This document provides information on reference, passive voice, and process writing. It defines reference pronouns and gives examples of different types of pronoun reference, including subjective, objective, possessive, demonstrative, and relative pronouns. It also discusses how to avoid vague pronoun reference and how pronouns must agree in person and number. The document then explains passive voice and how it differs from active voice. It provides guidelines for when to use passive and active voice. Finally, it outlines the key components of organizing a process paragraph, including a topic sentence, steps in chronological order using transitions, and a concluding sentence.

1. REFERENCE
PASSIVE VOICE
PROCESS WRITING
UNIT 5

2. REFERENCE

3. REFERENCE
•A word [or group of words] that takes
place of [refers to] a noun
•As soon as Charlie gets home, he plays
with Snoopy.
•Usually comes after a noun
•Snoopy eats after he wakes up.

4. TYPES OF PRONOUN REFERENCE
•Subjective pronoun
•When Charlie gets an A,
he is very thrilled.
•Objective pronoun
•Snoopy is happy when
Charlie hugs him.

5. TYPES OF PRONOUN REFERENCE
•Possessive adjective
•Snoopy shares his food
with Woodstock.
•Demonstrative pronoun
•Charlie bought new
sunglasses and gave those
to Snoopy.

6. TYPES OF PRONOUN REFERENCE
•Relative pronoun
•Flowers that Snoopy is
holding are from Charlie’s
garden.
•Other
•Woodstock likes flowers,
so Snoopy gives all to him.

7. •Agree in person
•Lucy gives Snoopy some cookies, and
then she leaves for school.
•Agree in number
•Charlie and Snoopy go for a walk. They
enjoy themselves tremendously.
PAY ATTENTION: PRONOUN MUST

8. PAY ATTENTION: PRONOUN MUST
•Avoid being vague [unclear]
•Charlie feeds Snoopy, and he goes out.
•After feeding Snoopy, Charlie goes out.

9. PASSIVE VOICE
Adapted from http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/style-and-editing/passive-voice

10. •A vampire bit Bella.
•Bella was bitten by a vampire.
PASSIVE VOICE
•An object of a verb becomes a subject
•Passive form - be + past participle [V3]
•Original subject becomes an agent,
preceded by “BY”

11. WHEN TO USE
•Focus on the original object
•The picture was taken a long time ago.
•The performer of the action is unknown/
unimportant
•Mistakes were made.
•Generalization
•Insulin is injected to diabetic patients.

12. WHEN TO USE ACTIVE VOICE
•The performer is important
✓Thomas Edison invented the light bulb.
•The light bulb was invented by Thomas
Edison.

13. TENSE & VERB FORM
•Same tense
•We use cocoa to make chocolate.
•Cocoa is used to make chocolate.
•Progressive [-ing]
•Add ‘being’ between BE and Past Participle
•We were transporting products to the warehouse.
•Products were being transported to the warehouse.

14. TENSE & VERB FORM
•Modals
•We will bake a cake tomorrow.
•A cake will be baked tomorrow.
•You should finish your homework now.
•Your homework should be finished
now.

15. Process Writing

16. PROCESS PARAGRAPH
Objective
•To explain how something is done/
happens
Techniques
•Connected step
•Chronological order

17. PARAGRAPH ORGANIZATION
•Topic sentence
•What process will be discussed
•Topic must be identified here
•Why it is important/interesting
•Discuss the importance/interesting
aspect of the topic

18. PARAGRAPH ORGANIZATION
•Steps
•Transitions
•First/firstly/first and foremost
•Second/secondly
•Next, later, after that,
•Finally, lastly

19. PARAGRAPH ORGANIZATION
•Concluding sentence
•Summarize the
main idea
•The benefits of
learning/knowing
the process