius, as it is shown by the graphical
representation in the

The Effects Of Climate Change On Canada 's Agriculture
Climate Change will positively impact Canada 's Agriculture Thesis: Climate change will negatively impact Canada 's Agriculture due to heavy rainfall,
droughts, irrigation problems, pesticide issues and not enough nutrients available? Intro
Agriculture is highly dependent upon weather and climate in order to produce the food necessary to sustain human life. North America is the world's
largest and most productive supplier of food and fiber (3). Canada is the second largest country in the world however it only contains five percent
of land that is suitable for farming (7). This small farming area is divided in two different zones. The first zone is the great Prairies located in
Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba and the mixed Wood Plains of the St. Lawrence River and the second zone is the Great Lakes regions (7).
Approximately 80% of Canada's major farming is done the Prairies (7). There have been several recent studies that indicate most regions of Canada to
warm up during the next 60 years (3). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007 projected that global average temperature to
increase by 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (3). Ironically, this would be the largest increase in global mean temperature in the last 10, 000 years (3).
According to the comprehensive Canada Country Study (CCS) all the Global Climate Model (GCM) indicates Canada will be impacted with the most
warming (7). The impacts of this climate change will be greatly reflected on the

Kinetics: Difference Between Heat And Temperature
Heat and Temperature
In everyday speech, heat and temperature go hand in hand: the hotter something is, the greater its temperature. However, there is a subtle difference in
the way we use the two words in everyday speech, and this subtle difference becomes crucial when studying physics.
Temperature is a property of a material, and thus depends on the material, whereas heat is a form of energy existing on its own. The difference
between heat and temperature is analogous to the difference between money and wealth. For example, $200 is an amount of money: regardless of
who owns it, $200 is $200. With regard to wealth, though, the significance of $200 varies from person to person. If you are ten and carrying $200 in
your wallet, your friends might ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Note that when we talk about an absolute temperature, we write ВєC, but when we talk about a change in temperature, we write CВє.
Thermal Equilibrium
Put a hot mug of cocoa in your hand, and your hand will get warmer while the mug gets cooler. You may have noticed that the reverse never happens:
you can't make your hand colder and the mug hotter by putting your hand against the mug. What you have noticed is a general truth about the world:
heat flows spontaneously from a hotter object to a colder object, but never from a colder object to a hotter object. This is one way of stating the
Second Law of Thermodynamics, to which we will return later in this chapter.
Whenever two objects of different temperatures are placed in contact, heat will flow from the hotter of the two objects to the colder until they both
have the same temperature. When they reach this state, we say they are in thermal equilibrium.
Because energy is conserved, the heat that flows out of the hotter object will be equal to the heat that flows into the colder object. With this in mind, it
is possible to calculate the temperature two objects will reach when they arrive at thermal

Week 4 iLab Report Essay
Maria Reyes iLab, Week #4
CHARLES' LAW
Introduction
The purpose of this lab was to determine the effect of temperature on the volume of gas when the pressure is consistent and to verify Charles' Law. The
data from the experiment reveals that as temperature increases, so does volume. This also indicates that as temperature decreases, the volume decreases
as well.
Procedure
1) Select a 60 mL Syringe Sealed from the Gas Syringe item under the Equipment menu. Set the volume to 20 mL in the Initial Gas Syringe Volume
dialogue box.
2) Click on the syringe and select Thermometer from under the Equipment menu.
3) Trial A: Record both volume and temperature for the syringe.
4) Trial B: Obtain a 250 mL beaker from under the Equipment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Repeat Steps 5 & 6.
9) Trial E: Remove the syringe and empty the beaker. Add a Thermometer to the beaker. Add 200 mL of Room Temperature water to the beaker and
heat with a Bunsen Burner until it reaches 100В° C. Remove the Bunsen Burner. Repeat Steps 5 & 6.
Observations and Results

