This document provides information on participial phrases and how they can function as adjective or adverb clauses. It explains the two forms of participial phrases - present participial phrases using the "-ing" form and past participial phrases using the "-ed" form. Examples are given to illustrate how participial phrases can be used in different positions within a sentence and how the verb form (-ing or -ed) depends on whether the clause is in active or passive voice. Guidance is provided on how to transform participial phrases into adjective or adverb clauses by omitting relative pronouns and changing verbs to the appropriate participial form while maintaining the same subject.

1. UNIT 6

2. PARTICIPIAL PHRASE
•Group of words used to modify a noun
•Two [2] forms
•Present participial phrase
•Verb in -ing form
•Past participial phrase
•Verb in -ed form

3. PARTICIPIAL PHRASE
•Start with a verb, followed by modifier
or object
•Enjoying herself a great deal, Jill takes
several photos along the way.
•Displayed at the museum, the painting is
appreciated by viewers around the world.
•Same subject in the sentence

4. PLACE
•Beginning
•Working all night, staff were able to complete
the project.
•Middle
•The yellow cat, hugged by the little girl,
belongs to my neighbor.
•End
•It had been raining for days, causing floods
everywhere.

5. FORMS
•Present participial phrase
•Shouting from the rooftop, Jack was over the
moon.
•Past participial phrase
•Located in the heart of London, Harrods is
one of the most prestigious stores in the
world.

6. -ED OR -ING
•Active voice - ing
•Shouting from the rooftop, Jack was over the
moon.
•Who does the verb activity?
•Passive voice - ed
•Located in the heart of London, Harrods is
one of the most prestigious stores in the
world.
•Can Harrods locate itself?

7. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (1)
•Can serve as “adjective
[relative]clause”
•London, which stands on the River Thames,
attracts a great number of tourists each year.
•London, standing on the River Thames,
attracts a great number of tourists each year.

8. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (2)
•Can serve as “adjective
[relative]clause”
•Jack, who was injured in the last game, sat
on the bench.
•Jack, injured in the last game, sat on the
bench.

9. HOW TO
•Omit “relative pronoun” e.g. who, that,
which
•Change the verb to -ing or -ed form,
depending on the voice

10. TENSES & VOICE [1]
•Perfect Tense in Active Voice
•Hello Kitty, who has been famous worldwide,
is a girl.
•---, having been famous worldwide, ---
•Perfect Tense in Passive Voice
•This cell phone, which had been used for
several years, unexpectedly broke down.
•---, having been used for several years, ---

11. HOW TO
•Same for present/past perfect
•Active voice - having + V3
•Passive voice - having + been + V3

12. TENSES & VOICE [2]
•FUTURE TENSE: WILL
•Use the same form as present tense
•Jane, who will travel to London next month,
is the honor student.
•Jane, traveling to London next month, is the
honor student.

13. ADVERB CLAUSE
•Can serve as “adverb clause”
•When Harry arrived at Platform 9 3/4, he was
excited.
•When arriving at Platform 9 3/4, Harry was
excited.

14. ADVERB CLAUSE
•While
•While Harry was on Hogwarts Express, he
chatted with Ron and Hermione all the way.
•While being on Hogwarts Express, Harry
chatted with Ron and Hermione all the way.

15. ADVERB CLAUSE
•Because [As] - can be omitted
•Harry wanted to go back to school because he
was unhappy living with his uncle.
•Being unhappy living with his uncle, Harry
wanted to go back to school.

16. HOW TO
When Harry arrived at Platform 9 3/4, he was
excited.
Arriving at Platform 9 3/4, Harry was excited.
•Remove the subject in the adverb clause
•Replace the pronoun in the main clause
with the subject
•Finite verb in adverb clause is changed
to [present or past] participle

17. PAY ATTENTION
•Subject of the sentence must be the
same
✓Before inventing the light bulb, Edison had done
several experiments.
•While Jill is listening to the music, Jack talks on
the phone.
⌧While listening to the music, Jack talks on
the phone.