2. 1. USED TO
Used + to-infinitive means that something happened
regularly or went on for a time in the past.
For example:
“I used to travel”= In the past, I regularly travelled, but I no
longer do so.
Here are some examples:
We used to play the game when we were younger.
Nick used to smoke, but he gave it up.
I used to like fish, but I never eat it now.
** Claire uses to travel a lot. Claire travels a lot.
3. Negative form:
We didn't use to have computers
or
We never used to have computers. (more informal way)
Interrogative formInterrogative form::
Did there use to be a cinema here?
Where did people use to buy their food before the supermarket
was built?
Did you use to live in London?
5. Relative pronouns
1. WHO (refers to people)
2. WHOM (Refers to people. It is used if it is preceded by
a preposition: “to whom” or for formal contexts.)
3. WHICH (refers to things or ideas)
4. WHOSE (refers to possession mainly of people, but
also for countries, organizations, things or animals. It
cannot be omitted!)
5. WHEN (refers to a moment in time)
6. WHERE (refers to a particular place).
7. THAT (it may replace “who”, “which” or “when” in
the defining clauses).
6. Take into account!
We do not use another pronoun (like he or it)
with the relative pronoun:
**The man who he owns that enormous dog.
**The actual spacecraft that it landed on the
moon.
8. Non-Defining Clauses
a) They add additional information about the nouns
that precede them.
b) Without them, the sense of the sentence is
complete. The information is not necessary to
understand the meaning of the sentence.
c) Commas are used.
d) We can’t use THAT.
e) Not often used when speaking.
“My uncle, who is a doctor, lives in Asturias”.
9. 3. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
GERUNDS
1. Verbs working as a subject: Being a student in the 1950s was not
easy.
1. Prepositions followed by verbs: We talked about going on
holiday together in July.
10. 3. After the following verbs or expressions:
admit
advise
anticipate
appreciate
avoid
be used to
can’t help
can’t stand
complete
consider
continue
delay
deny
detest
discuss
don’t mind
enjoy
fancy
feel like
finish
get used to
give up
hate
imagine
involve
it’s no use
keep (=continue)
like/dislike
look forward to
love
mention
mind
miss
postpone
practise
prefer
put off
quit
recall
recollect
recommend
resent
resist
risk
spend
suggest
tolerate
understand
11. INFINITIVES:
1. To express purpose: I phoned him to apologise.
1. After adjectives: I am too tired to go out.
12. 3. After the following verbs or expressions:
advise*
afford
agree
appear
arrange
ask
be about
be up to (you)
care
choose
decide
do (your) best
expect
fail
help
hesitate
hope
invite*
learn
leave it up to
(you)
make up (your)
mind
manage
need
neglect
persuade*
plan
prefer
prepare
pretend
proceed
promise
refuse
seem
swear
teach*
tell*
tend
turn out
volunteer
want
warn*
wish
*verb + indirect object: He told me to go to the hotel.
13.
VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND OR INFINITIVE
WITH CHANGE IN MEANING.
Stop:
a) -ing “dejar un hábito”: She stopped eating chocolate last year
b) infinitive “dejar de hacer algo para hacer otra cosa”: He stopped to
eat some chocolate.
Forget:
a) –ing (generalmente en frases negativas): “imposibilidad de olvidar
algo ocurrido en el pasado”: I will never forget visiting the Leaning
Tower of Pisa.
b) infinitive “olvidarse de hacer algo”. Oliver forgot to bring his
lunch.
14. Regret:
a) –ing: “lamentar haber hecho algo en el pasado”: I regret telling her so
much about myself.
b) infinitive: “lamentar lo que se va a decir a continuación”: I regret to tell
you that you have failed your exam.
Remember
a) –ing: “recordar algo que se hizo en el pasado”: I remember talking to
him about the subject.
b) infinitive “acordarse de hacer algo”: Remember to take your passport.
Try
a) –ing: “Probar a hacer algo como medio de conseguir un fin”: I tried
using the new method, but it didn’t work.
b) infinitive: “tratar de conseguir algo haciendo un esfuerzo”: Errol tried
to pass his driving test.