Trial
Temperature (В°Celcius)
Absolute Temperature
(В°Kelvin)
Volume (mL)
Experiment
Volume (mL)
Calculated
A
20
293.15
20
N/A
B
–20
253.15
23
17.271
C
0
273.15
25
18.636
D
56
329.15
28
22.456
E
91
364.15
30
24.844
Discussion My calculated volume values were found by using the Charles' Law formula: V1/T1=V2/T2. My Trial A values (20 mL and 293.15 K)

were the V1 and T1 values. The temperatures measured in Trials B, C, D, and E were the T2 values. The quantitative relationship between the volume
and the absolute temperature of a gas is summarized in Charles' Law. This law states that at constant pressure, the volume of a particular sample of gas
is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. In other words, there is a direct relationship between temperature and the volume of gas. In an
actual laboratory, it must be ensured that the hot water is below 50ВєC. If it is not, the sealed syringe will soften and it could explode.
Conclusion
This lab experimented with temperature and gas according to Charles' Law, which states that gas will expand when heated. The results indicated that
Charles' Law is indeed applicable to this lab. The data concluded that the volume did

The Physics Of The Gas
Charles' Law
Introduction:
Charles' Law states that if a given quantity of gas is held at a constant pressure, its volume is directly proportional to the temperature. The purpose of
this lab is to demonstrate that when the gases are heated the volume of the gas will expand and increase the total volume. The gases when heated made
the syringe rise and therefore expanding the volume potential of the gases.
Theory:
According to Charles ' Law the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature assuming the pressure is constant. Charles' Law
when relating the volume of a gas at constant pressure to its temperature is summarized in this formula: V/T = k where T is the temperature (in
degrees Kelvin), V is the volume and k is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After recording all data in the lab notes, take a constant temperature bath from the shelf and place it on the work bench, adjust the temperature of the
constant temperature bath to 0 degrees Celsius. After that place the flask in the constant bath, let the temperature reach a constant point and then record
the new data. After that change the temperature of the constant temperature bath to 40 degrees Celsius, allow the temperature to stabilize and record
the new volume and temperature of the gas. Next change the temperature of the constant temperature bath to 60 degrees Celsius, 80 degrees Celsius,
and 100 degrees Celsius and record the temperature in Kelvin and the new volume at all of the temperatures listed above. Then clear the work bench
and prepare for the next experiment.
In experiment number two, take an Erlenmeyer flask form the shelf and place it on the workbench and close it. Then add 1.5atm of butane gas to
the flask and note that the volume of the flask is 150mL (the gas occupies the entire volume of the flask.) Next take a syringe from the materials
shelf and place it in the flask and record the new volume of both the flask and the syringe. After recording the data in the lab notes take the flask and
place it in a constant temperature bath at 40 degrees Celsius. Record the temperature (in degrees Kelvin) and the volume of the flask added to the
volume of the syringe in the lab notes. Next change the temperature of the

The Effect Of Temperature On The Ph Of Orange Juice
My question is "Does the temperature of a substance effect it's ph?." I will be testing this by using ph indicator strips that change color when it
comes in contact with an acid or a base and comparing it with a color chart. The substances I will be using are vinegar, orange juice , and lemon
juice. These can all be found at a local grocery store. The ph paper and color chart can be found at Walmart. Besides my experiment there have been
other experiments that have tested temperature's effect on ph. They also wanted to know whether temperature affects the ph. I found an experiment
online called "Effect of Temperature on the pH of orange juice" done by students from Nease High School. Unlike my project, they only tested
Orange Juice. They used 5 different temperatures, and the result was that the temperature had no effect. Another experiment I found online called "
Does storage temperature affect the ph of Orange Juice" by Anna Elizondo also only used Orange Juice. Her results were that the juice was more
acidic at a hot temperature. The last experiment i found was on the lines of my experiment, but was more about my hypothesis. It was called "Does
Storage Temperature Affect Orange Juice 's Acidity?". Like the other experiments, this one only used Orange Juice. They used ph paper to measure the
acidity at 40 degrees–50 degrees over the span of 2 days. Their conclusion was that the ph was still the same. I will be using cold cups of vinegar,
orange juice,

