1. UNIT 6 “Innovation”
“Used to”
Relative Pronouns
Gerunds and infinitives
2. 1. USED TO
Used + to-infinitive means that something happened
regularly or went on for a time in the past.
For example:
“I used to travel”= In the past, I regularly travelled, but I no
longer do so.
Here are some examples:
We used to play the game when we were younger.
Nick used to smoke, but he gave it up.
I used to like fish, but I never eat it now.
** Claire uses to travel a lot. Claire travels a lot.
3. Negative form:
We didn't use to have computers
or
We never used to have computers. (more informal way)
Interrogative form:
Did there use to be a cinema here?
Where did people use to buy their food before the supermarket
was built?
Did you use to live in London?
5. Relative pronouns
• WHO (refers to people)
2. WHOM (Refers to people. It is used if it is preceded by
a preposition: “to whom” or for formal contexts.)
3. WHICH (refers to things or ideas)
4. WHOSE (refers to possession mainly of people, but
also for countries, organizations, things or animals. It
cannot be omitted!)
5. WHEN (refers to a moment in time)
6. WHERE (refers to a particular place).
• THAT (it may replace “who”, “which” or “when” in
the defining clauses).
6. Take into account!
We do not use another pronoun (like he or it)
with the relative pronoun:
**The man who he owns that enormous dog.
**The actual spacecraft that it landed on the
moon.
8. Non-Defining Clauses
a) They add additional information about the nouns
that precede them.
b) Without them, the sense of the sentence is
complete. The information is not necessary to
understand the meaning of the sentence.
c) Commas are used.
d) We can’t use THAT.
e) Not often used when speaking.
“My uncle, who is a doctor, lives in Asturias”.
9. 3. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
GERUNDS
• Verbs working as a subject: Being a student in the 1950s was not
easy.
• Prepositions followed by verbs: We talked about going on
holiday together in July.
10. 3. After the following verbs or expressions:
admit discuss look forward to recollect
advise don’t mind love recommend
anticipate enjoy mention resent
appreciate fancy mind resist
avoid feel like miss risk
be used to finish postpone spend
can’t help get used to practise suggest
can’t stand give up prefer tolerate
complete hate put off understand
consider imagine quit
continue involve recall
delay it’s no use
deny keep (=continue)
detest like/dislike
11.
INFINITIVES:
• To express purpose: I phoned him to apologise.
• After adjectives: I am too tired to go out.
12. 3. After the following verbs or expressions:
advise* decide make up (your) refuse
afford do (your) best mind seem
agree expect manage swear
appear fail need teach*
arrange help neglect tell*
ask hesitate persuade* tend
be about hope plan turn out
be up to (you) invite* prefer volunteer
care learn prepare want
choose leave it up to pretend warn*
(you) proceed wish
promise
*verb + indirect object: He told me to go to the hotel.
13.
VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND OR INFINITIVE
WITH CHANGE IN MEANING.
Stop:
a) -ing “dejar un hábito”: She stopped eating chocolate last year
b) infinitive “dejar de hacer algo para hacer otra cosa”: He stopped to
eat some chocolate.
Forget:
a) –ing (generalmente en frases negativas): “imposibilidad de olvidar
algo ocurrido en el pasado”: I will never forget visiting the Leaning
Tower of Pisa.
b) infinitive “olvidarse de hacer algo”. Oliver forgot to bring his
lunch.
14. Regret:
a) –ing: “lamentar haber hecho algo en el pasado”: I regret telling her so
much about myself.
b) infinitive: “lamentar lo que se va a decir a continuación”: I regret to tell
you that you have failed your exam.
Remember
a) –ing: “recordar algo que se hizo en el pasado”: I remember talking to
him about the subject.
b) infinitive “acordarse de hacer algo”: Remember to take your passport.
Try
a) –ing: “Probar a hacer algo como medio de conseguir un fin”: I tried
using the new method, but it didn’t work.
b) infinitive: “tratar de conseguir algo haciendo un esfuerzo”: Errol tried
to pass his driving test.
