4. Sentence structure
•sentence conditional
2 parts in
•Conditional clause
•Main clause
•If Shakespeare were alive
today, he would be 400
years old.
•for lunch ifaI hamburger
I will have
drop by the
mall.
9. Zero conditional
•Describe what always happens
in a certain circumstance
•If you boil water, it turns to
steam.
•Whenever the sun ceased to
shine, the ice age began.
✤If + present/past tense,
present/past tense
10. First conditional
If X happens, Y will happen.
Can be replaced by When/ As
soon as
12. First conditional
•thinks will possibly happen as a
Describe what the speaker
consequence of a real situation
•the natural resourcesenergy,
If we do not save the
will be
depleted very soon.
•when the corruption
The country will deteriorate
continues.
✤inf.+ present, will/can/may +
If
14. First conditional
•in a conditional clausebe used
These tenses can also
•Present simple
•Present progressive
•progressive simple/
Present perfect
•work,has will go home.
If he
he
finished his
16. First conditional
•Provided, as long as
•Meaning: only if
•she can lose some weight.
Provided she works out,
•cum laude as longsumma
We will graduate
as we
study hard and give it our
all.
✤present tense, will/can
Provided/as long as +
18. First conditional
•Unless
•meaning: only if not
•project youtime, the
Unless
on
finish the
company will lose the
client.
✤will/canpresent tense,
Unless
20. First conditional
•Even if
•Meaning: even though
•Even if we are happy with
our old house, we will look
for a bigger one.
✤will/canpresent tense,
Even if
21. Second conditional
If X happened, Y would happen
The situation is unlikely to happen
23. Second conditional
•Describe what a speaker
thinks would happen in an
imaginary situation
•If I were taller, I would play
basketball.
•If you were granted a wish,
what would you ask for?
•If you were on Venus, you
would see the sun rise in the
west.
25. Second conditional
•If past tense, would inf.
•describe the past time
The past tense does NOT
•time
It describes the UNREAL
•To give an advice
•If I were you, ...
•invest in you, Imutual
If I were
that
would
fund.
27. Real or unreal?
•Depend on the speaker’s idea
•Use 1 conditional, if it
st
sounds real
•If I get into Harvard, I will
celebrate.
• Use 2nd conditional, if it’s
unlikely to happen
•If I got into Harvard, I
would celebrate.
28. Third conditional
If X had happened, Y
would have happened
Impossible past
You cannot turn back
the clock
30. Third conditional
•Describe what would have
happened in the past
situation
•Impossible to change
•If meteorites had not hit the
planet, dinosaurs would not
have been extinct.
✤If past perfect, would
have + past participle
32. Wishes
•People often make wishes
•They want reality to be
different
•To be exactly opposite of
the true situation
From Azar, Betty Schrampfer, Fundamentals of English Grammar
33. Reality vs. Wishful thinking
A wish about that
The true situation
situation
I don’t know how to I wish I knew how
sing. to sing.
Jill wasn’t here I wish Jill had been
yesterday. here yesterday.
37. Tense
•situation, a wish in a present
To express
•Use a past tense
•good today.
I wish the weather was
•situation a wish in a past
To express
•Use a past perfect
•music. I had studied
I wish