Modern Day Temperature Measurement Devises And Their Uses
Relevance
Three examples of modern day temperature measurement devises and their uses:
Scientific Theory
пѓ Explain the science behind how a mercury thermometer works using the particle model.
When a mercury thermometer or any type of thermometer comes into contact with a heated or cooled object the kinetic energy of the molecules of the
thermometer heats o cools to match the objects temperature. The thermometer normally has a liquid substance such as mercury or alcohol that will
expand when heated. The molecules move faster taking up more space causing the liquid in the thermometer to expand and rise to show the liquids
substance temperature. Also the molecules bounce against each other harder and harder which is pushing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first thermometer used had the same basics as today using a glass test tube and mercury or coloured alcohol.
The draw backs of the thermometer went back to 400 years ago when the inventor Galileo created a thermometer to measure the temperature of water.
пѓ What is the difference between a thermoscope and a thermometer?
The difference between thermoscope and a thermometer is that a thermometer measures heat and has a scale that determines the actual temperature
where as a thermoscope is an earlier version of a thermometer which doesn't have a scale which meant that you could only tell that the temperature was
decreasing or increasing. Also a thermoscope doesn't let you know the actual temperature which means in experiments if you use a thermoscope the
experiment will not be accurate.
пѓ Explain how the Fahrenheit scale was developed and when.
The Fahrenheit scale was invented by a German physicist named Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit who the scale was named after. In 1714 the first modern
thermometer as developed which was the mercury thermometer with more advanced measurements than all of the other thermometers created. The
original Fahrenheit scale was not entirely accurate because it did not give an accurate calibrate. The Fahrenheit temperature scale ranged from 212
degrees (boiling point of water on this scale) to 32 degrees (boiling point on

The Effects Of Global Warming On Our Future On A Hotter...
Throughout the 21st, global warming rates have increased by unprecedented amounts. As the Earth's changing climate becomes a pertinent issue for
nature and human society, climate scientists continue to predict the effects that rising temperatures will have on the whole planet in the future.
Notably, in 2008, environmental activist Mark Lynas examined aspects of global warming, like rising sea levels, natural disasters, and overall
temperature changes in his book "Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet." Lynas considers "state of the art research" to assess the degree by
degree forecast for the 21st century. While Lynas and climate scientists agree that global warming is underway, Lynas tends to be overstated in his
predictions about the earth's future, which cannot be justified based on current evidence from climate scientists. Contemporary climate scientists agree
that global warming is a critical concern in the 21st century: rising sea levels and increasing temperatures ranging from 1 to 6 degrees Celsius are
harming Earth's physical, ecological, and social conditions. Lower temperature predictions estimate that ocean surfaces have warmed .3 to .6 degrees
Celsius over the past 100 years (Houghton). While these numbers seem insignificant, they are rising rapidly over time. Fore example, the warmest 30
year period in the last 1400 years lasted from 1938 to 2012, resulting in temperatures .65 to 1.06 degrees warmer than previous averages. The impact of
this warm period

The Synthesis And Processing Of Ceramics And Ceramic...
INTRODUCTION | 1
Polymer derived ceramics (PDC) were first introduced over thirty years ago, and are a fundamental material in high demand today. Over the years, these
materials have been heavily studied to better understand how to manufacture them and determine their desired properties. Such materials include
coatings, ceramic fivers, and ceramics containing properties that allow them to have high stability at high temperatures. Desired properties of PDC
typically include high resistance to decomposition, phase separation, crystallization, high chemical durability, semi–conductivity, and creep. [4]
This paper will discuss the synthesis and processing of ceramics and ceramic composites using soft materials such as pre–ceramic polymers. The
potential for materials for a large variety of applications in harsh environments, pertaining mainly to the mechanical properties of PDCs, will also be
discussed.
PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES | 2
There are three basic steps in order to process PDC. These include synthesis of preceramic from a specific monomer, crosslinking of polymers at low
temperatures which allow for networks to form, and finally ceramization by pyrolysis.
Some of the most common monomers which can be used consist of polysilanes, polycarbosilanes, polysiloxanes, polysilazanes, and
polysilylcarbodiimides. There are several procedures in order to attain these figure 18.1 indicates some of the methods of creating some preceramics
through various methods outlined [1].
Figure:

Investigating The Heat And Heat Transfer
Introduction:
In day–to–day life it is very common to experience phenomenon's involving heat or heat transfer. For instance, hand warmers used to warm fingers
while skiing and ice packs used to reduce swelling of an injury, involve heat exchange. What is responsible for this heat exchange? Looking at
thermochemistry may give an explanation. Thermochemistry is a branch of chemistry focusing on heat. Specifically, it studies heat released or
absorbed in a chemical reaction. 1 Reactions releasing heat are referred to as exothermic, while reactions absorbing heat are endothermic. 2
Calorimetry, used in thermochemistry is, "the science associated with determining the changes in energy of a system by measuring the heat exchanged
with the surroundings." 3 Calorimetry is carried out with calorimeters, which measure heat transfer. 3 This experiment uses two types of calorimeters;
a homemade, Styrofoam calorimeter, and a market brand calorimeter. This Styrofoam calorimeter is a less complex version of the market calorimeter
and is used in some schools to save money. 4 Necessary features for a calorimeter include good insulation and little to no holes reducing heat loss to the
surroundings.
The goal for this experiment is to assess the usefulness of a homemade, Styrofoam calorimeter in comparison to a market brand calorimeter when
studying the energy and heat associated with chemical reactions such as acid–base and redox reactions. 4

Bread Mold Experiment Essay
Bread Mold Experiment By: Stephanie Westover
PURPOSE
The purpose of this experiment will be to determine how temperature affects the growth of mold on wheat bread. The researchers choose this topic
because she thinks it will be beneficial to find a way to keep food from molding. Determining how long bread can be stored before molding can help
save money, prevent illness and preserve freshness. The question the researcher will attempt to answer is how freezing affects the rate of mold growth
in wheat bread.
The information gathered in this experiment may be relevant to those individuals who contend with food borne molds at home, or professionally.
Because the rate of mold growth can vary depending ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Controlling for those 2 factors while maintaining proper and consistent measurement procedures should provide a repeatable and reliable understanding
of how temperature variations affect mold growth.
Because the researcher will be measuring mold growth on food and because there is rarely if ever an acceptable level of mold growth on food,
absolute precision in measurement is not necessary. This experiment is designed to measure the relative growth of mold across temperatures, not the
exact level of mold growth on an individual piece. Therefore, measurement in units of 16th of an inch using a standard fractional rule should suffice. A
fractional ruler was used because it easier to utilize in measuring the mold than any other measuring device.
Controlled variables:
–Standard ruler: 6" stainless steel ruler with graduations to the 32nd of an inch.
–Type of bread purchased: Western Family wheat bread.
–Date the bread was purchased: All bread samples will be from the same loaf purchased the day the experiment begins.
–Size of the bread piece: Each sample is one slice.
–Sterility: Each sample will placed in a sealed bag, preventing the introduction of extraneous bacteria.
–Moisture: Each sample will placed in a sealed bag, preventing the introduction of moisture.
–Light: Each bag will be exposed to the same amount of light for the same duration each day.
–Size of the "Zip Lock" baggies: Each bag will be the same size.
–Testing Actions that were used:

The Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment Of...
Climate change is a current event that many debate. The National Climactic Data Center reported that, as of June 2012, the average combined global
land and ocean temperature was 0.63 degrees Celsius higher than the twentieth century average. This is the fourth highest temperature ever recorded.
Many credible sources, such as a number of United Nation bodies, the International Panel of Climate Change, and academic scholars state that climate
change cause resource scarcity. A lack of resources can cause an increase in violent ethnic conflicts, and, in dire circumstances, can even bring about
crimes against humanity and genocide. Genocide and crimes against humanity in Rwanda, Darfur, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo have been
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If climate change is not real, than the whole argument about climate change causing resource scarcity and violent ethnic conflict is invalid. However,
there is a lot of evidence that shows climate change is a real problem. A study by The State of Climate Global Analysis for June 2012 shows that there
is evidence for climate change. The temperature of the land and water is above average, and the number of temperature abnormalities continues to rise.
Sunga (2014) writes, that CNN reported "July 2012 was estimated to have been the hottest month for the continental United States since record keeping
began in 1895." (p. 4) A report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warned that eleven of the last twelve years (from 1995–2006)
were among the twelve warmest years for surface temperature since 1895. It also noted that the ocean has grown to be over 3000 meters deep, and that
average snow coverage and mountain glacier mass had declined. After being shown the evidence, one probably thinks that climate change is a reality.
However, the fact that climate change exists does not mean that it causes violent ethnic conflict and genocide. Not many studies have been done on a
link between climate change and violent ethnic conflict. Yet, there has been growing concern in the international community and academic literature
that climate change could have an effect on violent conflict in general. In 1982, the UN General Assembly created the World Charter for

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